DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, GBN

SESSION 2024-25
ACTIVITIES FOR LAB MANUAL
CLASS – XII SUBJECT – MATHEMATICS (041)

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
 Activity Manual has to be made systematically.
 The Manual will be used for CBSE internal assessment.
 Date of submission: July 1, 2024

Activities to be done in Mathematics Manual are as follows

ACTIVITY: I

OBJECTIVE:
To demonstrate a function which is not one-one but is onto.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Paper, Pen, a pair of scissors, colorful sheets, adhesive, Scale, Pencil, eraser.
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION:
(i) Paste a rectangular colorful strip on the left hand side with three points on it as shown in
the Fig 3.1. Name the points as 1, 2 and 3.
(ii) Paste another rectangular strip on the right hand side and add two points on it as shown
in Fig.3.2. Name the points on the rectangle as ‘a’ and ‘b’.
(iii) Join points on the left rectangular shape to the points on the right rectangular shape as
shown in Fig. 3.3.

1
 DEMONSTRATION:
1. Take the set X = {1, 2, 3}
2. Take the set Y = {a, b}
3. Join (corresponding) elements of X to the elements of Y as shown in Fig. 3.3
OBSERVATION:
a) The image of the element 1 of X in Y is __________.
b) The image of the element 2 of X in Y is __________.
c) The image of the element 3 of X in Y is __________.
So, Fig. 3.3 represents a __________.
4. Every element in X has a _________ image in Y. So, the function is _________(one-one/not one-
one).
5. The pre-image of each element of Y in X _________ (exists/does not exist). So, the function is
________ (onto/not onto).
APPLICATION:
This activity can be used to demonstrate the concept of one-one and onto function.
Demonstrate the same activity by changing the n.

ACTIVITY II
OBJECTIVE:
To draw the graph of 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 , using the graph of sin x and demonstrate the concept of mirror
reflection (about the line y = x).
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
White paper, ruler, colored pens, adhesive, pencil, eraser.
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION:
1. On the plane sheet of manual, paste a white paper of size 25 cm × 25 cm (say).
2. On the paper, draw two lines, perpendicular to each other and name them X′OX and YOY′
as rectangular axes as shown in figure pasted below.

2
 3. Graduate the axes approximately as shown in Fig. above by taking unit on X-axis = 1.25
times the unit of Y-axis.
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
4. Mark approximately the points( 𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔 ), ( 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒 ) … ( 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 ) in the coordinate plane.
−𝝅 −𝝅
5. Repeat the above process on the other side of the x-axis, marking the points ( 𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ),
𝟔
−𝝅 −𝝅 −𝝅 −𝝅
( 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒 ) … ( 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 ) approximately and mark on these points as N1 ′, N2 ′, N3 ′, N4 ′.
Also mark at O.
6. Join the nails with the help of a tight wire on both sides of x-axis to get the graph of sin x
−𝝅 𝝅
from 𝟐 𝒕𝒐 𝟐
7. Draw the graph of the line y = x (by plotting the points (1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3), ... etc. and fixing
a wire on these points).
8. From the points N1 , N2 , N3 ,N4 , draw perpendicular on the line y = x and produce these
lines such that length of perpendicular on both sides of the line y = x are equal. At these
points fix nails, I1 ,I2 ,I3 ,I4 .
9. Repeat the above activity on the other side of X- axis and fix points at I1 ′,I2 ′,I3 ′,I4 ′.
10. Join the points on both sides of the line y = x that will show the graph of 𝒀 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙

DEMONSTRATION:
Put a mirror on the line y = x. The image of the graph of sin x in the mirror will represent the
graph of 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 showing that 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 is mirror reflection of sin x and vice versa.

OBSERVATION:
 The image of point N1 in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
 The image of point N2 in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
 The image of point N3 in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
 The image of point N4 in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
 The image of point N1 ′ in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
 The image point of N2 ′ in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
 The image point of N3 ′ in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
 The image point of N4 ′ in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
 The image of the graph of six x in y = x is the graph of _________,
 The image of the graph of 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 in y = x is the graph of __________.
APPLICATION:
Similar activity can be performed for drawing the graphs of other inverse trigonometric
functions

3
 ACTIVITY: III

OBJECTIVE:

To find analytically the limit of a function f (x) at x = c and also to check the continuity of the
function at that point.

MATERIAL REQUIRED: Paper, pencil, calculator.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION:
𝑥 2 −16
,𝑥 ≠ 4
1. Consider the function given by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥−4
10, 𝑥 = 4
2. Take some points on the left and some points on the right side of c (= 4) which are very near
to c.
3. Find the corresponding values of f (x) for each of the points considered in step 2 above.
4. Record the values of points on the left and right side of c as x and the corresponding values
of f (x) in a form of a table.

DEMONSTRATION

The values of x and f (x) are recorded as follows:

Table 1: For points on the left of c (= 4).

Table 2: For points on the right of c (= 4).

4
 APPLICATION:
This activity is useful in understanding the concept of limit and continuity of a function at a
point.

ACTIVITY: IV

OBJECTIVE:

To understand the concepts of local maxima, local minima and point of inflection.

MATERIAL REQUIRED: A piece of paper, thread, adhesive, pencil, and eraser

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION:

1. Paste a white paper on a plane sheet of Lab manual.

2. Take two pieces of threads each of length 40 cm and fix them on the paper in the form of
x-axis and y-axis.
3. Take another thread of suitable length and bend it in the shape of curve.
4. Fix this curved thread on the white paper pasted on manual, as shown in Fig.
5. Take five more threads each of length say 2 cm and fix them at the points A, C, B, P and D
as shown in figure

5
DEMONSTRATION:

1. In the figure, threads at the points A, B, C and D represent tangents to the curve and are
parallel to the axis. The slopes of tangents at these points are zero, i.e., the value of the first
derivative at these points is zero. The tangent at P intersects the curve.
2. At the points A and B, sign of the first derivative changes from negative to positive. So, they
are the points of local minima.
3. At the point C and D, sign of the first derivative changes from positive to negative. So, they
are the points of local maxima.
4. At the point P, sign of first derivative does not change. So, it is a point of inflection.

OBSERVATION:

1. Sign of the slope of the tangent (first derivative) at a point on the curve to the immediate left
of A is _______.
2. Sign of the slope of the tangent (first derivative) at a point on the curve to the immediate
right of A is_______.
3. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate left of B is _______.
4. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate right of B is _______.
5. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate left of C is _______.
6. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate right of C is _______.
7. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate left of D is _______
8. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate right of D is _______.
9. Sign of the first derivative at a point immediate left of P is _______ and immediate right of P
is_______.
10. A and B are points of local _______.
11. C and D are points of local _______.
12. P is a point of _______.

APPLICATION:

1. This activity may help in explaining the concepts of points of local maxima, local minima and
inflection.
2. The concepts of maxima/minima are useful in problems of daily life such as making of
packages of maximum capacity at minimum cost.

ACTIVITY: V

OBJECTIVE: To verify that amongst all the rectangles of the same perimeter, the square has the
maximum area.

MATERIAL REQUIRED: Chart paper, paper cutter, scale, pencil, eraser, and glue.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION:

1. Paste a white paper on the plane side of Lab Manual.

2. Make rectangles each of perimeter say 48 cm on a chart paper. Rectangles of different
dimensions are as follows:

6
 R1 : 16 cm × 8 cm, R2 : 15 cm × 9 cm R3 : 14 cm × 10 cm,
R4 : 13 cm × 11 cm R5 : 12 cm × 12 cm, R6 : 12.5 cm × 11.5
cm R7 : 10.5 cm × 13.5 cm
3. Cut out these rectangles and paste them on the white paper on the manual (see Fig. (i) to
(vii)).
4. Repeat step 2 for more rectangles of different dimensions each having perimeter 48 cm.
5. Paste these rectangles on the required space.

DEMONSTRATION:

1. Area of rectangle of R1 = 16 cm × 8 cm = 128 cm square

2. Area of rectangle R2 = 15 cm × 9 cm = 135 cm square
3. Area of R3 = 140 cm square
4. Area of R4 = 143 cm square
5. Area of R5 = 144 cm square
6. Area of R6 = 143.75 cm square
7. Area of R7 = 141.75 cm square

Perimeter of each rectangle is same but their area are different. Area of rectangle R5 is the
maximum. It is a square of side 12 cm. This can be verified using theoretical description given in the
note.

OBSERVATION:

1. Perimeter of each rectangle R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 , R4 , R6 , R7 is _________.

2. Area of the rectangle R3 ________ than the area of rectangle R5 .
3. Area of the rectangle R6 _______ than the area of rectangle R5 .
4. The rectangle R5 has the diamensions ______ × ______ and hence it is a ________.
5. Of all the rectangles with same perimeter, the ________ has the maximum area.

APPLICATION: This activity is useful in explaining the idea of Maximum of a function. The result is
also useful in preparing economical packages.

7
8