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Introduction To Big O Notation

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17 views3 pages

Introduction To Big O Notation

wirtes its project report

Uploaded by

rn7610073
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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: Introduction to Big O Notation

What is Big O Notation?


A mathematical notation to describe the efficiency of algorithms.
Measures how runtime or space grows with input size.

Why Big O Matters


Importance in Computer Science
Helps compare algorithm efficiency.
Essential for optimizing code, especially at scale.
Influences resource costs in real-world applications.
Key Big O Concepts
Key Terms:
Time Complexity: How runtime grows as input size increases.
Space Complexity: How memory usage grows as input size increases.

How to Analyze Complexity


Steps to Analyze Complexity
Identify the most significant operations.
Count the frequency of these operations.
Simplify by focusing on the highest-growth term.

Common Big O Notations


Overview of Common Notations
O(1) - Constant
O(log n) - Logarithmic
O(n) - Linear
O(n log n) - Linearithmic
O(n²) - Quadratic

O(1) - Constant Time


Example: Array indexing (e.g., accessing arr[0])
Complexity remains the same, regardless of input size.
: O(log n) - Logarithmic Time
Example: Binary Search
Complexity grows logarithmically with input size.
Typically found in divide-and-conquer algorithms.

: O(n) - Linear Time


Example: Single loop through an array

Complexity grows directly in proportion to input size.

: O(n log n) - Linearithmic Time


Example: Merge Sort
Combines linear and logarithmic growth rates.
Often the best time complexity for efficient sorting algorithms.

 Example: Nested loops in a brute-force approach


o Complexity grows quadratically with input size.
o Common in algorithms that involve comparisons between pairs.

O(2^n) - Exponential Time

 Example: Recursive Fibonacci


o Complexity grows exponentially, highly inefficient for large inputs.

Visual Comparison of Growth Rates

 Graph Showing Different Complexities


o Plot O(1), O(log n), O(n), O(n log n), and O(n²).
o Emphasize how growth rates diverge as input size increases.

: Best, Worst, and Average Cases

 Understanding Different Cases


o Best Case: Optimal scenario for the algorithm.
o Worst Case: Maximum complexity.
o Average Case: Expected complexity over typical inputs.
: Big O Notation and Real-World Applications

 Examples of Practical Use-Cases:


o Searching in databases (O(log n) for efficient lookups).
o Sorting algorithms in data processing (O(n log n) is preferred).
o Optimization of websites and apps for faster load times.

: Complexity Trade-offs

 Trade-offs Between Time and Space


o Often, improving time complexity may increase space complexity, and vice-
versa.

: Simplifying Big O Notation

 Ignoring Constants and Lower Terms


o Why we focus on the largest term, e.g., O(2n) simplifies to O(n).

: Common Mistakes in Big O Analysis

 Pitfalls to Avoid
o Misinterpreting nested loops.
o Confusing best-case with average or worst-case.

: Summary

 Key Takeaways:
o Big O helps in understanding algorithm efficiency.
o Different notations represent different growth rates.
o Practical in both coding interviews and real-world software engine: Q&A

 Questions and Discussion


o Open the floor for questions.
o Encourage interns to think about how they might apply Big O in their projects.

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