EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
Murallon, Boac, Marinduque

Philippine Politics and

Governance
Quarter 1
Week 1 – 4

OVERVIEW: What this module is all about

Hello dear Learner! How are you today? Are you aware of the current events happening in your
community? Do you know about what is happening in your country as well? Do you think it is important to know
about what is going on around you? This is the first of the modules that will introduce you to Philippine Politics
and Governance. In this module, you will be introduced to various interpretations, definitions and views on
politics. In each lesson, you will find learning activities, concept notes, exercises, and drills. Critical analytical
thinking skills, research skills, library skills, technology skills, proper documentation, and globalization will help
build your competencies among others. This module also builds the knowledge based on governance that you
will eventually apply in the later part of this course. It will also prepare and develop you to be better citizens,
leaders, managers, and administrators possibly in the near future.

WHAT I KNOW
Instruction: To test your previously learned knowledge of history, politics, and governance, answer the pre-test
below.
A. Fill in the missing letters.
Read carefully each clue and fill in the missing letters inside the box.
1. It is derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’ which means city-state
P L T I S

2. It deals with past events, movements, revolutions, national struggles, etc. and give information about the
origin and development of political institutions and thought
H I O Y

3. Greek Philosopher who popularized the lines “Man is a political animal.”

R S T T L

B. Multiple Choice.
Read carefully each item and encircle the letter of your correct answer.
1. Power is derived from which Old French word?
A. Poeir B. Potere C. Powe D. Porete
2. Who among the following authors defines power as the ability to achieve a result?
A. Max Weber B. Leslie Lipson C. Alvin Genldner D. Anthony Giddens
3. What Type of power comes from experience or knowledge?
A. Expert B. Legitimate C. Reward D. Coercive
4. Which of the following is not an element of state?
A. People B. Territory C. Government D. School
5. Which of the following refers to an individual's right to use power by making decisions, giving a directive and
demanding compliance?
A. Sovereignty B. Legitimacy C. Authority D. Power
6. Which ideology has the absence of a government, but has the presence of laws?
A. Anarchism B. Liberalism C. Conservatism D. Socialism
7. Which of the following ideologies maintain traditional values but also accept the current political structure of
societies?
A. Anarchism B. Liberalism C. Conservatism D. Socialism
8. The quality present in liberalism but not in any other political ideology
A. collectivism C. democratic election
B. emphasis on individualism D. nihilism

C. True or False.
Read the following statement and write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if it is wrong. Write
your answer in the space provided.

______1.. Power is the ability to make people do what you would have them do even if they don’t
want to.
______2. According to Alvin Genldner power has three faces or dimensions.
______3. The focus of analysis of a two dimensional view is the formal arena
______4. In order for a country to be a state, all the elements of the state must be present.
______5. Kurdistan is an example of a stateless nation.

LESSON 1 : POLITICS, POLITICAL SCIENCE AND GOVERNANCE

Let us find out the meaning of politics and how is it different from governance. What is the
definition of political science and the relevance on the study of politics and governance? Do the
following activities and learn along the way.
As you go on, please be guided by this Lesson Outline
a. Articulate definitions of politics
b. Differentiate the various views on politics
 c. Explore the connection between the phenomenon (politics) and the method of inquiry
(Political Science)
d. Recognize the value of politics
e. Differentiate governance from government

WHAT CAN I DO
Activity 1:
Instruction: Examine the titles of the headline stories of broad sheet newspapers. Then answer the
following questions in the next page.

World Health Organization Meats delivered in Misamis

declares global emergency over Oriental market positive for
new coronavirus outbreak African Swine Fever

Provincial Jail inmate tagged in Filipinos wins in ML challenge in

P50-M ‘shabu’ delivery the USA

Plants are magic and what’s next Avon releases new shade of
in Netflix channel lipstick

Questions:
1. Which of the stories do you think portrays politics? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which of the stories do you think do not describe politics? Why?
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Choosing one news story identified as depicting politics, what is the issue or problem identified?
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think it is an issue or problem?
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Is it important to solve or address the problem? Why or why not?
____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Whose responsibility do you think it is to solve the problem? Why?
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Who will likely benefit once a problem is solved? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________________

Learning concepts 1.1

What you have written is your opinion, claim, conclusion or conjecture about the topic we are about to
discuss: politics and governance. Politics can be exciting! People oftentimes disagree. They disagree about
how they should live, how power and resources should be distributed, how society should be run, and so on.
Go over the readings and perform the activities situated in every lesson. Happy learning!

POLITICS
The great Greek philosopher Aristotle once said, Man by nature is a political animal. For Aristotle, this
made politics the ‘master science’: that is, nothing less than the activity through which human beings attempt to
improve their lives and create the Good Society. Politics is, above all, a social activity. It is always a dialogue,
and never a monologue.
To study politics is in essence to study government or more broadly, to study the exercise of authority.
Politics is the art of government, the exercise of control within the society through the making and enforcement
of collective decisions (Heywood, 1997).
Politics came from the word polis meaning “of or pertaining to state” in Greek. It is also the root word for
polites meaning people or citizens and politikos meaning “of, for, or relating to citizens” which also translates to
“affairs of the state.” It involves decision-making, law-making, and governance. It is the study of practice and
distribution of powers.
The word moved into the Latin language as politicus, with additional meanings of "city" and "civics." As
with much Latin, the word made its way into modern English through French derivations. The first use of the
singular politic showed up in English in the 1400s, coming from the Middle French politique.
In ancient times, city-states like Athens and Sparta were relatively small and cohesive units, in which
political, religious, and cultural concerns were intertwined. The Greek philosopher Aristotle's word for ‘politics’
is politikê, which is short for politikê epistêmê or ‘political science.' Politics is a practical science since it is
concerned with the noble action or happiness of the citizens (although it resembles a productive science in that
it seeks to create, preserve, and reform political systems).

ACTIVITY 1.2
1. Label below the etymology of the word politics:
 Meaning Interpretation
Greek word for politics
The Latin word for politics

2. Give your own interpretation or meaning of politics:______________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Learning Concepts 1.2

DIFFERENT POLITICAL VIEWS
According to the International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (2001), a political
ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions, exhibiting a recurring pattern, that competes
deliberately as well as unintentionally over providing plans of action for public policy making, in an attempt to
justify, explain, contest, or change the social and political arrangements and processes of a political
community. Political ideologies, may more or less provide basis for coherent ideas for organized political action
whether these ideas intend to preserve, modify or overthrow an existing government or power structure. Below
are some of the different ideologies.

Political Ideology Definition and Perspectives on the State

Conservatism Conservatism is the belief that traditional institutions work best and that society should
avoid radical change. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are,
emphasizing stability and continuity, while others oppose modernism and seek a return
to the way things were.

Links the state to the need to provide authority and discipline and to protect society
from chaos and disorder, hence, their traditional preference for a strong state.
Liberalism Liberalism is the belief in the importance of liberty and equality. Most liberals support
such fundamental ideas as constitutions, liberal democracy, free and fair elections,
human rights, free trade, secularism, and the market economy.

Liberalism sees the state as a neutral arbiter among competing interests and groups in
society, a vital guarantee of social order. While classical liberals treat the state as a
necessary evil and extol the virtues of a minimal or custodian state, modern liberals
recognize the state’s positive role in widening freedom and promoting equal
opportunities
Socialism Socialism refers to the various theories of economic organization which advocate
either public or direct worker ownership and administration of the means of production
and allocation of resources. Socialists generally share the view that capitalism unfairly
concentrates power and wealth among a small segment of society that controls capital
and derives its wealth through a system of exploitation. This in turn creates an unequal
society, that fails to provide equal opportunities for everyone to maximize their
potential, and does not utilize technology and resources to their maximum potential nor
in the interests of the public.

Socialists believe in utopian visions of a better society where individuals can achieve
genuine emancipation and fulfillment as members of society. It believes in social
equality as it upholds justice or fairness, underpins community and cooperation, and
enlarges freedom in a positive sense as it likewise believes that human fulfillment and
realization is based on need-satisfaction

ACTIVITY 1.2
Modified True or False. Write TRUE if the given statement is correct. If incorrect, replace the underlined
word/s to make the statement correct.
____________ 1. A political ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions, exhibiting a recurring
pattern, that competes deliberately as well as unintentionally over providing plans of action for public policy
making.
____________ 2. Socialism is the belief that traditional institutions work best and that society should avoid
radical change.
____________ 3. Liberalism is the belief in the importance of liberty and equality.
____________4. Conservatism refers to the various theories of economic organization which advocate either
public or direct worker ownership and administration of the means of production and allocation of resources.
____________ 5. Liberals believe in utopian visions of a better society where individuals can achieve genuine
emancipation and fulfilment as members of society.
Learning Concepts 1.3
POLITICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
Political Science is the study of the phenomena of the state and government; it is derived from two
Greek words, “polis” or “city” which today would mean a sovereign state; and “scire” meaning “science.”
 Aristotle (324-322 B.C.) a Greek philosopher, is credited with the observation that “man by nature is a
political animal.” By this statement, Aristotle meant that the basic underlying substance of human existence is
politics, that is, that man is predisposed to be involved in politics. He added that the only way to optimize the
potentials and capabilities of an individual and to achieve the highest form of social existence was through
interaction with others in a state (Rodee,et al., 1983).
Political Science as defined by Rodee (1980) is “a branch of social science that deals with the theory,
organization, government, and practice of the state.”
Political Science also deals with those relations among men and groups, which are subject to control
by the state, and with the relations of the state to other states.
Montesquieu (1689-1755), expounded the concept. He posited that all the functions of government
could be encompassed within the categories of legislation, execution, and the adjudication of law. He assumed
that liberty could best be assured by the distribution of these functions – referring to legislation, execution, and
adjudication – among separate branches of the government namely: the legislative, the executive department,
and the judiciary of the courts of law. The preceding modules will discuss further the three branches of the
government.

Jean Bodin (1530 - 1596) a French political philosopher coined the term “Political Science.”
Political Science is a discipline in social science that is concerned with political institutions and with the
principles and conduct of government. It deals with the theory and practice of politics; description and
analysis of political systems and political behavior. It may be defined as the study of the activities of the
government (Laswell,1935) in determining who gets what and how.
Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.) the father of Political Science considered Political Science as the
master of all sciences. He was the first thinker to use the term ‘politics.' The term "Politics" is derived from
the Greek word ‘Polis" which means city-state, a small independent self-contained political society.
Greeks did not make any distinction between politics and society. Greek city state of ancient times
provides an ideal point for the beginning of a systematic study of political science.

What are the Methods of Political Sciences?

Several methods are available to political phenomena. These methods are available to political phenomena.
These methods are discussed below:
1. Deductive Method – this method employs the drawing up of specific conclusions from premises
presumed to be infallible.
2. Inductive Method – this method proceeds to establish general truths upon the basis of known facts
are to be used as premises for a specific application. Observational Method – this method allows the
political scientist to observe the workings of political systems and political processes. Every change in
governmental structure, law, or public has significance.
3. Historical Method – present and probable political phenomenon are interpreted by the political
scientist based on his knowledge and observation of the past serving as a backdrop. Comparative
Method – this method allows the political scientist to correlate economic, geographical, psychological,
sociological data, and other scientific phenomena.

ACTIVITY 1.3
If you were the City Mayor of Cagayan de Oro during the onslaught of Sendong, how will you
restore or recover from the destruction created by the typhoon and address the many
concerns of the people affected?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Learning Concepts 1.4

VALUE OF POLITICS
Why should you care about politics?
One reason you should care about politics is that you should always know what is going on around you.
For example, if a new law is made is made in your area, you might want to make sure that you and the people
around you know that a new law has been made so that no one breaks the law without even knowing it. Also, if
something dangerous is happening around you or someone you know, you want to be aware if someone is
breaking the law. It is very important to know what is happening around you.
Another reason you should care about politics is that you should have a say in what will happen.
Everyone should have a say in what will happen, because we all live side by side with each other, and it would
not be fair if someone was left out. Also, each vote makes a difference in the ways that we live. It is always
important to share your opinion. The way you vote will affect many people and their everyday life.
Finally, you should care about politics because the decisions people make will affect many lives. For
example, if someone wanted to build on the land, it might be good for the people who worked in the area, but
residents who lived nearby and loved the land and relied on the land for water and food might be devastated.
Sometimes things that sound like good ideas might be very devastating later.

Learning Concepts 1.5

GOVERNANCE AND GOVERNMENT
MEANING OF GOVERNANCE
Governance in General
The word “governance” came from the Latin verb “gubernare,” or more originally from the Greek word
“kubernaein,” which means “to steer.” Basing on its etymology, governance refers to the manner of steering or
governing, or of directing and controlling, a group of people or a state.

Definition of Governance
Governance is commonly defined as the exercise of power or authority by political leaders for the well-
being of their country’s citizens or subjects. It is the complex process whereby some sectors of the society
wield power and enact and promulgate public policies which directly affect human and institutional interactions
and economic and social development. The power exercised by the participating sectors of the society is
always for the common good, as it is essential for demanding respect and cooperation from the citizens and
the state. As such, a great deal about governance is the proper and effective utilization of resources.

Governance and Government

1. Governance is traditionally associated with the government. In works of literature, they are often used
interchangeably. But in the 1980s, political scientists broadened the meaning of governance as including,
not just government actors, but also civil-society actors. Today, governance includes three sectors: the
public sector (state actors and institutions), the private sector (households and companies), and the civil
society (non-governmental organizations). These three sectors are said to work hand in hand in the
process of governance. This new use of the term focuses on the role of “networks” in the achievement of
the common good, whether these networks are intergovernmental, transnational, or international. In other
words, governance is broader than government in that other sectors are included in it.
2. Many authors also distinguish the two by associating government with "control and domination," and
governance with "decentralization and relational management." On the one hand, the government refers to
a central institution which wields power over its subjects. It is the instrument patterned after the model of
"command and control," the government being in command over the affairs of the people. On the other
hand, governance is closely associated with the concept of decentralization of power and the need for
inter-sectoral management. Governance is based on the realization that the government cannot do
everything for the people so that in order to survive the state should not only rely on government but also
on the other sectors of the society.
3. Thus, under the current trend, there is a need to move from the "traditional hierarchical exercise of power
by the government" to the new notion of a "dispersed and relational power in governance" – from the
government to governance. To govern should now mean to facilitate or regulate, not to dominate or
command.

GOVERNANCE HAS THREE LEGS:

1. Economic governance includes decision-making processes that affect a country's economic activities and
its relationships with other economies. It clearly has major implications for equity, poverty, and quality of life.
2. Political governance is the process of decision-making to formulate policy.
3. Administrative governance is the system of policy implementation.

CURRENT STATE OF GOVERNANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. The Philippines is plagued by bad governance. Based on the six dimensions of governance in the
Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI), it ranks in the lower half of the percentile. In 2010-2011, the
Philippines ranked only 85th in the Global Competitive Index (GCI), lagging behind most of its Southeast Asian
neighbors. The decline of trust on the actors of governance and the consequential poor economic condition
were brought about by the systemic corruption among and between public officials and private organizations.
In 2013, it ranked 94th among 177 countries in the Corruption Perception Index. Among the key institutions in
the Philippines perceived to be most corrupt based on the Global Corruption Index are “political parties,”
“judiciary,” “police,” “public officials and civil servants,” and “legislature.” This means all branches of the
Philippine government are now challenged.
2. As perceived and experienced by the common Filipino masses, the foremost indicators of bad governance
in the Philippines are the unending cycle of poverty, the huge gap between the rich and the poor, the deep-
seated tradition of corruption, mistrust on formal government institutions, yawning cynicism on the true motive
of political actions, instability of the economic environment, constant threats to the authority of the established
government, and questions on accountability and transparency. These are the usual content of everyday
broadcast media, so common that there perceived to be the normal state of affairs in the Philippines.
3. Bad governance is the root cause of all evils. It is what prevents the Philippines from achieving its
Millennium Development Goals. Rising above such state of governance is a political imperative and the ideal
solution to a wide range of politico-economic problems. While the Philippines has already created “islands of
good governance” in some national agencies and local government units, its overall state is still miserable.
APPLICATION
In the text box below, write down your thoughts on the following questions:
1. Who are the actors in the process of governance? How do they interact in coming up with, and in
implementing decisions?

2. How are the indicators of good governance related to each other? Give a concrete example of your
answer.

3. How does governance transform into bad governance? Give concrete examples.

4. What is the status of governance here in the Philippines? Support your answer.

5. Give your recommendations on how to improve Philippine governance.

LESSON 2 : POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

In this lesson, you are going to learn about political ideologies. Andrew Heywood (2202, 12) would define an
ideology as a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis for organized political action, whether
this is intended to preserve, modify, or overthrow the existing system of power.
As you go on, please be guided by this Lesson Outline
A. Identify the basic tenets of major political ideologies (i.e. liberalism, socialism, conservatism, etc.)
B. Differentiate the political ideologies
C. Examine the relationship between political ideologies and configurations of political communities
D. Critique ideas that have a direct impact on how we try to manage ourselves as a political
community
E. Analyze how political ideologies impact on the social and political life of Filipino

Learning Concepts 2.1

Governments are established guided by certain principles. These principles are gathered together to
form ideologies. There are five ideologies that we are going to discuss in this lesson

Now, let us discuss each ideology to identify the basic tenets which are embedded in them.
1. ANARCHISM-Anarchy is a political ideology which treats any fixed system of government as repressing. In
this political ideology, the government is unnecessary and is the cause of harm because it controls people.
Ownership of production should be common to everyone, with both economic and political freedom as its
goals.
Key Concepts: I. Freedom from Governing Authority- any form of state or government is rejected
2. ABSOLUTISM-Absolutism is an ideology that centralizes control to one individual, may it be by heredity or
by divine right. This may lead to societies treating their leaders as leader of both governmental and religious
affairs.
Key Concepts:
I. Adherence to Order- societies are carefully designed to establish a stable structure.
II. Compelling Natural/Divine Law- Law is supreme, and natural or divine right states that
there are certain people which are meant to rule
III. Obsession to Tradition- New ideas are considered dangerous to the order of things

3. LIBERALISM-The ideology that focuses on equality and liberty. Liberalism advocates that every individual
should enjoy freedom. Government and States are created to ensure that people can enjoy their rights. In such
ideology, everybody is provided with basic rights- no person is born with more rights than others. Thus,
liberalism replaces previous ideas of hereditary privilege, state religion, and other social structures which
create different social classes.
Key Concepts:
I. Individualism- focuses on the importance of the ‘self’ over society
II. Liberty- Every individual has the right to do anything it wants to, as long as it is not illegal
III. Rationalism- the idea that humans are capable of thinking rationally and reasonably IV. Openness
to Novelty- New ideas are accepted and treated as stepping stones towards progress V. Free Market-
a byproduct of individualism. Individuals may own property, control means of production, and set a
market value for their goods

4. CONSERVATISM-As a reaction to the liberalism, conservatism seeks to avoid the former's unstable
tendencies. It holds that certain traditions must be kept to maintain social stability. Human reason is insufficient
in trying to solve the problems of governance. In this sense, we must concede to the traditional methods of
governance, which is a collection of wisdom for many years past.
Key Concepts:
I. Return to Tradition- Stability is an important concept of a government thus emphasizing the need for
traditional methods of having a hierarchy of power
II. Human fallibility- human beings are not perfect. Human rationality is limited and therefore, prone to
mistakes
III. Specific- concepts such as freedom are too general to be applied to a functional society
IV. Unique Circumstances- societal problems do not come with universal solutions. Different cultures
will react differently to different problems

5. SOCIALISM-Unlike other ideologies, socialism emphasizes social consciousness. Socialism emphasizes

that society should collectively own means of production; private ownership is discouraged. In such cases, only
the public owns a property, there is no free market as prices will be set by the authority. Economic equality is
strictly observed thus, there will be no rich nor poor. The state provides everyone their necessities.
Key Concepts:
I. Collectivism- as opposed to individualism, collectivism emphasizes collective good or ‘the good of
everyone’ over the self
II. Public Ownership- everyone owns the means of production, no private individual may own or
dispose of property
III. Centralized Economy- The government (public) plans the economy, thus there is no free trade
IV. Economic Equality- all citizens enjoy the same level of prosperity

Identification: Read the descriptions provided below. Write the ideology that best describes the descriptions
in the spaces provided.
1. In Camelot, the King is the highest authority. He decides for the ordinance, tax,
religion, and controls the might of the military. Ever since there was no citizen who
ever dared question the throne's right to rule.
2. For years, Somalia has been divided into many smaller feudal territories led by
warlords. In such a scenario, there is no public spending, piracy is prevalent, there is
the absence of their own currency, and no courts may intervene in any legal dispute.
3. In our country, profit generated by public markets are used to repair or improve
them; funds are used for wages of employees or saved for public use. Profit in this
sense is not for personal or private gain, but for the welfare of the general public.
4. The center of progress is freedom. Every individual is capable of rationalization,
which makes them active participants in thinking for solutions to recurring problems.
Thus, individuals are given specific freedoms as a testament to their individuality.
5. Although freedom is a fundamental human experience, good governance demands
that control should also be considered. Freedom is not an antagonist to control, but
specific methods must be employed to maintain control. The wisdom of many is too
diverse and primitive to accommodate.

Application
Using what you have learned from our lesson, describe the keywords presented in your own words. Write the
first thing that comes to your mind when reading the keywords presented below.

1 2

Socialism

Anarchism

Absolutism

Liberalism

Conservatism

Learning Concepts 2.1

In our last lesson, we discussed different political ideologies and their key concepts to illustrate their
key ideas and make differentiating much easier. However, in this lesson, we will focus more on settling the
confusing differences among political ideologies.

IDEOLOGY 1 IDEOLOGY
2

Learning Concepts 2.3

Let’s begin, look at the table presented below. The table shows the presence of government and laws
of the different political ideologies.

Political Ideology The existence of a Existence of laws

government
Anarchism Yes Yes
Absolutism Yes Yes
Liberalism Yes Yes
Conservatism Yes Yes
Socialism Yes Yes

The common misconception is that anarchism is the absence of order, but such is not the case. There
are countries in the world which practice anarchism and are operating efficiently. Anarchism is not the absence
of laws, it is the absence of any form of authority in the form of a centralized government. Other ideologies do
not reject the existence of a government and laws.

Political Individuality Openness to change of

Ideology Leadership
Anarchism Anarchic societies are Anarchy is open to change, they
individualistic by nature may agree to adopt new laws,
but what they lack is a central
government
Absolutism Absolutist societies rely on the Change is rare in an absolutist
wisdom of the few, especially the society. Kings and nobles have
kings and the nobles established strong authority
Liberalism Liberal societies embrace Liberal societies embrace
individualism. It relies on changes in leadership
individual opinion to come up
with solutions to problems
Conservatism Conservatism characterizes the Conservative societies allow
wisdom of the few. As opposed changes in the leadership
to liberalism, conservatism is system, often found in
balancing liberal and absolutist democratic societies
 views. Thus, exercising more
control than liberalism
Socialism Socialism does not acknowledge Leadership change in socialist
individuality; it advocates group societies is not entirely free.
mentality or collectivism There are ruling classes that
dictate the transfer of political
power

Learning Concepts 2.4

Individuality is a central tenet of liberalism. In such an ideal, all liberals allow the free transfer of ideas
from individuals. Freedom is embraced as necessary to push society towards progress.
Now we move towards differentiating two related political ideologies; conservatism and absolutism.
Among the two ideologies, absolutism has more presence in past societies than conservatism. Absolutism is
older and rarely practiced in current times. To simplify the differences, observe the table presented on the next
page.

Political Ideology Similarities Differences

Conseravtism Conservatism emphasizes Conservatism accepts democratic
the need for control notions, especially elections in
current democracies
Absolutism Absolutist societies rely on Absolutist societies want the power
the wisdom of the few, to be maintained by a controlled
which also keeps control number of individuals, not through
elections.

Learning Concepts 4.5

Political ideologies have their own specific configurations established in the country that they are
practiced. Even if they have similar ideals they do not translate to similar practices in their constitutional law or
local ordinance. In the first lesson, you are asked to identify the different political ideologies. In this activity,
write the key differences of each political ideology that we have discussed on the spaces provided in the
pentagon.

Application
To apply what you have learned in this lesson, you must be able to employ your learning when
differentiating closely related political ideologies. Using a Venn diagram, write the differences between two
closely related ideologies inside the circle on the next page. Write the similarities on areas where the circles
intersect and their differences outside the intersecting circles.

CONSERVATIS ABSOLUTISM
M

LIBERALISM ANARCHISM

LESSON 3 : POWER, STATES, NATIONS AND GLOBALIZATION

Do you understand power? Do you know why it matters? In our daily life, we live through systems of
power that people create! Power exists in all types of social relations. This is true to all aspects of life from the
family, workplace and even relationships. Power determines who gets to control the rules of the game that is
why it is important to learn how power operates in order to be effective, to be taken seriously and not to be
taken advantage of. Let start with the basic definition of power. Power is from the French word "poveir” and
“poveir” is derived from Latin word “potere” which means “to be able”. According to the Merriam Webster
dictionary, power is the ability to control or influence people. In other words, power is the ability to make others
do what you would have them do even if they don't want to.
As you go on, please be guided by this Lesson Outline
a. Define power
b. Recognize the nature, dimensions, types, and consequences of power
c. Analyze the nature, dimensions, types, and consequences of power
d. Assess how power is exercised in different situations
e. Define nation and state
f. Differentiate nation and state
g. Explain meanings of globalization
h. Evaluate how globalization influences nation-states
Learning concepts 3.1
Definition of Power
There is no single definition of power different authority has its own definition of power. Let us read some of the
definitions
Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics- defines the term in the following words: The power or rights to give
orders and enforce obedience, the power to influence others based on recognized knowledge or expertise.
Robert Alan Dahl, an American political scientist, and educator defines power and analyzed its various
aspects. In his A Preface to Democratic Theory Dahl Calls power as a type of relationship in respect of
capability and control. Example: There are two men – A and B if Individual A has power over individual B to
the extent that he can get individual B to do something that individual B would not otherwise do.
Leslie Lipson (The Great Issues of Politics) thinks that power is nothing but the ability to achieve results
through concerted action.
Max Weber (1947), power is the chance of a man or a number of men to realize their own will in a
communal action even against the resistance of others who are participating in the action.
Alvin Genldner (1970) noted that power is the ability to enforce one’s moral claims. The powerful can
conventionalize their moral defaults.

Anthony Giddens (1997) A celebrated sociologist, sees power as the ability to make a difference, to
change things from what they could have been, as he puts it “transformative” capacity.
Steven Lukes (2005), Power has three dimensions or faces (1) decision-making, (2) non-decision making
Activity 3.1-A
(3) shaping I have the Power
desires.
Task: Examine the pictures carefully and identify which depiction shows power. If you think the picture portray
power write your explanation on the box mark with a check and if it does not write your explanation on the box
mark with X.

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Activity 3.1-B
Now that you have read the different point of view of different authors about power I guess you already have a
clear concept of what power is. And so I want you to write your own definition of Power in the box provided.

For me power is
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.

Learning concepts 3.2

Dimensions of Power
Stephen Lukes in his book, Power: A Radical View (1974) explains the nature and definition of power
through the “three dimensions of power or faces of power” He based his works from the notions other scholars
and claimed that power is exercised in three dimensions or faces, namely (1) decision making (2) agenda
setting (3) preference shaping.

The first dimension of power: Decision- Making

The first face of power as proposed by Dahl who viewed power as a relation among people, A has
power over B to the extent that A can get B to do something that he would not do. (Dahl 1957,201 cited in Hay
2002,172). It is the ability of a person to succeed in convincing others to comply even if they don’t want to. In
governmental power, this can be observed when the government makes a decision through a law that requires
the obedience of the people. It is clear who is making the decision and why they are making it.

The second dimension of power: Agenda Setting

The second face of power originates from the work of Bachrach and Baratz (1962,1963,1970)
Bachrach and Baratz coined their theory based on their criticism on the work of Dahl, they claimed that a single
dimension of power only focus on the power to select from the list of choices but fails to explain what is on the
list so they proposed the second face of power, which is the ability to manipulate the agenda. They argue that
in addition to dahls claim that power is a choice indirectly making decisions, to indirectly manipulate the
decisions is also a realm of power. They believed that power is not only about decision making but also setting
the agenda that leads to decisions. In government power, this can be perceived in decisions made behind
closed doors and corridors of power where power is held not only by elected officials but also by agenda
setters like a lobbyist, corporate sponsors, politicians and other interest groups who influence decision making
for personal gains.

The third dimension of power: Preference shaping

The third face of power is Ideological power. Lukes argues that Ideological power is an indirect way of
manipulating the mindset of anyone affected. People tend to believed that the decisions they made are from
their own free will but in reality, they made the decision due to the constraint of society and they can't fathom of
any other options but to accept biased decisions without question. In government power, this appears in
propaganda, creating speeches that are designed to change minds before the decision is announced. For
example, if the legislation is against a certain bill, Congress or even senate will deliberately publicize how this
bill is put into law will negatively impact the lives of the people. Ideological power is dangerous because in
order to shape the preference or belief of the society trickery and psychological methods are used to persuade
society to shift their values or change what they considered important.

Political Power in Three

Dimensions
One – dimensional view Two dimensional view Three dimensional view
Lukes
Marxists
Dahl
Proponents Bachrach & Baratz Radical
Polssby
Neo-Elitists Elitists
Classic pluralist
Radical
Pluralists
Power as decision
Power as decision Power as decision
Conception of power making, agenda setting &
making making & agenda setting
preference shaping
The formal political arena Civil society more
& the informal processes generally, especially the
Focus of analysis The formal political arena
surrounding it (the power public sphere (in which
corridors) preferences are shaped)
Ethnography of the
Ideology critique- to
corridors of power to
Counting of votes and demonstrate how actors
The formal political arena elucidate the informal
decision making forums come to misperceived
processes through which
their own material interest
agenda is set
Both visible and
invisible(visible only to Largely invisible- power
Visible, transparent and agenda setters), but can distorts perceptions and
Nature of power
easily measured be rendered visible shapes preference; It
through gaining inside must be demystified
information
Source: Adapted from Hay, C 2002, "Divided by a Common Language? Conceptualizing Power,’ Political
Analysis: A Critical Introduction, Hampshire, Palgrave, p.180

TYPES OF POWER
The inherent powers of the state are police power, the power of eminent domain, and the power of taxation.
POLICE POWER POWER OF EMINENT POWER OF TAXATION
DOMAIN
Regulates both liberty Affects only property Affects only property
As to the subject
and property rights rights
Exercised by the national
government, local
Exercised only by the government units, and Exercised only by the
As to who exercises
government governmentowned or government
controlled corporations
pursuant to their charters
Property taken is often
Property is wholesome or Property is wholesome
harmful to the public
not harmful to the public but is being taken as a
As to property taken (noxious) or intended for
but is being taken for means of sustaining the
a harmful purpose and
public use or purpose. operations of government
may thus destroy.
As to compensation Compensation is Compensation is th full Compensation is the
intangible, an altruistic and fair equivalent of the protection given and
feeling that the individual property taken. public improvements
has contributed to the instituted by government
 public good. for the taxes paid.
Further discussion of these powers can also be found in the Bill of Rights (Article 3) of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution.

Learning concepts 3.3

Types and consequences of Power
FRENCH AND RAVEN 1959 DESCRIBED 5 TYPES OF POWER
1. Coercive
Power comes from the ability to punish someone for noncompliance. It is based upon the idea of
coercion or to force someone to do something against their will. Coercive power, in general, has negative
consequences. It decreases morale and instills fear and mistrust.
2. Reward
Power comes from the ability to issue rewards it allows people to exert influence by giving rewards. If a
reward is expected there is a high possibility of a positive outcome but when rewards don't have enough
perceived value, the power weakens.
3. Legitimate
Power stems from formal right to command because of their position. This type of power depends on the
position held by a person exercising it. Legitimate power may be derived from prevailing cultural values that
assign legitimate power. This type of power is unpredictable and unstable because if the individual loses the
title or position, legitimate power instantly disappear since the origin of power is from the position and not from
the person.
4. Expert
Power comes from experience or knowledge. Power is derived from the member's assumptions that the
leader possesses superior skills, knowledge, and abilities. However, expertise is only a source of power if
others are dependent upon the experts.
5. Referent
Power comes from being trusted or respected. The power is based upon the ability of an individual to
attract others and to build loyalty within. Referent power can be easily abused. If the individual who rises to
power lacks integrity and honesty, can use that power to hurt and alienate people and can also use power to
gain personal advantage.

Activity 3.3
Self-Test Cross Word Puzzle. Complete the puzzle

Across
5. The indirect way of manipulating the mindset of everyone affected.
7. The power that comes from experience or knowledge.
8. Power comes from being trusted or respected.

Down
1. The power that comes from the ability to punish someone for non-compliance.
2. The ability to control or influence other people.
3. Ability to issue a reward.
4. A Latin word which the word power originates.
6. The origin of power is the position.
Learning concepts 3.4
CATEGORIES OF POWER
Power is categorized into formal and personal. Formal power is a position within the organization.
Personal power is defined by a person's follower.
Learning concepts 3.5
Nation and State
The words nation and state are often times used interchangeably. Do you know that nations and state
have their own identities? Let us examine the difference between nation and state.
State
A state is a group of people who lived together in a defined area we call this a territory under one
government generally this is what we think of as a country but the proper name states.

Nation
A Nation is a large group of people who believed that they belong together because they share
common identities such as race, language, religion a common culture or all of the above. They do not
necessarily share a government or lived in one defined place or territory they are more of a group of people
who shares important similarities.
Learning concepts 3.7
Globalization
Globalization is a process of growing exchange, Interaction between people, government and private
organizations across the globe. International trade, capital flows, migration, technological transfer, and cultural
exchanges are some of the typical manifestations of globalization.
Political Globalization Political globalization is one of the three main dimensions of globalization along with
economic and cultural globalization. The political dimension is a newer feature of globalization.
William R. Thompson has defined political globalization "as the expansion of a global political system,
and its institution, in which inter-regional transaction are managed". Valentine M. Moghandam defines
political globalization as "an increasing trend towards multilateralism in which UN plays an important role,
towards an emerging transnational state apparatus and towards the emergence of national and international
nongovernmental organizations that act as watchdogs over governments and have increased their activities
and influence." Manfred B. Steger, in turn, wrote that political globalization refers to the intensification and
expansion of political interrelations across the globe" Colin Crouch defines political globalization as the growing
power of institutions of global governance such as European Union, Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development, United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nation,
International Monetary Fund. The spread of its influence and transactional advocacy networks operating
across borders and constituting a kind of global society.' Gerald Delanty and Chris Rumford defined political
globalization as "tension between three processes which interacts to produce the complex field of global
politics: global geopolitics, global normative culture, and polycentric networks.
Learning concepts 3.8
How globalization influences nation-states

Activity 3.8 Draw an Arrow

Instruction: Draw an arrow pointing down if the situation described is a negative effect of globalization and an
arrow pointing up if the situation described is a positive impact of globalization.
 1. Countries can easily ask for global support through financial aid.
2. Powerful countries can influence poor country on their policy making.
3. International organization help with issues such as human rights and discrimination
4. Political conflict can be resolved through diplomatic cooperation thus avoiding war.
5. Coordinating with other countries is expensive and difficult.
LESSON 4 : PHILIPPINE DEMOCRATIC POLITICS

Concept
“Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, for the people.” - Abraham Lincoln
“Leadership is not about titles, positions, or flowcharts. It is about one life influencing another.” - John Maxwell

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND THE BALANGHAI

The Balangay is a plank boat adjoined by a carved-out plank edged through pins and dowels. It was
first mentioned in the 16th Century in the Chronicles of Pigafetta and is known as the oldest watercraft found in
the Philippines.

LET’S KNOW
Torogan A “place for sleeping”, owned by an elite state leader or member of Maranao tribe in the
province of Lanao del Sur It is said to believe, in fact, prior to the coming of the first colonizers (the Spaniards),
the concepts of politics, government and governance have been here already in the Philippines, due to the fact
that by the definition alone ,inevitably, there is always politics and governance in our society; whenever a group
is formed and a leader is chosen, there is already an interplay of powers even without the group being aware
of such concept. Indeed, it is true that even to political issues before have still resemblance to as what we‘ve
been facing today, this would mean that the issues have been here already even before the foreign tyrants’
coming.

The Primitive Filipinos and their form of Government

A Talaandig practice of offering for the spirits. One of the requirements is to offer chicken(s) for the
spirits to seek protection and guidance from them.

Historically, the form of politics and governance before came from the small communities or banuas,
prior to the coming of Islam in Sulu, similar to barangays in the Northern Philippines; scattered throughout the
whole archipelago. The one who managed in the ruling of barangay was known as "Datu," a Malayan term
which means "Chieftain" or Raha(Sanskrit), or Sultan(Arabic). As a ruler, he would be the one formulated
executive, legislative, and judicial powers, assisted by his council of elders. However, when a Portuguese
navigator Ferdinand Magellan came to the Philippines on March 16, 1521, and claimed the country as under
the Sovereign Crown of Spain, then a Colonial Government was formulated, which lasted until 1898. Spaniards
spiritual ideologies created abrupt changes to the living conditions among Filipinos in terms of political, social,
cultural and some other aspects. When Magellan and his colleagues landed on Homonhon, they caused Rajah
Humabon and his wife became first Christians.

Performance Activity 1.1

Reflection: Relate yourself to the evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance during the Pre-Spanish Era,
by making a reflection. Write inside the box provided below; at least 3 paragraphs.
Instruction: Describe the following Politics and Governance in terms of its existence.
 Compare and Contrast Advantage Disadvantage
Pre-Conial Era Vs. Spanish Conial Era
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.

American Colonial Era Vs Filipino Revolutionary Government Era

1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.

Performance Activity 1.2

Instruction: For you to be able to grasp every important information on Philippine Democratic Politics,
especially its stages of evolution, you must have to read some important details of these political and historical
aspects of evolution, and analyze the evolution of Philippine Democratic Politics, and assess the effects of
colonial experiences you have just observed from these. The Colonial Era The Heroic Battle of Mactan (Lapu-
Lapu vs. Magellan)
Rajah Sula, one of the chieftains of the island of Mactan, sowed biases versus Lapu-Lapu, by
complaining to Magellan that Lapu Lapu, his ultimate rival, refused to be Under the Crown of Spain. Sula
asked assistance from Magellan for him to defeat Lapu Lapu. On the battle, one of the Lapu Lapu colleagues
hit the leg of Magellan. When Magellan knelt down, Lapu Lapu's men rushed at Magellan with their villainous
spears. Based on the illustration (the fights of Spanish vs. Lapu-Lapu) and the historical side of an event
happened, could you describe the different stages of evolution on Philippine politics and governance? How
about the bravery showed by these people? If it happens in your case, would you do the same as what Lapu –
Lapu did? Are you happy to think about the coming of the Spanish colonizers? Please defend your answers.
Write your answer on the space provided on the next page, not more than 100 words.

Notice: Please read these historical events on politics, government, and governance, since the colonial
era until the time when the 1987 Constitution was being made.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Roy Villalobos and Legaspi’s Voyage In fact, Roy Lopez de Villalobos sailed for the Philippines from Natividad,
Mexico on Nov. 1, 1542, and then, passed through the island of Sarangani, where he established a colony,
however, with his colleagues, they decided to depart from that place, they thought, they could not stay longer
due to scarcity of food supply. His sea vessel (fleet) left that island and went to the Moluccas, but they found
out Portuguese people were so unfair to them, thus, they departed from that island. As a result of their bad
fate, King Charles I had decided to stop sending his colonizers to different corners of the world. However,
when Philips II succeeded his future to the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the Viceroy of
Mexico, to prepare for the new expedition – to be led by Miguel Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, accompanied by
Andres de Urdaneta, a priest. Indeed, when Miguel Lopez de Legaspi came to this country, the Indies' laws
were applied in the Philippines. Hence, the Spanish made abrupt changes. They had to organize the Central
Government in the Philippines to easily control the Filipino people. They told the Filipino people to really follow
especially, the Royal Decrees and Orders made by the Spanish King; they must have to follow also to the ones
who were appointed by the King, as the Spanish Officials who would govern the Filipino people. In fact, in
1863, the Philippine Archipelago was put under the Jurisdiction of the Ministry of Colonies or Overseas
Ministry. The Central Government made by Spaniards was so powerful that’s everything must be done only
with the knowledge and permission from the King of the chosen Spanish Officials. The form of government was
headed by the Governor or the Governor-general who was appointed by King of Spain. In fact, this had two
branches: Executive and Judicial. Note: There was no legislative because laws were merely created by
Spaniards. The Governor-general was so powerful for he was also the Vice Royal Patron in the Philippines,
who acted as the head of the armed men of the Philippines. The Governor-General had created Local
Government, but, since he realized that he could not govern without local officials who would implement the
Royal Decrees and Orders from the King, with that reason, he created Local Officials through his guidance.
Truly, Filipinos got mad at the Spanish Officials and the Guardia Civil during those times, because lots of
prejudices, biases, and injustices committed by them, Filipinos were so unfortunate in their hands, they would
not give justice to the crimes they committed, besides, they would claim that they were real Christians! It's a
slap to their faces, Spaniards were so unfair. In fact, there was no representation even one in the Spanish
Cortes, and for Filipinos would expect no justice to be achieved from all their brutality! Thus, the educated
Filipinos had to take steps to counterfeit the Spanish evil doings. Early Revolutionary steps against Spanish
Rule: The form of the Spanish government made and their implementations were very oppressive. Laws and
Policies made were very unfair for the native folks. Hence, some of the Filipino leaders came to be awaken
and resulted to make revolts against the Spanish Government in most corners of the country.
Main idea:
 There was no Filipino representative for the Spanish Cortes.
 There was no religious freedom; and the justice system was merely s made only for and
the elite individuals, not for the Indios or low-profiled Pilipino people.
 Education was a privilege, not a right for an individual.
Reformation of the Spanish Rules
Evidently, the Filipinos before were lack of resources however, educated, influential or well-to-do
Filipinos stated their peaceful campaigns for reforms in 1872. This reform was called “Propaganda movement.”
The most prominent amongst them was Jose Rizal, (who authored the Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo),
Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
KEY CONCEPTS:
Jose Rizal – is our National Hero, who created the books: Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo which
revealed the real happenings of the living conditions amongst Filipino people. Due to the brutalities found in the
community done by Spaniards, these gradually awaken the minds and the hearts of Filipinos to fight against
the Spaniards in the Philippines.
However, the revolutionary attempts of Katipunaneros led by Andres Bonifacio were discovered by
Spanish authorities on August 19, 1896, which marked the outbreak of the Philippine 1896 revolution. This
revolution spread immediately throughout the provinces of Luzon, in response, Governor-general placed the 8
provinces under Martial Law so he could control the conflicts in the entire area.
First Eight provinces that revolted against the Spanish Government were: Cavite, Manila, Laguna,
Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija. It is so sad to note, unfortunately, Rizal was
executed by Spanish Officials for he was alleged of having a connection with the Katipuneros, who attempted
to over through Spanish government.
As the result of the Tejeros Convention and the Naic Armed Forces Agreement, under the iron clad
leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo, the Filipinos who revolted against the Spanish tyranny won every battle against
Spanish tyrants. Hence, the Katipuneros had decided to form a new government on the 22nd day of March
1897. Aguinaldo succeeded to set the throne as President, while Andres Bonifacio won as Director of the
Interior. Bonifacio signed together with his men Acta de Tejeros (the Tejeros act), however, Bonifacio was in
disgrace in his rivalry with Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo sent a group of Katiponeros to persuade Bonifacio to
recognize the result of Tejeros convention. But, gradually, Aguinaldo fate commuted the death Penalty to
banishment. On May 10, 1897, Andres Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were executed through the
leadership of Aguinaldo.
Aguinaldo had created the Biak-na-Bato Republic and the Truce of Biak-na–Bato to pacify their
enemies. This first Republican Government was named by Aguinaldo as Biak-na–Bato, but later, Aguinaldo
entered into an agreement with the Spanish. The truce, however, fell through because of the one that led in the
person of General Makabulos established a Central Executive Committee, thus, armed men clashed between
the revolutionaries and the Spaniards. The US marine Station was allegedly blown up by the Spaniards on
February 15, 1898.And on April 25, 1898, the US Congress formally declared war against Spain, and as the
result, the Spaniards were easily defeated by the wellArmored American Naval Forces. The defeat of the
Spanish forces became the turning point in the Philippine history.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Read and analyze the evolution of Philippine politics and governance below from the Declaration of
Philippine Independence to EDSA People Power Revolution. Name the most prominent political figure of every
period and briefly discuss his/her role in the Philippines.
PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.3
The Declaration of Philippine Independence After meeting the Americans in Hong Kong, Aguinaldo
immediately returned to the Philippines to work on our independence. Despite the valiant efforts of Spain to win
back the Filipino loyalty, a number of men volunteered to fight against Spain under the leadership of Aguinaldo.
Initially, Aguinaldo set up a Dictatorial Government but was later replaced with a revolutionary one upon the
advice of Apolinario Mabini, the “Brain of the Philippine Revolution” and “Sublime Paralytic.” Believing that the
right time has come, Aguinaldo proclaimed the Independence of the Philippines on June 12, 1898.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.4

The First Philippine Republic
The Malolos Constitution authored by Felipe Calderon established the First Philippine Republic on
January 23, 1899. The said government was composed of three branches: executive, legislative and judicial.
The executive power was vested in a President who was elected by the legislature. He was assisted by his
cabinet. The legislative power was vested in an Assembly of Representatives. It was a unicameral (one-
chamber) legislature. It elected the President of the Republic and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The
judicial power was exercised by a Supreme Court of Justice. Chosen by the Assembly of Representatives.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.5

The Schurman and Taft Commissions
The first government established by the Americans in the Philippines was a Military Government
headed by a military governor. The first military governor was General Wesley Merritt. He ruled the country in
the name and by authority of the U.S. President. After the recommendations of the Taft Commission, the
Military Government was replaced with a Civil Government on July 4, 1901 under William Howard Taft as the
first Civil GSovernor. Since he was also the head of the Philippine Commission, Gov. Taft exercised both
executive and legislative functions.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.6

The First Philippine Assembly
Upon the recommendation of Philippine Bill of 1902, Gov. Taft recommended the establishment of the
First Philippine Assembly. It was inaugurated at the Manila Grand Opera House on October 16, 1907. The
Philippine Assembly served as the Lower House, while the Philippine Commission served as the Upper House.
Sergio Osmeña was elected speaker while Manuel L. Quezon was elected Majority Floor Leader. It was a
historic event since for the first time under American rule, the Filipinos were given the chance to participate in
the lawmaking aspect.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.7

The Jones Law of 1916

The Philippine Autonomy Act was authored by U.S representative in the person of William Atkinson
Jones who did the first step towards Philippine independence. Important provisions included a three-branch
government structure — the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. The executive was headed by governor-
general who was appointed by the President of the United States. The legislative power was vested in the
Philippine Legislature. The judicial power on the other hand, was exercised by the Supreme Court and the
lower courts of our justice system.

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 ___________________________________

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.8

The Commonwealth Period
Under the 1935 Constitution, the government was divided into three coequal branches — legislative,
executive and judicial. The executive power was vested in the President of the Philippines. The legislative
power was vested in Unicameral National Assembly while the Supreme Court and the lower courts held the
judicial power. Manuel L. Quezon was elected as the President while Sergio Osmeña won the vice-presidency.
One significant political development was on the women suffrage. The women voted for the first time on May
14, 1935 in the plebiscite to ratify the 1935 Constitution.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.9

The Second Republic
The Japanese put up the Philippine Executive Commission to act as a temporary government of the
Philippines. The commission was composed of six departments, each headed by a Filipino commissioner.
Following the ratification of 1943 Constitution, the National Assembly elected Jose P. Laurel as President of
the Second Republic and Benigno S. Aquino as its speaker. With the inauguration of the Second Republic, the
Philippine Executive Commission was dissolved.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.10

The Third Republic
The birth of the Third Republic happened on July 4, 1945. It marked the end of the colonial rule and the
success of the long struggles of Filipinos to regain the freedom that was lost. Manuel A. Roxas and Elpidio
Quirino took their oath of office as President and Vice-President of the country. This period faced economic,
communism, and graft and corruption problems.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.11

The Martial Law Period
The 1973 Constitution established a parliamentary form of government. The powers of government
would be exercised by a Prime Minister to be elected by the National Assembly from among its members.
Later, Marcos restored the powers of the President of the Philippines. There would still be a Prime Minister to
be chosen by the legislature and who would act as the head of the Cabinet. His rule could be described as
“constitutional authoritarianist” where all his powers emanated from the constitution.
 ___________________________________

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.12

Post-EDSA to The Present The EDSA
People Power Revolution ousted the Marcoses from powers. Ferdinand Marco served as the last
President of the Third Republic. Following the collapse of the Marcos dictatorship, a Revolutionary
Government was established in the Philippines under the first woman president in the country’s history —
Corazon C. Aquino. However, the ratification of the 1987 Constitution formally ended the Revolutionary
Government and restored the full democracy of the country. The new constitution limited the powers of the
president, freely elected Congress of the Philippines, local government officials and created an independent
judiciary and free press.

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Self-Test 1.2
Instruction: Appraise or tell something the worth of different influences about the prior stages of Philippine
political developments on Contemporary Philippine Politics, by making a graphic design or concept map in the
box provided below.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Self-Test 1.3
Instruction: Write down the different political institutions and explain their roles in building up our nation as a
whole, on the space provided below.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Effects of the Colonial Experience in The Philippine Politics and Governance On the account of the
effects of Spanish and American Colonial rule, everyone of us must be thankful for the positive impact;
bloodsheds led to various political, social, economic and spiritual changes and ultimately granted us our
independence in 1898. As of now, we have the so called “freedom” which was not experienced by the Filipinos
especially during the Spanish period. Truly, the freedom we enjoy today in the realm of politics rooted from the
Greeks who transmitted their ideals of democracy to the rest of the world. This freedom was handed to us by
the Americans who helped us in fighting the Japanese during WW II. Our liberty did not come in an easy way.
Precious lives were lost along the way as many Filipinos sacrificed their lives for the attainment of our
independence. Sadly, many Filipinos tend to forget the valiant efforts made by our forefathers to fight for the
sake of our freedom. Evidently, most of the Filipino people are inclined to forget the significance of this
historical facts. Today, a lot of Filipinos are forgetful about the proper way to exercise their freedom. This may
include an abuse of freedom of speech such as the irresponsible use of journalism through social media.
I hope you have learned many things from this Lesson.
Learner, thank you so much for reading!