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Biology Final Project

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34 views20 pages

Biology Final Project

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diyasarkar210207
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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InFocus India Public School

Population Interaction

Name - Diya sarkar


Class- 12
Roll no -12
Subject - Biology
Session - 2024-2025
Certificate
This is to certify that project
entitled by Diya Sarkar is
record of work by the student
during academic year
2024-2025 as a part of practical
work prescribed by CBSE for
class 12th (science)
This is to certify that the
project presented is the
independent work of the
student .

(Teacher signature )
Acknowledgement
I express my deep and heartfelt sense of
gratitude towards my guide Mrs
Deblina Datta Chanda for providing
timely help and suggestions in carrying
out this project.
Atlast I want to thank my parents who
always encouraged me and supported
me and their useful cooperation in my
studies to complete this project within
the limited time
INDEX
Introduction

Important Interaction between two species

Population interaction influence abundance

• Mutualism
• Competation
• Predation
Parasti sm

• Commensalism
• Amenalism(allopathy)
• Symbiosis
OBSERVATION OF SOME INTERACTIONS IN OUR LOCALITIES

Referance
Introduction
POPULATION INTERACTION

Biological interactions are the effects that the organisms in a


community have on one another. In the natural world no organism
exists in absolute isolation, and thus every organism must interact
with the environment and other organisms. An organism's interactions
with its environment are fundamental to the survival of that organism
and the functioning of the ecosystem as a whole.

In Ecology, biological interactions can involve individuals of the same


species (intraspecific interactions) or individuals Of different species
(interspecific interactions). These can be further classified by either
the mechanism of the interaction or the strength, duration and
direction of their effects, Species may interact once in a generation
(e,g, pollination) or live completely within another (e.g.
endosymbiosis),
Effects range from consumption of another individual (predation, or
cannibalism). to mutual benefit (mutualism), Interactions need not be
direct; individuals may affect each other indirectly through
intermediaries such as shared resources or common enemies,
IMPORTANT INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN TWO SPECIES
By comparing populations living alone
and together, several types of
interactions can be identified.
• COMMENSALISM (9/0)
• MUTUALISM (+1+)
• COMPETITION (+)
• PARASITISM (+1.)

• PREDATION (+10
• ALLELOPATHY(+/-)
POPULATION INTERACTIONS
INFLUENCE ABUNDANCE
When
populations
ofdifferent
species interact,
the effects on one
on the other may
bepositive (+),
negative (-) or
neutral (o).
Table I . : Population Interactions
Species A Species B Name of Interaction

Mutualism

Competition

Predation

Parasitism

Commensalism

Amensaltsm
MUTUALISM
• Mutualism is a type of symbiosis in which populations
interact to the benefit Of both species.

Mutualism may be obligate (necessary for survival


of one or both species) or facultative (one species
may survive in the absence of other).

MUTUALISM
SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXERS
• Although free nitrogen is about 80% Of the
atmosphere, plants are unable to use it until it is
into and converted to nitrates by bacteria.

• A common example of this mutualism between plants


and nitrogen fixing bacteria is found in the roots of
leguminous plants.
COMPETITION
• Mutual use of a limited resource by populations
of two or more species.
• Each individual adversely affect another in the
quest for food (nutrients), living space, or other
common needs.
• Individuals harm one another is attempting to
gain a resource,
Categories of
Competition
• YVhen competition is
between individuals of:
same species (intraspecific)
different species
(interspecific)
• When a resource is in short
supply that used by one
thus not available to the
other (exploitation).
When an action or
substance produced by one
is directly harmful to the
other (interference).
PARASITISM
•Parasites are divided into two groups:
endoparasites and ectoparasites.
•Endoparasites are parasites that live
inside the body of the host e.g.
Trypanosoma •Ectoparasites are parasites
that live on the outer surface of the host
and generally attach themselves during
feeding e.g. Ticks, Mites

PARASITISM
•Ectoparasites develop
some clinging organs
like hooks, suckers to get
attached with the body of
host.
•Some plants like cuscuta
have certain specialized
absorbing structures
called haustoria to attain
foocL
two organisms i
neither benefit nor

together without
exchange

plant that grows upon


Growing on another
epiphyte better access
moisture.
lianas in that they are
soil
specialized roots to absorb
nutrients from humid air
they are not
supporting species
COMMENSALISM
ALLELOPATHY
•Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which
an organism produces one or more biochemical's
that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction
of other organisms.

•These biochemical's are known as allelochemicals


and can have beneficial (positive allelopathy) or
detrimental (negative allelopathy) effects on the target
organisms.

•plant allelopathy is used as a means Of survival in


nature, reducing competition from plants nearby.

Figure

Pos
sible pathways for release of
alleloehemieals into the environment.
Symblosls

The term symbiosis (Greek: living together) can be used to describe


various degrees of close relationship between organisms of different
species. Sometimes it is used only for cases where both organisms
benefit; sometimes it is used more generally to describe all varieties
of relatively tight relationships, i.e. even parasitism, but not
predation. Some even go so far as to use it to describe predation, It
can be used to describe relationships where one organism lives on or
in another, or it can be used to describe cases where organisms are
related by mutual stereotypic behaviours .
OBSERVATION OF SOME INTERACTIONS IN OUR LOCALITIES

The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely traveled a commensal
pathway into domestication.

Pollination in which nectar or pollen (food resources) are traded for pollen
dispersal
(a service) or ant protection of aphids, where the aphids trade sugar-rich
honeydew (a by.product of their mode of feeding on plant sap) in return for
defense against predators such as ladybugs.

Common clownfish (Amphiption ocellaris) in their Ritteri sea anemone (Heteractis


magnifica) home. Both the fish and anemone benefit from this relationship, a case
of mutualistic symbiosis.

Common Cuckoo chick ejects eggs of Reed Warbler out of the nest,lt is type of
brood paracitism.

agricultural varieties of maize provide food for humans and are unable to
reproduce without human intervention because the leafy sheath does not fall
open, and the seedhead does not shatter to scatter the seeds naturally.

GheetahG and lions since both Species feed on Similar prey, they are negatively
impacted by the presence of the other because they will have less food, however
they still persist together,

REFERANCE
TH

NCERTTEXTBOOK CLASS 12
BIOLOGY TODAY(mtg publication)
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE (Cambridge edition)

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