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Pol Unit 1

POL UNIT 1

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Ram Hlim Puia Hauchhum
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10 views5 pages

Pol Unit 1

POL UNIT 1

Uploaded by

Ram Hlim Puia Hauchhum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HUMAN RIGHT

MEANING
Human rights are fundamental rights and freedoms that every
individual is entitled to, simply by virtue of being human. These
rights are universal, inalienable, and indivisible, and are based on
the principles of dignity, equality, and mutual respect.

DEFINITION:

Human rights are defined as:

- “The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled,
including the right to life, liberty, and security of person, freedom
from torture and discrimination, and the right to participate in
government and cultural life.” (United Nations)
- “The fundamental rights and freedoms that are inherent to all
human beings, including the right to life, freedom from arbitrary
detention, freedom of expression, and the right to a fair trial.”
(International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights)
- “The basic rights and freedoms that are necessary for human
dignity and well-being, including the right to food, water, shelter,
education, healthcare, and social security.” (Universal
Declaration of Human Rights)

CLASSIFIATION OF HUMAN RIGHT

Human rights are protected and promoted through international


law, national constitutions, and legal frameworks.
The concept of human rights has evolved through different
"generations" or phases, reflecting changes in societal values and
international norms. The contemporary understanding of human
rights is often categorized into these generations:

1. **First Generation**: **Civil and Political Rights**


These rights emerged from the Enlightenment and are focused
on individual freedoms and protection from state abuse. Key
rights include:
- Right to life and personal security
- Freedom of speech, assembly, and religion
- Right to a fair trial and due process
- Protection from arbitrary arrest and torture

2. **Second Generation**: **Economic, Social, and Cultural


Rights**
These rights emphasize individuals' social and economic well-
being and the conditions necessary for a fulfilling life. They
include:
- Right to education
- Right to work and fair wages
- Right to health and an adequate standard of living
- Right to participate in cultural life

3. **Third Generation**: **Collective or Developmental


Rights**
These rights focus on collective needs and broader social issues,
often involving international cooperation. They encompass:
- Right to development and self-determination
- Right to a healthy environment
- Right to peace
- Right to humanitarian assistance

4. **Fourth Generation**: **Emerging Rights**


Although not always formally recognized as a distinct category,
fourth-generation rights address new challenges and concerns,
such as:
- Digital rights and privacy in the digital age
- Rights related to artificial intelligence and technology
- Gender and sexual orientation rights
- Rights concerning climate change and environmental justice

These generations reflect a growing recognition of the complexity


and interconnectedness of human rights, addressing both
individual and collective needs across various dimensions of
human experience.

MAJOR LANDMARK IN THE HISTORICAL


DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHT PIOR TO UN.

Here are ten major landmarks in the historical development of


human rights prior to the establishment of the United Nations:

1. **Code of Hammurabi (circa 1754 BCE)**: One of the


earliest and most complete written legal codes, it set
standards for justice and outlined rights and
responsibilities within ancient Babylonian society.

2. **The Magna Carta (1215 CE)**: This English document


was a cornerstone in the development of constitutional
law, establishing principles of due process and limiting the
power of the monarch.
3. **The Petition of Right (1628 CE)**: This English legal
document challenged the king’s authority, asserting that
the king could not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent
and other rights, further developing principles of legal
rights.

4. **The English Bill of Rights (1689 CE)**: Following the


Glorious Revolution, this document outlined specific civil
liberties and set limits on the powers of the monarchy,
enhancing individual rights within England.

5. **The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen


(1789 CE)**: Adopted during the French Revolution, this
declaration asserted universal rights such as liberty,
property, security, and resistance to oppression,
influencing global human rights discourse.

6. **The US Constitution (1787 CE)** and **Bill of Rights


(1791 CE)**: The Constitution established the framework
for the U.S. government, and the Bill of Rights guaranteed
fundamental freedoms such as speech, assembly, and
religion.

7. **The Haitian Declaration of Independence (1804 CE)**:


The first successful slave revolt leading to the
establishment of a free nation, emphasizing the rights of
freedom and equality.
8. **The Abolition of the Slave Trade Act (1807 CE)**:
This British law marked a significant step in the fight
against slavery, leading to broader movements for the
abolition of slavery and the recognition of human rights.

9. **The Geneva Conventions (1864, 1906, 1929, 1949


CE)**: Initially established to protect wounded soldiers
and medical personnel during wartime, these conventions
laid the groundwork for humanitarian law and the
protection of human rights during conflicts.

10. **The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948


CE)**: Adopted by the United Nations General
Assembly, this document was a significant culmination of
prior human rights movements and international
agreements, setting out fundamental human rights to be
universally protected.

These landmarks collectively contributed to the evolution of


human rights, laying the groundwork for the establishment of
more comprehensive frameworks and protections under the
United Nations.

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