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Trigonometric Substitution

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55 views11 pages

Trigonometric Substitution

Uploaded by

Alexander Grammer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Trigonometric substitution

In mathematics, a trigonometric substitution replaces a trigonometric function for another expression. In


calculus, trigonometric substitutions are a technique for evaluating integrals. In this case, an expression
involving a radical function is replaced with a trigonometric one. Trigonometric identities may help simplify
the answer.[1][2] Like other methods of integration by substitution, when evaluating a definite integral, it
may be simpler to completely deduce the antiderivative before applying the boundaries of integration.

Case I: Integrands containing a2 − x2


Let and use the identity

Examples of Case I

Example 1
In the integral

Geometric construction for Case I

we may use

Then,
The above step requires that and We can choose to be the principal root of and
impose the restriction by using the inverse sine function.

For a definite integral, one must figure out how the bounds of integration change. For example, as goes
from to then goes from to so goes from to Then,

Some care is needed when picking the bounds. Because integration above requires that
, can only go from to Neglecting this restriction, one might have picked to go from to
which would have resulted in the negative of the actual value.

Alternatively, fully evaluate the indefinite integrals before applying the boundary conditions. In that case,
the antiderivative gives

as before.

Example 2
The integral
may be evaluated by letting where so that
and by the range of arcsine, so that and

Then,

For a definite integral, the bounds change once the substitution is performed and are determined using the
equation with values in the range Alternatively, apply the boundary
terms directly to the formula for the antiderivative.

For example, the definite integral

may be evaluated by substituting with the bounds determined using


Because and

On the other hand, direct application of the boundary terms to the previously obtained formula for the
antiderivative yields

as before.

Case II: Integrands containing a2 + x2


Let and use the identity

Examples of Case II

Example 1
In the integral

Geometric construction for Case II

we may write

so that the integral becomes

provided

For a definite integral, the bounds change once the substitution is performed and are determined using the
equation with values in the range Alternatively, apply the boundary terms
directly to the formula for the antiderivative.

For example, the definite integral


may be evaluated by substituting with the bounds determined using

Since and

Meanwhile, direct application of the boundary terms to the formula for the antiderivative yields

same as before.

Example 2
The integral
may be evaluated by letting

where so that and by the range of arctangent, so that and

Then,

The integral of secant cubed may be evaluated using integration by parts. As a result,

Case III: Integrands containing x2 − a2


Let and use the identity

Examples of Case III


Integrals such as

can also be evaluated by partial fractions rather than trigonometric substitutions. However, the integral
cannot. In this case, an appropriate substitution is:

Geometric construction for Case III

where so that and by assuming

so that and

Then,

One may evaluate the integral of the secant function by multiplying the numerator and denominator by
and the integral of secant cubed by parts.[3] As a result,
When which happens when given the range of arcsecant, meaning

instead in that case.

Substitutions that eliminate trigonometric functions


Substitution can be used to remove trigonometric functions.

For instance,

The last substitution is known as the Weierstrass substitution, which makes use of tangent half-angle
formulas.

For example,

Hyperbolic substitution
Substitutions of hyperbolic functions can also be used to simplify integrals.[4]

For example, to integrate , introduce the substitution (and hence


), then use the identity to find:
If desired, this result may be further transformed using other identities, such as using the relation
:

See also
Mathematics
portal

Integration by substitution
Weierstrass substitution
Euler substitution

References
1. Stewart, James (2008). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (https://archive.org/details/calculus
earlytra00stew_1) (6th ed.). Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-0-495-01166-8.
2. Thomas, George B.; Weir, Maurice D.; Hass, Joel (2010). Thomas' Calculus: Early
Transcendentals (12th ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-58876-0.
3. Stewart, James (2012). "Section 7.2: Trigonometric Integrals". Calculus - Early
Transcendentals. United States: Cengage Learning. pp. 475–6. ISBN 978-0-538-49790-9.
4. Boyadzhiev, Khristo N. "Hyperbolic Substitutions for Integrals" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0200226040813/http://www2.onu.edu/~m-caragiu.1/bonus_files/HYPERSUB.pdf) (PDF).
Archived from the original (http://www2.onu.edu/~m-caragiu.1/bonus_files/HYPERSUB.pdf)
(PDF) on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trigonometric_substitution&oldid=1227327257"

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