UNIT:1 lassnute

Sashradan
Date
Page
ECWNC

1ommunication : Communication is the þuoces st

mere emtiies rchanging into on. dignal behien. tus
thusdg a meim
Sowrce Medinn
Destialon
titvolution
30,000 BC
et CommunicaBien.
Q00 BC Q000 yrs Ao (6th Centuay
Cave Smoke Cavier Pastal
|Painting signas Pregons Syskm Nuuaen
nkenet Teluion1elhea Radio
1933 1924 19 206 18 44s
Emaie +Tert MUNage +Social Media..
1992 199 7

* hlielos Communiation s olekd tothe thansmissien bt

intomaton Ameng the node that ane net Connected',

ybes : Radiouaues , MiKDLaue , ngtarnd ComnAuM0LAtien

Callular
Tramsttet (EM VWzv) Recoive
Advantage: Cst eticvenes, Elexibiliy , haeaed
ncaLALed AaniBl,
deenibilit
Erhanced (nmectiuity , trhnsed Uson Exbeuiene
 classMate
Date
Page

tElectxamagnulie Shectum
Ihe EM lpectum is the tull ange sf EM HOdiatin.

Jalavetenght Frequenyl
IRadio MiÝtowauenkroned Vrgible UV 10-10 Jo-12
Ware m)
length
10-2. 10-6 Jo-8

AM FM TV RADAR
540- 88
I6o0KH 08 M

XEM Alavesi EM Wauesane creted asa esull

VEbiatons betuen an electhic and magnatie fild'
Elechie fel!
Crest Wa veleng h(A) Grest

bAmpltude
Magnate
Frough

4tisthe mumber sf emplete ycls s

Keqalotnd ber unit tme
Unit ’ Hz(Hert)
avelemgth: dt is the bhysical lingh st Cne lomplele Gple
o ditanceWave
behutn
&heat
buccesit Ceas or troughi ofa kaue:

fy feuany
 classmAte
Date
Page

amplhde :i Amblthude h the hulght f he uaue

Bonds: he term' bands' teteos to Abecie hanges br
Angment uithin he entie EMsþzcrum
Bomduidth: dt Halens to the Hange st ugnle
utthin a giuen band 'ot EMShectsum that a
0A Cemmunitatien Channl ton by
Banduidh= Man freg - Min heg
Phase : Phase Hekers to the Sbechie stoge s baition a
L9

Antenna: n antenna isa deiice LAed to tuansmit

2 eceie EM Kaves dt Cet elocticat
into tadio waues and Uie-vesa.
tignal.
"inimum antenna heighk, h=
*Dikenont bands in Radio Spectrum:
DExtemely leo freglELe) :{(3KH
1)Vey ler fheg (vF) :f3-80 kiz , long yange Comn' Nauiakion
1) Loo freg. ( IF):f= 30- 30o KHz, AM Hadib byoadcasting
D Modium freg ( MF) :f=300 KH, -3 MH, cnnautical Commt
VHgh byeg ( HE): f- 3-30MH;, Shortuave Hadies
teleuiien
v) yey H¾:{= 30- 300MHz, EM Hodio brcadcosking,
V b HE: 300 MHz-36H, Telewis on mebilu bhones, GPS,
Vi) Qupe HE: 3-30 Gttz, Radan, bafelite cemnunicaion-
o EXtemy HF: 30 Gty- 300G4H , Adanced radan sytem.
 dassmate
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4EM haves ane tansuerse in mahne

EM waues don't ned a medium to þaspagate
Sped , lavelength , freguemcy ,. Amplkude ,Poloxigatin
hey cay emengy and nomentum

ignal i a nctin that ceneys intasmaton Qbet

the behavios oh atibuts t keme bhemomemon. dtis an EM
aues that Caies info thogh a 'meolium
(kasstatin Spal
Analeg spral
D is coninbus Ame VayÛng-T 4 haue tus o) moHe States amd
in binay form
) i s ually in ne wave fom tn the fom of guare waue -
) heublesheeding ane dyicutt: oubleshooting ane easy
tv) ueslentnus Valus to tlses dicacete walue to
epent data Hapsesent data
)e Temp:, Presure,
)x Votage
ek Motor Sart Tib y ete.

fime

Qn the Bauis ek Fme

Continus ine signal Digorete Symal
 cassate
Dafe
Poge

3 On the basit of stnal kepcuntaton:

Aexiodic Stynal Apeniodie Sgnal

4- On the basu of symm ehry i

Evem Snal cdd Senal gag)
Symmery abot S V about vOstcal
mis
>T

*Elements of Elechronte Communicaton System

Tnfo Tnput Tansniterf-anne|Recutieaahut

Iransduce
-Detinaton
urce
SouTce iamgducea
|Noige
TaamsmiHer " Channel/Medium " Receiver

a collectien of clctonic
1) Transmitey : The transmitor is that
Combenentt and ciuih conuenth he
lctuital hipnal into a signal auable for
tramsmisslon puer a giuen medilm .
Made p f euclllatek, ampliess, tined aicuit kptles:
a Mediuni Ihe comnunicaton chammel ci the
medium by uhich alectseni bignal
Aend hon bne platetoanehen
 classate
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Page

Uopes og Conmnunicaton Chamnel

hiyeles
austed Cooxa ohcal Radtio
Pai Cable Cablej fbre feq:(hannel
3 ReceiVers : dn amamqement that ertact the mesage
aom tamumited Mgnal at he sutput lnd af thannel
and Hebuoduce it in abuitabe tom 04 the oaginel mesage

NGiac
Neie inCenmnicaton bytem afens to anylnwantel
Ainal or diutunbene that intkere útth the tamsmisb

1)Thernal Noise : Generated by Handom thermal moion of

lechons in a tonducto
2)Shet Aeae : Aloie due to cisceti matune f electsical
(ToRechange cannies pasing thrcu_h a conducte
3)Transil-tine nbic: dwning fhe tansiten
4Afmebheie neie,naustial noise
5) ue heg./Eken Noise
Pinay Communicalon Resouces
DJhanuntted Pwen i the avenge pou8k the tangnitd gnal
Chamnel bandudth udekined a the band ef freguenia
 casste
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Khake Communiealon Tosmlnslogy t

XBR yale : o Data Hakes i the amsunt ot data tramami Hecd
n one Unit time

* Baud rale: Baud Hake Hfeu to the.total no. 6f binalim

tansmited im one becond
Baud vae= bit rate
No af bit pes baud
*Atenuations t <ers to the Heduckon n strengh
ampltude fa signal asithawelin a medim
* JeamodulaBo,& he proces sf sejealen sf omesagedenodulats
sgnal
em the canien uaue takes phce tn
Rebealens3 AHebeater Haceiaes the transmited bnal s
Amslifiesl and seno it to the nent node
signal

Signal to Noise Rofto

Bandeah
Xshanngn theoremi C=Blog,(4W)
Chamel
Capacity

1Analogs Vs Digtal Tansmiston

&o)Paralol : Mltsle bita ane sent nt the same tne .
b) Seriali One bit is bent at afme
+Asynchronous

Recolvee 5Isosynch rono

 classate
Dafe
Page

Solal Cmn! forn llol Comm.

tdt alsus tramsmiwion ot
thanmisnien bt atime: muLHle bih at atme
D) Jata Hou is bi-diechonal. Dala ooç mullple lnes
i) Cost- hicint. Coitly
+dt i ster
V)cuit sed i bimple : Comblircinenits ae wed
Vi)t full- duslen
Vii) dtiu heliable and
shaugt oxuasd. Complicatel

Xhansmisten Modes Melhads (Data Flow

Stmblex Halk-Dupor ful- Deyplon

i) Uhi diecHonal Bi-divecoral Comm. B-dbraclonal Con

Commn. but one at a timne. al time
i)Sonder can Gnly ando both but ane lah send kecein
at aine
end data Ldata Simultansel
M eene Chann Cne chamel (es tuue
tor tansmikien hannels
leser Pdjomaxa les penfomane-| Bter Pafor mant:
eg. halkie- Takie Telebhone.
 clAsSHAte
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tSianal Radiakion, Hefens to the þrscuss s tansmitting

lebemagnetie dignak inth he dumsunding enuitnont
antennás
hetagalion of EMWaues, Helknu to hes these waues tauel

1 Ground orSuntace hlave Ropagatoni dt pssbagaks ouer the

Eath's susface
Eovth
-lsejul at louo Freg (3-3O MH )
2Space sasor topasphnte þropagalon: hay trauel hacugh
Hhe atmaphene freh transmitter
Qmtenna to becetven Qntebyna drectly
Eanth
9r ater belng aflutd 300fromh, ).the.

Tonosbhere upuandl into space touands

he sky And gel Halctd back
to the heceive
lorth

*Bropagattàn Efecko : AHenuation , Retucttn, Rehacton,

diyhackonsscáttering
 clAsSMAte
Date
Page

tModulotion
Nodulaion the þucas shchanging one ot menu þnjeiu
Amlikude, hequenty, and ras) oq the chmiàn sipnal in a ):
pajostinal b he omodútaitliy dipnal (bavband Sgnal
Bagebamd Sinal Modulatos Modulaled Slgnel
Amptitude Madudate )

* Need of Moduaion:
i) Preuentetien Menage Signal frem mising
fi) SÙe of Antenna shbald be at Ieast d in ength.
) rolos Cemnunicaton System by istng modulakon to
tamsmit he bpnat hagh skace to lng adihanet
alikamcet.

Modulaton
|ralo Modulaton Digial ModulaPion

Amylitude freg. Phase ASk FSK PSK

Modulaion Madu. Modut"

1- Analog Modulaton3d ekes to techmtgues LAd to encede

batosmatien into an analeg cannin sinal ty
ALasing one er mee lh Chanatleristie.
a) mslthde Madulaton 3- tinthues yanycng the anmslhude
the caie bignal in brthorki to the ngBondanees
 cdassmute
Date
Page

MoaeArptrde.
MinArp

AMt Time

Ease band Si nal AM Madaloted h a

Corien Siqna
MbatutaingSignal
n AM, Envelope pefers to the bmsoth Cuwe that
Sutlines the waniótien in the amplitude f he
modulakd casris dignal
Modulaton Tndex of AM (M) = Am
Ac.
Princisles < AM : idCarien hlaues
Mesage Slpoals
ii) ModuaHon Proces- he amplde of the caer wLaue
is orid n bsspostion to the nstanesus amplihude of
the madulaing Signal freg-o{ Canien
Stgnal
S) =

Cavis Signal Modul- Signel Siynal

b) Feguency Modulatan (FM) -A u a mehod of moddoig

aaoier laue by ain ith agueney in þaepotien
ta the Anplikude of noddlakir igna

Mesage Carin FM Madlated

 clssnate
Date
Page

8Wm= 2[4E+fn
AplicaMon' FM broadcasking , Radan, Telemathy
Adkantage: les intengend and nee, lea tun Cmsunjton
) Ph¡se Modulationi-tn thits phau ofa cassien
signal Vanuid in þreperton do the Amplitud f Hobbiy

Message Si nal Caier Siqn Phase So

Phase modulaton has dame poherties as beg-modulahion

QDigital Modulatton
39 Dottal ModulaHon, only the caer bhnalu Qnalgue
and menag siznal nDyikd fom
ASK Waveform FSK hawe form PSK Aaetoum
Mesage

Cavies

ASK
M.S
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Shiting
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ale
ate Cenplen binany set
seenatd
shetiyad biggening:
Siguentia
aiue ley-Noderake a dao
DatePage
PSK
Vanlation
a
canu enly waue. Pekuankingafficiney
Sguare bensan
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maduaton Heresent for
ATHiyh
yal
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eaily
uthin cabacity
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Digital them-can
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uill beces.High
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Frequeney Noie
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FSK Beter Modeate alkr Hu fons
Value tiagening yidao
Modulaon
Analog
Xisafakilly
o
any
babena
key as Imunily as.
ii Reguiad
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the to
hepresent
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-Jaton Stage gasin
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.Vaiaion Noise
DAnEliude bil-
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-
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high
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luo Vin Vout Óutput
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used tn snala
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be feche hole freguaney
beacons.
DatePage
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Long audo DekcosAF
sutbut Freg.
mpostantniensage
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hamsmiHer
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to Re AbblicatHon uithfon AM
laue
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foheyfttnChammel
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Date Page Linpatting cells
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and
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Communication fen
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DatePage.
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Date
Page.
municatien 2-Soft
Hand
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Comjlex efeent
less
+ pensine
+
Base to
seuitehing on alocates the lou
Delayed
n) 1DMObile-
belonging tuo in at hau
ene Hhis,
UedMore
BSI
suikhigith links
MScMobile thet dt
SlecanGH tom chanmel
dn
puces.
bDcEH.
cenmectiuity break Bs hgueny
Communicalel
Complicatud
FDNA.
Handett
ihellulan anothen tme can
the StattonyMSS achual
delay
to new while
to and
1oHard
Hond-O
an di<" Very aluats
cot
in
1Cheab
a efcient
6)More expesltnced
be
eeru St TDMÁ at a
data
Baseto Bsz is connecvity
Base BS. 8)semetemesy
Hamdot
MSC
there allocakes nst ne
amcther
theca one in s5nthia
o DWhen d
Call
in
fom23)UBed
t1E with
4
 is to connectilly
classMate
haspem
statibn phene
cal
TDrA
DatePage
H mtbile
the
base ln
tanster nbseutscd
tanstes
Used
no a
hen ehem Bhength
the do
: beter-
HenbtsedAtatien
fonaccepting
occurs
eiu
6sM
-baud
slgnal
:of
handett beme
dead BSutth
generaly
spot Mobile-Assisted
Hand Relayed base'
e
auailable
3-Delaycel a aneher
4tis
helss Qnd
4-
 UNIT:3 Dashvath
Namdan
elAssMAte
Date
Page

FCWMC
XGSM
GSM stands fr Gilebal Systlem fu Mebile lommunicatün:
GSM di¡ilises and cempesc datas hen btnd il deon
hssugh &channel uih tue Bhun Sheams Ef user
data, each in ita Luen temcsloty ulng TDMA Aechniut

dmbseel Shectum fkncy

LoLb-c8t mobile setsnl bhu statiens (BS.) .
Hgh-qualit meu
speck
sericeso

First CanPhenefFist hand held G CelleulanDiial 26

1946 MBbile phone technel
19803
tieh
19908

First Commerictal
56 launchpad 4 AG launched. taunch f 361
late 200d s
Wha-igh Shead, " High- sfpead Cady Zoco»!
tes takmeys .HD-idoo Sheaming "Enhanced Sntemet
JoT- suphet . udeocall, Nulh:ed
-j4.

*GSM Seruices :
9Tele seulcesi-ncluces mebile horss bubort feso eiae kdaa
2)Dala Benuies t- dncludes SIS,aaWoict-maily lmail
3) aubplemenitary Seuicg i- Te ofc cals tall feuarding
ycall held call uuatig yLte:
 lassMate
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*GSM Achilectae
nekusek combias Bf many mctn
function Wnit.
wmita-
*A GISM
ACan be hhoadly dúuded tnto
" The Nobile Staiem (NS)
The Base Staton SubAskkam (Bss)
" he Nekuek Sutthing Subsyskm (NSS ).
The Cpenating Subpent ubsysem (0SS )Nekuork Managemendt
Nekuck uitehing SubsisemNSS) Subsgkem(NS)
FNR
To SMS
Seuice Cenhe
MKOge (anhe
SMS-&MSC
HLR NetuoYk
To PSTN EIR
GMSe tserutce ode bakue
To PDN IWF MSc VLR Bilng Cakeuay

Radießas Base statfon OPeHaton Qnd

MAbile Anleend Staion (RBS) Controlen(Bsc) Subpont System
SlalionSyten and
Transcoder COss)
Base StaHon Subsytea(Bss)
GS Achilectwre
D Mobile Station(MS):Jhe MScensista sf plysical gupmert
Auch as Hado tanseluerSIM Cads ete

SIM : Subseniber ddendtty lodles pruides pesenal

bubssibed
mebility bo that uer can haue acen to all
seruties lsnespectie sf loeoten sete
 classmate
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a) The Base Transcelven Staton (BTS)

b The Base Staton lontolleH (BSC)
he BTS-and the BSC Communicatass the
Atecifia Abis Tntenace, enablng bhenatiens behen
Cambenenta that are macle by di7erent supliss:
GHSM To MSC
BSS AAbb High Specd lin

a) BTS Jhe BTS Aed n GSM nekuerkcomprises the

Hadio toansmiter Heceiers and aseciated Qnteees
BTS,Fmchien

Encoding Encpibn Muitpling Modlating Jealig

b) BSCi-dmanages the Hadle teAswres far ne
more Bts. l a the Connecton betueen
he mebile and the MsC
Enctonai
Power Mamagement
Time amd Freguency dynchronigatien
’Rellecahien óf frtguniu ameng &rse
i) Nohusk Sudbehing Syatem(NSS) : i the main þant at
he Msc, benhoams the suu'tching
ofGk Calls betueen he mebile and sthes fisl o mebile
nehuerkuers, as well as managemmento me
Aeuices buch as authenticoten
 alassmate
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dhe Suitchinq
llements
System inchuds Jolleuing kunkonal
DHane Locatlon Registar (HLR)&- is adatbau cuud fer
Atakage and ttanagment sf dubschiphien -dt bhes
benanent data absut subsesieNy pafle locinp, ete
2) Mebile Seruices suitehingCenbhe(Msc):- Jhecental
Combentnt sf ehuek Subsystms patoms suuikhing

) Visiter locakienRegisten(A) i-tt is a databzse hat lontains

temberay inortatien abeut bubscnibens that i

4Authendicaton Cente Aue :- i a þrotecked clatabase,that

Alores a ceby ef the sechet keystnec tn cach uberibets
SIM LaHd, Med ter aherntehtien and ciphexing
5) Egutprnent Sdentity Regiken (E1)idisa D8, that antains
On the
ehurk, whene ita INEI ldenties cach Ms.
Ihtenatonal Mebile Eguipment ddentity (TME).

) The OFeraion Sutpost Subóysem (Oss): he Amplemenkalon

9 OMC(Operatons and
maïntenance Cenbe) is caled oss.
Jhe OMC is Conmected to all cguibment in the
|Auitching systm Qnd to Bsc
 alAssMate
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"Funclons t OMC
Secwthy management
Netuovk ConfigYakion, CheHaton, ond Pertormance ang
Maintenance Task
OMC NNC
Chexakion & Maintenant enthet Nekuok Managemet (entre.
DRegenal nchuork nmogpmat blabal nekusnk management
i) MaLtde OMC ben nehtort t Single NMC per neuek
Eonbleyud in caily Gperakion- mleyd in Long kom boming
Used by nehuok tpexafars: sed by nchuerk înanages and
plammers.
*GSMnetuerk aeas.
Col:-Jtu basic senuice area; One BTS Covers ee cell
Locakon Heai- Agrsup ef calls fen lecaten Qrca, each
LA 6erued by one or more BSCs
MSC/VLR Sevèe Areai he anea cevered by one sc is
called the Msc/ VZR beruicc anea
PLINN:- he area CUeAed by Gne netusk peater s
callecl the Public land Mobile Nekuork (PLMN).
*Futere Gf GrsM:
High-Bbeed Crauit - Suttched Data(Hsc sD ).
General Packet Radie Sytern(GPRS
Enhamcecd Data GasnM Enuirannnent (EDE:
Umiversal Mebile Telecomnztnicatorm Seruice lUMTS
 cAsSMAte
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*GSM Shecification
he equinermenti fe difenent fersenal lommlnicatien
Souias (Pes) syilems difer fer cach. PeS nehuet
Chasacteristies s7 GS becilkalon ave i
D Modalalion:Ei the proces sf thanstoming the Inbut cdata inta
a suitable tomat or tamsmihien medium
"GSM Lses GMSk (Giaussian Mnimumm Shift keying) modulaio
) Acce% Mehod : TDMA/ FDMA(Unit 2 Notes
i) Freguemcy Bamds i GSM 900 GASM I800
UBink(MObile to BTS): 890- 915 MHz. |H0-I785 MH
downlink(BrS to Mobile) 935-960 MHz 1865-1880 MHz
Banduldth : 2* 25 MHz 2*45 MH

iv) Transminion Rate : 210-833 Kbps -

v) Chamel Spacng: 200kH
Channel spacin, indicates the spacinq bekun adacent
caniexfreguencies.
v) Speech Coding i 200 KHz, fon speech ceding or procenng
CrSM ALses Linear Bedietve ocleng (LPC).
VD Duplex distame: Dauplex distana a the space
bekueen slik and desnlink freguentias
For, GSM- 900: 45 MHz
GHSM -1800 : 35 MH
 clAssMAte
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GSM Addesing.
4 reles do the system f unigue identiliens usd to.
manáge , Houte authenticate subscnibestsoleuiceuk
nctutk element uithin the mobile netuok

*TyheA a GLSM AddresNQ

DIMEI : nteanatonat Mobile Slaton Equipment dentity
4kis a sehial mumber hich identesamebile
statien intesnakienaly his là alecatecd by guipment

ypeAbrsval Cade (TAC) 6decimal places, cenbally angnd

+fnal Asembly lode (FAO) 6dee-bau, aspned by menutatue:
Serial number (SNk) 6deeplacess aKIned by manlfacke
Shane (SP ) :- 1 decimal blace
IMEI =TAC+FAC+ SNR+SP

i0 IMST: Sntenattonal Mobile subscriber Jdertib

Eueny 4egistenecl en hasan Original MSI uith a
ualid MEI tored
IMSIT
in SIM
MSS MN MSIN
Q62 T23456T

IMSI (omjsises os folsuing þartsi

Mebile leunhy Code (Mcc): 3decial ßlace, intenaionally Standarc
MBbile Nekuuosk Code (MINC) 3 2decblas ton unigue dentihtahien
t mobile uihin he conty.
bMobile Subsoriber ddendficatin Number (1SIN) ?Max. 1o dac
blace, denttle? nesst bubcsiber in home msbile hetesk
 elassmate
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it Mebile Subscriben ISDN Numben (MsISDN) :

the autthentie telesherne mumben sf a msbile station.
is MSISDN .
2-3 oigis max" 10 digLh>
CC NDC
Couhby ode NoHonat Destinakon Subscnber Number
Code
LANDESvORWAHL Provide Teleton mnbeh

)Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) :

i an cnterim licatien dependlent ISDN NE.
lAng SRN, ineeming Calls are channeldt to MS
4 has same shucune sMSISDN :- CC, NDC , SN

V) Locaton trea dntity (LAT):

Wthin a PLMN,a loca Hon Area identiliu ita Bun
authentic LAI.
Kmax 5 igi4 ’
3digits 2agit
MNC LAC
CounbyCde Mobile Nekuork Codel lLocal Aeat Code

-LAI

Vi) Temorany Mobile Subaciben ddentit, (TMSI):

4t can be anignedd by VLR, ohich is Aespensible.
or Cwtnt locatien et a subseriseh-
i) Local Mebile Subsciber. JdentylMs) :
|ach mebile statien can be aigned suh alMsE
 classmate
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Vi) Cell Jdemiien(CI):

|Uang CI, the indiuidual cellu that ane within an
LA can be ocegniged:
Maeimum(x bils.
|Global Cel Jdenty=(LAI+CI)

XCall Flew in GSM

The GSM call louis the brs hat descnibes the stess
Land intenactien bekutn mehuek lenent in beltng
p maintaining, anol terminating a call:

Mebile Originated cal (Cugoing Ca).

’Mobile Teminated Call(ncoming Cac).

4 Phases G7 Mobile uiginakd Cal

Conwersatien Rolease
:Setub Phase Ringing
Phase Phase Phase

* 4 Phases Bf MMobie Teminated CalL

Reutin Cau Release
nalyi
paginq setus

Noteg> Jhe Mebile-to-mebilecalis a combination s bhases

enceunterecl in mebile Ontginated MO)and motle
termlnated (MT)call.
 alAssmate
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Mobile Originated Call Mobile Teminated Call

THLRVLR
94 316 45
PSTNMSCK MSc allirySTNGNSC
MSB`S
"1MS Aend dialed no to BSS. MS
2, BSS Aend dialed noto MSC
"34, MSC Checks VLR ; MS LA Calling a GesM subscbers
Qlsued then MsC ask BSSto t2 foTwarcling call to GSMC
allecate hesorcee ton Call- 3 Sgnal Sets to HLR VLR
"5, NSC Youtey the cal to GalMSC 5 Reguest MSRN frOm
"6GSMC HAutes the cal to 6.Fonwanad testonsible MSc to GMSC
Lecal enchamge of Called UsezFoywand Cal to ewent MSC
72,Euuwn back tone s outd8,9 Get cwvent tatus 6t MS
9 10 kom callad user to NS 10,21
Via GMSC MSG Bss 12,13 MS amser
14, 1S Secwrity Check
16,14 Set us onnecten

* RE Channel blay impotant ale inCau prssing

3 types GfRF Conbol channel
Broodcast Control Common ontet Dedicated Conbol
Channel hael Channel
BeCH PCH > SAACH
HFCCH RACH
SCH AGCH LSDCCH
 elassMate
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1.Broadcast Contel Channel dheseaNe pointt to muti

poiint channel ,which ane difined only for down
link dirc (8rS to mobie Station)
"BcCH : Broad Cast Conhol channel,
"FCCH : beguency CorYechion channel
SCH : Synchronigahion chamel:
2-Comnon Contbol ChanneliJhese are sheaitidas bont
ene iecton
to multipeint ,detich sberates erly inAces Channel
" PCH : Paging Channel, RACH : Rondom
AGCH:Accem Gtant hanmel

3 Dediated Contrel Channel i- Jhe4e are t l dubler

pornt-t-þointchannelsUsed fer snaling bekuean
he BTS anal certain MS
"SACCH:Slewr ueciated Contro chamel
"FAcH FAST
Contslchamnel
"SDCCH : Stand Alene dediated

*GSM tters 3 basic types of Beies

DJeleþhony Seuices Jhe abilties sfa Bearer beice
ave uaed by a hlesemice to tansbont data
Facsimile Shot
A includesoice cally ideotert k
text meKgA"
i Beasen Seuices hese ane Aed Hheuough a GM
þhene to Heceiek beño data -
fplemntany Seruices : hese breuide adtionalto
i) teleseries'and beares seruices- tincudes-onferening
cal uaitng, Call heldl, Ca fonuandng,
CaLL barning , Nmber ldentyicaten.
 ASSACe
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*SNS Shavt Mlesage SenvBce

t is aAimple beanen Aeice and ach as bi
drectional albhaumeic baging deAuice
ASMScan cary af mast 6Ñ chaHactens
SMIS inwelues ahicijic etitis in the GSM netuLeki
"SMS seHeice Centre (SMSO)- hansters meMOge
Heceived from nternet to mabile
Shart Mexge Entily(SNE):- Respenaite for praducig
SMS anChitechure has been inblemented by C- DoT.
VMS: Voice Mail Sy8em

VMS BEHens functien f call answertng ckuze tn dyttn

st poutde persenal ieie mailben o the dubscnibers
VMS ntentaca uith MSC on El ines uing R2 ME/CCs #
signaliý protocel
¢ GsM- Seuity ondVÊRI
Encyption HLR0AUC
(Home etuork
|Sim Rouing Other nehworkssM,efixe)
Vizited Node J
G15M Secwrity Archilechure

’GSM is the mest becunedellular tole-cemmwnicatoz

’ GSM maintains end-to-end secuny y efalnlng
 classmate
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f Gs Subseiben
the Confdentfality f cals and ameayntymaintained
he privacy o the comunicatibn i by
asying incgptien al¡aithmna and fegueney hopng
RAND

SRES SRES
A8 As
Ke Engzypted Ke
ASJata
A5
Mebile SIM Base Staion
GSM Authentcaton and Encryphon
authenticatis
0Mcbile Station Authenticaion : The GS4 nehuosk
ue of a challnge
he identity o he bubscniber hreugh ttheNumberlRanD )
Aestonse mechanm: A128-bit Ramdom
&ent to the Ms" he MS Lemputu the 32-bit Slgned Respense
(SRES) based en enaytten Of RAND Aith auhenteahen
authantteatien
algorttm(A3) usng tndiulual Subscriber

10 Sianalling and Data Cenfidntialil:he SIM cetains

Hd chbning key genenating algatm A3) that i sed to
bcduce Hhe 64-bie ciþhoxing kEylke). encaypkd ueiee
and dala communiiation betuaen MS e ietelak i
aecenplihecd by uing thu cphening algeaithm A5).
Ii)SubscHihen Sdentit, Cenfdentality: o ensune subsonihe
fdentity enfidontally, the Tem7oaxy Mebile &ubscaiber
4dot (TMS) i used Once authehicahen R ncayption
ane dene, the T^7SI Ls ent to he mmobile stahen
JMSI Valid which
n the locaten anea sn
 classmate
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* Bluotooth
Bluetseth a ued er shet-honge ubelbss woice
and data cemmunicatten Jhe Spreadlng mthedl
hat it ses is EHss(Eeguency-hopping ungeld Sjechum)
" t follauH the pinclple s tansmitingTeciing data
Ang adie ulaus" 4tiu ivelesz Pen30n al Area Nekuwork
(WPAN) technolo9y
* key Featwnes 8f Bluesooth
Thz tansmiaien cabacihy 47 Bluetooth is 720 Kbps
Bluctooth i uHeless duic "
JA is lu-C&t amd hot-distance Hadio Communicaten
3ti Yebust and terible" 4 has Low- Power Consumpton
Jhe basic architctune nit is Pconet

XHatoy
Bluetooth Frst Mobil
l"0>bhne to ncucle >B:T 20BT 8-0
"1999 Bluetooh "Q004 |-3MbþS
-O7MEps 1MpbS
BT5.0 BT4-o
0I3
BMbps
AHchtechue of Bluetootth

MI M2
Pronet 2 Piconet 2 S)

Scatternet
 elAssMAte
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Jhe anchikechune of Blueteth deines tuo pe f Nehuaska

a) Piconet: Jtisa tybe ot BT nehusrk that centains sne
bnimay iode called Master node and Ghet
Scconday nodes called Salue nodu
he master conbelstning and cooradtnates Commni
-Caten tutthin the þlconet?
bScatexnet: dt utormed by slng uaniss ienets A
laue in Dne bicenet cam act as masteh
in another bicenet
tBluetooth Protocel Stack
APPicaHon

TCS OBEX WAD SDp

RE Comm
Logical Link Conyot and Adapia ion Botecot (2CAÐ
Link mamger Protocet (LMP)I
Base band Link Contolle

Radio

1- Rodio (RE)Layey dtspeifis details a air intentacky g-,

transmit poweh. dt bentorms ModuldemadalD of daka into
RESgnal
 cAssHate
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A Bastband Link layeni- dt buntorms the connechon 2shtlishment

Luthin a pionet , acldiesing, packet formak, tiningljouen Canhel
3"|LMP-t pentoma the management o the alreads establihed
Links thich includes autentication and encayphion process
4.-12CAP Layen i-dt also knoon as hest Bf the Bluetootth þrotce
stack-4 alleus conmunic? o ubber and leuen layers
tt also penfarma Seqmentakion and mutilain
5. SDP ayen b- dt i Shot ton Senuie Discereny fretscel - 4t
allsuti diuceuering berices auatlable en another deuice -
6- RFtemm Laye Rodio Frontend Comkonentyis a casle
Hesacement buttecol-dt bsede senial tentace bw WARL OGEX
+OBEX Qhjcct Exchang, it iaa cemminicatien
brotocel to enthange Bhjectt behuen 2deuices "
8. WAP:- hlireles Acces Prohocel y sed tor internct acces
9. TCS- olebheny Cenbsl Aretecel þrsuide telefhorny benuices
10-Aliatton Layni-dt enable the user to inkenect uuith Appla
*Tkbes Bluetooth
Tn- Can Headze "Stereo Hegdget " Webcam
|"Bluckooth-e9uibped printen "Bluetooth GiPS.
 classMate
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* AdvanBages Dizodvantags
D Low-CoB+ AEasy-to-luse deuicg - Jtcan be hacked y- Les becwe
n) can also penehate thraugh walt Jt has sow dala thamgfer gake M
D Used foy LCeiCe and data thangfer-t Doesrtt suphast Dutinq
iv) Creates Ad-hoc connectfon
ufhot any ires

Abbliaton:
4t cam be ued in lseles headset, liselsPs P ANS
st can cennect adiital Camea useku to a mebile pherne
an tansjeh daBa In tems sf Videnay songs, phatagraphi, las
* Bluctooth Powen Lewels
Bluwtseth doines thee main peuer clases used by
dauices
BT Powe lax 1 BT Powe Class 2 BT Powey clas3
i) lOutbut boweH T& 1O0 Man- output bouwen t Lowest outhut pouOr
MWfo achieve maxe ig 2-4mw that is lmw o
9eguireol
Aamge
iD oue Conhel ia.Mond-t opHnal No power contel
reuired.
-atory
) Dverage is 100 m.f 10 m
Pewen tonsany?. H-ModeHate Lous
O01 mnlw
v)Min bouwexs Min. suput
1mh. bouers O"25 mw
lonsumex eectoics Wreles micky hemete
ike heodphones Contoly ete
dala hanstea Kaybaard,ete
 classMate
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ABlueBooth RSSI
n blivelen Semsor Netuorks(hSN), thexe ae 3main
pnncibleA ef meaAwenent that cam be lsed to hlain
distance and to ebtan the bositon Gfbenser nade
3 main þrinciples ane i
) RSSI
ii) Angle ot Artval
i) Bepagatfon rne baed
*RSSI Method
4t stands for Receivecl Stanal Steng th Intcaba
’ t is a mieasne that refresent theHelatie guality leuel ct
a Buetoeth signal teceivd en a deice .
Received PoweH= T+ansmited Powen- Path Los
Node 1)K4 R3Node 2
X4 Y4 MNade
Fixed Nade IFsxed Nod 2.

’Range: -100dBn (WeakSignal)odBn(Shong Signal )

’hen RSST value s higher the signal becene mare Robust
he signal is aluay beter Lsher RSSI Vale is Clese to O.
>Fve ii maninum. lmited no of neiphbouxing nade:
*Fumchionality of BT-RSST :
Siqnal Strençthi- Se¡nal is always &tronges , RssIf.
Stnal Qualiyi- tis better sthen no f sipnal Sbengh i
Chamel hlidth:- RsSI Les, when Channelis hide hghar
 elassmste
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* Abblicatiend : Rosnihy Deleckon, Sncoor Postiningk

Nauigaon Connecton Monagemint
Limitatien: Enutyonmenfal ntenhence, tncensitent
Reading , Distance Estimaton.

Bluetocth Raiing Mechanism

E he breces by uthich tws BT- emabled duies
establsea becwte cenmection.
Pocex ’ Deice Discoveny nitation+Athegticatien
Encaypien &key laenesD4Athenizaien

Legacy faiing Sewre Siaple fring

i Bluetooth Versieniu 0 Blt BT 2-1 Rlaler
i) Secunt Potocel u PrN- -Cwwe Difie
ElisticCuue
based palring. Hellman (E CDH )"
in)e PIN Code to authent 4 methodsi aust ups.
-caton Numenic lombauision, Pam key
Out- t-Band (O0B )
iv) Regue PIN Cade input Reguire pailng mehad.
) Usei: Legacy deuices Moclern deuicer

’Each deuice muut enter dtses Cnyptogphe

dtuues
PrNCodle yþainlngs
laAuccestula nlyalgosihrna inclulet
beth deuia eiens fer painng
enter he same PIN COde . rethod based en deeice
Capablitieg .
 classMate
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*One at the main difenence bh 0WRAp4 and iRD5

SSP Acting
iNRAP4:
Support Legacy pairing(anhe enablecd or clialu.and it
cisobled by cefautt) -
Subbort SsPlCah be Enabled ox dlsable amd it is disaled by detault)
NRAP5:
Susbert Lep Can be Bnablad ox diabled and tii oisahed by defut
Subþoh SSP(Enabled byDetaut and it cann't be disabed)

Bluetseth Secunity
Bluetooth Secwxity i esential to beuent unauttasj
acceh, enswe data priayy Dnd þrotect usens frem

*Basic means of Prouiding BT Secuits

0Authenticakon: Verjng the identity
to cermeniccte
of deuica hat uant
) Confidentfaliby: dtenswres that data exchangd belueen
Gnly auhhonzed oleuics .
i)AuthaFation i tt delmines hettexa deice has
pemision to acces Apecitie seruies or
data ateo paing and athetiaton.
 is kauthonzatondlata
Specicaton
Jt secunis
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