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SLG Bio3 7 7.4

Bacteria
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
26 views4 pages

SLG Bio3 7 7.4

Bacteria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Subject Code Biology 3 Exploring diversity

Learning Guide Code 7 Bacteria


Lesson Code 7.4 Impact of Humans to Bacterial Diversity
Time Frame 30 minutes

MATERIALS NEEDED

To complete this learning guide, you will need a pen and a paper.

TARGET 1 minute

After completing this learning guide, you are expected to describe how human activities
affect bacterial diversity and lead to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

HOOK 6 minutes

In Lesson 7.3, you have learned about the ecological and economic importance of prokaryotes.
You have learned that prokaryotes play vital roles in decomposition and in the biogeochemical cycles.
You have also learned that some prokaryotes are utilized in the fields of food production, medicine,
biotechnology, and agriculture; either as part of the end products or as sources of the raw materials.
Prokaryotes may be the simplest and tiniest organisms on Earth but the impact of their existence is
undeniable.

In this lesson, you will explore how humans affect the diversity of bacteria. For a start, look for
terms related to prokaryotes that are hidden in the word search puzzle. List down as many terms as you
can find in three (3) minutes.

Biology 3 | Page 1 of 4
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What do you think is common among the terms included in the word search puzzle? If you have
recognized that they are all bacterial diseases, then you are correct. Yes, some bacteria cause diseases.
There are pathogenic or disease-causing bacteria.

Bacteria do not just make humans sick. They can also affect plants and animals. In fact, some
bacterial diseases can spread between animals and people. These diseases are called zoonotic diseases.
Examples of zoonotic diseases include: anthrax, brucellosis, and Lyme disease.

IGNITE 15 minutes

One Health, an approach developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
recognizes that the health of humans is closely related to the health of other organisms around them and
to their shared environment because of interconnectedness. Through time, interactions among
organisms and between organisms and their environments have changed due to several factors. Some
of these factors include: the continuous increase of the human population, immigration, emigration, and
overcrowding which resulted in more and new geographic areas being occupied. These expansions of
territories have brought humans closer to other organisms which also resulted in more opportunities for
diseases to spread and for new diseases to emerge. This phenomenon also affected the microbial world
including bacterial diversity.

Bacteria thrive almost everywhere as they can feed on almost anything. The bacterial world
showcases a great diversity. Bacteria vary in shape, habitat, and niche. Some bacteria are pathogenic or
disease-causing while others are harmless and even helpful. The existence of pathogenic bacteria paved
the way for the discovery of drugs that can treat bacterial infections. A person suffering from a bacterial
infection needs to drink antibiotics to stop the pathogenic bacteria from proliferating and causing
damage.

Antibiotics have changed the bacterial world. As antibiotics continue to threaten bacteria,
bacteria also have found ways to fight back against them and new ways to survive. Bacteria use different
defense mechanisms to fight against antibiotics. Some bacteria, like the Gram-negative bacteria, restrict
the access of the antibiotics by preventing them from passing through their cell membrane. The outer
layer in the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which contains lipopolysaccharides, proteins, and
phospholipids, provides additional protection against antibiotics making them more difficult to
eliminate compared to Gram-positive bacteria. The absence of an outer membrane and presence of a
thick layer of peptidoglycan in Gram-positive bacteria facilitates access of cell-wall active antibiotics,
such as penicillin/beta-lactam or vancomycin-antibiotics, to their site of action. Some bacteria, like
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, get rid of the antibiotics by using the pumps in their cell walls. Others like
Klebsiella pneumoniae, produce enzymes that can break down the antibiotics. Some bacteria have also
developed new cell processes that avoid using the antibiotic’s target. For example, some Staphylococcus
aureus bacteria can bypass the drug effects of trimethoprim. Other bacteria also change the antibiotic’s
target so the drug can no longer fit and do its job. For example, Escherichia coli bacteria add a
compound to their cell wall so that the antibiotic colistin cannot attach to it.

The pressure brought about by antibiotics caused bacteria to evolve and become resistant to a
spectrum of antibiotics. Since genetic exchange, via horizontal gene transfer, happens in the bacterial
world very fast, their genomes can also change over a short period of time. Sometimes the mutations
they have accumulated in their genome cause the emergence of traits that allow them to survive better
in certain conditions. For instance, antibiotic resistance is a consequence of the changes in the genome
of some bacteria that enabled them to produce enzymes that inactivate antibiotics; thus, making them
resistant.

Biology 3 | Page 2 of 4
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Antibiotic resistance can spread in many ways. One way is when the mutated bacterial cell
carrying the antibiotic resistance genes reproduces and produces more and more copies of the mutated
genes. These mutated genes are then added to the gene pool which could eventually lead the entire
population to become antibiotic resistant. Another way is when an antibiotic resistant cell transfers the
antibiotic resistance genome to distantly related bacteria causing the emergence of a new antibiotic
resistance bacterial strain. Indeed, the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is proof that humans
affect bacterial evolution and diversity.

To learn more about antibiotic resistance, you may opt to watch this video.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oukHcpQoXM

NAVIGATE 6 minutes

This formative assessment is non-graded.

Instructions: Briefly answer questions using your own words.

Shem believes that her son, AJ, has a bad cold. She took her son to a clinic and hoped that the doctor
would prescribe antibiotics because she believes that it will help AJ feel better fast. Dr. Fitz
diagnosed AJ with a cold and did not prescribe antibiotics. Shem remembers that AJ has some
leftover antibiotics from the last time he was sick. Shem gave the leftover antibiotics but AJ was
still sick after a few days. Shem took him to another doctor for a second opinion. The doctor then
explained that antibiotics generally saves lives when a patient needs it. Antibiotics, however, won’t
help and could hurt when they aren’t needed.

1. How would you evaluate the appropriateness of Shem’s course of action?


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2. The digestive system contains normal microbiota, including archaea, bacteria, fungi, protists,
and even viruses. These microbiota are important for the normal functioning of the digestive
system. How do you think Shem’s actions affected the normal microbiota in her son’s digestive
tract?
_______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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Biology 3 | Page 3 of 4
© 2020 Philippine Science High School System. All rights reserved. This document may contain proprietary information and may only be
released to third parties with approval of management. Document is uncontrolled unless otherwise marked; uncontrolled documents are not
subject to update notification.
KNOT 2 minutes

In summary:
• Human activities such as immigration, emigration, and overcrowding provide more
opportunities for close interaction between humans and other organisms and between humans
and their environment. The close interactions between organisms hasten the spread of diseases
and increase the possibility for new diseases to emerge.
• Some bacteria are disease-causing while others are harmless and even helpful.
• Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial diseases.
• Bacteria respond to antibiotics for survival. For example, as antibiotics try to eliminate bacteria,
the bacteria also find ways to fight back to survive. The use and misuse of antibiotics caused
bacteria to gain resistance against antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is a consequence of
accumulated mutations in the genome of the bacteria that made bacteria develop mechanisms
on how to overcome antibiotics.
• Horizontal gene transfer enables bacteria to spread the antibiotic resistance genome among
distantly related bacteria causing the emergence of antibiotic resistance bacterial strains.

REFERENCES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One Health Basics.


https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/index.html. October 12, 2020.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance (AR/AMR).


https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about/how-resistance-happens.html. October 12, 2020.

Prepared by:

SUZETTE A. PALICTE
Special Science Teacher IV
PSHS – Southern Mindanao Campus

Reviewed by:

DAWN T. CRISOLOGO
Special Science Teacher
PSHS – Main Campus

MICHELLE B. DUCUSIN
Special Science Teacher V/Team Lead (Biology)
PSHS – Ilocos Region Campus

Biology 3 | Page 4 of 4
© 2020 Philippine Science High School System. All rights reserved. This document may contain proprietary information and may only be
released to third parties with approval of management. Document is uncontrolled unless otherwise marked; uncontrolled documents are not
subject to update notification.

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