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Sunit II Net

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11 views4 pages

Sunit II Net

Uploaded by

krishnaguptamdz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The terms analog and digital correspond, roughly, to continuous and discrete, respectively.

These two terms are


used frequently in data communications in at least three contexts: data, signaling, and transmission.

Briefly, we define data as entities that convey meaning, or information. Signals are electric or electromagnetic
representations of data. Signaling is the physical propagation of the signal along a suitable medium.
Transmission is the communication of data by the propagation and processing of signals. In what follows, we
try to make these abstract concepts clear by discussing the terms analog and digital as applied to data, signals,
and transmission.

Analog and Digital Data

Analog data take on continuous values in some interval. For example, voice and video are continuously
varying patterns of intensity. Most data collected by sensors, such as temperature and pressure, are continuous
valued.

The most familiar example of analog data is audio, which, in the form of acoustic sound waves, can be
perceived directly by human beings. Figure 3.9 shows the acoustic spectrum for human speech and for music.5
Frequency components of typical speech may be found between approximately 100 Hz and 7 kHz

Digital data take on discrete values; examples are text and integers. A familiar example of digital data is text
or character strings. While textual data are most convenient for human beings, they cannot, in character form,
be easily stored or transmitted by data processing and communications systems. Such systems are designed for
binary data

Analog and Digital Signals

In a communications system, data are propagated from one point to another by means of electromagnetic
signals. An analog signal is a continuously varying electromagnetic wave that may be propagated over a variety
of media, depending on spectrum; examples are wire media, such as twisted pair and coaxial cable; fiber optic
cable; and unguided media, such as atmosphere or space propagation.

A digital signal is a sequence of voltage pulses that may be transmitted over a wire medium; for example, a
constant positive voltage level may represent binary 0 and a constant negative voltage level may represent
binary 1.

The principal advantages of digital signaling are that it is generally cheaper than analog signaling and is less
susceptible to noise interference. The principal disadvantage is that digital signals suffer more from attenuation
than do analog signals.
Analog and Digital Transmission

Both analog and digital signals may be transmitted on suitable transmission media. The way these signals are
treated is a function of the transmission system. Table 3.1 summarizes the methods of data transmission.

Analog transmission is a means of transmitting analog signals without regard to their content; the signals may
represent analog data (e.g., voice) or digital data (e.g., binary data that pass through a modem). In either case,
the analog signal will become weaker (attenuate) after a certain distance. To achieve longer distances, the
analog transmission system includes amplifiers that boost the energy in the signal. Unfortunately, the amplifier
also boosts the noise components. With amplifiers cascaded to achieve long distances, the signal becomes more
and more distorted.
Hardware devices that are used to connect computers, printers, fax machines and other electronic
devices to a network are called network devices. These devices transfer data in a fast, secure and
correct way over same or different networks. Network devices may be inter-network or intra-network.
Some devices are installed on the device, like NIC card or RJ45 connector, whereas some are part
of the network, like router, switch, etc. Let us explore some of these devices in greater detail.

Modem
Modem is a device that enables a computer to send or receive data over telephone or cable lines.
The data stored on the computer is digital whereas a telephone line or cable wire can transmit only
analog data.
The main function of the modem is to convert digital signal into analog and vice versa. Modem is a
combination of two devices − modulator and demodulator. The modulator converts digital data into analog
data when the data is being sent by the computer. The demodulator converts analog data signals into digital
data when it is being received by the computer.

Types of Modem

Modem can be categorized in several ways like direction in which it can transmit data, type of connection to
the transmission line, transmission mode, etc.
Depending on direction of data transmission, modem can be of these types −
 Simplex − A simplex modem can transfer data in only one direction, from digital device to network
(modulator) or network to digital device (demodulator).
 Half duplex − A half-duplex modem has the capacity to transfer data in both the directions but only
one at a time.
 Full duplex − A full duplex modem can transmit data in both the directions simultaneously.

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