OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

Pallavi, Assistant Professor

Computer Science & Engineering
 CHAPTER-3

Open Source Project

Introduction to Open Source Project
• When a project is open source, that means anybody is free to use, study, modify,
and distribute your project for any purpose. These permissions are enforced
through an open source license.
• Open source is powerful because it lowers the barriers to adoption and
collaboration, allowing people to spread and improve projects quickly. Also
because it gives users a potential to control their own computing, relative to
closed source.
• Example: Django , Flask , OpenCV
How To Launch Your Own Open Source Project:
No matter which stage you decide to open source your project, every project
should include the following documentation:

• Open source license

• README
• Contributing guidelines
• Code of conduct
Open Source License
•An open source license guarantees that others can use, copy, modify, and contribute
back to your project without repercussions. It also protects you from sticky legal
situations. You must include a license when you launch an open source project.

•MIT, Apache 2.0, and GPLv3 are the most popular open source licenses, but there are
other options to choose from.

•When you create a new project on GitHub, you are given the option to select a license.
Including an open source license will make your GitHub project open source.
Readme
Readme do more than explain how to use your project. They also explain why your
project matters, and what your users can do with it.
In your Readme, try to answer the following questions:

 What does this project do?

 Why is this project useful?
 How do I get started?
 Where can I get more help, if I need it?
Contributing Guidelines
A CONTRIBUTING file tells you how to participate in your project. For example,
you might include information on:

 How to file a bug report (try using issue and pull request templates)
 How to suggest a new feature
 How to set up your environment and run tests
Code Of Conduct
Finally, a code of conduct helps set ground rules for behavior for your project’s
participants. This is especially valuable if you’re launching an open source
project for a community or company
Introduction to Open Source Hardware
• Open source hardware refers to a physical object's design specifications that are
licenced to allow for the object's study, modification, creation, and distribution by
anybody.
• It is not a particular kind of object, but rather a set of legal and design guidelines.
• OSH usually intends that information about the hardware is readily identifiable
so that others can make it.
• The "source code" for open hardware—schematics, blueprints, logic designs,
Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawings or files, etc.—is available for
modification or enhancement by anyone under permissive licenses
How Is Open Hardware Licensed
Open hardware is licensed using various open licenses that allow users to access,
use, modify, and distribute the hardware designs while still maintaining certain
rights and responsibilities. The choice of license depends on the preferences of
the hardware designer or the community involved in the project. Here are some
common open hardware licenses:
1. Creative Commons Licenses (CC BY, CC BY-SA, etc.): Creative
Commons licenses are widely used for open hardware projects. They come
in different versions, but generally, they allow users to share and adapt the
hardware designs as long as they give appropriate credit to the original
creator
2. GNU General Public License (GPL): GPL is commonly used for open
source software, but it can also be applied to open hardware. Under the
GPL, users have the freedom to use, modify, and distribute the hardware
designs.
3.MIT License: Though commonly used for software, some hardware projects
also use the MIT License. It grants users the freedom to use, modify, and
distribute the hardware designs with minimal restrictions.

4.Apache License: Similar to the MIT License, the Apache License is more
commonly used for software, but it can also be applied to hardware. It allows
users to use, modify, and distribute the designs, with the addition of an express
grant of patent rights.
Difference Between OSH And OSS:
. Aspect Open Source Hardware Open Source Software

Type of Work Physical objects, devices, Computer programs and

or systems with open software with open source
designs code
Nature of Sharing Sharing hardware designs, Sharing source code and
schematics, and executable software
documentation
Licensing Uses open hardware Uses open source software
licenses (e.g., CC, GPL, licenses (e.g., GPL, MIT)
CERN OHL)
Freedom to Modify Users can modify and Users can modify and
customize hardware customize source code
designs
Introduction to Open Source Design
• In the context of open source software, an "open source design" typically refers
to the design and development process of creating software that is open source.
• It encompasses various principles and practices that promote transparency,
collaboration, and community involvement.
• The movement wants to make it possible for items to be fully customised and
developed in the future.
• Although this is typically done for software, it is happening more often for
hardware.
Few Field Open Source Design Is Used
1. Graphic design
2. 2D and 3D animation
3. Vector graphics
4. Photo editing
Key Aspects Of Open Source Design:
1. Transparency::
Open source design emphasizes transparency throughout the software
development process. This means that the source code of the software is made
accessible to the public, allowing anyone to view, inspect, and understand how
the program works.
2. Collaborative Development:
Open source software encourages collaborative development by inviting
contributions from a diverse community of developers. People from around the
world can participate in the project, suggest improvements, report issues, and
submit code changes.
3. Version Control:
Open source projects often use version control systems like Git, which allows
multiple developers to work on the codebase simultaneously.
Cont…
4. Public Issue Tracking:
Open source projects typically have public issue tracking systems where users
and developers can report bugs, suggest new features, and discuss
improvements.
5. Open Licensing:
Open source software is released under open licenses, such as the GNU General
Public License (GPL), MIT License, Apache License, etc. These licenses grant
users the freedom to use, modify, and distribute the software as long as they
comply with the license terms.
6. Code Reviews:
Open source projects often implement code review processes to maintain code
quality and ensure that changes meet the project's standards. This helps in
catching bugs and maintaining consistency across the codebase.
Open Source Teaching:
•Open source teaching within an open source project refers to the
collaborative and transparent approach to sharing knowledge,
educational resources, and learning experiences.
• It involves the community-driven development of educational materials
and fostering an inclusive learning environment.
•open-source teaching refers to an educational approach that leverages
open-source principles and resources to enhance the teaching and
learning experience.
• In this context, "open source" means making educational materials,
resources, and tools freely available and accessible to anyone.
Key Element Of Open Source Teaching:
1. Open Educational Resources (OER) :
These are educational materials such as textbooks, videos, interactive
simulations, lecture notes, and more that are released under open licenses. Open
licenses, like Creative Commons, allow users to access, use, adapt, and share the
resources freely.
2. Collaborative Knowledge Sharing:
Open-source teaching encourages educators and learners to collaborate and
contribute to the creation and improvement of educational content. This fosters a
dynamic and evolving ecosystem where knowledge is collectively built upon.
3. Community-driven Development:
Similar to open-source software projects, open-source teaching involves a
community of educators, subject matter experts, and learners who collaborate to
refine and maintain educational resources.
Cont…
4. Customization and Adaptation:
Open-source teaching allows educators to tailor the available resources to suit
their specific teaching needs and the unique requirements of their students.
5. Affordability and Accessibility:
By providing free access to educational resources, open-source teaching helps
reduce the financial burden on students.
6. Technology Integration:
Open-source teaching often involves the integration of technology tools and
platforms to facilitate the creation, distribution, and consumption of educational
content. Online learning platforms, repositories, and collaboration tools play a
crucial role in this process
Cont…
7. Continuous Improvement:
Since educational resources are continually updated and refined by the
community, open-source teaching promotes a culture of continuous
improvement and encourages educators to stay current with the latest
developments in their fields
8. Global Knowledge Sharing:
Open-source teaching facilitates knowledge sharing on a global scale, breaking
down geographical barriers and enabling educators and learners from around the
world to collaborate and exchange ideas.
Introduction to Open Source Media
Open source media, also known as open media, refers to media content
that is released under open licenses, allowing users to access, use,
modify, and share the content freely. This concept is similar to the
principles of open-source software and open educational resources, but it
applies specifically to media such as images, audio, video, and other
forms of creative works.
Characteristics Of Open Source Media
1. Open Licenses: Open source media is typically released under licenses that
permit users to copy, distribute, and adapt the content without restrictions.
Creative Commons licenses are commonly used for this purpose, offering
various levels of permissions and attributions.
2. Collaborative Creation: Like other open-source initiatives, open source
media encourages collaboration and community-driven development. Creators
may collaborate on projects, remix each other's work, or share derivative
works openly.
3. Freedom of Use: Users of open source media are free to use the content for
personal or commercial purposes, often without needing to seek explicit
permission from the original creator.
Cont
4.Accessibility and Inclusivity: By being freely available to everyone, open
source media promotes accessibility and inclusivity. It allows individuals from
different backgrounds and regions to access and benefit from creative works
without financial barriers.
5. Adaptability: Open source media can be adapted and modified to suit
different needs or preferences. For example, a photographer may release their
photos under an open license, allowing others to edit and use the images
creatively.
6.Transparency: The open nature of these media resources means that users
can examine and understand how the content was created or modified. This
transparency fosters a culture of shared learning and improvement.
Example Of Open Source Media:
•Open Source Images: Photographs and illustrations that are made available
under open licenses, often found on platforms like Pixabay, Unsplash, and
Wikimedia Commons.
•Open Source Music: Music compositions and audio tracks released under open
licenses, available on platforms like Jamendo and Free Music Archive.
•Open Source Videos: Videos and animations that can be freely used and
modified, often found on platforms like Vimeo and Archive.org.
•Open Source Software Projects: In some cases, media assets like graphics and
sounds are also included in open-source software projects, allowing developers to
use and modify these assets alongside the code.
Introduction Of GitHub
• GitHub is a web-based platform that serves as a central hub for version
control, collaboration, and code hosting.
• It is one of the most popular and widely used platforms among
developers, particularly for open-source projects.
• GitHub provides a set of tools and features that facilitate software
development and collaboration, making it easier for individuals and teams
to work together on projects of all sizes.
Features Of GitHub:
1. Version Control:
At the core of GitHub is its version control system, which enables developers to
track changes to their code over time. The primary version control system used
by GitHub is Git, a distributed version control system created by Linus Torvalds.
With Git, developers can create branches, make changes to code, merge changes
back into the main project, and manage the entire development history of their
projects.
2. Repositories:
A repository, often referred to as "repo," is a central storage location for a project
on GitHub. It contains all the files, folders, and documentation related to the
project. Each repository has its unique URL, allowing others to access and
collaborate on the project. Repositories can be public, meaning they are open to
the public, or private, where access is restricted to designated collaborators.
Cont…
3. Collaboration :
GitHub facilitates collaboration among developers through various features.
Developers can "fork" a repository to create their copy of the project, allowing
them to make changes independently. After making improvements or fixes,
developers can propose their changes to the original project's owner through a
"pull request." Pull requests provide a way for the owner to review the changes
and decide whether to incorporate them into the main project.
4. Issues and Bug Tracking :
GitHub includes an issue tracking system where developers can report bugs,
suggest enhancements, or discuss ideas related to the project. Issues serve as a
central place for project management and communication, allowing contributors
to collaborate on resolving problems and tracking progress.
Cont…
5. Project Management :
GitHub offers project management tools like "Projects" and "Boards" that help
teams organize and prioritize their work. These features provide a visual
representation of tasks, milestones, and progress, making it easier to track the
project's development.
6. Documentation and Wiki:
Developers can maintain project documentation directly on GitHub. The
platform supports README files in the repository, which serve as introductory
documentation. Additionally, GitHub provides a wiki feature where more
extensive documentation can be organized and shared.
Community On GitHub
•Interacting with the community on GitHub is essential for maintaining an
active and engaged open-source project.
•GitHub provides various tools and features that facilitate communication
and collaboration with the community of contributors, users, and
stakeholders.
•GitHub is a web-based hosting service primarily used for version control
and collaboration on software development projects.
•It allows developers to work together, contribute to projects, and track
changes made to code over time.
Characteristics Of GitHub Community
1. Repositories:
Repositories, which function as containers for projects, form the foundation of
GitHub. A community's projects, libraries, or documentation may be stored in
one or more repositories.
2. Contributors:
Community contributors are active participants in projects that make code
modifications, bug fixes, feature additions, or documentation updates.
3. Issues:
Members of the community can report bugs, ask for new features, and debate
many facets of the project using GitHub's issue tracking system.
Cont…
4. Pull Requests :
Pull requests are contributions that propose modifications to the project's
codebase. If the pull request complies with the project's requirements, other
community members can analyse the modifications, offer feedback, and
ultimately merge the pull request.
5. Discussions :
The "Discussions" feature on GitHub enables community members to have
discussions about various project-related subjects. It can be applied to general
conversations, announcements, and Q&A sessions.
6. Collaboration :
Through tools like code reviews, project boards, and team management, GitHub
promotes cooperation and enables community members to cooperate
successfully.
Cont…
7. Community Guidelines :
To promote a polite and welcoming atmosphere for all authors, certain
repositories or organizations have explicit rules or codes of conduct.
8. Documentation and Wiki :
Many projects maintain documentation and a wiki on GitHub to provide
information and resources for newcomers and community members.
9. Open Source Projects :
GitHub is widely used for hosting open-source projects, which encourages
collaboration and transparency among contributors.
Contributing Code In GitHub
A key component of the development and cooperation of open source software is
contributing code to GitHub. An explanation of how to contribute to a project on GitHub is
provided below:
•Sign up for a GitHub account: Visit https://github.com to create a GitHub account if you
don't already have one.
•Splitting the repository: Click the "Fork" button in the top right corner of the repository
(project) you want to contribute to. By doing this, a private copy of the project is created in
your GitHub account.
•Take a copy of the forked repository: You must clone the repository to your local
workstation after you have forked it. Use the following command in your terminal,
replacing "username" and "repository" with your GitHub username and the repository's
name, respectively:
Git clone "https://github.com/user>/repository>.git"
Cont…
Set Up Upstream: To keep your forked repository in sync with the original repository, you
should add the original repository as an upstream remote. In your local repository, run:
git remote add upstream https://github.com/<original_username>/<repository>.git
Create a New Branch: Create a new branch in your local repository for the changes you
want to make. A common practice is to create a branch named after the feature or bug fix
you're working on. Use the following command to create a new branch and switch to it:
git checkout -b branch-name
Make Changes: Now, open the project in your preferred code editor and make the
necessary changes.
Commit Changes: After making your changes, you need to commit them. First, add the
modified files to the staging area with:
git add .
Then, commit the changes with a descriptive commit message:
git commit -m "Your commit message here"
Cont…
Pull from Upstream: Before pushing your changes to your forked repository, it's a good
idea to pull the latest changes from the original repository to ensure you're up-to-date:
git pull upstream main
Push Changes to Your Fork: Push your local changes to your forked repository on
GitHub:
git push origin branch-name
Create a Pull Request: Once you've pushed your changes to your fork, navigate to your
forked repository on GitHub. You should see a "Compare & pull request" button. Click on it
to create a pull request. Provide a detailed description of the changes you made.
Review and Discuss: The maintainers of the original repository will review your pull
request. They may request changes, and you can address them by making additional
commits on the same branch.
Merge and Close: If the maintainers are satisfied with your changes, they will merge your
pull request into the main repository. Congratulations, you've successfully contributed to the
project!
Testing Open Source Code
•Testing open-source code is an essential process to ensure the reliability,
functionality, and security of the software.
•Testing helps identify and fix bugs, verify that the code meets the specified
requirements, and maintain the overall quality of the project.
•Testing can be stated as the process of verifying and validating whether a software
or application is bug-free, meets the technical requirements as guided by its design
and development, and meets the user requirements effectively and efficiently by
handling all the exceptional and boundary cases.
Types Of Testing:
1.Unit Testing: Unit testing involves testing individual units or components of
the code in isolation to verify that they work as intended. These tests are
typically automated and cover small portions of the codebase. Popular unit
testing frameworks for different programming languages include JUnit for Java,
pytest for Python, and Jasmine for JavaScript.
2. Integration Testing:
Integration testing verifies the interaction between different units or components
within the codebase. It ensures that these components work together
harmoniously. Integration testing can be automated or performed manually.
3. Functional Testing::
Functional testing assesses the functionality of the software by testing its
behavior against the specified requirements. It involves black-box testing to
evaluate the software's output based on different inputs.
Cont…
4. Regression Testing :
Regression testing ensures that new changes or updates to the code do not
negatively impact the existing functionality. It is essential to avoid introducing
new bugs while making improvements.
5. Security Testing :
Security testing identifies and addresses vulnerabilities that could lead to
potential security breaches. It includes techniques like penetration testing and
code review to uncover potential risks.
6. Performance Testing :
Performance testing evaluates how well the software performs under different
conditions, such as high loads or stress. It helps ensure the application can
handle real-world usage.
Issue Reporting
1. Create a GitHub Account: If you don't already have one, sign up for a
GitHub account at https://github.com/.
2.Find the Repository: Navigate to the repository (project) where you want to
report the issue. You can search for the repository in the GitHub search bar or
access it directly if you have the repository's URL.
3.Go to the Issues Section: Once you're in the repository, click on the "Issues"
tab, usually located at the top of the repository page. It will take you to the issues
section, where you can see all the existing issues for the project.
4.Search for Existing Issues: Before creating a new issue, it's a good idea to
search for existing issues to check if someone else has already reported the
problem or suggested the enhancement you want to discuss. If you find a
relevant open issue, you can add any additional information or context as a
comment.
Cont…
5. Create a New Issue: If you don't find an existing issue that addresses your
concern, click on the green "New issue" button to create a new issue.
6.Provide a Descriptive Title: Write a clear and descriptive title that
summarizes the issue or enhancement you are reporting.
7.Describe the Issue: In the main text area, provide a detailed description of the
problem you are facing or the enhancement you'd like to suggest. Include as
much relevant information as possible, such as the steps to reproduce the issue,
the expected behavior, the actual behavior, and any error messages or logs.
8.Use Labels: Many projects use labels to categorize issues. If the repository has
labels enabled, you might be prompted to add labels to your issue. Choose the
label(s) that best describe the type of issue you are reporting (e.g., bug,
enhancement, documentation, etc.).
Cont…
9. Attach Screenshots or Code Snippets: If applicable, include screenshots or
code snippets that provide additional context for the issue.
10.Preview and Submit: Before submitting the issue, you can use the
"Preview" tab to see how it will look. Once you are satisfied, click the "Submit
new issue" button to create the issue.
11.Engage in Discussion: After creating the issue, developers and maintainers
of the project may respond with additional questions or suggestions. Be prepared
to engage in a discussion about the issue to provide further information if
needed.
Introduction To Wikipedia
•. Wikipedia is a prominent and influential open-source project, often referred to as
the "free encyclopedia that anyone can edit."
•It is one of the most extensive online knowledge repositories, covering a vast
array of topics in multiple languages.
•Wikipedia operates under the principle of collaborative editing, allowing
volunteers from around the world to contribute, edit, and maintain its articles.
History Of Wikipedia
Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001, by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger.
The project evolved from an earlier effort called Nupedia, which aimed to create a
free online encyclopedia. Unlike Nupedia, which had a traditional editorial
process, Wikipedia embraced a wiki-based model, enabling open and rapid content
creation.
Model Of Wikipedia
The wiki model allows anyone with internet access to create or edit Wikipedia
articles. This democratized approach to knowledge sharing encourages
participation from individuals of diverse backgrounds, expertise, and cultures. It
is this open and collaborative nature that has contributed to Wikipedia's immense
growth and success.
Community And Collaboration
Wikipedia thrives on the contributions of a vast and dedicated community of
volunteer editors. These editors range from subject matter experts to enthusiasts
who share a passion for knowledge and accuracy. The collaborative environment
fosters discussions, debates, and consensus-building to ensure the quality and
neutrality of articles.
Global Impact Of Wikipedia
With millions of articles available in numerous languages, Wikipedia has
become a go-to resource for people worldwide. It provides free access to
information on countless subjects, ranging from historical events and scientific
discoveries to cultural heritage and current events.
Open Source Vs Closed Source
Open Source :
Open source software is a term used to describe computer programmes whose
sources are available for usage and access by the general public. It is known as
OSS in short. Open source software has a public source code. It employs code
that is freely accessible online. The fact that other individuals and organisations
can alter this code means that anyone can look at the source code. Open source
software is very inexpensive, and there are less restrictions on users' access to
use and modify the software. Firefox, OpenOffice, Gimp, Alfresco, Android,
Zimbra, Thunderbird, MySQL, Mailman, Moodle, TeX, Samba, Perl, PHP,
KDE, and others are some examples of open source software.
Advantages Of Open Source
•Cost: Since open source software is typically free, businesses can use it without
paying a licence charge.
•Customization: Because the source code is accessible, programmers can adjust
and alter the software to satisfy certain needs.
•Support from the Community: Open source software has a sizable user base that
contributes to the documentation, problem fixes, and enhancements.
•Security: The community can swiftly identify and fix security flaws in open
source software.
•Transparency: Users may examine how the software functions and the data it
collects because the source code is available.
Disadvantages Of Open Source
•Limited Technical Support: Although there is a sizable user base that can assist
in problem-solving, there is no assurance of expert technical support.
•Complexity: Setting up and configuring open source software might be more
challenging than doing so for closed source software, especially for non-
programmers.
•Lack of Features: In particular for specialised or niche businesses, open source
software may not contain all the features offered by closed source software.
Closed Source
The term "closed source software" refers to computer programmes whose source
code is not accessible to the general public. It is known as CSS in short. The
source code is secured in closed source software. The software can only be
modified by the single person or entity who generated it. Closed source software
is expensive, and in order to use it, a valid licence that has been verified is
required. It also placed many limits on users' ability to use and modify software
because it offers an authenticated licence. Skype, Google Earth, Java, Adobe
Flash, Virtual Box, Adobe Reader, Microsoft Office, Microsoft Windows,
WinRAR, macOS, Adobe Flash Player, and others are some instances of closed
source software.
Advantages Of Closed Source
•Technical Support: Closed source software frequently includes qualified
technical support, which can be advantageous for businesses that require help
with installation, configuration, or troubleshooting.
•Features: Tools for advanced analytics, reporting, and data visualisation are
among the characteristics that closed source software often possesses over open
source software.
•Security: Closed source software frequently has security features built-in and
can offer superior defence against online attacks.
•Integration: Closed source software is frequently made to integrate easily with
other enterprise software, which facilitates integration with current systems.
Disadvantages of Closed Source
•Cost: Closed source software can be expensive, with licensing fees and
maintenance costs that can add up over time.
•Vendor Lock-In: Organizations that use closed source software may become
dependent on the vendor and find it difficult to switch to another software.
•Limited Customization: Closed source software may not be as customizable as
open source software, which can be a disadvantage for organizations with specific
requirements.
•Lack of Transparency: Since the source code is not available, users cannot see
how the software works or what data it collects, which may raise privacy concerns.
Difference Between Open Source And Closed Source
. Aspect Open Source Closed Source

Access to Source Code Source code is freely Source code is not

available and can be accessible to users, only
viewed, modified, and the compiled
distributed by anyone. executable is provided.

License Typically released under Proprietary licenses

open-source licenses restrict the use,
(e.g., MIT, GPL, Apache), modification, and
granting users the right distribution of the
to use, modify, and software.
distribute the software
freely.
Aspect Open Source Closed source
Collaboration Encourages Collaboration usually limited
collaboration among to an internal development
developers and team or a select group of
communities to developers.
collectively improve the
software.

Security Security can be Security relies on the

enhanced as a larger development team's efforts
community can identify without external input.
and fix vulnerabilities
quickly.

Customizability Users can modify the Users cannot modify the

software to suit their software as the source code
specific needs and is not available.
preferences.
Ethics of Open Source:
•Transparency : Open source projects are transparent in that anyone may easily
find and access the source code. This openness encourages accountability, allows
for code review, and creates trust.
•Collaboration: Open source promotes communication and knowledge exchange.
Together, developers from various backgrounds and regions may solve issues and
enhance software.
•Inclusivity :Embracing all contributors, regardless of their background, gender,
colour, or any other attribute, is a goal of open source initiatives. A more robust
community and better solutions are produced by the diversity of viewpoints
•. Freedom: Open source software provides users with the freedom to use, modify,
distribute, and share the code. This empowers individuals and organizations to
tailor the software to their needs and prevents vendor lock-in
Cont…
•Community and Sharing: Open source thrives on community engagement and
sharing. Developers voluntarily contribute their time and expertise, giving back to
the community and benefiting society as a whole.
•User Empowerment: Open source puts users in control of their software. They
have the right to examine the code, verify its integrity, and make changes to suit
their requirements, fostering user empowerment and autonomy.
•Accessibility: Open source promotes accessibility by providing software that can
be used and adapted by people with disabilities, supporting the concept of
universal design.
•Security: Open source code is subject to peer review, which helps identify and fix
security vulnerabilities more quickly. The collective efforts of the community lead
to stronger, more secure software.
References

1. https://www.w3schools.com/git/git_intro.asp?remote=github
2. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/training/modules/introduction-to-
github/
3. https://github.com/community
4. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-testing-basics/
5. https://katalon.com/resources-center/blog/open-source-testing-tools
6. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-open-source-
software-and-closed-source-software/
7. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/MDN/Community/Open_source_etiquette
References
8.https://opensource.guide/startingproject/#:~:text=When%20a%20projec
t%20is%20open,through%20an%20open%20source%20license
9. https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-source
10. https://www.rocket.chat/blog/open-source-projects
11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_hardware
12. https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-hardware
13. https://www.openmedianow.org/#:~:text=Open%20source%20technol
ogy%20is%20a,or%20purchasers%20of%20the%20software
14. https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Open_Source_Media_Definition
15. https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-education
16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_education
www.paruluniversity.ac.in