EDITION 2024

GROUP - 1 MAINS
PAPER - III
APPSC
Q&A
QUESTION & ANSWER with Marks Breakdown
 INDEX

PAGE NO.

 UNIT - I 1
 UNIT - II 12
 UNIT - III 20
 UNIT - IV 28
 UNIT - V 36
 UNIT - VI 43
 UNIT - VII 53
 UNIT - VIII 61
 UNIT - IX 70
 UNIT - X 78
 UNIT - XI 89
 UNIT - XII 93
 UNIT -XIII 106
 UNIT - XIV 120
 UNIT - XV 136
 PREFACE
The APPSC Group - 1 exam is one of the most prestigious examinations for
aspirants looking to enter the civil services in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The
exam comprises of three stages, including the mains exam, which consists of
five papers. Paper - III is dedicated to the subject of Polity, Constitution,
Governance, Law, and Ethics, which carries a total of 150 marks.

This book has been written by the experts at NANDA's IAS Institute,
Hyderabad, with the objective of helping aspirants prepare for the Polity,
Constitution, Governance, Law, and Ethics paper of the APPSC Group - 1 mains
exam.

Our team of experts has years of experience teaching and researching in these
subjects. The book is designed to provide aspirants with a comprehensive
understanding of the various aspects of polity, constitution, governance, law,
and ethics in India. It covers all the important topics and concepts that are a
part of the APPSC Group - 1 exam syllabus.

Each chapter in the book includes practice questions and answers, which are
designed to help aspirants evaluate their understanding of the topics covered.
The book also includes previous years' questions and answers with a marks
breakdown, which will help aspirants get an idea of the type of questions that
have been asked in the exam in the past and the marks allotted to each
question.

We at NANDA's IAS Institute, Hyderabad, hope that this book will serve as a
valuable resource for all the aspirants preparing for the APPSC Group - 1 mains
exam, particularly for those who have opted for the Polity, Constitution,
Governance, Law, and Ethics subject. We wish all the aspirants the very best
for their exam preparation and Innovative Approach to Success.

-Team, NANDA’s IAS

 Paper -3, section-1, Unit-1
Topic: Indian constitution and its salient features.

Q.1 Trace the important acts that led to the formation of systematic government and influenced
the Indian constitution. -
10M

Ans:
The formation of a systematic government in India can be traced back to the following important
acts that also influenced the Indian constitution:

1. Regulating Act of 1773: This act was the first step towards establishing a systematic

S
government in India. It created the office of the Governor-General of Bengal and laid down
the framework for the establishment of a Supreme Court in Calcutta.
2. Charter Act of 1833: This act brought about significant changes in the administration of

IA
India. It abolished the East India Company's monopoly of trade and provided for the
appointment of a Governor-General for all of India. It also introduced the concept of open
competition for civil service jobs.
3. Indian Councils Act of 1861: This act expanded the role of Indians in the government by
allowing them to be appointed to the Legislative Councils. It also increased the number of
Indians who could vote in the elections.
A
4. Government of India Act of 1919: This act introduced the concept of provincial autonomy,
where the provinces were given more powers in their own governance. It also provided for
the establishment of a bicameral legislature at the center.
ND

5. Government of India Act of 1935: This act provided for a federal form of government in
India, with the establishment of a federation of provinces and princely states. It also
introduced the concept of dyarchy, where certain areas of governance were transferred to
the Indian leaders.

These acts led to the formation of a systematic government in India and influenced the Indian
constitution in several ways. For example, the concept of federalism, provincial autonomy, and
NA

the role of the governor-general can be traced back to these acts.

Conclusion: To sum up, the acts mentioned above were crucial in the formation of a systematic
government in India and laid the foundation for the Indian constitution. They introduced various
concepts and systems of governance that continue to shape India's political landscape even
today.

Marks Breakdown

● Introduction (1 mark)
● Regulating Act of 1773 (2 marks)
● Charter Act of 1833 (2 marks)
● Indian Councils Act of 1861 (2 marks)
● Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935 (2 marks)

1
 ● Conclusion (1 mark)

Q2. Trace out the important developments that contributed to the formation of the Indian
constituent Assembly. Was it truly a representative body?

S
Answer:
The Indian Constituent Assembly was established to draft the Indian Constitution. It was formed
after a series of important developments that led to the formation of the assembly. Here are the

IA
important developments that contributed to the formation of the Indian Constituent Assembly:
1. The Government of India Act, 1935: This act provided for the establishment of a federal
system of government in India. It introduced a number of important features like
bicameralism, provincial autonomy, and the establishment of a federal court. The act
provided for the establishment of a Constituent Assembly that would be responsible for
framing the Constitution of India.
A
2. The August Offer: In 1940, the British government announced the August Offer. It
proposed the establishment of a Constituent Assembly with representatives from all the
provinces and princely states of India. However, this offer was rejected by the Indian
National Congress as it did not meet their demands for complete independence.
ND

3. The Cripps Mission: In 1942, Sir Stafford Cripps came to India with a proposal to form a
Constituent Assembly to draft a new Constitution. However, this proposal was also
rejected by the Indian National Congress as it did not meet their demands for complete
independence.
4. The Cabinet Mission Plan: In 1946, the Cabinet Mission came to India with a proposal to
NA

form a Constituent Assembly to draft a new Constitution. This proposal was accepted by all
the major political parties in India, including the Indian National Congress and the Muslim
League.
Conclusion:
The Indian Constituent Assembly was formed after a series of important developments that led
to its establishment. While it was not truly a representative body in the strictest sense of the
term, it did include representatives from all the provinces and princely states of India. The
assembly was tasked with the important responsibility of drafting the Indian Constitution, which
remains the guiding document of the country to this day.
Marks breakdown:
● Introduction: 1 mark
● Important developments: 6 marks
● Conclusion: 2 marks
● Structure and coherence: 1 mark

2
Q3. Write a note on the philosophical foundations of the Indian constitution.

Answer:

The philosophical foundations of the Indian constitution are rooted in the ancient wisdom of
India, which emphasizes the importance of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. The Indian
Constitution is a blend of various philosophical ideas from different parts of the world. Some of
the key philosophical foundations of the Indian Constitution are:

1. Socialism: The Indian Constitution embodies the principles of socialism, which aim to
reduce inequalities in society and ensure the welfare of all citizens. The Directive
Principles of State Policy, which are enshrined in the Constitution, provide for the social,
economic, and political well-being of the people.

S
2. Democracy: The Indian Constitution is based on the principles of democracy, which
ensure that power rests with the people. The Constitution provides for the establishment

IA
of a democratic government, which is elected by the people and accountable to them.

3. Secularism: The Indian Constitution enshrines the principle of secularism, which ensures
that the state does not promote any particular religion and that all citizens have the right
to practice their religion freely.

4. Human Rights: The Indian Constitution recognizes and protects the fundamental rights
A
of all citizens, including the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, freedom
of religion, and the right to life and personal liberty.

5. Nationalism: The Indian Constitution embodies the principles of nationalism, which

ND

emphasize the importance of national unity and integrity. The Constitution provides for
the protection of the country's sovereignty and territorial integrity.

Conclusion:

The philosophical foundations of the Indian Constitution are a reflection of India's rich cultural
NA

heritage and the principles that the country stands for. The Constitution provides for the
establishment of a democratic, socialist, secular, and humane society, which aims to promote the
well-being of all citizens. The Indian Constitution is a unique blend of various philosophical ideas
from different parts of the world and serves as a beacon of hope for other countries in the
region.

Marks Breakdown:

● Introduction - 1 mark Philosophical foundations of the Indian Constitution:

● Socialism - 2 marks
● Democracy - 2 marks
● Secularism - 2 marks
● Human Rights - 2 marks
● Nationalism - 1 mark Conclusion - 1 mark

*Topic: Fundamental Rights, Duties and DPSP.*

3
Q.3 Critically examine the developments regarding the Sedition Act.
Introduction:
● Sedition Act, 1870 - colonial-era law used to curb dissent and suppress freedom of
expression
● Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) defines sedition as any act or attempt "to
bring into hatred or contempt, or excite disaffection towards the government"
● In recent times, there has been a surge in the use of the sedition law to stifle criticism
and dissent against the government
● This has led to a debate on whether the sedition law should be scrapped or amended
Developments regarding the Sedition Act:
1. Misuse of the Sedition Act:
● The sedition law has been misused by the government to curb dissent and silence critics.

S
● Many individuals, including journalists, activists, and students, have been charged with
sedition for expressing their opinions or criticizing the government.
● The law is often used as a tool to harass and intimidate individuals who speak out against

IA
the government.
2. Arbitrary use of the Sedition Act:
● The sedition law is often used arbitrarily, without any clear criteria or guidelines.
● The authorities have been known to use the law to target individuals based on their
political affiliations or ideological beliefs.
● This has led to a chilling effect on free speech and expression.
A
3. International Criticism of the Sedition Act:
● The sedition law has been criticized by international human rights organizations for being
a violation of freedom of expression and speech.
ND

● The United Nations and other international bodies have called for the repeal of the law.
Conclusion:
● The sedition law is an outdated and colonial-era law that is being misused by the
government to suppress dissent and stifle free speech.
● The arbitrary use of the law has created a climate of fear and intimidation, which is
detrimental to a healthy democracy.
NA

● The government should either repeal the law or amend it to ensure that it is not used to
silence legitimate criticism and dissent.
● The sedition law goes against the spirit of democracy and is not necessary for the
functioning of modern society.
Marks Breakdown:
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Misuse of the Sedition Act: 3 marks
 Arbitrary use of the Sedition Act: 3 marks
 International criticism of the Sedition Act: 2 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark

Q.4 Some opined that DPSP would be failed promises, post-dated cheques at the convenience of
the banks and New Year resolutions. However, Ambedkar said that the governments will
implement them. Who proved to be correct?

Answer:

4
Introduction: The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) is a set of guidelines and principles
laid down in the Constitution of India for the government to follow while framing laws and
policies. The DPSPs are not enforceable by any court, but they are considered fundamental in the
governance of the country. The DPSPs were criticized by some as post-dated cheques that would
never be honoured by the government. However, Dr B.R. Ambedkar had expressed his faith in
the government's ability to implement them. Here, we will examine whether Ambedkar's
optimism was justified.

Body:

● DPSPs as Post-dated Cheques: Critics of DPSPs argue that they are non-justiciable and
non-enforceable, rendering them meaningless. They argue that the government can
easily ignore them without any legal consequences, making them nothing more than

S
empty promises.

● Ambedkar's Optimism: However, Ambedkar argued that the DPSPs were not just mere

IA
promises but were principles that the government was expected to follow. He believed
that the government was committed to implementing them, and it was only a matter of
time before they were realized.

● Implementation of DPSPs: Over the years, several DPSPs have been implemented by the
government, such as the provision of free and compulsory education for children under
A
14 years of age, the right to work and education, the protection of the environment, and
the promotion of cottage industries. These initiatives have had a significant impact on
the lives of people, particularly the marginalized sections of society.
ND

● Challenges in Implementation: While the implementation of DPSPs has been significant,

there have been several challenges in their implementation. Factors such as inadequate
resources, lack of political will, corruption, and bureaucratic red tape have hampered the
effective implementation of DPSPs.

Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be said that while there have been challenges in the
NA

implementation of DPSPs, Ambedkar's faith in the government's ability to implement them was
not entirely misplaced. Several DPSPs have been successfully implemented, which have had a
positive impact on the lives of people. However, there is still a long way to go in realizing the full
potential of DPSPs, and the government needs to address the challenges in their implementation
to ensure that they are effective in achieving their intended goals.

Marks Breakdown:

 Introduction: 1 mark
 Body: 7 marks (DPSPs as post-dated cheques - 2 marks
 Ambedkar's optimism - 2 marks,
 Implementation of DPSPs - 2 marks,
 Challenges in Implementation - 1 mark
 Conclusion: 1 mark

5
 **Topic: Functions and duties of the Union government.

Q.5 What was the most misused emergency power of the President? How was its misuse
controlled?
Answer:
Introduction:
● The Indian Constitution grants emergency powers to the President to deal with
extraordinary situations.
● These powers are intended to be used in rare and extreme situations and are subject to
checks and balances to prevent their misuse.
Body:
● The most misused emergency power of the President was the power to declare a

S
National Emergency under Article 352 of the Constitution.
● This power was misused during the tenure of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1975 when
she declared a National Emergency.

IA
● The declared reason was to deal with the internal disturbance caused by political and
social unrest in the country.
● However, the real reason was to suppress political opposition and establish authoritarian
rule.
● The Emergency was used to suspend civil liberties, curtail press freedom, and detain
political opponents without trial.
A
● The misuse of this power was controlled by the judiciary and civil society.
● In 1976, the Supreme Court delivered the landmark judgment in the ADM Jabalpur case,
which upheld the government's power to detain individuals during an emergency but
also established that such detention could be challenged in court.
ND

● This judgment was widely criticized for upholding the government's draconian powers,
but it also provided a legal remedy for those who were detained.
● Civil society and opposition parties also played a crucial role in opposing the Emergency
and exposing its excesses.
● The widespread protests and civil disobedience ultimately led to the defeat of the
NA

Congress party in the 1977 general elections and the restoration of democracy.
Conclusion:
● The misuse of emergency powers is a serious threat to democracy and the rule of law.
● The Indian Constitution provides checks and balances to prevent the abuse of emergency
powers, but these mechanisms are not foolproof.
● It is the responsibility of citizens, civil society, and the judiciary to remain vigilant and
ensure that emergency powers are used only in rare and extreme situations and
following the Constitution and the law.
Marks Breakdown:
Introduction - 1 mark
Body -
● Most misused emergency power - 3 marks
● Reason for its misuse - 1 mark
● Consequences of its misuse - 2 marks
● How its misuse was controlled - 2 marks

6
 ● Conclusion - 1 mark

Q6. Critically examine the ordinance powers of the President.

Answer:
Introduction: The Constitution of India provides for the President to promulgate ordinances in
case of urgent situations when the Parliament is not in session. However, the use of ordinance
powers has been a matter of debate and criticism.
Points to be covered:
1. Constitutional Provisions: Article 123 of the Indian Constitution provides for the
ordinance-making power of the President. The ordinance-making power is co-extensive
with the legislative power of the Parliament. It can be exercised only when the

S
Parliament is not in session.
2. Purpose of the ordinance: The ordinance-making power is intended to be used only in
case of urgent situations where the normal legislative process would be delayed or

IA
inadequate. The President can promulgate an ordinance only when he is satisfied that
circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action.
3. Abuse of power: The ordinance-making power has been misused in the past by the
government to bypass the legislative process and to push through controversial
measures. This has been criticized as it undermines the democratic process and the role
of the Parliament.
A
4. Judicial scrutiny: The ordinance-making power is subject to judicial review. The Supreme
Court has held that the President's decision to promulgate an ordinance can be
challenged in court if it is found to be unconstitutional or above the power conferred by
ND

the Constitution.
5. Lack of debate: The promulgation of an ordinance does not involve the same level of
debate and scrutiny as a bill passed by the Parliament. This can lead to inadequate public
consultation and a lack of transparency.
6. Conclusion: The ordinance-making power is an important tool for the government to
address urgent situations. However, it should not be misused to bypass the legislative
NA

process and push through controversial measures. There should be proper checks and
balances in place to ensure that the power is used only in the most urgent situations.
Marks breakdown:
● Introduction: 1 mark
● Point 1: 1 mark Point 2: 2 marks Point 3: 2 marks Point 4: 2 marks Point 5: 2 marks
● Conclusion: 1 mark

Q.7 What are the major issues and challenges of the Federal structure in India? Explain how these
challenges impacted the relationship between the Centre and the States.
Introduction: The Federal structure of India, consisting of a strong central government and
autonomous state governments, has been a major feature of India's governance since its
inception. However, the federal structure in India has been facing several challenges and issues,
which have impacted the relationship between the Centre and the States.

7
 Major Issues and Challenges of Federal Structure in India:
Asymmetrical federalism: India's federal structure is not symmetrical, as some states have more
powers than others. This leads to a sense of inequality and discrimination among the states,
leading to conflicts and tensions.
Fiscal Federalism: There are imbalances in the distribution of resources between the Centre and
the States. The Centre has more financial resources and power than the States, which creates a
dependence on the Centre for funding and leads to limited autonomy for the States.
Political Fragmentation: The multi-party system in India has resulted in political fragmentation,
leading to instability and conflicts between the Centre and the States. The ruling party at the
Centre often uses its power to dominate the States, leading to a concentration of power in the
hands of the Centre.
Language and Cultural Diversity: India is a diverse country with various languages, cultures, and

S
religions. This diversity often leads to conflicts between the Centre and the States, particularly
when it comes to the use of language and the preservation of culture.
Impact of Challenges on Centre-State Relationship:

IA
Tensions between Centre and States: The imbalance in the distribution of resources and power
has often led to tensions between the Centre and the States. This has resulted in conflicts
between the Centre and States, particularly over the control of resources.
Centralisation of Power: The concentration of power in the hands of the Centre has led to
limited autonomy for the States. This has resulted in a lack of power and decision-making
authority for the States, leading to conflicts between the Centre and the States.
A
Inequitable Development: The uneven distribution of resources and power has resulted in
uneven development across the States. Some States have developed faster than others, leading
to a sense of discrimination and inequality among the States.
ND

Conclusion: The Federal structure in India is a critical feature of India's governance system, which
has been facing several challenges and issues. The asymmetry in the federal structure, fiscal
federalism, political fragmentation, and diversity have all impacted the relationship between the
Centre and the States. These challenges have resulted in tensions between the Centre and the
States, centralisation of power, and inequitable development. Therefore, there is a need to
address these challenges to ensure a more balanced and equitable relationship between the
NA

Centre and the States.

Marks Breakdown:
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Major Issues and Challenges of Federal Structure in India: 4 marks
 Impact of Challenges on Centre-State Relationship: 4 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark

Q.8 What are the challenges associated with the role of the Governor in state affairs and how can
these challenges be addressed?

Challenges associated with the role of Governor in State Affairs:

Constitutional Dilemma: The Governor is appointed by the President of India and acts as the
representative of the Union Government in the State. The Governor has to maintain a balance

8
between the interests of the State and the Union government, which often puts them in a
constitutional dilemma.

Political Pressure: The Governor is expected to act as an impartial head and work for the welfare
of the state. But often, political parties and leaders try to influence the Governor's decision
making, which creates political pressure on the Governor.

Limited Powers: Though the Governor is the head of the state, their powers are limited by the
Constitution of India. The Governor has to work in coordination with the Chief Minister and the
Council of Ministers, which often hinders their decision-making power.

Conflict with State Government: The Governor may come into conflict with the State
government if they try to assert their powers beyond what is provided in the Constitution. This

S
may lead to a constitutional crisis in the state.

Discretionary Powers: The Governor has discretionary powers, which they can exercise in

IA
exceptional circumstances. However, the exercise of these powers often creates controversy and
invites criticism.

Addressing the challenges associated with the role of Governor in State Affairs:

Appointment Process: The appointment of the Governor should be done through a transparent
process, and the candidate should be chosen based on their qualifications and experience rather
A
than their political affiliations.

Independent Decision-Making: The Governor should be allowed to take decisions independently

and without political interference. They should be given enough powers to function as the head
ND

of the state.

Clarity on Constitutional Provisions: The Constitution of India provides for the powers and
functions of the Governor. The Governor should adhere to these provisions and avoid any
conflict with the State government.
NA

Coordination with State Government: The Governor should work in coordination with the Chief
Minister and the Council of Ministers. They should maintain a healthy relationship with the state
government to avoid any conflicts.

Responsible Exercise of Discretionary Powers: The Governor should exercise their discretionary
powers responsibly and only in exceptional circumstances. They should ensure that their actions
are in the best interest of the state and do not invite criticism.

Conclusion:

The role of the Governor in state affairs is crucial for the functioning of the state
government. The challenges associated with the role of Governor can be addressed by ensuring
transparency in the appointment process, providing enough powers to function independently,
adhering to constitutional provisions, maintaining coordination with the state government, and
responsible exercise of discretionary powers. By addressing these challenges, the Governor can
function effectively as the head of the state and work towards the welfare of the state.

9
 Marks Breakdown:

● Introduction: 1 mark
● Challenges associated with the role of Governor in State Affairs: 3 marks
● Addressing the challenges associated with the role of Governor in State Affairs: 4 marks
● Conclusion: 1 mark

Q9. Explaining the features of Indian federalism highlight the drawbacks in the existing
structure. Suggest measures to fill up the loopholes.

S
-10M

Ans:

IA
Features of Indian Federalism:
1. Division of powers: The Constitution of India divides powers between the central
government and the state governments, defining the powers of each and restricting their
interference in the functioning of the other.
2. Dual Polity: India has a dual polity, where both the central government and the state
governments are supreme in their respective spheres.
A
3. Independent judiciary: The Constitution of India provides for an independent judiciary that
has the power to interpret the Constitution and resolve disputes between the central
government and the state governments.
ND

4. Written Constitution: The Constitution of India is a written document that defines the
powers of the central and state governments, their relationship, and the rights of citizens.
5. Flexible Constitution: The Constitution of India is flexible and can be amended to
accommodate changes in the socio-political scenario.
Drawbacks in the Existing Structure:
1. Asymmetric Federalism: India's federalism is asymmetric, where some states have more
NA

powers than others. This creates an imbalance in the distribution of powers and resources
among the states.
2. Centre-state Relations: The central government has often encroached on the powers of the
state governments, leading to conflicts and tension in centre-state relations.
3. Fiscal Imbalance: The central government has often used its financial powers to exert control
over the state governments, creating a fiscal imbalance between the centre and the states.
4. Political Imbalance: The political power is often concentrated in the hands of a few dominant
political parties, leading to a lack of representation for smaller parties and regional interests.
Measures to fill up the loopholes:
1. Equal distribution of powers: A more equal distribution of powers between the central and
state governments can reduce conflicts and promote cooperative federalism.
2. Empowering the state governments: The state governments should be given more powers to
regulate their own affairs and make decisions based on their local needs.

10
3. Fiscal federalism: The central government should allocate funds to the state governments
based on their needs and requirements, rather than on political considerations.
4. Electoral Reforms: Electoral reforms can promote a more representative political system and
give voice to regional interests.
Conclusion: The Indian federalism system has its strengths, such as a written Constitution,
independent judiciary, and flexible structure, but it also suffers from several drawbacks, including
an asymmetric federalism, centre-state relations, fiscal and political imbalances. To address
these issues, there needs to be a more equal distribution of powers, empowering state
governments, promoting fiscal federalism, and implementing electoral reforms. By taking these
measures, India can ensure a more equitable and representative federal system.

Marks Breakdown:

S
• Introduction to the concept of Indian Federalism: 1 mark
• Explanation of the features of Indian Federalism: 2 marks

IA
• Discussion of drawbacks in the existing structure: 3 marks
• Measures to fill up the loopholes: 3 marks
• Conclusion and overall impression: 1 mark
A
ND
NA

11
 Paper-3, Section-1, Unit-2
Topic: Distribution of powers between Union and states.

Q1. The distribution of legislative powers is tilted in favour of the Centre. Explain by quoting
the constitutional provisions.
Introduction: India has a federal system of government, which means that the powers are
divided between the Central government and the state governments. Under this system, the
Constitution of India assigns certain legislative powers to the Centre and the state governments.
However, the distribution of these powers is not always balanced, and it tends to favor the
Centre. This unequal distribution of legislative powers has been a subject of debate and criticism
in Indian politics.

Explanation of Union List: The Union List is a list of subjects that are exclusively under the

S
jurisdiction of the Central government. The Constitution of India has listed 100 such subjects in
this list, which includes defense, foreign affairs, banking, currency, taxation, and communication,
among others. The Central government has the sole power to make laws on these subjects, and

IA
the state governments have no authority to make any law on them. This means that the state
governments have no say in these matters, and the Centre can use its power to make decisions
that may impact the states. This also gives the Centre an advantage in decision-making since it
can make laws on important matters without the states' consent.

Explanation of Concurrent List: The Concurrent List is a list of subjects on which both the Central
A
government and the state governments can make laws. The Constitution of India has listed 52
such subjects in this list, which includes education, forests, criminal law, and marriage, among
others. While both the Centre and the state governments can make laws on these subjects, if
ND

there is any conflict between a Central law and a state law on the same subject, the Central law
prevails. This means that the Centre has an advantage in decision-making on these subjects, and
the state governments' laws may be overruled by the Central government.

Explanation of Residuary Powers: The residuary powers are those powers that are not
mentioned in any of the three lists (Union List, State List, and Concurrent List). These powers are
NA

under the jurisdiction of the Centre. The Constitution of India has given the Centre the exclusive
authority to make laws on these subjects. If there is any doubt about whether a particular power
belongs to the Centre or the state, it is assumed to be under the Centre's jurisdiction. This means
that the Centre has the power to make laws on any subject that is not explicitly assigned to the
state governments or the concurrent list. This gives the Centre a significant advantage in
decision-making since it can use its power to make laws on matters that may impact the states.

Conclusion: The distribution of legislative powers in India tends to be tilted in favor of the
Centre, primarily due to the Union List, the Concurrent List, and the Residuary Powers. While the
Constitution of India provides for a federal system of government, this tilt in favor of the Centre
limits the autonomy of the state governments and can lead to conflicts between the Centre and
the states. This can result in a situation where the states may feel that their voices are not being
heard, and they may not be able to make decisions on matters that are important to them.
Therefore, there is a need to revisit the legislative powers' distribution to ensure that there is a
balance between the Centre and the states' powers.

12
 Marks breakdown:
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Explanation of Union List: 3 marks
 Explanation of Concurrent List: 3 marks
 Explanation of Residuary Powers: 2 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark

Q.2 Briefly explain the mechanisms adopted so far to resolve river water disputes and what are the
latest measures being contemplated by the Union government.

Introduction: River water disputes are a perennial issue in India, particularly in states like Andhra
Pradesh. Over the years, the Indian government has adopted various mechanisms to resolve such

S
disputes. Let us discuss these mechanisms and the latest measures being contemplated by the
Union government.

IA
Mechanisms adopted to resolve river water disputes:
Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956: This act was enacted to resolve disputes between states
over sharing of river waters. It provides for the constitution of a tribunal to adjudicate the
dispute and makes its award binding on the concerned states.
Bilateral agreements: Many states have entered into bilateral agreements to resolve disputes
over river waters. For example, the Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal was constituted to resolve
A
the dispute between Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.
Constitution of committees: In some cases, committees have been constituted to resolve
disputes over river waters. These committees are usually composed of experts and
ND

representatives from the concerned states.

Latest measures being contemplated by the Union government:
Interlinking of rivers: The Union government is contemplating a plan to interlink rivers across the
country to improve the availability of water in water-scarce regions. This would involve linking
the rivers of the Godavari and Krishna basins, which would benefit Andhra Pradesh.
National Water Framework Law: The Union government is also considering enacting a National
NA

Water Framework Law to govern the use and management of water resources in the country.
This would provide a comprehensive legal framework for resolving disputes over river waters.
Conclusion: In conclusion, river water disputes are a complex issue that requires a multi-pronged
approach to resolve. While mechanisms such as the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, bilateral
agreements, and constitution of committees have been adopted in the past, the latest measures
being contemplated by the Union government such as interlinking of rivers and enactment of a
National Water Framework Law have the potential to provide a more comprehensive and long-
term solution to the problem.
Marks Breakdown:
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Mechanisms adopted to resolve river water disputes: 5 marks
 Latest measures being contemplated by the Union government: 3 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark

13
 Topic: Distribution of powers: Issues and challenges

Q.3 Though the makers of the constitution made a sincere attempt to distribute the powers
between the Centre and the states, the sparring for powers between the Centre and the state
is often witnessed. Suggest the way forward to deal with the rising trends of animosity
between the Centre and states.
Introduction: The Indian Constitution was designed with a federal structure, dividing powers
between the Centre and the States.However, tensions and disagreements between the Centre
and States over the distribution of power have been a recurring theme in Indian politics.
Ways to deal with rising trends of animosity between the Centre and States:
1. Respect for Federal Principles:
 Both the Centre and the States should adhere to the principles of federalism enshrined in

S
the Constitution.
 The Centre should not infringe upon the powers of the States, and the States should not
impede the functioning of the Centre.

IA
2. Better Coordination and Communication:
 The Centre and States should have regular and structured communication to avoid
misunderstandings and conflicts.
 The Centre should involve the States in decision-making processes that affect their
jurisdiction, ensuring their participation and representation.
3. Fiscal Decentralization:
A
 Fiscal decentralization refers to the distribution of financial resources and revenue-
raising powers to the States.
 Increasing fiscal decentralization would empower the States and reduce their
dependence on the Centre for financial resources, thus minimizing the scope for conflict.
ND

4. Conflict Resolution Mechanisms:

 To deal with disputes between the Centre and States, conflict resolution mechanisms
should be strengthened.
 The existing institutions like the Inter-State Council, the National Development Council,
and the Finance Commission should be made more effective.
NA

Conclusion:
 The animosity between the Centre and States can be reduced by adhering to the
principles of federalism, better coordination and communication, fiscal decentralization,
and strengthening conflict resolution mechanisms.
 The Centre and States should work collaboratively to ensure that the spirit of federalism
enshrined in the Constitution is upheld.
Marks breakdown:
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Points 1-4: 4 marks (1 mark for each point)
 Conclusion: 1 mark
 Organization and Clarity: 2 marks
 Grammar and Spelling: 2 marks

14
Q4. Several opposition-ruled states alleged that the Centre is undermining the spirit of
federalism. Discuss the issue with some recent examples.

Introduction: The issue of the Centre undermining the spirit of federalism has been a
contentious issue in recent times. Several opposition-ruled states have accused the Centre of
encroaching upon the powers of the states, leading to a strain in Centre-state relations. This
issue is of utmost importance for the proper functioning of democracy in India.

• Definition of federalism and its importance in Indian context :

Federalism is a system of governance where power is shared between the central government
and the state governments. It is an important feature of the Indian Constitution, which ensures
that power is not concentrated in the hands of a single authority. The Centre's interference in the
powers of the states is a violation of federalism and undermines the spirit of democracy.

S
• Examples of Centre's interference in the powers of the states:
There have been several instances of Centre's encroachment on the powers of the states in

IA
recent times. The Centre has been accused of imposing its will on the states in matters of
agriculture, education, and law and order. For example, the three farm laws passed by the Centre
have been met with opposition by several states, who argue that it encroaches upon the powers
of the states. Similarly, the Centre's National Education Policy has been criticized by several
states for its top-down approach, which does not take into account the needs and aspirations of
the states.
A
• Response of opposition-ruled states to the Centre's actions:
Opposition-ruled states have been at the forefront of the fight against Centre's encroachment on
the powers of the states. They have raised their voices against the Centre's actions and have
ND

taken steps to protect their powers. For example, several opposition-ruled states have passed
laws to counter the Centre's farm laws. Similarly, several states have refused to implement the
National Education Policy until their concerns are addressed.

• The impact of the Centre's actions on federalism and democracy:

The Centre's actions have had a negative impact on federalism and democracy in India. They
NA

have led to a strain in Centre-state relations and have eroded the trust between the Centre and
the states. This can have serious consequences for the functioning of democracy in India.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the issue of the Centre undermining the spirit of federalism is a
serious concern for the proper functioning of democracy in India. It is important for the Centre to
respect the powers of the states and to work towards a more collaborative relationship with the
states. This can help to strengthen federalism and ensure that democracy thrives in India.

Marks Breakdown:
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Definition of federalism and its importance: 2 marks
 Examples of Centre's interference in the powers of the states: 3 marks
 Response of opposition-ruled states: 2 marks
 Impact of the Centre's actions on federalism and democracy: 2 marks

15
Q5.With several states pitching for the implementation of Uniform Civil Code. Is the time ripe
for its implementations. Discuss?
-10M

S
Ans:
Art 44 of directive principles of state policy says that UCC should be implemented across the
country civil code covers areas like marriage, divorce, maintenance, inheritance succession of

IA
property and adoption. Art 44 is based on the concept that there is no connect between religion
and personal law in a civilized society. Marriage and succession are like matters of secular nature
and therefore, law cannot regulate them.

● The idea of UCC was influenced by similar codes drafted in European countries in the 19th
and early 20th century.
A
● The Lex Loci Report (1840) emphasised the importance and necessity of uniformity in
codification of Indian law but recommended that personal laws of Hindus and Muslims
should be kept outside such codification.
ND

● The Special Marriage Act of 1954, provides a form of civil marriage to any citizen irrespective
of religion, thus permitting any Indian to have their marriage out of the realm of any specific
religious personal law.
● All the personal laws, regardless of religion, discriminate against women in one way or the
other.
● For example, Christian women could not obtain divorce on the grounds of adultery
NA

committed by the husband, it had to be coupled with cruelty, bestiality, and sodomy. On the
other hand, Christian husbands could simply declare their wives as adulteresses and divorce
them.
● Similarly, the daughters were deprived of joint heirship in parental property as per the codes
of Mitakshara, a school of Hindu law governing succession. It was only after Lata Mittal case
(filed in 1985) that Hindu daughters were given equal rights in the ancestral property.

According to Justice R.M. Sahai, freedom of religion is the core of our culture but religious
practices violate human rights and dignity. They are not autonomy but oppression.

The UCC aims to provide protection to vulnerable sections as envisaged by Ambedkar including
women and religious minorities, while also promoting nationalistic fervour through unity. When
enacted the code will work to simplify laws that are segregated at present on the basis of
religious beliefs like the Hindu code bill, Shariat law, and others.

16
Arts 25 & 26 guarantee the right to freedom of religion and UCC is not opposed to secularism and
will not violate these articles. UCC will enhance the status of women and therefore it is desired to
achieve the empowerment of women. In the Shah Bano case (1985), the Supreme court held that
the Muslim women have the right to claim maintenance under sec 125 of CrPC after she was
given triple talaq. However, the then government overturned these judgments and the right of
Muslims Women Act (1986). Recently, the Supreme Court said that triple talaq is against the
constitution and the parliament made a law on those lines.

In the Sarala Mudgal Case, questions were raised whether a Hindu husband married under the
Hindu law, by embark Islam can solemnize second marriage. The court said that a Hindu marriage
can be dissolved only under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. Conversion to Islam would not
dissolve the Hindu marriage and it can be an offence under sec 494 of IPC.

S
In the John Vallotam case, the court said that sec.118 of the Succession Act was discriminatory
against Christians as it imposes unreasonable restrictions on donation of property for religious
(or) charitable purposes. The SC struck down this section.

IA
With these judgements, the courts have buttressed the need to implement uniform civil code.

Even Muslim countries like Pakistan, Malaysia, Turkey, have separated personal law and religion.
It is high time that India should also implement UCC. Even states like Goa are implementing UCC.
Hence, UCC should be implemented to emancipate the lives of the people who are affected by
A
age old religious practices.

However, the Law Commission of India in its report in 2018 has opined that a Uniform Civil Code
(UCC) is not required to reconcile conflicts in personal/family laws with the Indian Constitution.
ND

In a consultation paper on Reform of Family Law, the Commission has observed,

“Resolution of this conflict does not mean abolition of difference. This Commission has therefore
dealt with laws that are discriminatory rather than providing a uniform civil code which is neither
necessary nor desirable at this stage. Most countries are now moving towards recognition of
difference, and the mere existence of difference does not imply discrimination, but is indicative
NA

of a robust democracy.”

Therefore, the Commission has suggested amendments to existing family laws to tackle
discrimination and inequality in personal laws, rather than do away with differences between
them altogether. It has also suggested codification of certain aspects of personal laws to limit the
ambiguity in interpretation and application of these personal laws.

Conclusion: In a diverse country like India and at a time the country is facing the danger of being
divided on the religious lines, it is prudent to follow these recommendations of the law
commission. There is strong belief that UCC has also been used by one political party to focus on
its favourite communal enemy and also appear progressive at the same time. Before
implementing the UCC, communities should be convinced that UCC would bring reforms not
suppress them and it will never interfere in their rights, rituals or religious beliefs.

17
 Marks Breakdown

● Introduction - 1 mark
● Constitutional Provision - 2 marks
● Need for Uniformity - 2 marks

● Opposition from religious groups - 2 marks

● Need for Dialogue - 2 marks
● Conclusion - 1 mark

Q6. How did the SR Bommai case judgements changed the dynamics between centre and

S
states in the light of the ongoing Nabam Rekia case hearings in the Supreme Court?
-10M

IA
Ans:
The SR Bommai case judgement has had a significant impact on the dynamics between the
centre and states in India. This case dealt with the issue of the misuse of Article 356 of the
Constitution, which allows for the imposition of President's Rule in states.
The following points can be made regarding how the SR Bommai case judgement changed the
dynamics between centre and states:
A
1. The judgement established that the imposition of President's Rule can only be done in
limited circumstances, such as failure of constitutional machinery or a breakdown of law and
order. This has significantly curtailed the power of the Centre to dismiss state governments
ND

at will.
2. The judgement also established that the Governor, who is appointed by the Centre, cannot
act as an agent of the Centre and must function independently. This has reduced the Centre's
ability to use Governors as a tool to further its political agenda.
3. The judgement emphasized the principle of federalism and the importance of respecting the
autonomy of states. This has led to a more cooperative and collaborative relationship
NA

between the Centre and states, with greater emphasis on dialogue and consultation.
In the ongoing Nabam Rekia case hearings in the Supreme Court, the impact of the SR Bommai
case judgement can be seen in the following ways:
1. The case involves the imposition of President's Rule in Arunachal Pradesh in 2016, which was
challenged by the state government. The judgement in this case will likely examine the
grounds on which President's Rule can be imposed and the extent of the Governor's
discretion in recommending it.
2. The case will also examine the role of the judiciary in reviewing the imposition of President's
Rule and ensuring that it is done in accordance with constitutional principles. This is in line
with the SR Bommai case judgement, which emphasized the importance of judicial review in
ensuring that federalism is upheld.
In conclusion, the SR Bommai case judgement has had a profound impact on the dynamics
between the Centre and states in India. It has strengthened the principles of federalism and
autonomy of states, and reduced the Centre's ability to dismiss state governments at will. The

18
ongoing Nabam Rekia case hearings in the Supreme Court will likely further clarify and reinforce
these principles.

Marks Breakdown

• Introduction: 1 mark
• Points on how SR Bommai case judgement changed the dynamics between Centre and
states: 6 marks (2 points x 3)
• Points on how the ongoing Nabam Rekia case hearings in the Supreme Court reflect the
impact of the SR Bommai case judgement: 2 marks (2 points)
• Conclusion: 1 mark

S
IA
A
ND
NA

19
 Paper-3, Section-1, Unit-3
Q1. Trace the historical background of Local Self Government in India.

Introduction:
 Local Self Government (LSG) is the management of local affairs by local bodies
elected by the people.
 In India, LSG has a long history dating back to ancient times, when the village council
or panchayat played a vital role in local governance.
 The modern concept of LSG can be traced to the British colonial period, when the
British introduced the concept of local bodies to govern at the grass-root level.

Historical Background of Local Self Government in India:

 Ancient India had a well-developed system of local governance, where the village

S
council or panchayat played a crucial role in resolving disputes and managing local
affairs.
 During the British colonial period, the concept of local self-government was

IA
introduced with the enactment of the Local Self Government Act of 1885, which
created local bodies like municipalities, district boards, and taluk boards to govern at
the grass-root level.
 After independence, the Constitution of India recognized local self-government as a
fundamental right and provided for the establishment of local bodies like Panchayats
A
and Municipalities.
 The 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution in 1992 further strengthened
the LSG system by providing for the establishment of Panchayati Raj Institutions and
Urban Local Bodies respectively.
ND

 Today, LSG plays a significant role in the development of the country, with local
bodies implementing various schemes and programs aimed at improving the socio-
economic conditions of the people.

Conclusion:
NA

 The historical background of Local Self Government in India dates back to ancient
times, where the village council or panchayat played a vital role in local governance.
 The concept of LSG was further strengthened during the British colonial period, and
after independence, the Constitution recognized it as a fundamental right.
 The establishment of Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies further
strengthened the LSG system, making it an integral part of India's governance
structure.
 Today, LSG plays a crucial role in the development of the country, with local bodies
implementing various schemes and programs aimed at improving the socio-
economic conditions of the people.

20
MARKS BREAKDOWN:

 Introduction: 1 mark
 Historical Background of Local Self Government in India: 6 marks
 Conclusion: 2 marks
 Overall coherence and organization: 1 mark
Q2. Even after three decades of attaining Constitutional status PRIs are yet to realize the
desired objective. Discuss?

Introduction:

 The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, provided for the establishment of
Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India.


S
The objective of PRIs was to ensure democratic decentralization, participatory
governance, and socio-economic development at the grassroots level.
 Despite the progress made over the past three decades, the PRIs have not been able

IA
to achieve their desired objectives fully.

Reasons for not realizing the desired objectives:

1. Lack of financial and administrative powers:

 PRIs are not given enough financial and administrative powers, which hinders their
ability to implement development projects effectively.
A
 Most of the funds are controlled by the state governments, and PRIs have to rely on
them for the release of funds.

2. Political interference:
ND

 Political interference in the functioning of PRIs has been a significant hindrance to

their proper functioning.
 In some cases, political parties and their leaders use PRIs for their political gains,
which undermines the objective of decentralization and local governance.

3. Low capacity and inadequate training:

NA

 PRIs lack adequate capacity and training to manage the affairs of the local
governance system.
 Many of the elected representatives lack the necessary knowledge, skills, and
experience to perform their roles effectively.
4. Social barriers and caste-based discrimination:

 Social barriers, caste-based discrimination, and gender bias remain major challenges
for PRIs.
 Women, Dalits, and other marginalized communities often face discrimination and
exclusion, which hinders their participation in the local governance system.

Conclusion:

21
  Despite the constitutional recognition of PRIs and various efforts to strengthen them,
they have not been able to realize their desired objectives fully.
 To ensure democratic decentralization, participatory governance, and socio-
economic development at the grassroots level, PRIs need to be empowered
financially and administratively, and political interference must be minimized.
 The capacity and training of elected representatives should be enhanced, and efforts
must be made to address social barriers and caste-based discrimination.

MARKS BREAKDOWN:

 Introduction - 1 mark
 Reasons for not realizing the desired objectives (4 points) - 4 marks (1 mark each)


S
Conclusion - 2 marks
 Overall presentation and coherence - 2 marks

IA
Q3. Of late, municipal governance has been accorded a lot of importance in India
. Discuss the
issues that are involved in the functioning of municipal governance and suggest the way
forward.

Municipal governance refers to the administration of urban areas, which includes providing basic
civic amenities such as water supply, sanitation, garbage disposal, and roads. In recent years,
A
there has been a growing recognition of the importance of municipal governance in India.
However, several issues hinder its effective functioning. Let us discuss the issues involved in
municipal governance and suggest the way forward to address these issues.
ND

Issues in the functioning of Municipal Governance:

1. Financial Constraints: Municipalities face a severe resource crunch. They depend on the
state government for grants and funds, which are often inadequate.
2. Lack of technical expertise: Municipalities are expected to provide a range of services,
but they often lack the technical expertise to deliver these services effectively.
NA

3. Corruption: Corruption is a significant problem in municipal governance. It leads to poor

quality services, unequal access to services, and misuse of public funds.
4. Political Interference: Municipalities are often subject to political interference, which
can lead to poor governance and misuse of funds.
5. Lack of Citizen Participation: Citizens are often excluded from decision-making processes
in municipal governance. This results in poor service delivery and lack of accountability.

Way Forward:

1. Fiscal Decentralization: Fiscal decentralization, which involves devolving more financial

resources to municipalities, can help address the resource crunch.
2. Capacity Building: Municipalities need to build technical expertise to deliver quality
services. This can be done by providing training and education to municipal employees.
3. Transparency and Accountability: The introduction of transparent and accountable
systems, such as e-governance, can help tackle corruption and political interference.

22
 4. Citizen Participation: Municipalities should encourage citizen participation in decision-
making processes. This can be done through the formation of citizen groups and the use
of participatory budgeting.
5. Decentralization of Power: Decentralization of power to the municipal level can help
ensure more effective and accountable governance.

Conclusion: Municipal governance plays a vital role in the development of urban areas. However,
several issues hinder its effective functioning. The way forward involves fiscal decentralization,
capacity building, transparency and accountability, citizen participation, and decentralization of
power. By addressing these issues, municipalities can provide quality services to citizens and
promote sustainable urban development.

Marks Breakdown:

S
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Issues in the functioning of Municipal Governance: 3 marks

IA
 Way Forward: 4 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark Total: 9 marks
 Coherence and structure of the answer: 1 mark

Q4. Mahatma Gandhi Opined that ‘the national building process has to begin at the bottom’.
Discuss?
A
Mahatma Gandhi was a visionary leader who believed in the idea of Swaraj and the development
of India from the grassroots level. He opined that the national building process has to begin at
ND

the bottom, and this view holds true even today. The following points illustrate why this
statement is relevant in the present scenario:

1. Emphasis on Rural Development: The majority of the Indian population still resides in
rural areas, and therefore, the development of these areas is crucial. Initiatives like the
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, and
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana(Gramin) aim to uplift the rural population and provide
NA

them with basic amenities.

2. Importance of Education: Education is the key to development, and it is essential to
provide quality education to children, especially in rural areas. The government has
launched several schemes like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Mid-day Meal Scheme, and Digital
India Initiative to improve the education sector.
3. Empowerment of Women: Women empowerment is crucial for the development of the
country. The government has launched several schemes like Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao,
and Mahila E-haat to promote gender equality and empower women.
4. Role of Local Bodies: Local bodies like Panchayats and Municipalities play a crucial role in
the development process. Empowering them and providing them with adequate
resources can lead to better governance and development.

Conclusion: Mahatma Gandhi's statement, "the national building process has to begin at the
bottom," is still relevant today. Development from the grassroots level is crucial for the overall
development of the country. The government's efforts towards rural development, education,

23
 women empowerment, and local governance are steps in the right direction. However, more
needs to be done to ensure that the benefits of development reach every section of society.

Marks breakdown:

 Introduction - 1 mark
 Emphasis on Rural Development - 2 marks
 Importance of Education - 2 marks
 Empowerment of Women - 2 marks
 Role of Local Bodies - 2 marks
 Conclusion - 1 mark
Q.5 ) What are the provisions of the Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas Act (PESA), 1996 and
discuss the reason for the failure of this act? -

S
10M

Ans: Provisions of the Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas Act (PESA), 1996 are:

IA
1) The PESA Act was enacted in 1996 to extend the provisions of the 73rd Constitutional
Amendment to the scheduled areas in India.
2) The Act provides for the establishment of gram sabhas or village councils in every village
or group of villages in the scheduled areas.
3) The gram sabhas are given the power to manage the natural resources of the area, such
A
as land, water, and forests.
4) The Act also mandates that the gram sabhas have to be consulted before any decision is
taken by the government on matters related to the scheduled areas.
ND

5) The Act empowers the gram sabhas to take up developmental activities and implement
them with the help of government funds.

Reasons for the failure of PESA Act are:

1) Lack of political will: The political leaders have not shown much interest in implementing
the provisions of the PESA Act. They have not made any efforts to strengthen the gram
sabhas or to devolve powers to them.
NA

2) Poor implementation: The Act has not been implemented in a proper manner. The
government officials are not aware of the provisions of the Act, and they are not
following the guidelines provided by it.
3) Lack of awareness: The people living in the scheduled areas are not aware of their rights
under the Act. The government has not made any efforts to educate them about the Act
and its provisions.
4) Resistance from vested interests: The vested interests in the scheduled areas have been
resisting the implementation of the Act. They fear that their control over the resources
will be taken away if the Act is implemented.

In conclusion, the PESA Act, 1996 was enacted to extend the provisions of the 73rd
Constitutional Amendment to the scheduled areas in India. However, the Act has not been
implemented in a proper manner due to lack of political will, poor implementation, lack of
awareness, and resistance from vested interests. It is imperative that the government takes

24
necessary steps to address these issues and ensure the effective implementation of the Act, to
empower the people living in the scheduled areas and to promote their overall development.

Marks Breakdown

 Introduction - 1 mark
 Provisions of PESA Act - 3 marks
 Reasons for failure of PESA Act - 4 marks
 Conclusion - 2 marks

S
IA
Q6. CAG is a friend, philosopher and guide of the Public Accounts Committee? Discuss?

Answer: The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) is a constitutional authority that plays a
A
crucial role in ensuring accountability and transparency in the government's financial affairs. The
Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is a parliamentary committee that scrutinizes the
government's accounts and examines the CAG's reports.
ND

Here are some key points to discuss how CAG is a friend, philosopher, and guide of the PAC:

1. Friend: The CAG is considered a friend of the PAC because both the CAG and PAC work
together to achieve the common goal of ensuring financial probity and transparency in
the government's operations. The CAG provides the necessary information and guidance
to the PAC for its functioning.
NA

2. Philosopher: The CAG is a philosopher because it is responsible for providing

independent and impartial opinions and recommendations to the government and the
PAC. The CAG is an expert in financial management and can advise the PAC on best
practices for ensuring financial accountability.

3. Guide: The CAG acts as a guide for the PAC by providing it with reports on the
government's financial performance, pointing out discrepancies, and suggesting
corrective actions. The CAG's reports serve as the basis for the PAC's inquiries and
investigations.

Conclusion: The CAG is a friend, philosopher, and guide of the PAC. The CAG's role in ensuring
financial accountability and transparency is crucial, and its reports provide the PAC with valuable
insights into the government's financial operations. The CAG's independent and impartial
opinions and recommendations serve as a guiding light for the PAC in carrying out its functions.

25
Thus, the CAG and the PAC together play a critical role in ensuring the effective functioning of
democracy in India.

Marks breakdown:
 Introduction - 1 mark
 Friend - 3 marks
 Philosopher - 3 marks
 Guide - 2 marks
 Conclusion - 1 mark

Q7. What are the recent unique developments regarding the Finance Commission. What could

S
be the key challenges to the yet-to-be-constituted 16th Finance Commission?

Answer: Recent Unique Developments Regarding the Finance Commission:

IA
1. The 15th Finance Commission has submitted its report covering the period 2021-2026 to
the President of India.

2. The Finance Commission has recommended the vertical devolution of taxes to states at
41%, which is higher than the 42% recommended by the 14th Finance Commission.
A
3. The commission has recommended a grant of Rs. 2,94,514 crore to 17 states for local
bodies, including municipalities and panchayats.

4. The 15th Finance Commission has also recommended the formation of a non-lapsable
ND

fund for defence and internal security.

Key Challenges to the Yet-to-be-constituted 16th Finance Commission:

1. The current economic scenario in India is challenging, with the country grappling with a
slowdown in growth and rising inflation. The 16th Finance Commission will have to take
NA

into account these challenges and come up with recommendations that will address
them.

2. One of the key challenges for the 16th Finance Commission will be to strike a balance
between the needs of the Centre and the states. The commission will have to ensure that
the devolution of funds is equitable and takes into account the different needs and
priorities of the states.

3. The commission will also have to take into account the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
on the economy and come up with recommendations that will help the country recover
from the economic fallout of the pandemic.

4. Another challenge for the 16th Finance Commission will be to address the issue of
increasing debt levels in the country. The commission will have to come up with
recommendations that will help reduce debt levels while ensuring that the needs of the
Centre and the states are met.

26
Conclusion: In conclusion, the 15th Finance Commission has made some significant
recommendations, including higher vertical devolution of taxes and the creation of a non-
lapsable fund for defence and internal security. However, the yet-to-be-constituted 16th Finance
Commission will face several challenges, including the current economic scenario, balancing the
needs of the Centre and the states, addressing the impact of the pandemic on the economy, and
reducing debt levels. It will be important for the commission to take these challenges into
account and come up with recommendations that will help the country move forward.

MARKS BREAKDOWN:

 Introduction - 1 mark
 Recent Unique Developments Regarding the Finance Commission - 4 marks (1 mark for
each point)

S
 Key Challenges to the Yet-to-be-constituted 16th Finance Commission - 4 marks (1
mark/Each point)
 Conclusion - 1 mark

IA
A
ND
NA

27
 Paper-3, Section I-1, Unit-4
Q1. Write a note on the delimitation commission with specific reference to J and K.

Introduction: The Delimitation Commission is a constitutional body that is responsible for

redrawing the boundaries of Lok Sabha and state assembly constituencies. The purpose of this
exercise is to ensure that the representation of people in the democratic process is fair and
equal. The Commission is appointed by the President of India and its decisions are final and
cannot be challenged in any court of law.

Body: In the context of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), the delimitation exercise was last carried out
in 1995. However, after the abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019, the J&K Reorganization Act
2019 was passed and a Delimitation Commission was set up in March 2020.

S
● The Commission has been tasked with redrawing the boundaries of assembly
constituencies in J&K based on the 2011 Census.
● The decision to carry out delimitation in J&K has been controversial, with some political

IA
parties claiming that it is an attempt to alter the demographic balance of the region.
● They argue that the exercise is designed to benefit the ruling party and change the
political landscape of the region.
● However, the government has argued that the delimitation exercise is necessary to
ensure fair representation to all communities in the state.
● The Commission has been given the power to increase or decrease the number of
A
constituencies in J&K based on the population of each area.
● This means that some areas may see a reduction in the number of constituencies while
others may see an increase.
ND

● The Commission is also expected to ensure that the boundaries of the constituencies are
drawn in such a way that the representation is fair and equal.
● The ongoing delimitation exercise in J&K is significant as it is the first time in many years
that such an exercise has been carried out in the region.
● The outcome of this exercise will have far-reaching implications for the political
landscape of the region.
NA

● It is therefore important that the exercise is carried out in a transparent and fair manner,
without any bias or political interference.

Conclusion: The Delimitation Commission plays an important role in ensuring fair representation
in the democratic process. In the context of J&K, the ongoing delimitation exercise is necessary
to ensure that all communities are represented fairly. However, it is important to ensure that the
exercise is carried out in a transparent and fair manner, without any bias or political interference.
The outcome of the exercise will have far-reaching implications for the political landscape of the
region and it is important that it is carried out in a manner that is acceptable to all stakeholders.

28
 MARKS BREAKDOWN:

 Introduction - 1 mark
 Background on delimitation in J&K - 2 marks
 Controversy surrounding the delimitation exercise - 2 marks
 Powers and responsibilities of the Delimitation Commission - 2 marks
 Importance of carrying out the delimitation exercise in a fair and transparent manner -
2marks
 Conclusion - 1 mark

Q2.Is anti-defection affecting the spirit of deliberative democracy?

Answer: Anti-defection is a provision in the Indian Constitution which prohibits elected

S
representatives from changing their party affiliations after being elected. This provision was
introduced in order to prevent political instability and ensure that representatives do not switch
parties for personal gains. However, the question of whether anti-defection is affecting the spirit

IA
of deliberative democracy is a complex one, and requires a nuanced analysis.

1. Anti-defection promotes party loyalty over individual conscience: The anti-defection

law essentially forces elected representatives to vote along party lines, even if they
disagree with the party's position on a particular issue. This undermines the ability of
representatives to act in accordance with their own conscience, and instead promotes
A
party loyalty above all else.

2. Anti-defection curtails the freedom of expression: The fear of disqualification under the
anti-defection law can also lead to a curtailment of free speech and expression. Elected
ND

representatives may be hesitant to express their opinions or speak out against the party
line, for fear of being disqualified.

3. Anti-defection can lead to a lack of accountability: In cases where a ruling party has a
comfortable majority, the anti-defection law can effectively prevent opposition parties
from holding the government accountable. If elected representatives are bound to vote
NA

along party lines, regardless of the merits of the issue at hand, it can be difficult for
opposition parties to hold the ruling party accountable for its actions.

4. However, anti-defection can also promote stability and preventhorse trading: On the
other hand, the anti-defection law can also be seen as promoting political stability and
preventing the practice of horse-trading. If elected representatives are free to switch
parties at will, it can lead to instability and uncertainty in the political system.

Conclusion: Overall, it can be argued that while the anti-defection law has its benefits, it does
have certain negative effects on the spirit of deliberative democracy. By promoting party loyalty
over individual conscience, curbing freedom of expression, and potentially leading to a lack of
accountability, the law can undermine the ability of elected representatives to effectively
represent their constituents. Therefore, there is a need for a nuanced discussion on the need to
balance stability with the principles of deliberative democracy in order to ensure a fair and
effective political system.

29
 Marks breakdown:

 Introduction - 1 mark
 Explanation of anti-defection law and its purpose - 2 marks
 Negative effects of anti-defection on the spirit of deliberative democracy - 4 marks
 Positive effects of anti-defection on political stability - 2 marks
 Conclusion - 1 mark

Q3. Is there a need to have Rajya Sabha? Highlight the special powers of Rajya Sabha.

S
Answer: Yes, there is a need to have Rajya Sabha in India for the following reasons:

1. a. Represents States: Rajya Sabha represents the states of India regardless of its

IA
population size. This ensures that the interests of all states are taken into account in the
legislative process.

2. b. Check on Lok Sabha: Rajya Sabha acts as a check on the Lok Sabha, as both houses
have equal powers in passing or rejecting legislation. This ensures that legislation is
scrutinized and debated thoroughly, preventing any arbitrary or hasty decisions by the
A
government.

3. c. Expertise: Rajya Sabha members are usually experienced and knowledgeable, bringing
a wealth of expertise to the legislative process. This can be particularly useful in complex
ND

or technical areas that require specialized knowledge.

4. d. Constitutional Amendments: Rajya Sabha plays an important role in amending the

Constitution of India, which requires a special majority in both houses of Parliament. This
ensures that any changes to the Constitution are made with due diligence and
consensus, reflecting the views of the entire country.
NA

Highlight the special powers of Rajya Sabha:

2. Rajya Sabha has the following special powers:

3. a. Money Bills: Rajya Sabha can only recommend changes to Money Bills, which are bills
that deal with government finances. This ensures that the Lok Sabha, which represents
the people, has greater control over financial matters.

4. b. Impeachment: Rajya Sabha can initiate proceedings for the impeachment of the
President, Vice-President, Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, and members
of the Union Public Service Commission.

5. c. National Emergency: Rajya Sabha has a special role in declaring a National Emergency,
which can be imposed on the grounds of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.

30
 The President can declare a National Emergency only if the Cabinet advises him to do so,
and the Rajya Sabha must approve the proclamation within one month.

6. d. State Emergency: Rajya Sabha has a similar role in declaring a State Emergency, which
can be imposed on the grounds of failure of constitutional machinery in a state. The
President can declare a State Emergency only if the Governor advises him to do so, and
the Rajya Sabha must approve the proclamation within two months.

Conclusion: Rajya Sabha plays a crucial role in India's legislative process, representing the
interests of the states and acting as a check on the Lok Sabha. Its special powers, including the
ability to recommend changes to Money Bills, initiate impeachment proceedings, and declare
National and State Emergencies, are essential for maintaining the balance of power in the Indian
political system. Therefore, there is a need to have Rajya Sabha in India.

S
MARKS BREAKDOWN:

IA
Introduction and need for Rajya Sabha - 3 marks
 Special powers of Rajya Sabha - 4 marks
 Conclusion - 2 marks
 Overall presentation (clarity, coherence, organization) - 1 mark
A
Q4. Are the special powers of Parliamentary members conflicting with Fundamental Rights?

Answer:
ND

Are the special powers of Parliamentary members conflicting with Fundamental Rights?

1. The special powers of Parliamentary members, such as immunity from legal proceedings
for their speeches and votes in Parliament, can sometimes conflict with Fundamental
Rights in the following ways:
NA

2. a. Freedom of Speech and Expression: Parliamentary members are granted immunity

for their speeches and votes in Parliament, which can be seen as a restriction on the
freedom of speech and expression of those who may be affected by their statements or
decisions. This can be particularly problematic if the statements or decisions are
discriminatory or harmful to certain groups.

3. b. Right to Equality: The immunity granted to Parliamentary members can also be seen
as a violation of the right to equality, as it gives them a special status and protection that
is not available to ordinary citizens. This can create a sense of impunity among
Parliamentary members, leading to abuses of power and discrimination against certain
groups.

4. c. Right to Life and Liberty: Parliamentary members also have the power to make laws
that can restrict the right to life and liberty of citizens, such as through the imposition of
capital punishment or preventive detention. While these powers are necessary for

31
 maintaining law and order, they can sometimes be used in an arbitrary or discriminatory
manner.

5. However, it is important to note that the special powers of Parliamentary members are
not absolute and are subject to limitations imposed by the Constitution and the judiciary.

6. For example, the Supreme Court has held that immunity from legal proceedings does not
extend to acts outside the scope of Parliamentary proceedings or to acts that are
criminal.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, while the special powers of Parliamentary members can sometimes conflict with

S
Fundamental Rights, it is important to balance these powers with the need to protect individual
rights and liberties. The Constitution and the judiciary play an important role in ensuring that the
special powers of Parliamentary members are not abused and are subject to appropriate

IA
limitations. Therefore, it is possible to strike a balance between the special powers of
Parliamentary members and Fundamental Rights, but it requires constant vigilance and scrutiny.

MARKS BREAKDOWN:

 Introduction and explanation of special powers of Parliamentary members - 3 marks

 Conflicting with Fundamental Rights - 4 marks
A
 Limitations and checks on special powers - 2 marks
 Overall presentation (clarity, coherence, organization) - 1 mark
ND

Q5. Despite being a constitutional body ECI is unable to check the entry of criminals and
the unfair practices adopted during elections? What needs to done to ensure free and
fair elections?
-10M
NA

Ans: Despite being a constitutional body, the Election Commission of India (ECI) has not been
able to completely prevent the entry of criminals into politics and prevent unfair practices during
elections. To ensure free and fair elections, the following measures need to be taken:

1) Legal Reforms: The existing laws that prevent candidates with criminal backgrounds
from contesting elections need to be strengthened and implemented strictly. The laws
should also include provisions to punish political parties that field candidates with
criminal records.
2) Electoral Reforms: Electoral reforms should be introduced to reduce the role of money
power in elections. Political parties should be required to disclose their sources of
funding, and expenditure limits should be set and enforced strictly.
3) Technological Intervention: The ECI should leverage technology to improve the election
process. Electronic voting machines (EVMs) have been a major step in ensuring free and

32
 fair elections. The use of biometric identification, such as facial recognition technology,
can also be implemented to prevent identity fraud and impersonation during voting.
4) Voter Awareness: Voter education and awareness campaigns should be conducted to
inform voters of their rights and responsibilities. This will ensure that voters make
informed decisions and do not fall prey to the influence of money and muscle power.
5) Strong Monitoring: The ECI should have stronger monitoring and enforcement
mechanisms in place. This includes the deployment of more observers during elections,
the use of CCTV cameras to monitor polling booths, and swift action against those found
guilty of electoral malpractices.

To conclude, the ECI needs to take a multi-pronged approach to ensure free and fair elections.
Legal and electoral reforms, technological intervention, voter awareness, and stronger

S
monitoring and enforcement mechanisms are some of the key measures that can be taken to
achieve this goal. It is only through the concerted efforts of all stakeholders, including political
parties, civil society organizations, and the general public, that we can ensure that democracy

IA
thrives and that elections are truly free and fair.

Marks Breakdown
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Legal Reforms: 2 marks
 Electoral Reforms: 1.5 marks
 Technological Intervention: 1.5 marks
A
 Voter Awareness: 1 mark
 Strong Monitoring: 2 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark
ND

Q.6 (a) Write a note on the declining role of the Indian Parliament? -10M

Ans:
The Indian Parliament, which is the supreme legislative body of the country, has seen a decline in
NA

its role and significance in recent years. This can be attributed to various factors, which are
discussed below:

1) Weakening of parliamentary committees: The parliamentary committees play a crucial

role in scrutinizing the functioning of the government and holding it accountable.
However, in recent years, the functioning of these committees has been weakened due
to various reasons, including the lack of quorum, the absence of opposition members,
and the non-serious attitude of some members.
2) Reduced legislative output: The legislative output of the Parliament has reduced in
recent years, with fewer bills being introduced and passed. This is partly due to the
frequent disruptions and adjournments of the Parliament, which leave little time for
legislative work.
3) Dominance of the executive: The executive has become increasingly dominant in the
decision-making process, with the Parliament often reduced to a mere rubber-stamp.

33
 This is partly due to the growing influence of coalition politics, where the ruling party has
to depend on the support of other parties to remain in power.
4) Lack of meaningful debate: The quality of debate in the Parliament has declined, with
members often resorting to sloganeering and disruptive tactics. This has resulted in a
lack of meaningful discussion and debate on important issues.

5) In conclusion, the declining role of the Indian Parliament is a cause for concern, as it
undermines the principles of democracy and accountability. The Parliament must take
steps to strengthen its functioning and reclaim its rightful place as the supreme
legislative body of the country.

Marks Breakdown

S
 Introduction - 1 mark
 Points supporting declining role of Parliament - 4 marks (1 mark each for each
point)

IA
 Explanation of each point - 4 marks (1 mark each for explanation of each point)
 Conclusion - 1 mark

(or)
A
(b) Role of the parliamentary committees is to check excesses of the executive and
streamline the working of the Parliament. How far they were successful in this
objective? -10M
ND

Ans:
Role of Parliamentary Committees:

1) Parliamentary committees are an integral part of the Indian Parliament, comprising of

NA

members from both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
2) They are responsible for scrutinizing and analyzing various aspects of governance, such
as the functioning of government departments, policies, bills and budgets.
3) The main objective of these committees is to ensure that the executive branch of the
government does not exceed its powers and operates within the limits set by the
Constitution.

Success of Parliamentary Committees:

1) The success of parliamentary committees in achieving their objective has been mixed. On
one hand, they have been successful in uncovering corruption, identifying gaps in
policies and recommending improvements in governance.
2) For instance, the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) has been instrumental in exposing
financial irregularities and ensuring accountability in government expenditure. The
Committee on Petitions has also provided a platform for citizens to raise their grievances
and get redressal from the government.

34
 3) However, on the other hand, parliamentary committees have often been accused of
being toothless and ineffective. Many committees lack the power to enforce their
recommendations, and their reports are often ignored by the government.
4) Moreover, the functioning of parliamentary committees has also been hindered by
factors such as political interference, lack of resources and expertise, and inadequate
participation by members.

In conclusion, while parliamentary committees have made some significant contributions in

checking the excesses of the executive and streamlining the working of the Parliament, their
success has been limited by several factors. To enhance the effectiveness of these committees, it
is essential to address the institutional and procedural constraints and ensure greater

S
independence, accountability and participation in their functioning.

IA
Marks Breakdown
 Introduction and definition of parliamentary committees - 1 mark
 Explanation of the role of parliamentary committees - 2 marks
 Discussion on the success of parliamentary committees - 4 marks
 Discussion on the limitations of parliamentary committees - 2 marks
 Conclusion and recommendations - 1 mark
A
ND
NA

35
 Paper-3, section-1, Unit-5
Q1. What is the procedure for the removal of the judges?

The removal of judges is a crucial aspect of the Indian judiciary system as it ensures that
the judges are held accountable for their actions and decisions. The procedure for the removal of
judges is mentioned in the Constitution of India under Article 124(4) and Article 217(1)(b). The
following are the steps involved in the procedure for the removal of judges:

1. Initiation of proceedings: The removal proceedings can be initiated by either house of

Parliament by presenting an address to the President signed by at least 100 members of
Lok Sabha or 50 members of Rajya Sabha, alleging misbehavior or incapacity of a judge.

S
2. Investigation: The President then constitutes a three-member committee consisting of a
Supreme Court judge, a High Court judge, and a distinguished jurist to investigate the
charges against the judge.

IA
3. Findings of the committee: If the committee finds the judge guilty of misbehavior or
incapacity, then the matter is taken up by the respective house of Parliament for
consideration.

4. Passing of the resolution: The respective house of Parliament can pass a resolution by a
special majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting, declaring
A
that the judge should be removed from office on the grounds of misbehavior or
incapacity.
ND

5. Presidential order: The resolution is then presented to the President, who issues an
order for the removal of the judge.

Conclusion:

The procedure for the removal of judges in India is a comprehensive process that ensures the
accountability of judges. The Constitution of India provides a detailed mechanism for the
NA

removal of judges, which involves the initiation of proceedings, investigation, findings of the
committee, passing of the resolution, and Presidential order. It is essential to follow this process
to maintain the independence and integrity of the judiciary and to uphold the rule of law in the
country.

Marks breakdown:

 Introduction: 1 mark
 Steps involved in the procedure for the removal of judges: 6 marks (initiation of proceedings -
1 mark, investigation - 1 mark, findings of the committee - 1 mark, passing of the resolution -
2 marks, Presidential order - 1 mark)
 Conclusion: 2 marks
 Overall structure and language: 1 mark

36
Q2. Critically analyse the power of contempt of court?

Answer:

Introduction: The power of contempt of court is a unique and powerful legal tool available to the
judiciary to maintain its authority and protect the administration of justice. Contempt of court
refers to any act or omission that tends to undermine the authority, dignity, or impartiality of the
court.

Body: The power of contempt of court has both advantages and disadvantages, which are as
follows:

S
Advantages:

1. Protects the dignity of the court: Contempt of court is used to protect the dignity and

IA
authority of the court. Any action that undermines the authority of the court can be
dealt with severely.

2. Maintains public confidence: The power of contempt of court ensures that the public
has confidence in the judiciary. This is important to maintain the integrity and credibility
of the justice system.
A
3. Acts as a deterrent: The power of contempt of court acts as a deterrent to those who
may attempt to interfere with the administration of justice.

4. Ensures compliance with court orders: Contempt of court is used to enforce court
ND

orders and ensure compliance with court decisions.

Disadvantages:

1. Abuse of power: The power of contempt of court can be abused by the judiciary to
suppress legitimate criticism and dissent.
NA

2. Violation of free speech: Contempt of court can be used to violate the fundamental right
of free speech and expression.

3. Lack of transparency: The power of contempt of court lacks transparency, and there is a
possibility of arbitrary exercise of power by the judiciary.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the power of contempt of court is a necessary tool for the judiciary to
maintain its authority and protect the administration of justice. However, it should be used
judiciously and with caution, to avoid any abuse of power or violation of fundamental rights. The
power of contempt of court should be exercised in a transparent manner to maintain public
confidence in the judiciary.

37
 MARKS BREAKDOWN:
 Introduction - 1 mark
 Advantages - 4 marks (1 mark each)
 Disadvantages - 4 marks (1 mark each)
 Conclusion - 1 mark

Q3.What was the impact of judicial review over the President's Rule? Cite some examples in the
last 10 years.

Answer:

The concept of judicial review in India has been an integral part of the Constitution since
its inception. Judicial review refers to the power of the judiciary to examine the constitutional

S
validity of legislative or executive actions. In recent times, the impact of judicial review over the
President's Rule has been significant. Let us analyze the impact of judicial review over the
President's Rule in the last 10 years.

IA
1. Judicial review ensures the constitutional validity of the President's Rule: The
imposition of the President's Rule in a state is a serious matter and should be used as a
last resort. The judiciary ensures that the President's Rule is imposed only in accordance
with the provisions of the Constitution. The courts examine whether there is a
breakdown of the constitutional machinery in the state, which warrants the imposition
A
of President's Rule. This ensures that the President's Rule is not used as a tool for
political vendetta.

2. Judicial review ensures adherence to the principles of federalism: The imposition of

ND

President's Rule infringes on the federal structure of the Constitution. The judiciary
ensures that the principles of federalism are adhered to while imposing President's Rule.
The courts examine whether the state has been given an opportunity to form an
alternative government and whether the imposition of President's Rule is justified in the
given circumstances.
NA

3. Examples of judicial review over President's Rule in the last 10 years:

a. In 2016, the Uttarakhand High Court quashed the imposition of President's Rule in the state.
The court held that the Governor had acted in a biased manner and had recommended the
imposition of President's Rule without giving the elected government a chance to prove its
majority.

b. In 2019, the Supreme Court set aside the imposition of President's Rule in Maharashtra. The
court held that the Governor's decision to impose President's Rule was not justified as the state
government had not been given an opportunity to form an alternative government.

c. In 2020, the Madhya Pradesh High Court quashed the imposition of President's Rule in the
state. The court held that the Governor had not followed due process while recommending the
imposition of President's Rule.

Conclusion:

38
In conclusion, the impact of judicial review over the President's Rule has been significant in
recent times. Judicial review ensures that the imposition of President's Rule is done in
accordance with the Constitution and the principles of federalism are adhered to. The recent
examples of judicial review over the President's Rule in the last 10 years demonstrate that the
judiciary is a robust check on the misuse of the President's Rule.

Marks Breakdown:

 Introduction and explanation of judicial review over the President's Rule - 1 mark
 Importance of judicial review in ensuring the constitutional validity of President's Rule - 2
marks

S
 Importance of judicial review in ensuring adherence to the principles of federalism - 2 marks
 Examples of judicial review over President's Rule in the last 10 years - 3 marks
 Conclusion summarizing the impact of judicial review over President's Rule - 2 marks

IA
Q4. What were the circumstances that led to the first constitutional amendment act?

Answer: The first constitutional amendment act was introduced in 1951 to make certain changes
in the Constitution of India. The following are the circumstances that led to the enactment of the
A
first constitutional amendment act:
1. Judicial Interpretation: The Supreme Court of India, through its landmark judgment in
the Shankari Prasad case, held that the power of amending the Constitution under
ND

Article 368 is an unlimited power and that the fundamental rights can also be amended.
This led to a need for clarifying the power of amending the Constitution.
2. Property Rights: The government of India wanted to acquire private property for public
use but faced legal hurdles as Article 19(1)(f) guaranteed the right to property. The
amendment act inserted Article 31A and 31B which provided for the acquisition of
estates and compensation for such acquisition.
NA

3. Zamindari Abolition: The government of India was planning to abolish the zamindari
system but faced legal challenges as the zamindars had the right to property under
Article 19(1)(f). The amendment act inserted Article 31C which validated the laws
relating to zamindari abolition and other land reforms.
4. Reorganisation of States: The government of India wanted to reorganize the states on
linguistic lines but faced legal challenges as there was no provision for the same in the
Constitution. The amendment act inserted Article 3 which provided for the formation of
new states and alteration of existing boundaries.

Conclusion: The circumstances that led to the first constitutional amendment act were mainly
related to the need for clarifying the power of amending the Constitution and for overcoming
legal hurdles in acquiring private property and implementing land reforms. The amendment act
also provided for the reorganization of states on linguistic lines. Overall, the first constitutional
amendment act was an important step in shaping the Constitution of India to suit the changing
needs of the country.

39
 MARKS BREAKDOWN:
 Explanation of Judicial Interpretation: 2 marks
 Explanation of Property Rights: 3 marks
 Explanation of Zamindari Abolition: 2 marks
 Explanation of Reorganisation of States: 2 marks Conclusion: 1 mark

Topic: Judiciary in India _ Judicial review, public interest litigation.

Q5. Which articles and judgements contributed to widening the scope of judicial review?

Answer: The scope of judicial review has been widened through various articles and judgements,

S
some of which are listed below:

1. Article 13 of the Constitution of India - This article declares that any law that is
inconsistent with or in derogation of fundamental rights shall be void. This provision

IA
provides a basis for judicial review of legislation.

2. Article 32 of the Constitution of India - This article confers on the Supreme Court the
power to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights. This power is an
essential tool for judicial review of executive and legislative actions.
A
3. Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala (1973) - This landmark judgement established
the doctrine of basic structure, which holds that certain fundamental features of the
Constitution cannot be altered even by constitutional amendment. This doctrine
expanded the scope of judicial review by limiting the amending power of the legislature.
ND

4. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) - This judgement broadened the scope of
Article 21 (right to life and personal liberty) to include the right to travel abroad. It also
held that the procedure established by law for depriving a person of their liberty must be
fair, just, and reasonable. This judgement reinforced the idea that the Constitution is a
living document that must be interpreted in light of contemporary circumstances.
NA

5. Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980) - This case held that the power of judicial
review is an essential feature of the Constitution and cannot be abrogated or curtailed by
constitutional amendment. It also reaffirmed the basic structure doctrine and
emphasized the importance of judicial review as a check on legislative and executive
power.

Conclusion: The scope of judicial review has been widened through various articles and
judgements, including Article 13, Article 32, Kesavananda Bharati, Maneka Gandhi, and Minerva
Mills. These provisions and cases have established the importance of judicial review as a means
of upholding the Constitution and protecting fundamental rights. The role of the judiciary in
interpreting and enforcing the Constitution is essential to maintaining the rule of law and
ensuring that the rights of citizens are protected.

40
 Marks breakdown:

 Introduction: 1 mark Article 13: 1 mark

 Article 32: 1 mark Kesavananda Bharati: 2 marks
 Maneka Gandhi: 2 marks
 Minerva Mills: 2 marks & Conclusion: 1 mark

Q6. What is PIL, and what are the measures taken by the judiciary to curb the misuse of PIL.

Introduction: Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a legal action initiated in the interest of the public
or the underprivileged sections of the society, who may not have the resources or the legal

S
standing to approach the court. PIL can be filed in any court of law, but it is generally filed in the
high courts or the Supreme Court.

Measures taken by the judiciary to curb the misuse of PIL are:

IA
1. Introduction of ‘Costs’ for filing PILs: The Supreme Court has introduced the concept of
‘Costs’ for filing PILs. This means that the petitioner has to pay a certain amount of
money as a penalty for filing frivolous or motivated PILs.

2. Introduction of ‘Public Interest Foundation’: The Supreme Court has allowed the
A
creation of a ‘Public Interest Foundation’ to help weed out frivolous PILs. The foundation
can file PILs on behalf of the underprivileged sections of society who cannot approach
the court on their own.
ND

3. Stricter scrutiny of PILs: The Supreme Court has been scrutinizing PILs more strictly to
prevent their misuse. The court is now taking into consideration the motives behind filing
PILs, the qualifications of the petitioners, and the veracity of the claims made in the PILs.

4. Limitation on the scope of PILs: The Supreme Court has put a limitation on the scope of
PILs by stating that it cannot be used to question the policy decisions of the government
NA

or the legislature.

Conclusion: Thus, PIL is a powerful tool for social justice, but its misuse can lead to unnecessary
burden on the judiciary and it can also be used to settle personal or political scores. The
measures taken by the judiciary are aimed at curbing the misuse of PILs while ensuring that the
underprivileged sections of society continue to have access to justice.

Marks breakdown:

 Introduction (1 mark),
 Measures taken by the judiciary (5 marks),
 Conclusion (2 marks),
 Overall structure and coherence (2 marks),

41
 NA
ND
A
IA
S

42
 Paper-3, Section-2, Unit- 6
Q1. Define the nature of Public Administration and its scope as an activity.
Public Administration is the activity of carrying out public policies and programs aimed at
achieving the goals and objectives of a government or organization.
Its nature and scope can be understood as follows:
1. Nature of Public Administration:
 Public Administration is a cooperative effort to implement policies and programs for
the public good.
 It involves the use of authority, power, and resources to accomplish public
objectives.
 Public Administration is a process that involves planning, organizing, staffing,
directing, coordinating, controlling, and evaluating activities.

S
 It is a value-neutral activity, which means that administrators should not impose
their personal values on the public.
 Public Administration is a dynamic field that responds to changes in society, politics,

IA
and technology.
2. Scope of Public Administration:
 The scope of Public Administration includes the provision of public services,
regulation of private behavior, and management of public resources.
 It encompasses the activities of various levels of government, such as local, state,
A
and federal.
 Public Administration covers various sectors, such as education, healthcare, public
safety, transportation, and social welfare.
 It involves interactions with other fields, such as law, economics, and political
ND

science.
 Public Administration also involves ethical and legal considerations, such as
accountability, transparency, and fairness.
Conclusion: Public Administration is a complex and multifaceted activity that plays a critical role
in achieving the goals and objectives of government and organizations. Its nature and scope are
NA

constantly evolving and responding to changes in society, politics, and technology.

Administrators must be knowledgeable about the various aspects of Public Administration and
committed to ethical and legal standards to carry out their duties effectively.
Marks Breakdown:
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Nature of Public Administration: 4 marks
 Scope of Public Administration: 4 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark

Q2. Trace the evolution of Public Administration in India.

Answer:
The evolution of Public Administration in India can be traced through the following points:
1. Pre-Independence era: During this period, the British government established a
centralized administrative system in India. The bureaucracy was structured on the lines

43
 of the British administrative system, and the emphasis was on maintaining law and
order, collecting revenue, and providing limited public services.
2. Post-Independence era: After independence, India adopted a democratic form of
government and a new administrative system was established. The focus shifted from
maintaining law and order to promoting social welfare and economic development. A
number of new institutions were created to promote public participation in the
administrative process, such as panchayats, municipalities, and other local bodies.
3. Developmental Administration: In the 1960s and 1970s, the government of India
adopted a developmental approach to administration, with a focus on planned economic
development. The emphasis was on promoting social justice, reducing poverty, and
improving the standard of living of the people. This led to the creation of a number of
new institutions and agencies, such as the Planning Commission, the National

S
Development Council, and the Public Sector Undertakings.
4. Liberalization Era: In the 1990s, India adopted a liberalization policy, which led to
significant changes in the administrative system. The focus shifted from a government-

IA
centric approach to a market-oriented approach, with a greater emphasis on
privatization, deregulation, and liberalization of the economy. The emphasis was on
creating an enabling environment for private enterprise, reducing bureaucratic red tape,
and promoting efficiency and effectiveness in the administration.
Conclusion:
The evolution of public administration in India has been shaped by various political, social, and
A
economic factors. The focus of administration has shifted from maintaining law and order to
promoting social welfare and economic development, with a greater emphasis on public
participation and market-oriented approaches. However, there are still many challenges that
ND

need to be addressed, such as bureaucratic red tape, corruption, and lack of transparency and
accountability. To meet these challenges, there is a need for continuous reform and
modernization of the administrative system in India.
MARKS BREAKDOWN:
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Point 1: 2 marks Point 2: 2 marks Point 3: 2 marks Point 4: 2 marks
NA

 Conclusion: 1 mark

Q.3 In the light of the recent circumstances regarding the collegium system. Should the judges be
appointing judges? -
10M

Ans:
Introduction: The collegium system of appointment of judges has been a topic of debate in India
for quite some time now. In the recent circumstances, there have been controversies over the
working of the collegium system, raising concerns about its transparency and accountability. This
has led to a question about whether the judges should be appointing judges or not. pros and
cons of this issue are as follows.
Pros of Judges Appointing Judges:

44
1. Expertise: Judges are experts in the field of law and justice. They have the knowledge and
experience required to evaluate the suitability of a candidate for a judicial appointment.
2. Independence: When judges appoint judges, it ensures the independence of the
judiciary. This is because the appointments are made by the judges themselves, and not
by the executive or the legislature.
3. Accountability: The judges are accountable to the Constitution and the people of India.
When they make judicial appointments, they are more likely to be impartial and make
decisions that are in the best interest of the country.
Cons of Judges Appointing Judges:
1. Lack of Transparency: The collegium system lacks transparency, and there have been
allegations of favoritism and nepotism in the appointments made by the collegium.
2. Lack of Representation: The collegium system is criticized for not being representative of

S
the diversity of India. There are concerns that it does not take into account the regional,
linguistic, and social diversity of the country.
3. Lack of Accountability: The collegium system lacks accountability, and there is no

IA
mechanism to ensure that the appointments made by the collegium are fair and
unbiased.
Conclusion: In conclusion, while the judges appointing judges has some advantages, there are
also some drawbacks to the collegium system. There is a need for greater transparency and
accountability in the appointments made by the collegium. Therefore, it is important to strike a
balance between the independence of the judiciary and the need for transparency and
A
accountability.

Marks Breakdown
 Introduction - 1 mark
ND

 Pros of Judges Appointing Judges - 3 marks

 Cons of Judges Appointing Judges - 3 marks
 Conclusion - 2 marks
 Overall Coherence and Structure - 1 mark
NA

(b) Critically examine the judicial review. Is it leading to friction between the judiciary,
executive and legislature?
-10M

Ans: Introduction: Judicial review refers to the power of the judiciary to review the actions of the
executive and legislature and strike them down if they are found to be unconstitutional. In India,
this power is derived from Article 13 and 32 of the Constitution. The judiciary plays a crucial role
in upholding the Constitution and ensuring that the other two branches of the government do
not exceed their powers. However, this power can sometimes lead to friction between the
judiciary, executive and legislature.
Advantages of judicial review:
Judicial review has several advantages. Firstly, it ensures that the Constitution is upheld and the
rule of law is maintained. Secondly, it protects individual rights and freedoms by preventing the

45
government from enacting laws that are unconstitutional. Thirdly, it ensures that the
government is held accountable for its actions and is not above the law.
Disadvantages of judicial review:
However, judicial review also has its disadvantages. One of the main disadvantages is that it can
lead to the encroachment of the powers of the legislature and executive. This can happen when
the judiciary strikes down laws or policies enacted by the other branches of the government.
Another disadvantage is that it can lead to judicial activism, where judges take on a more active
role in shaping public policy.
Instances of friction caused by judicial review:
Several instances in recent years have highlighted the friction caused by judicial review. The
National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) case, where the judiciary struck down a law
enacted by the legislature to reform the appointment of judges, is one such instance. Another

S
example is the Sabarimala case, where the judiciary's decision to allow women of all ages to
enter the Sabarimala temple in Kerala led to protests by the state government and religious
groups. The recent farm laws case is another example where the judiciary's intervention in policy

IA
matters has led to a tussle between the judiciary, executive and legislature.
Analysis of recent tussle over appointment of judges: The recent tussle over the appointment of
judges and their transfer has led to a debate about the independence of the judiciary. The
judiciary has been accused of exceeding its powers by making decisions on matters that are the
domain of the executive. This has led to a breakdown in communication between the judiciary,
executive and legislature, which is not healthy for democracy.
A
Conclusion: In conclusion, while judicial review is an essential feature of Indian democracy, it
should not lead to friction between the judiciary, executive and legislature.The need of the hour
is for a balanced approach towards judicial review, where the judiciary is held accountable and
ND

the powers of the legislature and executive are not encroached upon.

Marks Breakdown

• Introduction: 1 mark
• Advantages of judicial review: 2 marks
• Disadvantages of judicial review: 2 marks
NA

• Instances of friction caused by judicial review: 2 marks

• Analysis of recent tussle over appointment of judges: 2 marks
• Conclusion: 1 mark

Q4. What are Kautilya’s ideas on Governance and corruption?

Kautilya, also known as Chanakya, was a philosopher, economist, and political strategist who
lived in ancient India. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential thinkers in the field of
political science and his ideas on governance and corruption are still relevant today. The ideas of
Kautilya on Governance and corruption:

1. The Importance of Good Governance: Kautilya believed that good governance was
essential for the welfare of the state and its people. He stressed the importance of
having a strong and efficient government that is accountable to its citizens.

46
 2. The Role of the Ruler: According to Kautilya, the ruler is the guardian of the state and
must act in the best interests of the people. The ruler must be knowledgeable, just, and
compassionate, and must always be willing to listen to the grievances of the people.

3. The Importance of Justice: Kautilya believed that justice was essential for the
maintenance of social order and the welfare of the people. He believed that the ruler
must ensure that justice is done, even if it goes against his interests.

4. The Role of the Officials: Kautilya stressed the importance of having competent and
honest officials who are committed to the welfare of the state and its people. He
believed that corruption among officials was a major obstacle to good governance and
must be rooted out.

S
5. Punishment for Corruption: Kautilya believed that corruption was a serious crime that
undermined the welfare of the state and its people. He believed that corrupt officials
must be punished severely, including confiscation of their property and even execution

IA
in extreme cases.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Kautilya’s ideas on governance and corruption are still relevant today, especially in
the context of developing countries like India. His emphasis on good governance, justice, and the
role of the ruler and officials in ensuring the welfare of the state and its people is particularly
A
important. His belief that corruption is a serious crime that must be punished severely is also
relevant, given the pervasive corruption that still exists in many parts of the world. By
implementing some of Kautilya’s ideas, governments can create a more just and equitable
ND

society that works for the benefit of all its citizens.

Marks breakdown:

 Introduction - 1 mark
 Point 1 - 2 marks Point 2 - 2 marks Point 3 - 2 marks Point 4 - 1 mark

NA

Conclusion - 2 marks

Q5. Explain the structure and pattern of the Government machinery in Kautilya’s time.

Answer:

The Government machinery in Kautilya's time was well-organized and structured, with a clear
hierarchy and division of power as explained below.

1. Monarchy: The government machinery was based on the principle of monarchy, where
the king was the supreme authority and held absolute power over the state.

2. Division of Power: The government machinery was divided into three main categories -
the executive, the judiciary, and the legislative. The executive was responsible for the

47
 day-to-day administration of the state, while the judiciary was responsible for settling
disputes and maintaining law and order. The legislative was responsible for making laws.

3. Administrative Units: The kingdom was divided into administrative units called
janapadas, which were further divided into smaller units called gramas.

4. Officials: The king appointed various officials to assist him in the administration of the
state. These officials included ministers, secretaries, and administrators.

5. Taxation System: The taxation system was well-organized, with various taxes levied on
different commodities. The tax revenue was used for the development of the state.

6. Military: The military was an important part of the government machinery, and the king

S
maintained a strong army to protect the state from external threats.

Conclusion: The government machinery in Kautilya's time was well-structured and organized.
The king held absolute power, and the government was divided into three main categories - the

IA
executive, the judiciary, and the legislative. The administrative units were divided into janapadas
and gramas, and various officials were appointed to assist the king in the administration of the
state. The taxation system was well-organized, and the military was an important part of the
government machinery. Overall, the government machinery in Kautilya's time was well-
developed and provided a strong foundation for the administration of the state.
A
Marks breakdown:

 Introduction: 1 mark
 Body (points 1-6): 6 marks (1 mark for each point)
ND

 Conclusion: 2 marks
 Overall presentation and language: 1 mark

Q6. What are the key features and structure of the Mughal Administration?
The Mughal Empire, which lasted from 1526 to 1857, was one of the most important dynasties in
NA

Indian history. The Mughal administration had several key features and structures that made it
unique. The following points describe some of the most important aspects of the Mughal
administration:
1. Centralized administration: The Mughal Empire was a highly centralized system of
governance. The emperor was the ultimate authority and was responsible for all major
decisions. The emperor was advised by a group of ministers, which included the prime
minister, finance minister, foreign minister, and others. The emperor also appointed
regional governors to help manage the provinces.
2. Provincial administration: The empire was divided into provinces or subas, which were
governed by governors or subedars. The governors were responsible for maintaining law
and order in their respective regions, as well as for collecting taxes and managing the
local economy. They were also responsible for managing the army and defending their
provinces against external threats.

48
 3. Land revenue system: The Mughal administration had a well-organized land revenue
system. The empire was divided into revenue units or mahals, which were assessed for
their revenue potential. The revenue was fixed on the basis of the fertility of the land,
the crops grown, and the size of the landholding. The revenue was collected by revenue
officials and was used to finance the administration and the army.
4. Military administration: The Mughal administration had a well-organized military
system. The army was divided into several categories, including the cavalry, infantry,
artillery, and elephants. The army was managed by the emperor and his advisors, who
appointed generals and other military officials to manage the various units.
5. Judiciary: The Mughal administration had a well-organized system of justice. The
emperor was the ultimate authority in matters of justice, but he delegated this
responsibility to his ministers and judges. The empire had a system of civil and criminal

S
courts, which were responsible for resolving disputes and punishing offenders.
Conclusion: The Mughal administration was a highly centralized system of governance that was
well-organized and efficient. It was characterized by a strong central authority, a well-organized

IA
provincial administration, a land revenue system, a well-organized military system, and a system
of justice. These features and structures helped the Mughal Empire to maintain its power and
influence for several centuries.

Marks Breakdown:
 Introduction: 1 mark
A
 Point 1: 2 marks Point 2: 2 marks Point 3: 2 marks Point 4: 1 mark Point 5: 2 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark
ND

Q7. What were the consequences of the legacy of British rule in India?
Answer:
NA

Consequences of the legacy of British rule in India:

1. Economic Consequences: The British rule brought a significant change in India's
economy. India was transformed from an agrarian economy to a modern industrial
economy, but this was not without its negative consequences. India was transformed
into a raw material supplier and market for British manufactured goods, and Indian
industries were destroyed. India's economy suffered a great deal due to British policies,
such as the taxation policies, railway construction, and the introduction of the currency
system.
2. Social Consequences: British rule brought about significant changes in India's social
structure. British policies, such as the introduction of English education, the abolition of
Sati, and the formation of a modern legal system, brought about changes in the Indian
social structure. On the other hand, British rule also led to the growth of communalism,
casteism, and other social evils.

49
 3. Political Consequences: The British rule had a significant impact on India's political
structure. The introduction of the modern legal system, the establishment of
representative institutions such as the Indian National Congress, and the formation of a
modern administrative system are some of the positive consequences. However, the
British also practiced the policy of divide and rule, leading to communal violence and the
partition of India.
4. Administrative Consequences: The British rule had a lasting impact on India's
administrative system. The introduction of the modern legal system, the establishment
of a modern police force, and the creation of a modern bureaucracy are some of the
lasting legacies of British rule. However, the British also followed a policy of
discrimination against Indians in the civil service and other administrative positions.
Conclusion: The legacy of British rule in India was a mixed bag. While it brought about significant

S
changes in India's economy, society, politics, and administrative system, it also had negative
consequences. The legacy of British rule is still visible in India today, and it will continue to shape
India's future. It is up to the Indian people to learn from the past and build a better future for

IA
themselves.

Marks Breakdown:
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Economic Consequences: 2 marks
 Social Consequences: 2 marks
A
 Political Consequences: 2 marks
 Administrative Consequences: 2 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark
ND

Q.8 Despite affecting India negatively, the British also left behind a few positive developments.
Critically examine the positive legacy of the British and their impact on modern India. -
10M
NA

Ans:
Introduction: The British colonial rule in India lasted for almost 200 years, and during this time,
India witnessed many changes. While it is true that British colonization had a negative impact on
India, it is also undeniable that they left behind some positive legacies. This essay aims to
critically examine the positive legacy of the British and their impact on modern India.

Positive developments left by the British:

1. Modern Education System: The British introduced a modern education system in India,
which laid the foundation for the current education system in the country. They
established schools and universities, which provided education to Indians and helped
create a class of educated Indians who became leaders in various fields.
2. Infrastructure development: The British also invested in infrastructure development,
which improved the transportation and communication network in India. They built

50
 railways, ports, telegraph lines, and roads, which connected different parts of India and
facilitated trade and commerce.
3. English language: The British introduced the English language in India, which has become
the language of administration, education, and business in the country. It has helped
India to become a global player and has facilitated communication with the rest of the
world.
4. Legal system: The British introduced a modern legal system in India, which is biased on
the principles of justice, fairness, and equality. It has helped to strengthen the rule of law
in India and has provided a framework for resolving disputes.
5. Political system: The British also introduced a parliamentary form of government in India,
which has become the foundation of the Indian political system. It has ensured a
democratic and accountable government in the country.

S
Impact of British legacy on modern India:

1. Education and economic development: The modern education system and infrastructure

IA
development have helped India to become a knowledge-based economy and a major
player in the global economy. It has also helped to reduce poverty and increase the
standard of living of people.

2. Cultural exchange: The English language and the legal and political systems have
facilitated cultural exchange between India and the rest of the world. It has helped
A
India to become a global cultural and intellectual center.

Conclusion: In conclusion, while the British colonial rule in India had negative consequences, it is
also true that they left behind some positive legacies. The modern education system,
ND

infrastructure development, English language, legal system, and parliamentary form of

government have had a profound impact on modern India. They have helped India to become a
global player and have facilitated the country's economic, social, and cultural development.

Marks Breakdown
• Introduction: 1 mark
NA

Positive developments left by the British:

• Modern Education System: 2 marks
• Infrastructure development: 2 marks
• English language: 1 mark
• Legal system: 1 mark
• Political system: 1 mark
Impact of British legacy on modern India:
• Education and economic development: 2 marks
• Cultural exchange: 1 mark
Conclusion: 1 mark

(b) What is the relevance of Kautilya in the present day's public administration? -
10M

Ans:

51
The relevance of Kautilya, also known as Chanakya, in present-day public administration
explained in the following points:
1. Administrative Policies: Kautilya's Arthashastra is a comprehensive treatise on
statecraft, governance, and economics. Its emphasis on efficient and effective
administration, social welfare, and the welfare of the state as a whole has relevance in
modern-day administrative policies.
2. Leadership: Kautilya's teachings on leadership and the qualities of a good leader have
significant relevance in today's public administration. His emphasis on integrity,
intelligence, and the ability to handle diverse situations can guide modern-day leaders to
improve their decision-making and problem-solving skills.
3. Ethics: Kautilya's emphasis on ethical behavior in public administration has significance
even today. His emphasis on the need for public servants to act with honesty,

S
impartiality, and fairness can help modern-day public servants to understand the
importance of ethical conduct and its impact on the public's perception of the
government.

IA
4. Public Service Delivery: Kautilya's ideas on the provision of public services are still
relevant today. His emphasis on the need to provide quality services to the public,
without discrimination, can guide modern-day public servants in delivering services that
meet the needs of the public.
Conclusion: Kautilya's teachings have significant relevance in modern-day public administration.
His emphasis on efficient and effective administration, ethical conduct, good leadership, and
A
quality public service delivery can guide modern-day public servants to improve their
performance, deliver better services to the public, and promote the welfare of the state as a
whole.
ND

Marks breakdown:

Marks Breakdown:
• Introduction to the concept of Indian Federalism: 1 mark
• Explanation of the features of Indian Federalism: 2 marks
• Discussion of drawbacks in the existing structure: 3 marks
• Measures to fill up the loopholes: 3 marks
NA

• Conclusion and overall impression: 1 mark

52
 Paper-3, Section-2, unit-7
Q1. The progress of the Nation depends on access to education for all. What are the most
important recent initiatives taken by the government in this regard?

Introduction: Access to education for all is a critical aspect of a nation's progress. The
government of India has launched several initiatives in recent years to ensure that education is
available to all sections of society, regardless of their socioeconomic background. Here we will
discuss the most important recent initiatives taken by the government in this regard.

Important recent initiatives taken by the government in promoting education:

1. The Right to Education Act (2009): This Act mandates that every child between the ages

S
of 6 and 14 years must be provided with free and compulsory education. It also makes it
mandatory for private schools to reserve 25% of their seats for children from
economically weaker sections.

IA
2. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA): This program aims to provide quality elementary
education to all children, with a focus on disadvantaged sections of society. It has been
successful in increasing enrollment rates, reducing drop-out rates, and improving
learning outcomes.
3. Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA): This program aims to improve access to
secondary education in India. It focuses on improving the infrastructure of existing
A
schools, opening new schools, and providing vocational education to students.
4. Digital India: The Digital India initiative aims to transform India into a digitally
empowered society and knowledge economy. It has a significant impact on education,
ND

with the government providing digital infrastructure, e-learning platforms, and internet
connectivity to schools across the country.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the Indian government has taken several initiatives to promote access
to education for all. The Right to Education Act, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Rashtriya Madhyamik
Shiksha Abhiyan, and Digital India are some of the most important recent initiatives in this
regard. These initiatives have helped to increase enrollment rates, reduce drop-out rates, and
NA

improve learning outcomes. However, there is still a long way to go, and the government must
continue to prioritize education as a means of promoting the progress of the nation.

Marks Breakdown:

• Introduction: 1 mark
• Initiative 1: 2 marks
• Initiative 2: 2 marks
• Initiative 3: 2 marks
• Initiative 4: 2 marks
• Conclusion: 1 mark

53
 Q2. What is the role of civil society in improving the governance of the country?

Role of Civil Society in Improving Governance in India:

1. Awareness: Civil society acts as a watchdog by creating awareness among citizens about
their rights and responsibilities. It also highlights the shortcomings in governance and
advocates for necessary changes.
2. Accountability: Civil society organizations hold the government accountable for its
actions and decisions. They monitor the implementation of policies and programs and
bring to light any malpractices.
3. People’s Participation: Civil society encourages people to participate in the decision-
making process, especially in matters that affect their lives. It also advocates for the
inclusion of marginalized communities in the decision-making process.

S
4. Policy advocacy: Civil society organizations play an important role in influencing policies
and advocating for reforms that benefit the common people. They also provide valuable
feedback on policies and programs and suggest changes that are in the interest of the

IA
people.

Service delivery: Civil society organizations often provide services that are not adequately
addressed by the government. This includes providing education, health services, and other
social welfare programs.
A
Conclusion: Civil society has an important role to play in improving the governance of the
country. By creating awareness, holding the government accountable, encouraging participation,
advocating for policy reforms, and providing essential services, civil society organizations can
contribute significantly to the development of the country. Therefore, it is important to promote
ND

and support the activities of civil society organizations to ensure good governance and
development in India.

MARKS BREAKDOWN:

 Introduction - 1 Mark
NA

 Point 1 to 5 - 8 Marks
 Conclusion - 1 Mark

Q3. How much does Ayushman Bharat address the need to have a health care system?

Introduction: Ayushman Bharat, also known as Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY), is a
government-sponsored scheme that aims to provide healthcare coverage to economically
vulnerable sections of the population. The scheme was launched in 2018 and has been touted as
one of the world's largest health insurance programs.

Content: Ayushman Bharat has taken a step towards addressing the need for a comprehensive
healthcare system in India. The scheme covers more than 10 crore families across the country,
providing them with a health insurance cover of up to Rs. 5 lakh per family per year. This has
helped in improving access to healthcare services and reducing the financial burden on families.

54
The scheme has also focused on strengthening primary healthcare in the country by establishing
Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs) that offer a range of preventive and promotive health
services. These centers provide comprehensive primary healthcare services, including maternal
and child health services, non-communicable disease screening, and treatment, and mental
health services.

Moreover, the scheme has also facilitated the creation of a digital health infrastructure in the
country, which enables seamless access to health services and promotes interoperability among
different health systems. This has led to an improvement in the quality and efficiency of
healthcare services in the country.

Conclusion: In conclusion, Ayushman Bharat has addressed the need for a comprehensive
healthcare system in India by providing health insurance coverage, strengthening primary

S
healthcare services, and facilitating the creation of a digital health infrastructure. However, there
is still a long way to go in achieving universal healthcare coverage in the country, and concerted
efforts are needed to improve the quality and accessibility of healthcare services.

IA
Marks breakdown:

• Introduction: 1 mark
• Content: 7 marks
• Conclusion: 1 mark
A
• Overall presentation and coherence: 1 mark

Q4. What is inclusive growth, explain various facets of inclusive growth?

ND

Inclusive growth is an economic growth model that aims to create opportunities for all sections
of the society to participate in and benefit from economic growth. It is a process that promotes
economic growth with equity, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability.

Various facets of inclusive growth are:

1. Income Inequality: Inclusive growth aims to reduce income inequality by providing equal
NA

opportunities to all individuals regardless of their social and economic background.

2. Employment: Inclusive growth aims to provide employment opportunities to all sections
of the society, including women, youth, and marginalized communities.
3. Human Development: Inclusive growth emphasizes the need for human development by
providing access to education, healthcare, and social security.
4. Infrastructure: Inclusive growth requires the development of infrastructure to support
economic growth, such as transport, energy, and communication networks.
5. Environmental Sustainability: Inclusive growth aims to ensure that economic growth is
sustainable and does not harm the environment.

Conclusion: Inclusive growth is an important economic model that promotes economic growth
with equity, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. It is a process that aims to provide
equal opportunities to all sections of the society to participate in and benefit from economic
growth. By reducing income inequality, providing employment opportunities, promoting human

55
 development, developing infrastructure, and ensuring environmental sustainability, inclusive
growth can create a more prosperous and equitable society.

Marks breakdown:

• Introduction to inclusive growth - 1 mark

• Explanation of income inequality in inclusive growth - 2 marks
• Explanation of employment in inclusive growth - 2 marks
• Explanation of human development in inclusive growth - 2 marks
• Explanation of infrastructure and environmental sustainability in inclusive growth -
2 marks

S
• Conclusion - 1 mark

IA
Q5. Write a note on people -centric and participatory development?

People-centric and participatory development refers to a development approach that focuses on

the needs and aspirations of people and ensures their active participation in decision-making
processes. It is an alternative to the traditional top-down development approach that is based on
the assumption that development is a technical process that can be imposed from above. The
A
following points explain the concept of people-centric and participatory development:

1. Focus on people's needs and aspirations: The people-centric and participatory

development approach places people at the center of the development process. It
ND

recognizes that people have different needs, aspirations, and priorities and that
development should be based on these.
2. Active participation: This approach emphasizes the active participation of people in the
development process. People are involved in decision-making processes, and their ideas
and perspectives are taken into account. This ensures that development is responsive to
NA

the needs and aspirations of people.

3. Empowerment: People-centric and participatory development aims to empower people
by giving them the knowledge, skills, and resources they need to improve their lives. This
approach recognizes that people are not passive recipients of development but active
agents who can drive their own development.
4. Bottom-up approach: This approach is a bottom-up approach that starts from the local
level and involves people in decision-making processes. It recognizes that development is
context-specific and that solutions should be tailored to the needs of specific
communities.

Conclusion: People-centric and participatory development is an approach to development that

places people at the center of the process. It recognizes that people have different needs,
aspirations, and priorities, and that development should be based on these. This approach
emphasizes active participation, empowerment, and a bottom-up approach to development. By
involving people in decision-making processes, this approach ensures that development is

56
responsive to the needs and aspirations of people. Therefore, this approach is essential for
sustainable and inclusive development.

Marks breakdown:

• Introduction: 1 mark
• Point 1: 2 marks
• Point 2: 2 marks Point 3: 2 marks Point 4: 2 marks
• Conclusion: 1 mark

Q6. Explain the development and development process in the country?

S
Introduction:

• Development refers to the process of improving the social, economic, and political

IA
conditions of a country or region.
• Development process is the series of changes that a society undergoes in order to
achieve progress.
1. Historical context: India has a long history of development efforts, from ancient times to
the present day.
• The country has experienced both periods of growth and decline in various aspects
A
of development, such as economy, education, healthcare, infrastructure, etc.
• Popular leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, and Jawaharlal Nehru and movements such
as the Green Revolution path for the development of the Country.
ND

• Contemporary development efforts:India is currently one of the fastest-growing

major economies in the world, with significant progress in areas such as poverty
reduction, education, and healthcare.
• However, the country still faces major challenges in areas such as income inequality,
job creation, environmental sustainability, and gender equity.
2. Development process: Some of the key factors include government policies and
NA

initiatives, private sector investment, technological advancements, social and cultural

changes, and global economic trends.
• The successful development initiatives, such as the Digital India program, Swachh
Bharat Abhiyan, and Make in India campaign led to a major development in the
country.

Conclusion: Thus,Development is a complex and multifaceted process that requires sustained

efforts from various stakeholders. While India has made significant progress in recent years,
there is still a long way to go to achieve sustainable and inclusive development for all.

57
Marks Breakdown:

• Introduction (1 mark)
• Historical context (2 marks)
• Contemporary development efforts (2 marks)
• Development process (4 marks)
• Conclusion (1 mark)

Q7. Define food security and the provisions and programmes enabling it in India.

Answer: Food security can be defined as a situation when all individuals at all times have access

S
to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life. In India, food security is
considered as a critical issue, and several provisions and programmes have been implemented to
ensure food security for all citizens. Some of these provisions and programmes are as follows:

IA
1. Public Distribution System (PDS): PDS is a food security system that provides food grains
and other essential commodities to the people at affordable prices. The system operates
through a network of Fair Price Shops (FPS) across the country.
2. Mid-Day Meal Scheme: The Mid-Day Meal Scheme is a school meal programme that
provides free lunches to school-going children. The scheme aims to improve the
nutritional status of children, increase school attendance and prevent classroom hunger.
A
3. National Food Security Act (NFSA): The NFSA, passed in 2013, aims to provide food and
nutritional security to the most vulnerable sections of society by ensuring access to
adequate quantity and quality of food at affordable prices.
ND

4. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS): ICDS is a comprehensive programme that

provides a package of services, including supplementary nutrition, health check-ups, and
pre-school education, to children under the age of six and pregnant and lactating
mothers.
5. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA): NREGA guarantees 100 days of
employment to every household in rural India. This programme provides a source of
NA

income to the rural poor and helps them to access food and other basic needs.

Conclusion: Food security is a critical issue in India, and the government has implemented
several provisions and programmes to ensure that all citizens have access to sufficient, safe, and
nutritious food. The Public Distribution System, Mid-Day Meal Scheme, National Food Security
Act, Integrated Child Development Services, and National Rural Employment Guarantee Act are
some of the significant initiatives taken by the government to ensure food security in India. By
implementing these measures, the government is working towards the goal of eradicating
hunger and malnutrition from the country.

58
 Marks breakdown:
 Introduction/Definition of food security (1 mark)
 Provisions and programmes for food security (4 marks)
 Public Distribution System (1.5 marks)
 Mid-Day Meal Scheme (1.5 marks)
 National Food Security Act (1 mark)
 Integrated Child Development Services (1 mark)
 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (1 mark)
 Conclusion (2 marks)

Q8. What are civil societies? What is their role in society?

S
Answer: Civil societies are voluntary organizations created by citizens to address various social,
cultural, and political issues in society. They are usually non-governmental and non-profit
organizations that work towards improving the quality of life of citizens by advocating for their

IA
rights, promoting social justice, and enhancing democratic processes.

The role of civil societies in society is multifaceted and includes the following:
1. Advocating for social and political change: Civil societies work towards creating
awareness on various social issues such as gender equality, human rights, and
environmental conservation. They advocate for changes in policy and laws to promote
A
social justice and equality.
2. Service delivery: Civil societies provide essential services such as health care, education,
and housing to marginalized communities. They fill gaps left by the government and
improve the lives of citizens.
ND

3. Monitoring government: Civil societies act as watchdogs, monitoring government

activities and policies, and advocating for transparency and accountability.
4. Building social capital: Civil societies provide a platform for citizens to participate in
social, cultural, and political activities, building social capital and promoting civic
engagement.
NA

5. Fostering democracy: Civil societies promote democratic values by advocating for citizen
participation, free and fair elections, and the rule of law.

8Conclusion: civil societies play a critical role in society by promoting social justice, advocating
for citizen participation, and providing essential services to marginalized communities. They are a
vital part of democratic processes and contribute to building a more inclusive and equitable
society.

Marks breakdown:
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Explanation of civil societies: 3 marks
 Role of civil societies in society: 4 marks
 Conclusion: 2 marks

59
 NA
ND
A
IA
S

60
 Paper-3, Section-2, Unit-8
Q1. What are the major changes brought in the FCRA act and how does it affect the NGOs?

Answer: The Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) regulates the acceptance and utilization
of foreign contributions by organizations in India. In September 2020, the Indian government
brought about significant amendments to the FCRA Act, affecting non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) and other entities receiving foreign funding. The major changes introduced
in the FCRA Act and their impact on NGOs are discussed below:

1. Reduction in utilization period: The utilization period for foreign funds received by NGOs
has been reduced from the earlier five years to three years. It implies that NGOs must
use the foreign contributions within three years of receiving them. This provision aims to

S
ensure better accountability and transparency in the utilization of foreign funds by
NGOs.
2. Annual renewal of FCRA registration: The amended FCRA Act mandates the renewal of

IA
the FCRA registration every year instead of once in every five years. The renewal process
also involves extensive documentation, including submission of audited accounts and
annual activity reports. This provision ensures that the NGOs comply with the prescribed
standards and remain accountable for their actions.
3. Tightening of bank account norms: The amendments also require NGOs to have an
account with a designated bank, which is authorized to receive foreign contributions.
A
This provision aims to ensure that foreign funds do not flow into unauthorized bank
accounts and prevent money laundering.
4. Limit on administrative expenses: The amended FCRA Act imposes a limit on the
ND

administrative expenses that NGOs can incur, limiting it to 20% of the total foreign funds
received. This provision aims to ensure that the foreign contributions are utilized
effectively and efficiently.

Impact:

1. The above changes have a significant impact on the functioning of NGOs in India. The
NA

reduced utilization period, annual renewal of FCRA registration, and the tight bank
account norms ensure better accountability and transparency in the utilization of foreign
funds.
2. The limit on administrative expenses aims to prevent misuse of foreign funds and
encourage more efficient use. However, these changes may also cause operational
difficulties for NGOs, and it may become challenging for them to meet the stringent
documentation and compliance requirements.

Conclusion: the amended FCRA Act aims to improve transparency and accountability in the
utilization of foreign funds by NGOs. It provides a framework for the regulation of foreign
contributions and strengthens the government's ability to monitor and regulate the inflow of
foreign funds. The changes brought about in the FCRA Act are essential for ensuring that the
foreign contributions are used effectively for the betterment of the society while preventing the
misuse of funds.

61
Marks Breakdown:
● Introduction to FCRA Act - 1 mark
● Major changes in FCRA Act and their impact on NGOs - 6 marks
● Conclusion - 2 marks
● Structure, coherence, and presentation - 1 mark

Q2. What is the need for SHGs? What are the benefits of SHGs and the challenges faced by
them?

Introduction: Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are a form of community-based organization that brings
together people with similar socio-economic backgrounds to work together towards their
collective development. The Andhra Pradesh government has been at the forefront of promoting

S
and supporting SHGs for the last few decades.

1. Need for SHGs:

IA
● Empowerment of women: SHGs provide a platform for women to come together, share
their experiences, and support each other. This helps in their empowerment and builds
their confidence.
● Poverty alleviation: SHGs help in poverty reduction by providing access to credit,
savings, and income-generating activities.
A
● Financial inclusion: SHGs ensure that people in remote areas, who do not have access to
formal financial institutions, can access financial services.
● Social cohesion: SHGs help in building social cohesion and trust among members, which
is crucial for the overall development of a community.
ND

2. Benefits of SHGs:
● Access to credit: SHGs provide micro-credit to members, which helps in meeting their
financial needs and starting small businesses.
● Savings: Members can save regularly, which helps in building financial security and
resilience.
NA

● Skill development: SHGs provide training and capacity building to members, which helps
in enhancing their skills and knowledge.
● Collective bargaining: SHGs can negotiate better prices for their products or services,
which helps in increasing their income.

3. Challenges faced by SHGs:

● Lack of awareness: Many people are unaware of the benefits of SHGs and how they can
join them.
● Lack of resources: SHGs require resources for their operation, including training,
marketing, and infrastructure.
● Leadership issues: SHGs need good leadership for their effective functioning. However,
sometimes, leaders may be authoritarian or may not have the necessary skills.
● Sustainability: SHGs need to be sustainable in the long run. However, many SHGs face
sustainability issues due to lack of resources or ineffective management.

62
Conclusion: In conclusion, SHGs have emerged as a powerful tool for poverty reduction and
women's empowerment. The benefits of SHGs include access to credit, savings, skill
development, and collective bargaining. However, SHGs face challenges such as lack of
awareness, resources, leadership, and sustainability. Therefore, it is crucial to promote and
support SHGs by providing training, resources, and policy support.

Marks Breakdown:
Introduction: 1 mark Body: 7 marks
● Need for SHGs: 2 marks
● Benefits of SHGs: 3 marks
● Challenges faced by SHGs: 2 marks
Conclusion: 2 marks

S
Q3.Why the measures employed to prevent corruption have failed. What needs to be done?

Answer: The measures employed to prevent corruption have failed due to various reasons. Some

IA
of the key reasons are:
1. Lack of political will: Corruption cannot be tackled without strong political will.
Unfortunately, in many cases, political leaders themselves are involved in corrupt
practices, making it difficult to implement anti-corruption measures effectively.
2. Weak enforcement mechanisms: Although anti-corruption laws and regulations exist,
they are often not enforced strictly, leading to a culture of impunity among corrupt
A
officials.
3. Lack of transparency: Transparency is essential for preventing corruption. However, the
lack of transparency in government functioning and decision-making processes, as well
ND

as opaque procurement procedures, provide fertile ground for corruption to thrive.

4. Inadequate citizen participation: Citizens' participation is essential for preventing
corruption. However, in many cases, citizens lack the knowledge, skills, and resources to
hold public officials accountable effectively.
5. Insufficient resources: Anti-corruption agencies often lack the resources, staff, and
training to conduct thorough investigations and prosecute corrupt officials effectively.
NA

To address these challenges, the following measures can be taken:

1. Strong political will: Political leaders must take a strong stance against corruption and
demonstrate their commitment to fighting it.
2. Strengthen enforcement mechanisms: Anti-corruption laws and regulations must be
strictly enforced, and corrupt officials must be held accountable through swift and
impartial legal proceedings.
3. Improve transparency: Governments must make their functioning more transparent and
ensure that citizens have access to information about decision-making processes and
public spending.
4. Encourage citizen participation: Governments must encourage citizen participation in
governance, empower citizens to hold public officials accountable, and protect
whistleblowers who expose corruption.
5. Increase resources: Anti-corruption agencies must be provided with adequate resources,
staff, and training to carry out their mandate effectively.

63
Conclusion: Corruption is a complex and pervasive problem that cannot be eliminated overnight.
However, by addressing the root causes of corruption and implementing the measures outlined
above, it is possible to reduce its prevalence and impact significantly. Tackling corruption
requires a multi-pronged approach that involves political will, strong enforcement mechanisms,
transparency, citizen participation, and adequate resources.

MARKS Breakdown:

 Introduction: 1 mark
 Reasons for failure of measures to prevent corruption: 4 marks (1 mark for each reason)
 Measures to address the challenges: 4 marks (1 mark for each measure)
 Conclusion: 1 mark

S
Q4. Despite implementing several welfare schemes the government is not able to achieve the
desired objective. Highlight the reasons and suggest remedies.

IA
Answer: Despite implementing several welfare schemes, the government has not been able to
achieve the desired objectives. There could be several reasons for this, some of which are as
follows:
1. Lack of proper implementation: One of the primary reasons why welfare schemes fail is
because of a lack of proper implementation. Often, the schemes are not implemented as
they were intended to be, resulting in a lack of results.
A
2. Corruption: Corruption is another major reason why welfare schemes fail. It is not
uncommon for officials to siphon off funds intended for welfare schemes, leaving those
in need with nothing.
3. Lack of awareness: Sometimes, the intended beneficiaries are not even aware of the
ND

schemes meant for them, or they do not understand how to access them. This can result
in a low uptake of the scheme and, ultimately, its failure.
4. Lack of coordination: Sometimes, different departments are responsible for different
aspects of a welfare scheme, and lack of coordination between these departments can
lead to a lack of results.
NA

5. Inadequate budget: Often, welfare schemes are underfunded, which means that they
cannot provide the intended benefits to the targeted population.

Remedies:
1. Proper implementation: To ensure the success of welfare schemes, it is crucial to have
proper implementation plans in place. This includes having a clear roadmap, assigning
responsibilities to the appropriate departments, and monitoring the implementation
process.
2. Transparency and accountability: To prevent corruption, the government should ensure
transparency and accountability in the implementation of welfare schemes. This includes
making sure that funds are used for their intended purposes and that officials who
misuse funds are held accountable.
3. Awareness campaigns: To increase the uptake of welfare schemes, the government
should conduct awareness campaigns to inform the intended beneficiaries about the
scheme's objectives and how they can benefit from it.

64
 4. Coordination between departments: The government should ensure that there is
coordination between departments responsible for different aspects of welfare schemes
to ensure that they are implemented efficiently.
5. Adequate budget: Adequate funding should be allocated to welfare schemes to ensure
that they can provide the intended benefits to the targeted population.

Conclusion: Welfare schemes are an important tool for governments to provide social protection
and alleviate poverty. However, their success depends on proper implementation, transparency,
awareness, coordination, and adequate funding. By addressing these issues, the government can
improve the effectiveness of welfare schemes and achieve their desired objectives.

MARKS breakdown:
 Introduction: 1 mark

S
 Reasons for failure of welfare schemes: 4 marks (1 mark for each reason)
 Remedies to improve the effectiveness of welfare schemes: 4 marks (1 mark for each
remedy)

IA
 Conclusion: 1 mark
A
Q.5 ) What are the major governmental interventions in the social sector? Are the interventions
sufficient? -
ND

10M
Ans:
Major Governmental Interventions in the Social Sector:
1. Education: The Government of India has made significant efforts to increase access to
education through various initiatives like the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, the Mid-Day Meal
NA

Scheme, and the Right to Education Act.

2. Healthcare: The government has launched several healthcare initiatives, including the
National Health Mission, Ayushman Bharat, and the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana,
to improve access to healthcare services across the country.
3. Poverty Alleviation: The government has implemented several poverty alleviation
programs such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, the National Food
Security Act, and the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana to address poverty and improve
living conditions in rural areas.
4. Women Empowerment: Various schemes like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Mahila E-haat,
and Ujjwala Yojana are introduced by the government to empower women and promote
gender equality.
The government has made significant efforts in the social sector, but the interventions are not
sufficient to address all the issues. Despite the implementation of various initiatives, there is
still a significant gap in access to education, healthcare, and other basic amenities in rural

65
areas. In addition, the implementation of these programs has faced several challenges such as
corruption, lack of transparency, and inadequate funds.

Conclusion: The government's interventions in the social sector have been crucial in addressing
the issues of poverty, education, healthcare, and women empowerment. However, there is still a
long way to go to achieve comprehensive social development. The government needs to address
the gaps in implementation and allocation of resources to ensure that these interventions reach
every section of society.
Marks Breakdown
• Introduction - 1 mark
• Major Governmental Interventions in the Social Sector - 4 marks
• Discussion on the sufficiency of interventions - 3 marks
• Conclusion - 2 marks

S
(b) Explain the role of NGOs in the protection of the Environment?

IA
Ans: The role of NGOs in the protection of the environment is multifaceted and essential. Here
are some key points that highlight their contribution:
1. Awareness and Advocacy: NGOs play a vital role in raising awareness about
environmental issues and advocating for their protection. They conduct campaigns,
workshops, and seminars to educate people about the harmful effects of pollution and
climate change.
A
2. Research and Analysis: Many NGOs conduct research and analysis on various
environmental issues to provide scientific evidence for policymaking. They also evaluate
the effectiveness of existing policies and suggest improvements.
ND

3. Implementation of Projects: NGOs implement various projects related to environmental

protection, such as afforestation, waste management, and renewable energy. They work
in collaboration with local communities, governments, and businesses to achieve
sustainable development.
4. Monitoring and Reporting: NGOs monitor the implementation of environmental policies
and report violations to the authorities. They also conduct independent assessments to
NA

evaluate the environmental impact of various projects and industries.

5. Lobbying and Litigation: NGOs often engage in lobbying and litigation to influence policy
decisions related to environmental protection. They advocate for stronger regulations
and enforcement of environmental laws.

Conclusion: NGOs play a crucial role in the protection of the environment by raising awareness,
conducting research, implementing projects, monitoring and reporting, and engaging in lobbying
and litigation. Their contribution is essential to achieve sustainable development and protect our
planet's natural resources.

66
 Marks Breakdown
• Introduction - 1 mark
• Point 1 - 2 marks Point 2 - 2 marks Point 3 - 2 marks
• Point 4 - 1 mark
• Point 5 - 2 marks
• Conclusion - 1 mark

Q.6 (a) The role of non-state actors has been marginal in Indian governance. Discuss? -
10M
Ans: The role of non-state actors in Indian governance has been a subject of debate for a long
time. While some argue that their role is insignificant, others believe that they play an important

S
role in shaping the country's policies and decisions.

1. Definition of Non-State Actors: Non-state actors are entities that are not part of the

IA
government but can influence or participate in policy-making processes. These include
civil society organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private companies,
media, and other interest groups.
2. Non-State Actors and Governance: Non-state actors can play a significant role in Indian
governance by providing feedback, suggestions, and recommendations on various
policies and programs. They can also mobilize public opinion and awareness on
A
important issues, participate in public debates, and act as watchdogs to ensure
transparency and accountability.
3. Limitations of Non-State Actors: Non-state actors are not subject to the same level of
ND

scrutiny as government agencies and may not always act in the public interest. They may
be driven by their own agenda, interests, and biases, which may not always align with
the larger public interest. Additionally, they may lack the necessary expertise and
resources to provide meaningful inputs to policy-making processes.
4. Examples of Non-State Actors in Indian Governance: There are several examples of non-
state actors playing a significant role in Indian governance. For instance, NGOs have been
NA

actively involved in providing healthcare, education, and other services in rural areas.
Similarly, media outlets have exposed corruption and other malpractices in government
agencies.

Conclusion: While the role of non-state actors in Indian governance may not be as significant as
that of the government, they can still play a meaningful role in shaping policies and decisions.
However, their limitations should also be considered, and efforts should be made to ensure their
accountability and transparency. The government should also engage with non-state actors and
encourage their participation in policy-making processes to ensure a more inclusive and
democratic governance system.

67
Marks Breakdown
• Definition of Non-State Actors: 2 marks
• Non-State Actors and Governance: 3 marks
• Limitations of Non-State Actors: 2 marks
• Examples of Non-State Actors in Indian Governance: 2 marks
• Conclusion: 1 mark
(b) Analyse the change in the nature of civil societies in India after the entry of a number of
professionals and NGOs. What are the dilemmas and limits that this development has created
for civil society?
Ans: To analyze the changes in the nature of civil societies in India after the entry of a number of
professionals and NGOs and to discuss the dilemmas and limits that this development has
created for civil society.

S
Introduction:
 Civil society refers to the space where citizens come together to participate in public life
and work towards social change.

IA
 The entry of professionals and NGOs has brought significant changes in the nature of civil
societies in India.

Changes in the nature of civil societies:

 The entry of professionals and NGOs has increased the diversity of civil society by
bringing in people from different fields and backgrounds.
A
 The participation of professionals and NGOs has brought in new expertise, knowledge,
and resources to civil society organizations.
 Civil society organizations have become more specialized and professionalized in their
work, which has improved the quality and impact of their interventions.
ND

 The entry of professionals and NGOs has also led to the formation of networks and
collaborations among civil society organizations.

Dilemmas and limits created for civil society:

 The professionalization of civil society organizations has led to a shift in their priorities
and goals towards meeting the demands of donors and funding agencies, which may not
NA

always align with the needs and aspirations of the communities they serve.
 The entry of professionals and NGOs has also led to competition among civil society
organizations for resources and recognition, which may hamper cooperation and
collaboration among them.
 The dominance of professionals and NGOs in civil society organizations may lead to the
marginalization of local actors and communities, who may not have the same level of
expertise or resources.

Conclusion: The entry of professionals and NGOs has brought significant changes in the nature of
civil societies in India, making them more diverse, specialized, and professionalized. However,
this development has also created dilemmas and limits for civil society, such as shifting priorities
towards meeting donor demands, competition for resources, and the marginalization of local
actors. Therefore, it is important for civil society organizations to balance their
professionalization with a commitment to community-led development and to work towards
building more inclusive and collaborative networks.

68
Marks Breakdown:
• Introduction: 1 mark
• Changes in the nature of civil societies: 4 marks
• Dilemmas and limits created for civil society: 4 marks
• Conclusion: 1 mark

S
IA
A
ND
NA

69
 Paper-3, section-2, unit-9

Q1. In the light of the recent controversies in the market does the role of SEBI needs to be re-
examined?

Answer:

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is a regulatory body established to protect the
interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of the securities market in
India. Recently, there have been controversies in the market, such as the failure of Infrastructure
Leasing and Financial Services (IL&FS) and the collapse of Yes Bank. In this context, it is important
to examine the role of SEBI and whether it needs to be re-examined.

S
Points to consider:

1. SEBI's role in regulating the securities market: SEBI is responsible for regulating the

IA
securities market in India, including regulating stock exchanges, intermediaries, and
listed companies. It has the power to investigate and take action against entities that
violate securities laws.

2. Controversies in the market: Despite SEBI's regulatory role, there have been several
controversies in the market, such as the failure of IL&FS and the collapse of Yes Bank.
A
This raises questions about whether SEBI is adequately equipped to prevent such
incidents and protect the interests of investors.

3. Need for re-examination: The controversies in the market suggest that SEBI's role may
ND

need to be re-examined. This could involve evaluating whether SEBI has sufficient
powers and resources to regulate the market effectively, as well as considering whether
there are gaps in the regulatory framework that need to be addressed.

4. Importance of investor protection: Ultimately, the role of SEBI is to protect the interests
of investors in securities. Therefore, any re-examination of SEBI's role should prioritize
NA

investor protection and ensure that the regulatory framework is robust enough to
prevent market failures and protect investors from fraudulent activities.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the recent controversies in the market highlight the need to re-examine the role of
SEBI in regulating the securities market in India. Any re-examination should prioritize investor
protection and aim to strengthen the regulatory framework to prevent market failures and
fraudulent activities.

Marks Breakdown:

Introduction - 1 mark Point 1 - 2 marks Point 2 - 2 marks Point 3 - 2 marks Point 4 - 2 marks
Conclusion - 1 mark

70
Q2. Human Rights commission is a toothless tiger. Comment?

Introduction: The Human Rights Commission is a statutory body established by the Government
of India to protect and promote human rights in the country. However, there have been
concerns about the effectiveness of the commission in ensuring justice for human rights
violations. Let us discuss, whether the Human Rights Commission is a toothless tiger or not.

Points:

1. Limited Powers: The Human Rights Commission has limited powers, and it cannot take
any action against the government or its officials. The commission can only make
recommendations, and the government is not bound to act upon them.

S
2. Lack of Autonomy: The commission is not autonomous and is dependent on the
government for its funding and functioning. This dependence can affect its ability to take
a stand against the government or powerful individuals.

IA
3. Ineffective Implementation: Even when the commission makes recommendations, they
are often not implemented effectively. The government is not bound to act upon them,
and there are no consequences for non-compliance.

4. Poor Outreach: The commission has not been successful in reaching out to marginalized
communities and addressing their human rights concerns. It has been criticized for being
A
elitist and disconnected from the ground reality.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the Human Rights Commission can be considered a toothless tiger. The
commission has limited powers, lacks autonomy, and is not effective in implementing its
ND

recommendations. Furthermore, it has poor outreach and is disconnected from the ground
reality. To make the commission more effective, there is a need to increase its powers and
autonomy, ensure effective implementation of its recommendations, and make it more
accessible to marginalized communities.

Marks breakdown:
NA

Introduction: 1 mark Point 1: 2 marks Point 2: 2 marks Point 3: 2 marks Point 4: 2 marks
Conclusion: 1 mark

Topic: Quasi - Judicial authorities

Q3. What are the major recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission?
Answer: The 15th Finance Commission, constituted in 2017, submitted its report in 2019.
The major recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission are:

71
 1. Vertical Devolution of Funds: The 15th Finance Commission has recommended
vertical devolution of funds from the Centre to the States at the rate of 41% of
the divisible pool for the period 2020-21 to 2024-25. This is almost equal to the
42% recommended by the 14th Finance Commission.
2. Horizontal Devolution of Funds: The Commission has recommended new criteria
for horizontal devolution of funds, which includes Demographic performance
12.5%, Tax Efforts 2.5%, Income Distance 45%, Population 15%, geographical Area
15 % and Forest area 10%. This criterion will lbe effective from 2020-21 to 2024-
25.
3. Grants-in-aid: The Commission has recommended grants-in-aid to the States for
local bodies, health, education, and disaster management. It has also
recommended the creation of a National Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance

S
Fund (NDRFIF) to provide immediate relief to the affected States.
4. Goods and Services Tax (GST): The Commission has recommended the extension
of the GST compensation period for the States from five years to six years, i.e., till

IA
2024-25. It has also recommended the continuation of the GST Council as a
permanent body for the administration of GST.
5. Fiscal Consolidation: The Commission has recommended the adoption of fiscal
consolidation targets by the States, which would include reduction of their
revenue deficit to nil, fiscal deficit to 3% of GSDP, and public debt to GSDP ratio to
25% by 2024-25.
A
Conclusion: The recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission are aimed at
strengthening the fiscal position of the States, promoting cooperative federalism, and
ND

providing financial resources to meet the development needs of the States. The increase
in vertical devolution of funds and the adoption of a new criteria for horizontal devolution
of funds are likely to benefit the States, particularly those with larger populations and
forest cover. The grants-in-aid for local bodies, health, education, and disaster
management are expected to improve the delivery of public services in the States. The
recommendations on GST and fiscal consolidation are aimed at improving the fiscal
NA

sustainability of the States. Overall, the recommendations of the 15th Finance

Commission are a step towards achieving the goal of balanced regional development and
cooperative federalism in India.

MARKS BREAKDOWN:
● Introduction: 0.5 marks
● Vertical Devolution of Funds: 2 marks
● Horizontal Devolution of Funds: 2 marks
● Grants-in-aid: 1.5 marks
● GST and Fiscal Consolidation: 2 marks
● Conclusion: 1 mark

72
Q4. Write a note on National Green Tribunal and criticism on section 20
of the NGT Act?

Answer: National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established in the year 2010 under the
National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 for effective and expeditious disposal of causes
related to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural
resources. The NGT is a specialized forum for adjudicating environmental disputes,
including disputes related to air and water pollution, solid waste management, and
biodiversity conservation. However, the NGT has been criticized for certain provisions of
the NGT Act, particularly Section 20.

S
Section 20 of the NGT Act provides for a bar on the jurisdiction of civil courts to entertain
any dispute related to any order made by the NGT or any matter which the NGT is
empowered to determine. The provision has been criticized on the following grounds:

IA
1. Violation of the principle of natural justice: The provision restricts the
jurisdiction of the civil courts, which violates the principle of natural justice as it
denies an aggrieved party the right to seek judicial remedy.
2. Limited scope for judicial review: Section 20 restricts the scope for judicial
review, which hampers the transparency and accountability of the NGT.
A
3. Unequal treatment of litigants: The provision may result in unequal treatment
of litigants, as it denies the right of appeal to the civil court for parties who are
aggrieved by the NGT's orders.
ND

Conclusion: The NGT has been an important institution for environmental protection
and conservation. However, certain provisions of the NGT Act, particularly Section 20,
have been criticized for their potential to violate the principle of natural justice and
restrict the scope for judicial review. Therefore, there is a need to review and amend
these provisions to ensure that the NGT operates in a transparent, accountable, and fair
NA

manner.

Marks Breakdown:

● Introduction: 1 mark
● Explanation of National Green Tribunal: 2 marks
● Explanation of criticism on Section 20 of the NGT Act: 4 marks
● Conclusion: 2 marks

73
 Topic: Role of Civil Services

Q5. Do civil servants criticise the government augur well for the
governance?
Answer:
Introduction: Civil servants are the backbone of the government's administrative system,
and their role is to implement government policies and programmes. The question of
whether civil servants criticising the government augur well for governance is a matter of
debate.

Points in favour:
1. Criticism can lead to improvement: When civil servants criticize the government

S
constructively, it can lead to improvements in governance. For example, if a civil
servant points out a flaw in a policy, the government can rectify it, which can lead
to better governance.

IA
2. Encourages accountability: If civil servants are allowed to criticize the
government, it can encourage accountability. When civil servants know they can
speak their mind without fear of retaliation, they are more likely to take
responsibility for their actions, which can lead to better governance.
3. Promotes transparency: When civil servants criticize the government, it promotes
transparency. Criticism can expose flaws in policies or decisions, which can lead to
A
greater transparency and accountability.
ND

Points against:
1. Can lead to unrest: If civil servants are allowed to criticize the government
publicly, it can lead to unrest among the people. It can create confusion and
mistrust among the public, which can affect governance.
2. Can affect government's image: Criticism from civil servants can affect the
NA

government's image negatively. If the criticism is not constructive, it can create a

negative perception of the government among the public, which can lead to poor
governance.

Conclusion: Civil servants criticizing the government can be both beneficial and
detrimental to governance. While constructive criticism can lead to improvements in
governance, public criticism can lead to unrest and affect the government's image
negatively. Therefore, it is important to strike a balance between allowing civil servants to
voice their opinions and ensuring that their criticism is constructive and not harmful to
governance.

74
 Marks breakdown:

● Introduction: 1 mark
● Points in favour: 3 marks
● Points against: 2 marks
● Conclusion: 2 marks
● Overall presentation and coherence: 2 marks

Q6. What is the role played by civil services in the socioeconomic

development of the country?

Role played by civil services in the socioeconomic development of the country:

S
1. Policy Implementation: Civil services play a crucial role in the implementation of

IA
government policies and programs related to socio-economic development. The
civil servants act as a bridge between the government and the citizens, ensuring
that the policies are implemented effectively and efficiently.

2. Infrastructure Development: Civil services are responsible for the development of

A
infrastructure in the country, including roads, highways, bridges, airports, and
other public utilities. This helps in creating a conducive environment for economic
development and growth.
ND

3. Service Delivery: Civil services provide essential services to the citizens, including
healthcare, education, sanitation, and other basic amenities. This helps in
improving the living standards of the people, thereby contributing to the overall
socioeconomic development of the country.
NA

4. Governance and Accountability: Civil services ensure good governance by

maintaining transparency and accountability in the administration. This helps in
reducing corruption and improving the delivery of public services.

75
 5. Planning and Development: Civil services are responsible for planning and
implementing development projects in various sectors of the economy.
This helps in creating employment opportunities, increasing productivity,
and improving the standard of living.

Conclusion: Civil services play a crucial role in the socioeconomic development of

the country. They are responsible for the implementation of government policies,
infrastructure development, service delivery, governance and accountability, and
planning and development. Therefore, it is essential to have a competent and
efficient civil service system to ensure sustained socioeconomic development of
the country.

MARKS BREAKDOWN:

S
● Introduction and context setting: 1 mark
● Listing of 5 roles played by civil services: 5 marks (1 mark for each role)

IA
● Conclusion: 2 marks
● Overall presentation, coherence and structure: 2 marks
A
ND
NA

76
 NA
ND
A
IA
S

77
 Paper-3, Section-2, Unit-10

Topics: Good governance, e-governance, transparency, accountability

Q1. Does Transparency and accountability contribute to good governance? Discuss.

Introduction:

 Good governance is a crucial factor in the development of any society or

country.
 Transparency and accountability are important elements of good
governance.
 Let us discuss how transparency and accountability contribute to good
governance.

S
Body:

 Transparency refers to the openness of the government in its decisions,

actions, and policies.

IA
 Accountability is the responsibility of the government to answer to its
citizens for its actions.
 Transparency and accountability contribute to good governance in the
following ways:
a. Promotes trust: When the government is transparent and accountable,
citizens trust the government more. This leads to greater public
A
participation in government activities, which in turn leads to better
governance.
b. Reduces corruption: Transparency and accountability reduce corruption
by making it easier to detect and punish corrupt officials. This improves
ND

the efficiency and effectiveness of government operations.

c. Enhances decision-making: Transparent decision-making processes lead
to better-informed decisions that are in the best interest of citizens. It
also ensures that decisions are made based on merit rather than
personal gain.
d. Improves service delivery: Transparency and accountability ensure that
government services are provided efficiently and effectively. This leads
NA

to improved service delivery and better outcomes for citizens.

Conclusion:

 In conclusion, transparency and accountability are essential elements of

good governance.
 They promote trust, reduce corruption, enhance decision-making, and
improve service delivery.
 Therefore, it is crucial for governments to prioritize transparency and
accountability in their operations.

78
Marks Breakdown:

 Introduction: 1 mark
 Body: 7 marks (2 marks for defining transparency and accountability,
2 marks for discussing howtransparency and accountability contribute to
Good governance, and 3 marks for providing
e xamples tosupport the arguments)
 Conclusion: 1 mark
 Overall structure and coherence: 1 mark

Q2. Write a note on the e-governance initiatives of the government of Andhra

Pradesh.

Answer: E-governance initiatives are an integral part of the government of Andhra

Pradesh's vision to transform the state into a digitally empowered society and

S
knowledge economy. The government has taken several steps to leverage the potential
of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to improve the efficiency,
transparency, and accountability of governance.

IA
The following are the key e-governance initiatives of the government of Andhra
Pradesh:

1. Mee Seva: Mee Seva is a citizen-centric e-governance initiative that aims to

provide convenient and efficient delivery of government services to the citizens.
A
It provides a single platform for accessing various services such as certificates,
licenses, and utility payments.
2. AP Fiber Grid: The AP Fiber Grid project aims to provide high-speed internet
connectivity to every household and business in the state through a fiber-optic
ND

network. It is expected to facilitate the growth of the digital economy, improve

access to information, and enhance the quality of education and healthcare.
3. Real-time Governance Society: The Real-time Governance Society (RTGS) is a
centralized platform for monitoring and tracking the delivery of public services
in real-time. It enables the government to identify and address issues promptly
and ensures transparency and accountability.
4. The Project 'e-seva' (e-services) began in the district of West Godavari. The
NA

Project is a tool to bridge the digital divide and has been used ICT for providing
access to various citizen-to-citizen (C2C) and citizen-to-government. (C2G)
services to the people living in rural areas.
5. e-Pragati: We are the single access point for all digitized and digitally
transformed services provided by Government of Andhra Pradesh to the
citizens and businesses.
6. AP State Wide Area Network: The AP State Wide Area Network (APSWAN) is a
secure and reliable communication network that connects all government
offices and facilitates the exchange of data and information. It has improved the
efficiency and speed of government operations and reduced costs.
7. Cyber Security Operations Center: The Cyber Security Operations Center (CSOC)
is a state-of-the-art facility that provides round-the-clock monitoring and
protection against cyber threats. It ensures the safety and security of the
government's digital infrastructure and sensitive data.

Conclusion: The government of Andhra Pradesh has made significant progress in

leveraging e-governance to improve the delivery of public services and enhance

79
transparency and accountability. The initiatives such as Mee Seva, AP Fiber Grid, Real-
time Governance Society, APSWAN, and Cyber Security Operations Center have
demonstrated the government's commitment to harnessing the potential of ICT for the
benefit of the citizens. These initiatives have not only improved the efficiency and
effectiveness of governance but also contributed to the growth of the digital economy.

MARKS BREAKDOWN:

 Introduction: 1 mark
 Mee Seva: 2 marks
 AP Fiber Grid: 2 marks
 Real
- time Governance Society: 2 marks
 AP State Wide Area Network: 1 mark


S
Cyber Security Operations Center: 1 mark
 Conclusion: 1 mark

IA
Topic: citizen's charter, RTI, public services act

Q3. Critically analyse the amendments made to the RTI ACT?

Answer:
A
The Right to Information (RTI) Act was enacted in 2005 to ensure transparency and
accountability in the functioning of the government. Over the years, the Act has been
amended several times to address various issues and concerns. The amendments made
ND

to the RTI Act can be critically analyzed as follows:

1.Amendment to Section 13: The amendment to Section 13 of the RTI Act allows the
central government to decide on the tenure and salaries of the Chief Information
Commissioner (CIC) and Information Commissioners (ICs). This has been criticized as it
NA

may compromise the independence of the CIC and ICs.

2.Reduction in time limit for filing an appeal: The amendment to Section 16 of the RTI
Act reduced the time limit for filing an appeal from 90 days to 45 days. This has been
criticized as it may reduce the chances of obtaining information and hinder the right to
information.

3.Exemption of political parties: The amendment to Section 2 of the RTI Act exempted
political parties from the definition of public authorities. This has been criticized as it
may lead to a lack of transparency and accountability in the functioning of political
parties.

4.Introduction of fees: The amendment to Section 27 of the RTI Act introduced fees for
filing an appeal, which has been criticized as it may deter people from seeking
information.

80
5.Empowerment of states: The amendment to Section 27 of the RTI Act empowers
states to make rules regarding fees and exemptions. This has been criticized as it may
lead to a lack of uniformity in the implementation of the RTI Act across states.

In conclusion, the amendments made to the RTI Act have been met with criticism from
various quarters. While some amendments may improve the functioning of the Act,
others may compromise the right to information and the independence of the CIC and
ICs. Therefore, there is a need to carefully evaluate the impact of the amendments and
ensure that they do not undermine the objectives of the Act

Marks breakdown:

S
● Introduction - 1 mark
● Body - 6 marks
● Conclusion - 2 marks

IA
● Structure and coherence - 1 mark

Q4. What are the reforms required to make citizens charters more effective?
A
Answer:

Reforms Required to Make Citizens Charters More Effective:

ND

1. Awareness Campaigns: The Citizens' Charters should be made available to the

citizens in multiple languages and through various media channels such as radio,
television, and social media. Awareness campaigns must be conducted to
educate the citizens about the rights, services, and duties under the Citizens
Charter.
2. Simplification and Standardization: The language of the Citizens' Charter should
be simple and easy to understand. The format and content should be
NA

standardized across all departments and agencies to avoid confusion among the
citizens.
3. Accountability: The Charter must clearly mention the accountability of the
officials responsible for delivering the services. It should provide a mechanism
for citizens to complain and seek redressal in case of any lapses in service
delivery.
4. Review and Evaluation: A regular review and evaluation mechanism should be
put in place to monitor the implementation of the Citizens Charter. The
feedback from citizens should be taken into consideration to improve the
effectiveness of the Charter.
5. Digitization: Citizens' Charters must be digitized and made available online to
ensure easy access to citizens. The online platform must also include a
mechanism for citizens to provide feedback and suggestions to improve the
Charter.

Conclusion: Effective implementation of Citizens' Charters requires a multi-pronged

approach, which includes awareness campaigns, standardization, accountability, review,

81
 and digitization. Citizens' Charters are a vital tool in ensuring transparency and
accountability in public service delivery, and their effectiveness must be continuously
monitored and improved to meet the expectations of citizens.

Marks Breakdown:

● Introduction - 1 mark
● Points - 5 marks (1 mark each for 5 points)
● Conclusion - 2 marks
● Language and structure - 2 marks

Q.5 Compare the Right to Public Service Act (RSPA) and the Right to Information (RTI).

S
-10M

Answer:

IA
Comparison between Right to Public Service Act (RSPA) and Right to Information (RTI):

1. Scope of the Acts:

● The Right to Public Service Act (RSPA) aims to provide time-bound services to
citizens in a transparent, efficient, and accountable manner.
A
● The Right to Information (RTI) aims to provide citizens with access to
information held by public authorities in order to promote transparency and
accountability.
ND

2. Objectives:
● The objective of RSPA is to ensure that citizens receive services from the
government departments within a stipulated time period.
● The objective of RTI is to empower citizens to access information about the
functioning of public authorities.
NA

3. Applicability:
● The RSPA is applicable to all government departments and agencies at the state
level.
● The RTI is applicable to all public authorities at the central, state, and local
levels.

4. Information Provided:
● The RSPA provides information about the services offered by the government
departments and the timelines for their delivery.
● The RTI provides access to information about the functioning of the public
authorities, including their decision-making processes, policies, and budgets.

5. Enforcement:

82
 ● The RSPA is enforced by the State Government and the Andhra Pradesh State
Public Service Commission (APPSC).
● The RTI is enforced by the Central Information Commission (CIC) and State
Information Commissions (SICs).

Conclusion: The Right to Public Service Act (RSPA) and the Right to Information (RTI) are
two important tools for promoting transparency and accountability in government
functioning. While RSPA aims to provide timely and efficient services to citizens, RTI
provides citizens with the right to access information about the functioning of public
authorities. Both acts play a crucial role in ensuring that the government is accountable
to the people.

Marks breakdown:

S
● Introduction: 1 mark
● Scope of the Acts: 2 marks

IA
● Objectives: 2 marks
● Applicability: 1 mark
● Information Provided: 2 marks
● Conclusion: 2 marks
A
(b) Social audit is an important tool to effectively implement government
programmes. What is the present condition of social audit in India?

Answer:
ND

Introduction:
● Social audit is a process of reviewing government programs and schemes by
involving citizens, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders to ensure
transparency and accountability.
● It plays a crucial role in ensuring the effective implementation of government
NA

programs.

Present condition of social audit in India:

● Social audit is still in its nascent stage in India, and its implementation varies
from state to state.
● Although there is a legal framework for social audit, its implementation and
effectiveness have been limited.
● In many cases, social audits are conducted only on paper, and there is little
follow-up action to address the issues raised during the audit.
● Moreover, there is a lack of awareness among citizens about social audit, and
their participation is often limited.
● Despite these challenges, there have been some successful examples of social
audits in India, such as in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) program.

83
 Conclusion:
● Social audit is an important tool for effective implementation of government
programs, but its present condition in India is limited.
● There is a need for greater awareness and participation from citizens, as well as
stronger implementation and follow-up mechanisms.
● The government should take steps to strengthen the social audit framework,
including providing training and resources to auditors and ensuring timely
follow-up action on audit findings.

Marks Breakdown:

● Introduction: 1 mark

S
● Present condition of social audit in India: 6 marks

● Conclusion: 2 marks

IA
● Overall coherence and structure: 1 mark

Q.6 (a) Explain the concept of neutrality in civil services/bureaucracy. Is it required, if so

what needs to be done to ensure it?
A
-10M

Answer: The concept of neutrality in civil services/bureaucracy refers to the impartiality

and unbiased attitude of civil servants while performing their official duties. They are
ND

expected to serve the government of the day irrespective of their political affiliations,
caste, creed, or religion. This concept is crucial for the functioning of a democratic
government as it ensures that public servants work in the best interest of the public and
not for any political party or individual.

Importance of Neutrality: Neutrality is an essential aspect of the civil

NA

services/bureaucracy because of the following reasons:

1. It promotes efficiency and effectiveness in public service delivery as civil
servants can focus on their duties and responsibilities without any interference
or pressure from external factors.
2. It ensures that the rule of law is followed, and no one is above the law. Civil
servants are expected to implement government policies and programs without
any discrimination or favoritism.
3. It promotes public trust and confidence in the government as the public expects
civil servants to be impartial, honest, and accountable.

Ensuring Neutrality: To ensure neutrality in the civil services/bureaucracy, the following

steps can be taken:
1. Recruitment based on merit: Recruitment to civil services/bureaucracy should
be based on merit and not on political affiliations, caste, or religion.

84
 2. Security of tenure: Civil servants should have security of tenure, and their
tenure should not be linked to the government of the day.
3. Training: Civil servants should receive training on the importance of neutrality
and the ethics of public service.
4. Accountability: Civil servants should be held accountable for their actions, and
any deviation from neutrality should be punished.

Conclusion: The concept of neutrality in civil services/bureaucracy is essential for the

functioning of a democratic government. To ensure neutrality, recruitment should be
based on merit, and civil servants should have security of tenure. Training on ethics and
accountability should also be provided to civil servants.

Marks Breakdown:

S
● Introduction: 1 mark
● Importance of Neutrality: 3 marks (1 mark each for the three points mentioned)

IA
● Ensuring Neutrality: 4 marks (1 mark each for the four steps mentioned)
● Conclusion: 2 marks

Q7. How does Social audit improves governance and transparency?

A
Answer: Social audit is a tool that empowers people to participate in the governance
process and hold the government accountable for their actions. It is a systematic and
objective examination of a government's performance in meeting the needs of its
ND

citizens. Social audit improves governance and transparency in the following ways:

1. Increased accountability: Social audit improves governance and transparency

by increasing the accountability of public officials and service providers. It
ensures that they are answerable to the people they serve, making them
responsible for their actions. This accountability ensures that public resources
are utilized effectively and efficiently.
NA

2. Participatory monitoring: Social audit involves citizens and civil society

organizations in monitoring and evaluating public programs and services. This
participation provides an opportunity for citizens to voice their concerns and
suggest improvements, which can help to improve the effectiveness and
efficiency of public programs and services. By involving citizens in monitoring
and evaluation, social audit promotes participatory governance.
3. Improved service delivery: Social audit helps to improve service delivery by
identifying gaps and deficiencies in public programs and services. It ensures that
the needs of the people are met and that services are delivered in a timely and
efficient manner. Social audit ensures that public programs and services are
designed and implemented in a way that best serves the interests of the people.
4. Transparency: Social audit promotes transparency by making information on
public programs and services available to the public. This transparency helps to
reduce corruption and ensures that public resources are used for their intended
purposes. By making information available to the public, social audit enables
citizens to hold public officials and service providers accountable for their

85
 actions.
5. Citizen participation: Social audit involves citizens in monitoring and evaluating
public programs and services. This participation enables citizens to have a say in
how public programs and services are designed and implemented, making
governance more democratic and participatory.

Conclusion: Social audit is an effective tool for improving governance and transparency.
It ensures that public officials and service providers are held accountable, promotes
citizen participation, improves service delivery, and promotes transparency.
Governments should promote social audit to ensure that public programs and services
are designed and implemented in a way that best serves the interests of the people.

MARKS BREAKDOWN:

S
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Point 1: 2 marks Point 2: 2 marks Point 3: 2 marks Point 4: 2 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark

Shortcomings of Social Audit:

IA
Q8. What are the shortcomings of social audit? Suggest measures to overcome them.

1. Lack of Awareness: The primary drawback of social audit is that people are
A
unaware of its significance. Many people do not understand the concept of
social audit, which makes it difficult for them to participate in it.
2. Limited Participation: Social audits require participation from a large number of
people to be effective. However, participation in social audits is often limited
ND

due to the lack of awareness or interest in the process.

3. Lack of Resources: Social audits require resources, such as funding and technical
expertise, to be successful. However, many organizations or communities may
not have access to these resources, which can limit the effectiveness of the
social audit.
4. Biased Results: Social audits are prone to biased results because of the inherent
NA

subjectivity in the process. The interpretation of the findings can vary based on
the personal biases of the auditors.

Measures to Overcome Shortcomings:

1. Creating Awareness: The first step in overcoming the shortcomings of social

audit is to create awareness among the public about the importance and
benefits of social audits. Public education programs can be conducted to help
people understand the concept of social audits.
2. Encouraging Participation: The government and other organizations should
encourage the participation of people in social audits. They can provide
incentives or recognition for those who participate in social audits.
3. Providing Resources: The government and other organizations should provide
necessary resources, such as funding and technical expertise, to conduct social
audits. This will help in making social audits more effective and accessible to
everyone.
4. Ensuring Objectivity: To overcome the issue of biased results, it is important to

86
 ensure that social audits are conducted in an objective and unbiased manner.
This can be achieved by ensuring that the auditors are trained and independent.

Conclusion: Social audit is an effective tool for ensuring transparency and accountability
in government and public services. However, there are some shortcomings that need to
be addressed to make it more effective. Creating awareness, encouraging participation,
providing resources, and ensuring objectivity are some of the measures that can be
taken to overcome the shortcomings of social audit. By addressing these issues, social
audits can become a powerful tool for ensuring good governance and accountability.

Marks Breakdown:

 Introduction: 1 mark


S
Shortcomings of Social Audit: 3 marks
 Measures to Overcome Shortcomings: 4 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark
 Total: 9 marks (1 additional mark can be awarded for language and

IA
formatting)

(b) What do you understand from the concept of regulatory bodies? What is the role
of regulatory bodies? What are the issues with regulatory bodies in India?
A
Answer:

Introduction: Regulatory bodies are institutions that oversee and enforce regulations in
various sectors of the economy, including finance, telecommunications, energy, and
ND

healthcare. The purpose of these institutions is to protect consumers, ensure fair

competition, and maintain industry standards. In India, regulatory bodies have been
established to address issues of market failure and promote economic growth.

Role of Regulatory Bodies:

NA

Monitoring and enforcing regulations: Regulatory bodies are responsible for

monitoring and enforcing regulations that govern different sectors. They ensure
compliance with the rules and regulations set by the government, and take appropriate
action against those who violate the rules.

Protecting consumers: Regulatory bodies are responsible for protecting consumers

from unfair practices, fraud, and abuse by market players. They ensure that companies
follow ethical and transparent business practices.

Promoting fair competition: Regulatory bodies promote fair competition in the market
by ensuring that no player enjoys a monopoly or market power. They ensure that
businesses compete on a level playing field.

Issues with Regulatory Bodies in India:

87
 Lack of independence: Many regulatory bodies in India are not independent of the
government, and their decisions are influenced by political pressure. This compromises
their ability to regulate effectively.

Insufficient powers: Regulatory bodies often have limited powers and resources,
making it difficult for them to enforce regulations effectively. This leads to a lack of
accountability among market players.

Regulatory capture: Regulatory capture occurs when regulatory bodies become too
close to the industry they are supposed to regulate. This can lead to conflicts of interest
and a failure to regulate effectively.

Conclusion: Regulatory bodies play a crucial role in ensuring fair competition and

S
protecting consumers in various sectors. However, in India, there are issues with
regulatory bodies that need to be addressed, including lack of independence,
insufficient powers, and regulatory capture. It is essential to establish effective

IA
regulatory bodies that are independent, have adequate powers and resources, and are
free from conflicts of interest. This will help ensure that they can regulate effectively
and protect consumers in the long term.

Marks breakdown:

● Introduction: 1 mark
A
● Role of Regulatory Bodies: 4 marks

● Issues with Regulatory Bodies in India: 4 marks

ND

● Conclusion: 1 mark
NA

88
 Paper-3, Section-3, Unit-11

Q1. What is an Ethical dilemma? Explain with case studies.

Introduction: Ethical dilemma refers to a situation where an individual is faced with a

decision that involves choosing between two or more options, both of which are morally
right but conflict with each other. The decision-making process in such a situation can
be challenging, and it requires the individual to consider various ethical principles and
values.

Case Study 1: One of the most famous examples of an ethical dilemma is the case of the
Stanford Prison Experiment. In this experiment, conducted in 1971 by psychologist
Philip Zimbardo, college students were randomly assigned to either the role of prisoner
or guard in a simulated prison environment. The guards quickly became abusive towards

S
the prisoners, leading to psychological harm. Zimbardo had to decide whether to
continue the experiment or terminate it to prevent further harm.

IA
Case Study 2: Another example of an ethical dilemma is the case of Volkswagen's
emission scandal. In 2015, it was discovered that Volkswagen had installed software in
its diesel cars that cheated emissions tests. The company had to decide whether to
come forward with the information and face the consequences or continue to deny the
allegations and risk further damage to its reputation.
A
Conclusion: Ethical dilemmas are complex situations that require careful consideration
of multiple ethical principles and values. It is essential to weigh the potential outcomes
of each decision and consider the consequences for all stakeholders involved. In both
case studies, the decision-makers had to balance the benefits of continuing with their
ND

actions against the harm caused to others. It is crucial to prioritize the well-being of all
individuals involved and act with integrity and honesty to resolve ethical dilemmas.

Marks breakdown:
 Introduction - 1 mark
 Explanation of Ethical Dilemma - 3 marks
NA

 Case Study 1 - 3 marks

 Case Study 2 - 3 marks
 Conclusion - 1 mark

Q2. Do you think that ethics are common for both men and women? Explain with
examples.

Answer:

Introduction: Ethics are the moral principles that govern the behaviour of individuals or
organizations. They are the principles that guide individuals to distinguish between right
and wrong. Ethics play a crucial role in shaping the behavior of individuals,
organizations, and societies.

89
Definition of Ethics: Ethics are the moral principles that determine the behavior of
individuals or organizations. They are the principles that guide individuals to distinguish
between right and wrong.

Ethics common for both men and women: Ethics are common for both men and
women. The principles of ethics are universal and apply to all individuals regardless of
gender. Both men and women are expected to adhere to the same moral principles, and
they are judged by the same ethical standards. Gender does not play a role in
determining ethical behaviour.

Examples supporting the statement: For example, honesty is an essential ethical

principle that applies to both men and women. Whether a man or a woman, honesty is
expected in all situations. Similarly, respect for others, accountability, and responsibility

S
are some other ethical principles that are common for both men and women.

In the workplace, ethical principles apply equally to men and women. For instance,

IA
sexual harassment is an unethical behavior, and it is wrong whether it is committed by a
man or a woman. Discrimination on the basis of gender is also unethical and wrong.

Conclusion: In conclusion, ethics are common for both men and women. The principles
of ethics are universal, and they apply to all individuals regardless of gender. Both men
and women are expected to adhere to the same moral principles, and they are judged
A
by the same ethical standards. It is essential for individuals to understand and follow
ethical principles to maintain a just and fair society.

Marks Breakdown:
ND

 Introduction - 1 mark
 Definition of Ethics - 1 mark
 Ethics common for both men and women - 3 marks
 Examples supporting the statement - 3 marks
 Conclusion - 2 marks
NA

Q3. What is Consequentialism? Explain with case studies.

Consequentialism is an ethical theory that focuses on the consequences or outcomes of

actions to determine whether they are morally right or wrong. According to
consequentialism, an action is morally right if it produces the best overall outcome or
consequence, usually in terms of promoting the greatest amount of happiness or
pleasure for the greatest number of people.

Case Studies of Consequentialism:

1. Utilitarianism: The principle of utilitarianism is a classic example of

consequentialism. This theory holds that actions should be evaluated based on

90
 their overall utility, or usefulness, in promoting the greatest happiness or
pleasure for the greatest number of people. For example, if a government has
to choose between spending money on a new highway or a new hospital,
utilitarianism would suggest that the choice should be made based on which
option would provide the greatest benefit to the largest number of people.

2. The Trolley Problem: The Trolley Problem is a classic ethical dilemma that
illustrates consequentialism. In this scenario, a trolley is hurtling down a track
towards five people who will be killed if the trolley continues on its path. The
only way to save the five people is to divert the trolley onto a different track,
where there is only one person. The dilemma is whether it is morally right to
sacrifice one person to save the five. Consequentialism would suggest that the
decision should be based on the outcome that produces the greatest amount
of overall good, which in this case would be to divert the trolley to the track

S
with only one person.

3. Euthanasia: The issue of euthanasia also involves consequentialist

considerations. Proponents of euthanasia argue that it is morally right to allow

IA
terminally ill patients to choose to end their lives in order to avoid prolonged
suffering. Opponents argue that euthanasia is morally wrong because it involves
taking a human life. Consequentialism would suggest that the decision should
be based on the outcome that produces the greatest overall good, which in this
case would depend on the specific circumstances of each case.

Conclusion:Consequentialism is an ethical theory that focuses on the outcomes or

A
consequences of actions. It suggests that actions are morally right if they promote the
greatest amount of overall good. The examples above illustrate how consequentialism
can be applied to real-world ethical dilemmas. However, it is important to note that
ND

consequentialism has its critics, who argue that it can be difficult to predict the
outcomes of actions and that it can lead to moral relativism.

MARKS BREAKDOWN:

 Definition of Consequentialism - 2 marks

NA

 Explanation of Consequentialism with examples - 5 marks

 Conclusion and discussion of criticisms - 3 marks

Q4. Decision making should be sympathy-based rather than duty based. Discuss.

Introduction:

 Decision-making is a critical aspect of governance and leadership.

 There are different approaches to decision-making, including sympathy-based
and duty-based.

91
Body:

 Duty-based decision-making is grounded in principles and rules, which prioritize

what is right or just, regardless of personal feelings or circumstances.
 Sympathy-based decision-making, on the other hand, prioritizes the emotional
aspect of a decision, considering how it will impact the stakeholders involved.
 While both approaches have their merits, sympathy-based decision-making is
not always the best approach in the public service.
 Public officials have a duty to act in the public interest and to uphold the rule of
law, which may conflict with personal sympathies or emotions.
 Moreover, sympathy-based decision-making can be subjective and lead to
favoritism or nepotism, which undermines the fairness and impartiality of the
public service.
 Therefore, public officials should prioritize duty-based decision-making,

S
grounded in principles and rules, while also considering the impact on
stakeholders and seeking to mitigate any negative consequences.

IA
Conclusion:

 In conclusion, while sympathy-based decision-making has its place, it should not

be the primary approach in the public service.
 Public officials have a duty to act in the public interest and to uphold the rule of
law, which requires a commitment to principles and rules over personal
sympathies.
A
 By prioritizing duty-based decision-making while also considering the impact on
stakeholders, public officials can ensure that decisions are fair, impartial, and in
the public interest.
ND

Marks Breakdown:

 Introduction: 1 mark
 Body: 7 marks
 Conclusion: 2 marks
NA

92
 Paper-3, Section-3, Units- 12

Q1. What are the lessons you learnt from the lives of great reformers and leaders?
Explain.

Answer: Lessons learnt from the lives of great reformers and leaders:

1. Perseverance: Great reformers and leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson
Mandela teach us the importance of perseverance. They fought against
injustices for years without losing hope or giving up.

2. Vision: Leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Mother Teresa had a clear vision
of what they wanted to achieve. They set goals and worked tirelessly to achieve
them.

S
3. Courage: Great reformers and leaders were often faced with difficult choices
and tough decisions. However, they showed great courage and stood up for
what they believed in.

IA
4. Empathy: Leaders like Abraham Lincoln and Jawaharlal Nehru were empathetic
towards the people they led. They understood the struggles of the common
man and worked towards improving their lives.

5. Selflessness: Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. were
selfless in their pursuit of justice. They put the needs of others above their own
A
and dedicated their lives to serving the greater good.

Conclusion:
ND

In conclusion, the lives of great reformers and leaders provide us with valuable lessons
that we can apply in our own lives. Perseverance, vision, courage, empathy, and
selflessness are just a few of the qualities that we can learn from these great men and
women. By incorporating these qualities into our own lives, we can become better
individuals and work towards creating a better society.
NA

Marks Breakdown:

 Introduction: 1 mark
 Perseverance: 2 marks
 Vision: 2 marks
 Courage: 2 marks
 Empathy: 2 marks
 Selflessness: 2 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark

Q2. How can character be analysed by the values a man possesses? Explain.

Introduction:

93
Analyzing the character of an individual is a complex and subjective task. It involves a
deep understanding of their thoughts, beliefs, and actions. One way to analyze an
individual's character is by examining the values they possess.

1. Values reflect a person's beliefs: Values are the principles that guide an
individual's behavior. They reflect a person's beliefs and attitudes towards life.
Therefore, by examining the values that a man holds, we can gain insight into
their belief system.

2. Values determine behavior: The values a man possesses shape their behavior.
For example, if an individual values honesty, they are more likely to be truthful
in their actions. Thus, by analyzing the values a man holds, we can predict their
behavior in different situations.

S
3. Values reveal priorities: The values that a man possesses reveal their priorities
in life. For example, if an individual values family, they will prioritize spending
time with their loved ones. Therefore, by analyzing the values a man holds, we
can understand what is important to them.

IA
4. Values shape character: The values that a man holds shape their character. For
example, if an individual values empathy, they are likely to be more
compassionate towards others. Therefore, by examining the values a man holds,
we can understand their character.
A
Conclusion: In conclusion, analyzing an individual's character is a complex task.
However, by examining the values a man possesses, we can gain insight into their belief
system, predict their behavior, understand their priorities, and determine their
character. Therefore, values are an important tool in analyzing an individual's character.
ND

Marks Breakdown:

Introduction: 1 mark Body:

 Point 1: 2 marks
NA

 Point 2: 2 marks
 Point 3: 2 marks
 Point 4: 2 marks Conclusion: 1 mark

Q3. What are the human values you learnt at school?

Answer: The human values that I learned at school are as follows:

1. Respect for others: At school, I was taught to respect others regardless of their
gender, race, religion, or background. This value has helped me to be more
accepting and understanding of different people and cultures.
2. Responsibility: Responsibility is an important value that I learned at school. I
was taught to take responsibility for my actions and to be accountable for my
mistakes. This value has helped me to become more reliable and dependable.

94
 3. Honesty: Honesty is a core value that I learned at school. I was taught to always
tell the truth and to be sincere in my actions. This value has helped me to build
trust and credibility with others.
4. Empathy: Empathy is a value that I learned at school, and it has helped me to
develop a deeper understanding of the feelings and emotions of others. This
value has helped me to be more compassionate and caring towards others.
5. Perseverance: Perseverance is an important value that I learned at school. I was
taught to never give up on my goals and to keep trying even when faced with
challenges. This value has helped me to become more determined and resilient.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the human values that I learned at school have played an
important role in shaping my personality and character. These values have helped me to
become a better person and to contribute positively to society. As a responsible citizen,

S
I believe that it is important to continue to uphold these values in all aspects of my life.

Marks Breakdown:

IA
 Introduction - 1 mark
 Respect for others - 2 marks
 Responsibility - 2 marks
 Honesty - 2 marks
 Empathy - 1 mark
 Perseverance - 1 mark
A
 Conclusion - 1 mark
ND

Q4. Human Values are tested in difficult situations. Discuss.

Answer:

Human values play an important role in shaping the character of an individual. They are
the guiding principles that help individuals make ethical and moral decisions in different
NA

situations. Difficult situations are the litmus test for an individual's human values. In this
context, the following points can be considered:

Definition of Human Values: Human values refer to the principles that guide individuals
in their behavior, thoughts, and actions. These values include honesty, integrity,
compassion, respect, and empathy, among others.

The Importance of Human Values in Difficult Situations: Difficult situations test an

individual's character and moral fiber. It is during these times that an individual's human
values are put to the test. For instance, a person who values honesty may choose to
speak the truth even if it may harm their reputation. Similarly, a person who values
compassion may choose to help someone in need even if it means putting their own
needs aside.

95
 Human Values in Professional Settings: Human values are not limited to personal
interactions but also play a crucial role in professional settings. For instance, a public
servant who values integrity may choose to speak up against corruption even if it means
risking their job. Similarly, a doctor who values empathy may choose to treat patients
with kindness and understanding even if they are difficult to deal with.

Human Values and Society: Human values form the foundation of a just and equitable
society. A society that values honesty, integrity, and respect for others is likely to be
more peaceful and harmonious than a society that lacks these values. It is important for
individuals to uphold these values and promote them in society to create a better world
for everyone.

In conclusion, human values are essential in shaping an individual's character and

S
guiding their behavior in different situations. They are tested in difficult situations and
are important in both personal and professional settings. Upholding human values is
crucial for creating a just and equitable society.

Q.5 Home is the first place to learn Human Values. Discuss.

10M

Answer:
IA -
A
Introduction: Home is the first place where an individual begins to learn human values.
It is where a child's personality is shaped, and they are taught the values that they will
carry with them for the rest of their lives. In this answer, we will discuss the importance
ND

of home as the first place to learn human values.

Body:

1. Importance of Family:

 Family is the first social institution that a child is exposed to, and it plays a
NA

significant role in shaping the child's personality and values.

 Children learn values such as respect, love, honesty, and responsibility from
their parents and other family members.

 The values learned in the family environment help children to develop a sense
of empathy, compassion, and social responsibility.

2. Role of Parents:

 Parents play a critical role in instilling values in their children.

 They are the first role models for their children, and their behavior, attitudes,
and values influence the child's values and behavior.

96
  Children learn through observation, and parents need to set a positive example
by displaying ethical behavior, empathy, and compassion.

3. Importance of Communication:

 Communication is an essential aspect of learning human values at home.

 Parents need to communicate with their children regularly and explain the
importance of values such as honesty, kindness, and respect.

 Parents also need to listen to their children and encourage them to express
their thoughts and feelings.

4. Importance of Discipline:

S
 Discipline is an important aspect of learning human values at home.

 Children need to learn to respect rules and boundaries to develop a sense of

IA
responsibility and accountability.

 Parents need to discipline their children in a constructive and positive manner,

such as using positive reinforcement and setting clear expectations.

Conclusion: Home is the first place where a child learns human values, and it plays a
A
critical role in shaping their personality and values. Parents and other family members
are the primary source of values for children, and they need to set positive examples
and communicate the importance of values. Discipline and communication are also
essential aspects of learning human values at home.
ND

Marks Breakdown:
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Body: 7 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark
 Overall presentation and organization: 1 mark
NA

(b) Intelligence without Integrity is dangerous. Discuss.

Introduction: Intelligence and integrity are two essential qualities that are often
required in individuals holding positions of power and responsibility. While intelligence
is important for making sound decisions, integrity ensures that these decisions are made
with honesty and fairness. The statement "Intelligence without integrity is dangerous"
highlights the importance of maintaining a balance between these two qualities.

Body:

1. Intelligence can be misused without integrity: Intelligence alone can be

dangerous if it is not accompanied by integrity. Individuals with high intelligence

97
 but lacking integrity may use their skills to deceive others, manipulate
situations, and achieve their own selfish goals. For instance, an intelligent but
corrupt politician may use his/her power to amass wealth and exploit the public.

2. Integrity without intelligence can lead to wrong decisions: On the other hand,
integrity without intelligence may lead to poor decision-making. A person with
high integrity but low intelligence may lack the knowledge and skills required to
make informed decisions. Such individuals may stick to their principles even
when it goes against the interests of the public or the organization they
represent.

3. Importance of balance between intelligence and integrity: Therefore, it is

important to strike a balance between intelligence and integrity. This means

S
that individuals in positions of power should not only possess high intelligence
but also have a strong sense of ethics and morality. They should use their
intelligence to make informed decisions that are fair, just, and in the best

IA
interests of the society. Such individuals should also have the courage to stand
up for their principles and act with integrity, even in the face of opposition or
adversity.

4. Examples of leaders who demonstrated both intelligence and integrity: Several

great leaders throughout history have demonstrated both intelligence and
A
integrity. For instance, Mahatma Gandhi was not only a highly intelligent person
but also a man of great integrity. He used his intelligence to strategize and plan
the Indian independence movement, but he always acted with honesty, non-
violence, and fairness. Similarly, Nelson Mandela, the former President of South
ND

Africa, showed remarkable intelligence in navigating his country through the

tumultuous period of apartheid. But he also had great integrity and refused to
compromise on his principles of equality and justice.

Conclusion: In conclusion, intelligence and integrity are two qualities that are essential
for individuals holding positions of power and responsibility. While intelligence can help
NA

in making sound decisions, integrity ensures that these decisions are made with honesty
and fairness. It is important to maintain a balance between these two qualities to
ensure that the decisions made are not only intelligent but also ethical and moral.

Marks Breakdown:
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Body: 7 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark
 Overall coherence and structure: 1 mark

Q.6 (a) What are the values that can be learnt from great administrators?
-10M

Introduction:

98
Great administrators are individuals who have demonstrated exceptional leadership and
administrative skills in their respective fields. Here are some examples of such
individuals, along with a brief explanation of their contributions:

1. Mahatma Gandhi - Mahatma Gandhi was a political and spiritual leader in India
who led the country to independence through his principles of nonviolence and
civil disobedience. He is revered as one of the greatest leaders in modern
history.

2. Lee Kuan Yew - Lee Kuan Yew was the founding father of modern Singapore and
served as the country's prime minister from 1959 to 1990. He transformed
Singapore from a small, underdeveloped island into a prosperous and highly
developed nation.

S
3. Franklin D. Roosevelt - Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the
United States and served from 1933 until his death in 1945. He is known for his

IA
leadership during the Great Depression and World War II, as well as for his New
Deal policies that helped to alleviate poverty and create jobs.

4. Winston Churchill - Winston Churchill was the prime minister of the United
Kingdom during World War II and is widely regarded as one of the greatest
wartime leaders in history. He is credited with leading the British people
through the darkest days of the war and inspiring them to victory.
A
5. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam - A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was a renowned Indian scientist and
politician who served as the 11th president of India from 2002 to 2007. He is
ND

remembered for his humility, integrity, and dedication to the welfare of the
people of India.

These great administrators are admired for their ability to inspire, lead, and achieve
great things. They have left behind a legacy of leadership and service that continues to
inspire people around the world
NA

Values that can be learned from great administrators:

1. Leadership: Great administrators exhibit strong leadership skills that inspire and
motivate their teams to achieve common goals.

2. Integrity: They uphold high ethical and moral standards in their conduct and
decision-making.

3. Accountability: They take responsibility for their actions and decisions, and they
hold themselves and their team members accountable for their performance.

4. Empathy: They understand the needs and concerns of the people they serve
and make decisions that benefit them.

5. Adaptability: They are flexible and able to respond to changing situations,

adapting their strategies to meet the needs of their stakeholders.

99
 6. Strategic thinking: They have a long-term vision for their organization and are
able to make decisions that support that vision.

7. Communication: They communicate effectively with their teams and

stakeholders, building trust and fostering collaboration.

8. Continuous learning: They are committed to personal and professional growth,

seeking out new knowledge and skills to improve their performance.

Conclusion: Great administrators possess a combination of values, skills, and qualities

that make them effective leaders in public service. By studying their approaches and
learning from their experiences, aspiring public servants can develop the competencies
needed to become effective administrators themselves.

S
MARKS BREAKDOWN
 Introduction (1 mark)

IA
 Values that can be learned from great administrators (7 marks)

 Conclusion (1 mark)

 Overall presentation, coherence, and grammar (1 mark)

A
(b) How can one be Impartial and non-partisan in doing public service? Explain.
ND

Answer:

Introduction: Impartiality and non-partisanship are essential qualities that public

servants must possess to ensure the smooth functioning of the government. Public
service is a crucial part of democracy, and it is necessary that public servants remain
impartial and non-partisan in their roles.
NA

1. Definition of impartiality and non-partisanship: Impartiality refers to the quality

of being unbiased and not influenced by personal beliefs or opinions. Non-
partisanship, on the other hand, refers to the act of not supporting any
particular political party or group.

2. Importance of impartiality and non-partisanship in public service: Impartiality

and non-partisanship are crucial in ensuring that public servants remain neutral
and unbiased in their decision-making processes. These qualities help to prevent
favoritism, discrimination, and corruption in the administration of government
policies and programs. It also ensures that public servants are solely focused on
serving the public interest, rather than personal or political interests.

3. Strategies for achieving impartiality and non-partisanship in public service:

There are several strategies that public servants can adopt to remain impartial
and non-partisan in their roles. Firstly, they must avoid any political affiliations

100
 or activities that may create a conflict of interest. Secondly, they should base
their decisions on facts, evidence, and objective analysis, rather than personal
beliefs or opinions. Thirdly, public servants must be transparent and
accountable in their decision-making processes, ensuring that they are free
from any influence or pressure. Lastly, public servants must be committed to
upholding the values of democracy, justice, and fairness, and be willing to
uphold these values, even in the face of opposition or criticism.

Conclusion: Impartiality and non-partisanship are essential qualities that public servants
must possess to ensure that they remain neutral and unbiased in their decision-making
processes. By adopting strategies that promote these qualities, public servants can
ensure that they are solely focused on serving the public interest and upholding the
values of democracy.

S
MARKS BREAKDOWN
 Introduction: 1 mark

IA
 Definition of impartiality and non-partisanship: 2 marks
 Importance of impartiality and non-partisanship in public service: 2 marks
 Strategies for achieving impartiality and non-partisanship in public service: 4
marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark
A
Q.7 (a) Define ethics. How ethics are different from Morals. Examine.

Introduction: Ethics and morals are two closely related concepts that guide human
ND

behavior. Although they are often used interchangeably, they have distinct differences.

Definition of Ethics: Ethics refers to the principles and values that guide human behavior
in different situations. It is a set of moral standards that helps individuals differentiate
between right and wrong. Ethics provides a framework for decision-making in personal
and professional life.
NA

Difference between Ethics and Morals: Ethics and morals are often used
interchangeably, but they have distinct differences. Morals refer to the standards of
behavior that are based on individual beliefs and values. Morals are subjective and vary
from person to person, culture to culture, and time to time. On the other hand, ethics
are objective and universal. Ethics are based on principles such as honesty, fairness,
respect, and responsibility that apply to all individuals in all situations.

Examination of the Relationship between Ethics and Morals: Ethics and morals are
interrelated, but they are not the same. Ethics provide a framework for moral behavior,
and moral behavior is guided by ethical principles. Although morals are subjective, they
are influenced by cultural and religious beliefs, which provide a foundation for ethical
behavior. Ethical principles, such as respect for human dignity and the pursuit of justice,
are universal and provide a basis for moral behavior across different cultures and
religions.

101
Conclusion: In conclusion, ethics refers to the principles and values that guide human
behavior in different situations. Ethics are objective and universal, while morals are
subjective and vary from person to person, culture to culture, and time to time. Ethics
provide a framework for moral behavior, and moral behavior is guided by ethical
principles. Understanding the difference between ethics and morals is essential for
making ethical decisions in personal and professional life.

Marks Breakdown:

Marks breakdown:
 Introduction: 1 mark
 Definition of Ethics: 2 marks
 Difference between Ethics and Morals: 3 marks
 Examination of the Relationship between Ethics and Morals: 3 marks

S
 Conclusion: 1 mark

IA
(b) How there will be a conflict between Ethical values and legal provisions. Explain
with examples.

Answer: Introduction: In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the
importance of ethical values in society. However, ethical values can sometimes come
into conflict with legal provisions, leading to a conflict between the two. This essay will
A
explain how such conflicts can arise and provide examples of such conflicts.

1. Conflicts between ethical values and legal provisions

ND

 Ethical values refer to principles that guide our behavior and interactions with
others, such as honesty, integrity, and respect for others.

 Legal provisions refer to laws and regulations that govern our behavior and
interactions with others.
NA

 Conflicts between ethical values and legal provisions can arise when laws and
regulations are not consistent with ethical principles.

2. Examples of conflicts between ethical values and legal provisions

 A company may be legally permitted to pay its employees low wages, but such
wages may be unethical if they do not provide a living wage.

 A government may be legally permitted to restrict the freedom of speech, but

such restrictions may be unethical if they limit the free exchange of ideas.

 A doctor may be legally permitted to withhold information from a patient, but

such withholding may be unethical if it prevents the patient from making
informed decisions about their health.

3. Resolving conflicts between ethical values and legal provisions

102
  When conflicts arise between ethical values and legal provisions, it is important
to examine the underlying principles and values involved.

 In some cases, it may be possible to change the laws or regulations to better

align with ethical principles.

 In other cases, it may be necessary to challenge the legality of certain actions or

policies that conflict with ethical principles.

Conclusion: In conclusion, conflicts between ethical values and legal provisions can arise
when laws and regulations are not consistent with ethical principles. It is important to
examine the underlying principles and values involved and to take steps to resolve such
conflicts when they arise. By doing so, we can ensure that our actions and policies are

S
both legal and ethical, promoting a just and fair society.

Marks Breakdown:
 Introduction - 1 mark

IA
 Explanation of conflicts - 3 marks
 Examples - 3 marks
 Resolving conflicts - 2 marks
 Conclusion - 1 mark
A
Q.8 (a) What is the essence of ethics? Why one should be ethical.
-10M

Answer:
ND

The essence of ethics is the study of moral principles, values, and rules that guide
individual and collective behavior. Ethics is concerned with what is right and wrong,
good and bad, just and unjust. It helps individuals and societies to distinguish between
right and wrong, and to make decisions that are in the best interest of all.
NA

One should be ethical because of the following reasons:

1. Personal Integrity: Ethics provides a framework for personal integrity, which is a

core value in any society. Being ethical means being honest, trustworthy, and
having a strong sense of morality, which are essential for building trust and
respect among people.

2. Social Responsibility: Ethical behavior is essential for social responsibility. It

ensures that individuals and organizations act in the best interest of society and
take into account the impact of their actions on others. Ethical behavior
promotes the common good and helps to create a just and fair society.

3. Professionalism: Ethics is crucial in any profession as it establishes standards of

behavior and ensures that professionals act in a manner that is consistent with
their values and obligations. Ethical behavior is essential in professions such as

103
 medicine, law, and accounting, where professionals have a duty to serve the
public interest.

4. Reputation: Ethical behavior is crucial for building and maintaining a positive

reputation. Individuals and organizations that act ethically are more likely to
gain the trust and respect of others and have a good reputation in society.

In conclusion, ethics is the foundation of personal integrity, social responsibility,

professionalism, and reputation. Being ethical is essential for creating a just and fair
society where individuals and organizations act in the best interest of all.

Marks Breakdown:
 Introduction - 1 mark

S
 Explanation of the essence of ethics - 3 marks
 Reasons why one should be ethical - 4 marks
 Conclusion - 2 marks

IA
(b) How ethics in private life are different from Public life. Examine.

Answer: Ethics form an integral part of both private and public life, but they differ in the
A
way they are practiced and implemented. The following points highlight the differences
between ethics in private and public life:

1. Personal vs. Professional Ethics: In private life, ethics are primarily based on
ND

personal values and beliefs. Individuals are free to follow their own moral
compass and make decisions based on what they think is right. On the other
hand, public life demands professional ethics, where individuals are required to
adhere to certain codes of conduct and standards set by their profession or
organization.
NA

2. Accountability: In private life, individuals are accountable only to themselves

and their immediate family members, while in public life, they are accountable
to a larger community or society. Public officials are responsible for upholding
the values of the organization or government they represent, and their actions
affect a wider range of people.

3. Transparency: Private life allows for more privacy and confidentiality, while
public life demands transparency and openness. Public officials are expected to
be transparent in their actions, decisions, and policies, and they are held
accountable for any wrongdoing.

4. Impact: Ethics in private life may have a limited impact on others, while ethics in
public life can have a significant impact on society as a whole. Public officials
have the power to make decisions that can affect the lives of millions of people,
and their ethical behavior can have far-reaching consequences.

104
In conclusion, ethics in private and public life are different in many ways, but both are
equally important. While personal ethics allow individuals to make decisions based on
their own moral compass, professional ethics are necessary to maintain integrity,
accountability, and transparency in public life. It is crucial for public officials to uphold
high ethical standards and work for the betterment of society as a whole.

Marks breakdown:

 Introduction - 1 mark
 Point 1 - 2 marks Point 2 - 2 marks Point 3 - 2 marks Point 4 - 2 marks
 Conclusion - 1 mark

S
IA
A
ND
NA

105
 Paper-3, Section-3, Unit-13
Q1. What is an attitude? What are the contents of the attitude? Explain.

Answer:

Introduction: Attitude is an individual's predisposition to respond favorably or

unfavorably to a particular object, person, or situation. It is an essential aspect of human
behavior that influences people's thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Contents of Attitude:

1. Affective component: It is the emotional or feeling aspect of an attitude that

reflects an individual's likes or dislikes towards an object. For instance, a person
who enjoys reading books may have a positive attitude towards reading.

S
2. Behavioral component: It is the action or behavior aspect of an attitude that
reflects an individual's intention to act towards the object. For example, a

IA
person who has a positive attitude towards reading may engage in reading
books regularly.

3. Cognitive component: It is the belief or knowledge aspect of an attitude that

reflects an individual's thoughts or beliefs towards an object. For example, a
person who has a positive attitude towards reading may believe that reading
A
improves knowledge.

Explanation: Attitude is formed through a process of socialization, including cultural,

educational, and environmental factors. An individual's attitude can be influenced by
ND

the people they interact with, the information they receive, and their personal
experiences. It plays a vital role in shaping behavior and can have a significant impact on
the individual's success and happiness.

Conclusion: Attitude is an important aspect of human behavior that reflects an

individual's predisposition to respond to an object, person, or situation. It consists of
NA

three components - affective, behavioral, and cognitive. Understanding the components

of attitude can help individuals to become self-aware, understand their own beliefs and
biases, and improve their interactions with others.

Marks Breakdown:

● Introduction: 1 mark
● Contents of Attitude: 4 marks
● Explanation: 4 marks
● Conclusion: 1 mark

Q2. Discuss the important functions of attitudes.

106
Introduction: Attitudes are the mental and emotional states that shape a person's
behavior towards a particular object, person, or situation. They are formed through
socialization and experience and play a crucial role in shaping an individual's perception,
beliefs, and actions.

The following are the important functions of attitudes:

1. Guide behavior: Attitudes guide an individual's behavior towards a particular

object, person, or situation. They provide a framework for making decisions and
taking actions that are consistent with one's beliefs and values. For example, an
individual who has a positive attitude towards exercise is more likely to engage
in physical activities regularly.

S
2. Influence social interaction: Attitudes play a vital role in shaping an individual's
social interaction. They determine how a person interacts with others and the
degree of warmth and trust in relationships. For instance, an individual who has

IA
a positive attitude towards others is likely to be friendly and cooperative in their
social interactions.

3. Affect cognition: Attitudes influence the way people think and process
information about a particular object, person, or situation. They act as filters
that influence the interpretation of information and shape the way people
perceive reality. For example, an individual who has a negative attitude towards
A
a political candidate is likely to interpret their speeches and actions in a negative
light.
ND

4. Provide identity: Attitudes provide individuals with a sense of identity and

belongingness. They reflect one's values, beliefs, and personality traits, and help
in defining one's self-concept. For example, an individual who has a strong
attitude towards their cultural heritage is likely to identify themselves as a
member of that community.

Conclusion: Attitudes play an essential role in shaping an individual's behavior, social

NA

interaction, cognition, and self-concept. They act as filters that influence the
interpretation of information and shape the way people perceive reality. Therefore, it is
crucial to understand the functions of attitudes and their impact on behavior and social
interaction.

Marks Breakdown:

● Introduction: 1 mark
● Function 1: Guide behavior - 2 marks
● Function 2: Influence social interaction - 2 marks
● Function 3: Affect cognition - 2 marks
● Function 4: Provide identity - 2 marks
● Conclusion: 1 mark

107
Q3. How can you change the mindset of the people by persuasion?
1. Understand the existing mindset: The first step to changing someone's mind-
set is to understand their current mindset. This requires active listening and
empathy towards the person's beliefs and values.
2. Identify the need for change: Once you have understood the person's mind-set,
you need to identify the areas where change is necessary. This could be related
to personal beliefs, cultural norms, or societal issues.
3. Communicate the benefits of change: Persuasion requires effective
communication of the benefits of change. This involves highlighting the
advantages of the new mind-set and how it can lead to positive outcomes.
4. Provide evidence and examples: People are often resistant to change, so it's
important to back up your arguments with evidence and examples. This helps to

S
establish credibility and build trust.
5. Address concerns and objections: People may have valid concerns and
objections to the proposed change. It's important to address these concerns

IA
and provide reassurance that the change is in their best interest.
6. Engage in open dialogue: Persuasion is a two-way communication process. It's
important to engage in open dialogue and actively listen to the other person's
perspective. This helps to build trust and foster a collaborative environment.
7. Lead by example: Finally, it's important to lead by example. People are more
likely to change their mind-set if they see others exhibiting the desired
A
behaviour. This involves consistently demonstrating the new mind-set and
actively promoting it to others.
Conclusion: Changing the mind-set of people is a challenging task that requires
patience, empathy, and effective communication skills. Persuasion is a powerful tool
ND

that can be used to bring about positive change. By understanding the existing mind-set,
identifying the need for change, communicating the benefits, providing evidence,
addressing concerns, engaging in open dialogue, and leading by example, it is possible
to change the mind-set of people.
Marks breakdown:
NA

● Understanding the existing mind-set - 1 mark

● Identifying the need for change - 1 mark
● Communicating the benefits of change - 2 marks
● Providing evidence and examples - 2 marks
● Addressing concerns and objections - 2 marks
● Engaging in open dialogue - 1 mark
● Leading by example - 1 mark

Q4. How does persuasion influence change behaviour? Discuss.

108
Introduction: Persuasion is a powerful tool that can be used to influence people's
attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours. Let us discuss how persuasion can change behaviour
and the factors that determine its effectiveness.
1. Definition of persuasion: Persuasion is the act of convincing someone to do or
believe something.
2. Factors that affect persuasion: a.
a.Source credibility: People are more likely to be persuaded by someone they
perceive as credible.
b.Message content: The content of the message should be clear, relevant, and
appealing to the audience.
c.Emotional appeals: Persuasive messages that evoke strong emotions are
more likely to be effective.

S
d. Audience characteristics: Persuasion is more effective when the message is
tailored to the audience's needs, interests, and values.
3. Theories of persuasion:

IA
a.Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM): According to ELM, people process
persuasive messages either centrally (by analyzing the message content) or
peripherally (by focusing on cues like the source's credibility). The more a
person engages in central processing, the more likely they are to be persuaded.
b. Social Influence Theory: Social influence theory suggests that people
conform to the behaviour of others in order to fit in or be liked.
A
4. Applications of persuasion:
a. Marketing: Advertisements use persuasive messages to influence consumer
behaviour.
b. Politics: Political campaigns use persuasive messages to sway voters' opinions
ND

and behavior.
c. Health behaviour: Persuasive messages can be used to promote healthy
behaviours like exercise, healthy eating, and smoking cessation.
5. Examples of persuasive techniques:
a. Foot-in-the-door technique: This involves making a small request before
NA

making a larger request.

b. Door-in-the-face technique: This involves making a large request before
making a smaller request.
c. Social proof: This involves using testimonials or statistics to show that others
have already adopted the desired behaviour.
6. Limitations of persuasion: Persuasion is not always effective and can be limited
by factors like resistance, reactance, and lack of motivation.
Conclusion: persuasion is a complex process that involves many factors and techniques.
Effective persuasion can change behavior and can be applied in various settings like
marketing, politics, and health behavior. However, it is important to recognize the
limitations of persuasion and to use it ethically and responsibly.

109
 Marks breakdown:
● Introduction: 1 mark
● Body: 7 marks
● Conclusion: 2 marks

Q5. How conscience is influenced by consciousness and vice versa. Discuss.

Answer:
1. Consciousness is the state of being aware of one's surroundings, thoughts, and
emotions, while conscience is the inner sense of what is right or wrong.
2. Conscience is influenced by consciousness as it determines the quality of

S
information that one receives and processes. A clear and focused consciousness
helps in making sound moral judgments.
3. Conversely, conscience also affects consciousness. When one acts in accordance

IA
with their conscience, it brings about a sense of peace and calmness in the
mind, leading to a positive and productive consciousness.
4. However, if one goes against their conscience, it can lead to inner turmoil, guilt,
and cognitive dissonance, which can negatively affect consciousness and lead to
mental distress.
5. Thus, consciousness and conscience are intricately linked, and their relationship
A
is mutually reinforcing.
Conclusion:
To sum up, consciousness and conscience are intertwined, and their interplay affects an
ND

individual's behavior and mental well-being. A clear and focused consciousness helps in
making sound moral judgments, while a well-formed conscience leads to a positive and
productive consciousness. Therefore, it is crucial to cultivate both consciousness and
conscience to live a fulfilling life.
Marks Breakdown:
● Introduction: 1 mark
NA

● Point 1: 2 marks Point 2: 2 marks Point 3: 2 marks Point 4: 2 marks

● Conclusion: 1 mark

Q6. What is the relation between emotion and reason? What is the latest invention on
both?
Introduction:
● Emotion and reason are two cognitive processes that are essential for human
behavior and decision-making.
● The relationship between these two processes has been a topic of discussion in
philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience.
Body:

110
 ● Emotion and reason are interrelated, and both play a significant role in decision-
making.
● Emotions can influence reasoning, and reasoning can influence emotions.
● Emotions are a quick and automatic response to stimuli, while reasoning is a
slower and more deliberate process.
● Reasoning can help regulate emotions by providing a cognitive interpretation of
emotional stimuli, while emotions can provide valuable information about the
environment that may not be accessible through reason alone.
● Recent research has focused on the neural and cognitive mechanisms
underlying the interaction between emotion and reason.
● The latest invention related to emotion is affective computing, which is a field
that uses artificial intelligence to recognize, interpret, and respond to human

S
emotions.
● Affective computing is used in a variety of applications, including virtual
assistants, social robots, and mental health therapy.

IA
● The latest invention related to reason is quantum computing, which is a type of
computing that uses quantum-mechanical phenomena to perform operations
on data.
● Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize fields such as
cryptography, drug discovery, and artificial intelligence.
Conclusion:
A
● Emotion and reason are interconnected, and both are essential for human
decision-making.
● The latest inventions related to emotion and reason are affective computing
and quantum computing, respectively.
ND

● These technologies have the potential to transform various fields and improve
human well-being.
Marks breakdown:
● Introduction: 1 mark
● Body: 6 marks (3 marks for relation between emotion and reason, 2 marks for latest
NA

invention on emotion and reason, 1 mark for elaboration on the inventions)

● Conclusion: 1 mark
● Presentation: 2 marks

Q7. Discuss how emotions influence decisions, habits and actions.

Introduction: Emotions are complex psychological experiences that influence decision-

making, behavior, and actions.

1. Emotions and Decision-making: Emotions can significantly impact the decisions

we make. Our emotions can influence our perception of a situation, leading to a
biased decision. For instance, when we are angry, we tend to make hasty
decisions that we may regret later. Similarly, fear can cause us to avoid making
certain decisions, which can impact our lives in the long run.

111
 2. Emotions and Habits: Our emotions play a vital role in the formation of habits.
When we experience a positive emotion such as joy or pleasure, we tend to
repeat the behavior that led to that emotion. For instance, if we feel happy after
eating a particular food, we are more likely to develop a habit of eating that
food regularly. Similarly, if we experience negative emotions such as stress or
anxiety, we may develop habits such as smoking or overeating to cope with
those emotions.

3. Emotions and Actions: Our emotions can also influence our actions. For
instance, when we feel angry, we may act out impulsively, which can lead to
negative consequences. Similarly, when we feel happy, we may act more
positively towards others, which can lead to positive outcomes.

S
Conclusion: Emotions are a powerful force that can influence our decision-
making, habits, and actions. Understanding the role of emotions in our lives can
help us make better decisions, develop healthy habits, and act in ways that

IA
benefit ourselves and others.

Marks breakdown:

● Introduction: 1 mark
● Emotions and Decision-making: 3 marks
● Emotions and Habits: 3 marks
A
● Emotions and Actions: 2 marks
● Conclusion: 1 mark
ND

Q8. Discuss how emotions influence social relationships.

Introduction:
NA

● Emotions are an integral part of human behavior and play a crucial role in
shaping social relationships.

● Emotions influence how individuals perceive, interpret, and respond to social

situations.

● Social relationships are complex and are influenced by a range of emotions,

including positive and negative emotions.

Body:

● Positive emotions such as love, joy, and gratitude can enhance social
relationships. Love, for example, is a strong positive emotion that binds people
together in close relationships such as marriages, families, and friendships.

112
 ● Negative emotions such as anger, jealousy, and sadness can also influence social
relationships. Anger, for example, can lead to conflicts and strained
relationships, while jealousy can lead to distrust and resentment.

● Emotions can also impact communication in social relationships. Individuals who

are in a positive emotional state are likely to communicate more effectively,
while those who are experiencing negative emotions may have difficulty
communicating and may be more prone to misunderstandings.

● Emotional intelligence is also important in social relationships. Individuals with

high emotional intelligence are better able to regulate their emotions,
empathize with others, and form strong social connections.

S
● Finally, cultural and social norms also play a role in shaping how emotions are
expressed and interpreted in social relationships.

IA
Conclusion:

● Emotions are a key factor in shaping social relationships, both positive and
negative.

● It is important to be aware of our own emotions and how they impact our
A
interactions with others.

● Developing emotional intelligence can improve our ability to form and maintain
healthy social relationships.
ND

Marks breakdown:

● Introduction - 1 mark
● Body - 7 marks (2 marks for positive emotions, 2 marks for negative emotions, 1
mark for communication, 1 mark for emotional intelligence, 1 mark for cultural
NA

and social norms)

● Conclusion - 1 mark
● Overall structure and coherence - 1 mark

Q9. Is there anything like positive or negative emotions? If so, discuss the way they
are expressed.
Introduction: Emotions are complex psychological and physiological states that are
expressed through feelings, actions, and physiological changes. Positive emotions are
those that promote well-being and happiness, such as joy, love, and gratitude, while
negative emotions are those that cause distress and discomfort, such as anger, fear, and
sadness.
Main points:
1. Positive emotions:
● Positive emotions are associated with feelings of happiness, joy, and
contentment.

113
 ● They are expressed through smiling, laughter, and positive verbal expressions.
● Positive emotions can improve physical and mental health, increase resilience,
and promote social connections.
2. Negative emotions:
● Negative emotions are associated with feelings of sadness, anger, and anxiety.
● They are expressed through frowning, crying, and negative verbal expressions.
● Negative emotions can lead to physical and mental health problems, decrease
resilience, and disrupt social connections.
3. Expression of emotions:
● Emotions can be expressed through facial expressions, tone of voice, body
language, and verbal expressions.
● Cultural and social norms can influence the way emotions are expressed and

S
interpreted.
● Emotions can also be suppressed or hidden, leading to negative consequences
for mental and physical health.

IA
Conclusion: In conclusion, positive and negative emotions exist and are expressed in
different ways. Positive emotions promote well-being and happiness, while negative
emotions can lead to distress and discomfort. It is important to understand and express
emotions in healthy ways to promote mental and physical health.
Marks Breakdown:
● Introduction - 1 mark
A
● Positive emotions - 3 marks
● Negative emotions - 3 marks
● Expression of emotions - 2 marks
● Conclusion - 1 mark
ND

Q10. How will you apply emotional intelligence in administrative practices? Explain.
Answer
NA

Introduction: Emotional intelligence (EI) is the ability to perceive, understand, regulate,

and express emotions in oneself and others. In the context of administrative practices,
EI plays a crucial role in improving interpersonal relationships, decision-making, and
overall effectiveness. Let usl explain how EI can be applied in administrative practices.

Body:
1. Self-awareness: The first step towards applying Emotional intelligence to
administrative practices is to develop self-awareness. Administrators must be
aware of their emotions, strengths, and weaknesses. This helps them to manage
their emotions effectively and make better decisions.
2. Self-regulation: Self-regulation is the ability to control one's emotions and
impulses. Administrators must regulate their emotions and behave in a
professional manner in all situations. This helps them to gain the trust and
respect of their subordinates and colleagues.

114
 3. Motivation: Motivation is the key to success in administrative practices.
Administrators must be motivated to achieve their goals and inspire their
subordinates to do the same. They should use positive reinforcement and
recognize the efforts of their subordinates to boost their motivation.
4. Empathy: Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others.
Administrators must be empathetic towards their subordinates and colleagues.
They should listen actively and show genuine concern for their problems and
issues. This helps to build strong relationships and fosters a positive work
environment.
5. Social skills: Social skills are essential for effective communication and
collaboration. Administrators must have good communication skills, be able to
resolve conflicts, and build consensus among stakeholders. They should also be

S
able to negotiate and influence others to achieve their goals.
Conclusion: Emotional intelligence is a critical factor in administrative practices.
Administrators who possess high levels of EI are more likely to be successful in their

IA
roles. By developing self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social
skills, administrators can improve their relationships with subordinates and colleagues,
make better decisions, and achieve their goals effectively.
Marks Breakdown:
Introduction: 1 mark Body:
● Self-awareness: 2 marks
A
● Self-regulation: 2 marks
● Motivation: 2 marks
● Empathy: 2 marks
● Social skills: 2 marks Conclusion: 1 mark
ND

Q.11 How emotional intelligence can be used in administration and governance? Discuss.
-10M
Introduction:
NA

● Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the ability to understand and manage one's own
emotions and to empathize with others.
● In the context of administration and governance, Emotional Intelligence can be
a valuable tool for leaders to navigate complex and emotionally charged
situations.
1. Empathy and Understanding: Leaders with highEmotional Intelligence are able
to put themselves in the shoes of others and understand their perspectives,
needs, and emotions. This can help them make decisions that are more sensitive
and responsive to the needs of the people they serve.
2. Conflict Resolution: Emotional Intelligence can help leaders to resolve conflicts
in a more constructive and collaborative manner. By recognizing and managing
their own emotions and those of others, they can reduce tension and find
solutions that are mutually beneficial.

115
 3. Communication: Effective communication is critical for successful
administration and governance. Leaders with high Emotional Intelligence are
better able to communicate with clarity, empathy, and sensitivity to the
emotions of their audience. This can help build trust, establish rapport, and
promote collaboration.
4. Self-Awareness: Emotional Intelligence also involves self-awareness, which is
the ability to recognize and understand one's own emotions, strengths, and
weaknesses. Leaders who are self-aware can better manage their own emotions
and reactions, and seek feedback to improve their performance.
5. Decision Making: Emotional Intelligence can also be helpful in decision making.
Leaders who are able to recognize and manage their own emotions are better
able to make rational and objective decisions, rather than being swayed by

S
emotions or biases.
Conclusion:
● Emotional intelligence is a valuable skill for leaders in administration and

IA
governance, as it can help them to navigate complex situations, build
relationships, and make better decisions.
● Developing Emotional Intelligence requires self-awareness, empathy, and a
commitment to ongoing learning and growth.
● By prioritizing Emotional Intelligence, leaders can create a more positive and
effective work environment, build trust with stakeholders, and ultimately
A
achieve better outcomes for the people they serve.
Marks Breakdown:

● Introduction: 1 mark
ND

● Points (5 points x 1.5 marks each): 7.5 marks

● Conclusion: 1.5 marks

.(b) Discuss how emotions influence social relationships.

Introduction: Emotions are an integral part of human nature, and they play a significant
role in shaping social relationships. Emotions influence how individuals interact with
NA

each other, and they can either strengthen or weaken social bonds. Let us discuss how
emotions influence social relationships.

Positive emotions promote social bonding: Positive emotions such as joy, happiness,
and love promote social bonding. When individuals experience these emotions, they
tend to seek out others and engage in social activities. For example, a happy person is
more likely to engage in social activities and make new friends.
Negative emotions can strain social relationships: Negative emotions such as anger,
envy, and jealousy can strain social relationships. When individuals experience these
emotions, they may become hostile towards others and engage in behaviors that can
damage social bonds. For example, a jealous person may become possessive and
controlling in a relationship.
Emotions can influence social support: Emotions can also influence the level of social
support that individuals receive. When individuals experience negative emotions, they

116
 may be less likely to seek out social support. Conversely, when individuals experience
positive emotions, they are more likely to seek out social support from others.
Emotions can impact communication: Emotions can impact communication in social
relationships. When individuals experience intense emotions, they may struggle to
communicate effectively with others. For example, a person who is overwhelmed with
sadness may find it difficult to express their emotions to others.
Conclusion: Thus, emotions play a crucial role in shaping social relationships. Positive
emotions can promote social bonding, while negative emotions can strain social
relationships. Emotions can also impact social support and communication. Therefore, it
is essential to be aware of our emotions and how they affect our social relationships.
Marks Breakdown:

● Introduction - 1 mark

S
● Point 1 - 2 marks
● Point 2 - 2 marks
● Point 3 - 2 marks

IA
● Point 4 - 2 marks
● Conclusion - 1 mark

Q.12 (a) Explain moral and political attitudes. How they are complementary or
contradictory to each other.
A
-10M
Answer: Moral attitudes and political attitudes are two distinct aspects of human
behavior, but they are closely related to each other. Let's understand both of these
terms and how they are complementary or contradictory to each other.
ND

1. Moral Attitudes: Moral attitudes refer to the beliefs, values, and principles that
guide an individual's behavior towards what is right or wrong, good or bad. It is
an individual's internal compass of what is right and wrong that shapes their
actions, decisions, and behavior towards others. Moral attitudes are personal
and subjective, and they differ from person to person and culture to culture.
2. Political Attitudes: Political attitudes refer to an individual's beliefs, values, and
NA

principles that guide their behavior towards political and social issues. Political
attitudes can be seen as a reflection of an individual's moral attitudes. Political
attitudes include a person's views on issues such as government policies,
political ideologies, social justice, human rights, and civic responsibilities.
Complementary or Contradictory:
Moral attitudes and political attitudes can be complementary or contradictory,
depending on the situation. Here are some examples of how they can be
complementary or contradictory:
Complementary: When an individual's moral attitudes align with their political
attitudes, they can be complementary to each other. For instance, if an individual
believes in the moral value of social justice and human rights, they may support a
political party that promotes these values. In this case, their moral attitude towards
social justice aligns with their political attitude towards the party that supports social
justice.

117
Contradictory: When an individual's moral attitudes conflict with their political
attitudes, they can be contradictory to each other. For instance, if an individual believes
in the moral value of freedom of speech but supports a political party that suppresses
free speech, their moral attitude towards free speech conflicts with their political
attitude towards the party that opposes free speech.
In conclusion, moral attitudes and political attitudes are closely related, and
they can be complementary or contradictory depending on the situation. An individual's
moral attitude can shape their political attitudes towards certain issues, and their
political attitude can reflect their moral attitude. Understanding the relationship
between these two attitudes is crucial in understanding an individual's behavior towards
social and political issues.
Marks Breakdown:

S
● Introduction: 1 mark
● Moral Attitudes: 3 marks
● Political Attitudes: 3 marks

IA
● Complementary or Contradictory: 2 marks
● Conclusion: 1 mark

(b) Explain emotional intelligence. what are the factors that influence
A
emotional intelligence?.
ANSWER: Emotional intelligence (EI) is the ability to recognize, understand and manage
one's emotions and those of others. It is a critical component of interpersonal skills and
plays a significant role in personal and professional success.
ND

Factors that influence Emotional Intelligence:

1. Self-awareness: The ability to recognize one's own emotions, strengths,
weaknesses, and their impact on others is a crucial aspect of emotional
intelligence.
2. Self-regulation: The ability to manage and control one's emotions, thoughts,
and behaviors effectively.
NA

3. Motivation: The drive to achieve goals and the ability to persist in the face of
challenges and setbacks.
4. Empathy: The ability to understand and relate to the emotions of others, and to
respond appropriately to their needs.
5. Social skills: The ability to communicate effectively, build relationships, and
work collaboratively with others.
Conclusion: Emotional Intelligence is an essential trait that contributes to an
individual's success in personal and professional life. It involves recognizing one's
emotions, regulating them, and effectively communicating with others. The factors
that influence Emotional Intelligence are self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation,
empathy, and social skills.

118
Marks Breakdown:

● Introduction: Brief explanation of Emotional Intelligence (1 Mark)

● Factors that influence Emotional Intelligence (5 Marks)
● Conclusion: (2 Marks)
● Clarity, Structure, and Language (2 Marks)

S
IA
A
ND
NA

119
 Paper-3, section-3, Unit-14
Q1. Trace the factors behind the origin of the concept of Public Service. Explain the
philosophical basis of it.

Introduction: Public service refers to the activities performed by individuals or

organizations for the benefit of the general public. The concept of public service has its
roots in history and can be traced back to ancient times. The idea of public service has
evolved over time, influenced by various social, political, and economic factors. ILet us
explore the factors that led to the origin of the concept of public service and its
philosophical basis.

Factors behind the origin of the concept of Public Service:

1. Social Contract Theory: The social contract theory developed during the

S
Enlightenment period in Europe played a significant role in the origin of the
concept of public service. According to this theory, individuals enter into a social
contract with the state to protect their natural rights, and the state is obligated

IA
to provide public services for the welfare of the citizens.
2. Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution led to the growth of cities and
the emergence of new social problems. This led to the need for public services
such as sanitation, public health, education, and social welfare.
3. Emergence of the Welfare State: The emergence of the welfare state in the
20th century marked a significant shift in the concept of public service. The
A
state assumed a more active role in providing social welfare services to its
citizens, including healthcare, education, and social security.
Philosophical basis of Public Service:
ND

1. Utilitarianism: The philosophical basis of public service is grounded in

utilitarianism, which states that actions should be evaluated based on their
usefulness in promoting the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Public service is thus seen as a means to promote the common good and
enhance social welfare.
2. Social Justice: The concept of public service is also grounded in the principle of
NA

social justice, which seeks to promote equality and fairness in society. Public
services are seen as a means to promote equal opportunities and provide a
safety net for the most vulnerable members of society.
3. Civic Responsibility: The concept of public service is also based on the idea of
civic responsibility, which emphasizes the duty of citizens to contribute to the
well-being of the community. Public service is thus seen as a way for individuals
to fulfill their civic responsibilities and contribute to the common good.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the concept of public service has its roots in history and has
evolved over time, influenced by various social, political, and economic factors. The
philosophical basis of public service is grounded in utilitarianism, social justice, and civic
responsibility. Public service is seen as a means to promote the common good, enhance
social welfare, promote equality and fairness, and fulfill civic responsibilities.

120
Marks breakdown:

 Introduction: 1 mark
 Factors behind the origin of the concept of Public Service: 4 marks
 Philosophical basis of Public Service: 4 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark

Q2. “Service to humanity is also service to God”. Discuss.

Introduction: Service to humanity is an act of selflessness, compassion, and altruism

towards others. It involves helping others without expecting any reward or benefit in

S
return. The concept of service to God, on the other hand, refers to carrying out religious
obligations and worshiping God. While these two concepts may seem distinct, they are
often interconnected. Many religions emphasize the importance of helping others, and

IA
service to humanity can be seen as a way of serving God.

Body: The concept of service to humanity is deeply rooted in many religions and
cultures. In Hinduism, the idea of seva or selfless service is considered one of the
highest forms of worship.

1. The Bhagavad Gita, a sacred text in Hinduism, emphasizes the importance of

A
performing one's duty without expecting any reward or recognition.
2. Similarly, in Christianity, Jesus Christ is considered the ultimate example of
service to humanity, as he dedicated his life to helping the poor and the
ND

marginalized. In the Bible, Jesus teaches that serving others is serving God, and
that we should love our neighbors as ourselves.
3. In Islam, the concept of Zakat, or giving to the poor, is one of the Five Pillars of
Islam. Muslims are required to give a portion of their wealth to the needy as a
form of worship and charity.
4. Service to humanity can be seen as service to God because both involve
NA

selflessness, compassion, and love towards others. When one helps others, they
are essentially serving a higher purpose and showing gratitude towards God for
the blessings they have received.
5. Moreover, helping others can also be seen as a way of spreading love and
positivity, which are central themes in many religions.
6. Several individuals and organizations have dedicated their lives to serving
humanity, and their work can be seen as service to God.
7. Mother Teresa, for instance, spent her entire life serving the poor and the sick,
and her work was driven by her faith and devotion to God.
8. Similarly, the Red Cross and other humanitarian organizations work tirelessly to
provide aid and assistance to those in need, regardless of their religion or
background.
9. Service to humanity not only benefits the recipients of the service but also the
individuals providing the service. It can bring a sense of purpose and fulfillment,
and it can also foster a sense of community and connection with others.

121
 10. Moreover, it can help individuals develop virtues such as empathy, compassion,
and generosity, which are important for personal growth and spiritual
development.

Conclusion: In conclusion, service to humanity is not only a moral obligation but also a
way of expressing gratitude towards God. By helping others, we can serve a higher
purpose and spread positivity and love in the world. Therefore, we should all strive to
make service to humanity a part of our daily lives, as it can benefit both ourselves and
others. Whether it is through volunteering, donating to charity, or simply being kind and
compassionate towards others, we can all make a difference in the world and serve God
through our actions.

Marks Breakdown:

S
● Introduction - 1 mark
● Body - 7 marks
● Conclusion - 2 marks

IA
Q3. What virtues are required of a public servant? Explain with examples.

Public servants are individuals who work in government or civil service, and their
A
responsibilities include serving the public interest, maintaining public trust, and
upholding the rule of law. To effectively fulfill their duties, public servants must possess
certain virtues that enable them to act with integrity, impartiality, and accountability.
ND

Here are some virtues that are essential for public servants:
1. Integrity: Public servants must act with honesty, transparency, and ethics in all
their actions. They should be committed to upholding the public trust and
avoiding conflicts of interest. For example, a judge who refuses to take bribes
and follows the law in all their rulings.
2. Impartiality: Public servants must remain neutral and objective, regardless of
NA

their personal beliefs or biases. They must treat all citizens fairly and without
discrimination. For example, a police officer who treats all suspects equally and
does not show favoritism based on race or religion.
3. Accountability: Public servants must be accountable for their actions and
decisions. They should take responsibility for any mistakes or shortcomings and
work towards correcting them. For example, a government official who
acknowledges their mistakes and takes steps to rectify them.
4. Courage: Public servants must have the courage to do what is right, even when
it is not popular or easy. They should be willing to speak out against wrongdoing
and stand up for their beliefs. For example, a whistleblower who exposes
corruption or misconduct within their organization.
5. Compassion: Public servants must have empathy and compassion for the
citizens they serve. They should strive to understand their needs and concerns

122
 and work towards addressing them. For example, a social worker who helps
individuals in need and advocates for their rights.
6. Competence: Public servants must possess the knowledge, skills, and expertise
required to effectively perform their duties. They should continuously strive to
improve their abilities and stay up-to-date with the latest developments in their
field. For example, a doctor who stays current with medical research and
provides high-quality care to their patients.

In summary, public servants must possess a combination of virtues that enable them to
act with integrity, impartiality, accountability, courage, compassion, and competence.
These virtues are crucial for building public trust, maintaining a stable and just society,
and upholding the rule of law.

S
Q4. Briefly explain the philosophical basis for the evolution of Governance in India.

IA
Philosophical Basis for the Evolution of Governance in India:

India is a country with a rich and diverse cultural heritage. This diversity has played a
crucial role in shaping the evolution of governance in India. The philosophical basis for
the evolution of governance in India is rooted in various philosophical traditions,
including Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, and Western philosophy.
A
Hindu Philosophy: The Hindu philosophy of Dharma has been a significant influence on
governance in India. Dharma is a concept that encompasses duty, responsibility, and
righteousness. The Hindu philosophy emphasizes the importance of leaders serving the
ND

people and upholding justice and fairness in all their actions. The concept of Raja
Dharma, which means the duty of a ruler, is an essential aspect of Hindu philosophy. It
emphasizes the need for rulers to protect their citizens and ensure their welfare. The
concept of Dharma also emphasizes the importance of non-violence, truthfulness, and
compassion in governance.
NA

Buddhist Philosophy: The Buddhist philosophy of Dhamma has also played a significant
role in the evolution of governance in India. Dhamma is a concept that emphasizes the
importance of moral values such as non-violence, truthfulness, and compassion in
governance. Buddhist philosophy emphasizes the need for leaders to rule with wisdom
and compassion, and to promote the welfare and happiness of all citizens. The concept
of Dhamma also emphasizes the importance of social harmony and the need for leaders
to work towards reducing social inequality.

Islamic Philosophy: The Islamic philosophy of Shari'ah has also influenced the evolution
of governance in India. Shari'ah is a concept that emphasizes the importance of justice,
equality, and compassion in governance. The Islamic philosophy emphasizes the need
for leaders to rule with fairness and compassion, and to protect the rights of all citizens.
The concept of Shari'ah also emphasizes the importance of social welfare and the need
for leaders to work towards reducing poverty and improving the standard of living of all
citizens.

123
Western Philosophy: The Western philosophy of Liberalism has also played a crucial
role in shaping the evolution of governance in India. Liberalism is a philosophy that
emphasizes the importance of individual rights, freedoms, and democracy in
governance. The Western philosophy emphasizes the need for leaders to respect the
rights of individuals and to promote democracy and freedom of speech. The concept of
Liberalism also emphasizes the importance of social justice and the need for leaders to
work towards reducing social inequality.

Conclusion: The evolution of governance in India has been shaped by a diverse range of
philosophical traditions. These philosophies have emphasized the importance of values
such as duty, responsibility, justice, compassion, democracy, and freedom in
governance. The Indian Constitution, which embodies these values, has provided a
strong framework for democratic governance in India. The philosophical basis of

S
governance in India is a unique blend of diverse philosophical traditions, which has
contributed to the country's growth and development.

IA
Q5. How can a government ensure that its decision-making processes are ethically
sound and based on a holistic understanding of the issues at hand?

To ensure that its decision-making processes are ethically sound and based on a holistic
understanding of the issues at hand, the government can take the following measures:

1. Ethical standards and codes of conduct: The government should develop and
A
implement ethical standards and codes of conduct for all public officials,
including elected representatives, civil servants, and public servants. This would
ensure that their actions and decisions are in line with ethical principles and
ND

values.

2. Transparency and accountability: The government should promote

transparency and accountability in its decision-making processes. This can be
done by providing timely and accurate information to the public, allowing for
public participation in decision-making, and establishing mechanisms for
NA

monitoring and reporting on government actions.

3. Consultation and engagement: The government should engage with

stakeholders and experts to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the
issues at hand. This can be done by conducting public consultations, seeking
input from industry experts and academics, and engaging with civil society
organizations.

4. Evidence-based decision making: The government should base its decisions on

sound evidence and data, rather than relying on intuition or personal biases.
This can be achieved by conducting rigorous research, collecting and analyzing
data, and seeking input from experts in relevant fields.

Conclusion:

124
In conclusion, ensuring that government decision-making processes are ethically sound
and based on a holistic understanding of the issues at hand is critical to promoting good
governance and fostering public trust. By implementing ethical standards, promoting
transparency and accountability, engaging with stakeholders and experts, and basing
decisions on sound evidence and data, the government can make informed and
effective decisions that serve the best interests of its citizens.

Marks breakdown:

● Ethical standards and codes of conduct: 2 marks

● Transparency and accountability: 2 marks
● Consultation and engagement: 3 marks
● Evidence-based decision making: 3 marks

S
IA
Q6. What is the relationship between technology and ethics, and how can we ensure
that technological innovations are used in ways that are socially responsible and
beneficial for all?

Introduction: Technology has revolutionized the world and has brought numerous
A
benefits to society. However, it also raises ethical concerns and challenges. The
relationship between technology and ethics is a complex one. On the one hand,
technology has the potential to enhance our lives and solve societal problems, but on
the other hand, it can also be used for negative purposes. Therefore, it is crucial to
ND

ensure that technological innovations are used in ways that are socially responsible and
beneficial for all.

Body:

The relationship between technology and ethics:

NA

● Technology has the potential to enhance human life, increase productivity, and
solve complex societal problems.

● However, technological advances can also create ethical concerns and

challenges, such as privacy and security issues, job displacement, and inequality.

● Ethics is the study of moral principles and values that govern human behavior. It
is concerned with questions of right and wrong, good and bad, and justice and
fairness.

● Therefore, the relationship between technology and ethics is a critical one, as

technological advancements must be developed and used in ways that align
with ethical principles and values.

2. Ensuring socially responsible and beneficial technological innovations:

125
 ● The responsibility for ensuring that technological innovations are socially
responsible and beneficial for all lies with various stakeholders, including
policymakers, developers, and users.

● Policymakers must develop and implement regulations that promote ethical and
responsible use of technology and protect the public from potential harm.

● Developers must consider the ethical implications of their products and services
throughout the entire design and development process.

● Users must use technology in ways that align with ethical principles and values
and hold developers and policymakers accountable for any unethical use of
technology.

S
● To ensure socially responsible and beneficial technological innovations, it is
crucial to involve diverse stakeholders in the development and implementation
of technology.

IA
Conclusion: The relationship between technology and ethics is a complex one, and
ensuring that technological innovations are used in ways that are socially responsible
and beneficial for all requires a collaborative effort between policymakers, developers,
and users. By promoting ethical and responsible use of technology and involving diverse
stakeholders in the development and implementation of technology, we can ensure that
A
technological advancements enhance human life and solve societal problems while
upholding ethical principles and values.

Marks Breakdown:
ND

● Introduction - 1 mark
● Body:
● The relationship between technology and ethics - 4 marks
● Ensuring socially responsible and beneficial technological innovations - 4 marks
● Conclusion - 1 mark
NA

Q7. What are some of the key components of effective codes of ethics and conduct for
public servants, and how can they be enforced?

Introduction:

 Public servants play a crucial role in society, and their conduct and ethical
behavior are essential for the effective functioning of government
institutions.
 Therefore, the need for effective codes of ethics and conduct for public
servants is vital to ensure their accountability and integrity.

Key components of effective codes of ethics and conduct for public servants:

126
 1. Transparency: The code of ethics should be transparent, and public servants
should understand the consequences of violating the code.
2. Integrity: The code should promote integrity and honesty, and public servants
should be held accountable for their actions.
3. Confidentiality: Public servants must maintain the confidentiality of sensitive
information.
4. Fairness: The code should promote fairness and impartiality in decision-making
processes.
5. Responsibility: The code should emphasize the public servants' responsibility
towards the public and society.

Enforcement of codes of ethics and conduct:

1. Education and training: Public servants must receive education and training to

S
understand the code's importance and significance.
2. Monitoring and reporting: The code should be monitored and enforced
regularly, and the public should have a platform to report any violations.

IA
3. Disciplinary action: Violations of the code should have consequences, and
disciplinary action should be taken against public servants who violate the code.
4. Review and revision: The code should be reviewed and revised regularly to
ensure it stays relevant and effective.

Conclusion: In conclusion, effective codes of ethics and conduct for public servants are
A
critical to promote integrity, accountability, and fairness in government institutions. The
enforcement of these codes through education, monitoring, disciplinary action, and
review is necessary to ensure public servants uphold ethical standards and serve the
ND

public interest.

Marks breakdown:

 Introduction: 1 mark
 Key components of effective codes of ethics and conduct: 5 marks
 Enforcement of codes of ethics and conduct: 3 marks
NA

 Conclusion:
Conclusion: 1 mark
1 mark

Q8. How can we ensure that government agencies are transparent and accountable to
the public, and what role does the Right to Information Act play in achieving this goal?

Answer:

To ensure transparency and accountability of government agencies to the public, the

following steps can be taken:

1. Strengthening the Right to Information (RTI) Act: The RTI Act can be
strengthened to ensure that it covers all government agencies and provides
access to information in a timely and efficient manner. This can be done by

127
 increasing the penalties for non-compliance, providing for a time-bound
grievance redressal mechanism, and increasing public awareness about the act.

2. Whistleblower protection: Encouraging and protecting whistleblowers who

expose corruption or wrongdoings in government agencies is crucial in ensuring
transparency and accountability. This can be done by providing legal protection
to whistleblowers, establishing a separate authority to handle whistleblower
complaints, and ensuring confidentiality and anonymity of whistleblowers.

3. Independent oversight mechanisms: Independent oversight mechanisms like

ombudsmen, auditors, and anti corruption commissions can play a vital role in
monitoring and investigating the functioning of government agencies. These
mechanisms should be given sufficient powers and resources to carry out their

S
functions effectively.

4. Proactive disclosure: Government agencies should proactively disclose

IA
information about their functioning, policies, and decisions to the public. This
can be done by creating a culture of openness and transparency within
government agencies and using technology to disseminate information to the
public.

Conclusion: Ensuring transparency and accountability of government agencies is crucial

for promoting good governance and building public trust. The RTI Act can play a critical
A
role in achieving this goal by empowering citizens to access information and hold
government agencies accountable. However, strengthening the RTI Act alone is not
sufficient, and a range of measures, including whistleblower protection, independent
ND

oversight mechanisms, and proactive disclosure, are needed to ensure transparency and
accountability in government agencies.

Marks Breakdown:

 Introduction: 1 mark

NA

Steps to ensure transparency and accountability: 5 marks

 Conclusion: 2 marks
 Overall presentation and coherence: 2 marks

Q9. What role do professional ethics play in ensuring that leaders and decision-makers
act in the best interests of their constituents and society as a whole?

Introduction: Professional ethics are the principles and values that guide the behavior of
individuals in a profession. They help to ensure that professionals act in the best
interests of their clients, employers, and society as a whole. In the context of leadership
and decision-making, professional ethics play a critical role in ensuring that leaders and
decision-makers act in the best interests of their constituents and society.

128
 1. Upholding the trust of the public: Professional ethics require leaders and
decision-makers to act with honesty and integrity, and to be transparent about
their actions and decisions. By upholding these principles, leaders can build
trust with the public and ensure that their decisions are seen as fair and just.

2. Promoting accountability: Professional ethics also require leaders and decision-

makers to take responsibility for their actions and decisions. This promotes
accountability and ensures that leaders are held responsible for the outcomes
of their decisions.

3. Ensuring fairness and impartiality: Professional ethics require leaders and

decision-makers to act in a fair and impartial manner, without any bias or
prejudice. This ensures that all individuals are treated equally, and that

S
decisions are based on merit and not on personal biases.

4. Encouraging ethical behavior: By upholding professional ethics, leaders and

IA
decision-makers can set an example for others to follow. This can encourage
ethical behavior among their colleagues and subordinates, and create a culture
of integrity and accountability.

Conclusion: Professional ethics play a crucial role in ensuring that leaders and decision-
makers act in the best interests of their constituents and society as a whole. By
upholding these principles, leaders can build trust, promote accountability, ensure
A
fairness and impartiality, and encourage ethical behavior. It is therefore essential for
leaders to be aware of and adhere to professional ethics in their decision-making
processes.
ND

Marks Breakdown:

 Introduction: 1 mark
 Point 1: 2 marks Point 2: 2 marks Point 3: 2 marks Point 4: 2 marks
 Conclusion: 1 mark
NA

Q10. How can we effectively address corruption in government and other

organizations, and what role do institutions like the Lokpal and Lokayukta play in
promoting greater transparency and accountability?

Introduction: Corruption is a major problem in India, and it affects all levels of

government and society. Corruption can take many forms, including bribery,
embezzlement, nepotism, and cronyism. To effectively address corruption, it is
important to understand its causes and to implement measures to prevent it.
Institutions like the Lokpal and Lokayukta play an important role in promoting
transparency and accountability, but there are other measures that can be taken as
well.

Points:

129
1. Strengthening institutions:

One of the most important steps in addressing corruption is to strengthen the

institutions responsible for preventing and investigating it. This includes institutions like
the Central Vigilance Commission, the CBI, and the Lokpal/Lokayukta. These institutions
need to be given greater autonomy, funding, and resources to effectively carry out their
mandates. Additionally, there should be greater coordination between these
institutions to ensure that there is no overlap or duplication of efforts.

2. Simplifying procedures:

Another important step is to simplify procedures and reduce bureaucratic red tape.
Complex procedures and excessive regulations can provide opportunities for corruption.

S
Simplifying procedures can make it easier for people to access government services and
reduce the opportunities for corruption.

3. Use of technology:

IA
The use of technology can also be an effective tool in addressing corruption. For
example, the use of online portals for filing complaints and grievances can increase
transparency and reduce the opportunities for corruption. Additionally, the use of data
analytics can help identify areas where corruption is more prevalent and enable
targeted action.
A
4. Educating the public:

It is important to educate the public about the dangers of corruption and the negative
ND

impact it has on society. This can be done through awareness campaigns, school
curriculums, and other means. When people are aware of the dangers of corruption,
they are more likely to report it and to demand greater transparency and accountability
from their leaders.

Conclusion: In conclusion, corruption is a major problem in India, and it affects all levels
NA

of government and society. To effectively address corruption, it is important to

strengthen institutions, simplify procedures, use technology, and educate the public.
Institutions like the Lokpal and Lokayukta play an important role in promoting
transparency and accountability, but there are other measures that can be taken as
well. By taking a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach, we can work towards a
more transparent and accountable government and society.

Marks Breakdown:

 Introduction - 1 mark
 Point 1 - 3 marks Point 2 - 2 marks Point 3 - 2 marks Point 4 - 2 marks
 Conclusion - 1 mark

130
Q11. What is the role of public service in promoting the common good and ensuring
social justice in a democratic society?
-Role of public service in promoting the common good
and ensuring social justice in a democratic society:

Introduction: Public service is the foundation of a democratic society. It is responsible

for delivering essential services to the public, promoting the common good, and
ensuring social justice. The role of public service in promoting the common good and
ensuring social justice is vital.

Providing essential services:

Public service is responsible for providing essential services like education, healthcare,

S
transport, water supply, electricity, and many more. These services are essential for the
well-being of the public and promote the common good.

IA
Regulating and monitoring:

Public service is responsible for regulating and monitoring different sectors like finance,
agriculture, environment, and many more. This ensures that these sectors work in the
best interest of the public and promote the common good.

Ensuring social justice:

A
Public service is responsible for ensuring social justice by providing equal opportunities
to all citizens, irrespective of their caste, creed, gender, or religion. This ensures that no
ND

section of society is left behind and promotes the common good.

Promoting transparency and accountability:

Public service is responsible for promoting transparency and accountability in the

functioning of the government. This ensures that the government is accountable to the
NA

public and promotes the common good.

Enforcing laws and regulations:

Public service is responsible for enforcing laws and regulations. This ensures that the
rule of law is maintained, and no one is above the law. This promotes the common good
and ensures social justice.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the role of public service in promoting the common good and
ensuring social justice in a democratic society is crucial. It is responsible for delivering
essential services, regulating and monitoring different sectors, ensuring social justice,
promoting transparency and accountability, and enforcing laws and regulations. The
public service should work towards achieving these goals to promote the common good
and ensure social justice in a democratic society.

131
Marks Breakdown:

● Introduction: 1 mark
● Providing essential services: 2 marks
● Regulating and monitoring: 2 marks
● Ensuring social justice: 2 marks
● Promoting transparency and accountability: 2 marks
● Enforcing laws and regulations: 1 mark
● Conclusion: 1 mark

S
Q12. What are some of the key provisions of the Public Service Act, and how can it be
used to promote ethical and effective governance?

IA
The Public Service Act is a law that governs the recruitment, appointment, and
conditions of service of public servants in a government.
Its key provisions include:
1. Recruitment and selection: The Act provides for a transparent and merit-based
recruitment and selection process for public servants. This ensures that only the
most qualified and competent candidates are appointed to public service
A
positions.
2. Conditions of service: The Act provides for the establishment of a service
commission to regulate the conditions of service of public servants. This ensures
that public servants are treated fairly and equitably and are provided with the
ND

necessary resources to perform their duties effectively.

3. Code of conduct: The Act sets out a code of conduct for public servants, which
outlines their responsibilities and obligations to the public. This includes a duty
to act impartially, with integrity and honesty, and to avoid conflicts of interest.
4. Grievance redressal: The Act provides for a mechanism for public servants to
NA

raise grievances and seek redressal of their complaints. This ensures that public
servants are treated fairly and are able to resolve any issues they may have with
their employment.
5. Accountability: The Act provides for a system of accountability for public
servants, which includes performance evaluations and disciplinary action for
misconduct. This ensures that public servants are held accountable for their
actions and that they perform their duties with diligence and efficiency.

Conclusion:

Thus,the Public Service Act is an important tool for promoting ethical and
effective governance in Andhra Pradesh. Its key provisions ensure that public servants
are recruited and appointed based on merit, are provided with fair and equitable
conditions of service, and are held accountable for their actions. By adhering to the

132
provisions of the Act, public servants can ensure that they serve the public with
integrity, honesty, and efficiency.

Q13.How can the government and civil society work together to promote greater
ethical values in governance and reduce corruption in public life?
-10M

1. Awareness campaigns: The government and civil society can work together to
raise awareness about the importance of ethical values and the negative impact
of corruption on society. This can be done through media campaigns,
workshops, seminars, and public discussions.

2. Strengthening laws and regulations: The government can create stronger laws

S
and regulations to prevent corruption and punish wrongdoers. Civil society can
help in monitoring the implementation of these laws and reporting any
violations.

IA
3. Transparency and accountability: The government should promote
transparency and accountability in its functioning. Civil society can play an
important role in monitoring the government's activities and holding it
accountable for its actions.

4. Citizen participation: Citizens should be encouraged to participate in the

A
decision-making process and hold the government accountable. Civil society can
help in mobilizing citizens and creating a culture of active citizenship.
ND

5. Education and training: The government and civil society can work together to
provide education and training on ethical values and anti-corruption measures.
This can be done through schools, colleges, and training programs for
government officials.

Conclusion: In conclusion, promoting ethical values in governance and reducing

corruption in public life requires the joint effort of the government and civil society. By
NA

raising awareness, strengthening laws, promoting transparency and accountability,

encouraging citizen participation, and providing education and training, we can create a
more ethical and corruption-free society.

MARKS BREAKDOWN

● Introduction: 1 mark
● Points 1-5: 4 marks (0.8 marks each)
● Conclusion: 2 marks
● Structure and coherence: 2 marks
● Total: 10 marks

Q14. What are some of the ethical considerations that arise in the use of surveillance
technologies and how can they be balanced with the need for public
safety and security?

133
Introduction: Surveillance technologies have become an essential part of public safety
and security systems. However, their use raises ethical concerns that must be
considered. Let us discuss some of the ethical considerations that arise in the use of
surveillance technologies and how they can be balanced with the need for public safety
and security.

1.Privacy concerns: Surveillance technologies can invade people's privacy by monitoring

their every move. This can lead to a loss of personal freedom and autonomy. To address
this issue, governments should ensure that surveillance is only conducted when
necessary and that data collected is only used for specific purposes.
1. Discrimination: Surveillance technologies may disproportionately impact certain
groups, such as marginalized communities or ethnic minorities. To avoid this,
governments should ensure that surveillance is conducted fairly and that it does

S
not discriminate against any group.
2. Misuse of data: Surveillance technologies can be misused by those with access
to the data collected, such as government officials or law enforcement officers.

IA
To prevent misuse, strict regulations must be in place to ensure that data is only
used for legitimate purposes and that those who access it are held accountable.
3. Surveillance creep: Surveillance technologies may lead to a gradual expansion
of surveillance activities, leading to the normalization of constant monitoring.
This could lead to a society where privacy is eroded, and individuals are always
under scrutiny. To prevent this, strict controls should be put in place to limit the
A
use of surveillance technologies.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the use of surveillance technologies for public safety and
ND

security raises ethical concerns that must be addressed. Governments must strike a
balance between the need for surveillance and the protection of individual privacy
and civil liberties. This can be achieved by ensuring that surveillance is conducted
fairly, data is used only for legitimate purposes, and strict regulations are in place to
prevent misuse.
NA

MARKS BREAKDOWN:

● Introduction: 1 mark Body:

● Privacy concerns: 2 marks
● Discrimination: 2 marks
● Misuse of data: 2 marks
● Surveillance creep: 2 marks Conclusion: 1 mark

134
 NA
ND
A
IA
S

135
 Paper-3, Section-3, Unit-15
Q.1 What are the salient features of the Nirbhaya Act? Do you think Nirbhaya Act could
prevent atrocities on women in India?
-10M

Introduction: The Nirbhaya Act, officially known as the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act,
2013, was enacted by the Indian Parliament in response to the brutal gang rape and
murder of a young woman in Delhi in 2012. The Act aimed to strengthen the legal
framework for dealing with crimes against women in India and to provide better
protection and support to the victims.

Salient features of the Nirbhaya Act :

S
The Nirbhaya Act introduced several important provisions to address sexual offences
and crimes against women in India. Some of the key features are:

IA
● Enhanced punishment: The Act increased the punishment for sexual offences,
such as rape, sexual assault, and acid attacks. In certain cases, the punishment
can include imprisonment for life or even death penalty.

● Expanded definition of sexual offences: The Act broadened the definition of

sexual offences to include acts like stalking, voyeurism, and acid attacks. This
A
was done to ensure that such acts are recognized and punished as serious
crimes.

● Mandatory registration of complaints: The Act made it mandatory for police to

ND

register all complaints related to sexual offences and to record the statement of
the victim by a woman police officer or a magistrate. This was done to ensure
that victims are not turned away or intimidated by the police.

● Protection of victim's identity: The Act provided for the protection of the
victim's identity and confidentiality during the investigation and trial of the case.
NA

It also mandated the provision of interim relief and medical care to the victim.

● Mandatory reporting of sexual offences: The Act made it mandatory for

persons in authority, such as public servants, medical professionals, and
educational institutions, to report any incidents of sexual offences that come to
their knowledge.

● Special courts for speedy trial: The Act mandated the establishment of special
courts for the speedy trial of sexual offences. This was done to ensure that cases
are disposed of quickly and that justice is delivered in a timely manner.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of Nirbhaya Act:

The effectiveness of the Nirbhaya Act in preventing atrocities on women in India has
been a subject of debate and discussion. Here are some arguments for and against the
Act:

136
 ● Proponents of the Act argue that it has strengthened the legal framework for
dealing with crimes against women and has acted as a deterrent for potential
offenders. The enhanced punishment and speedy trial provisions have made it
clear that such crimes will not be tolerated and will be punished severely.

● Critics of the Act argue that it has not been implemented effectively in many
cases, and that the problem of underreporting of sexual offences persists.
Despite the mandatory reporting provisions, many cases still go unreported or
are not taken seriously by the authorities. Moreover, the special courts for
speedy trial have not been set up in all states, leading to delays in the trial
process.

● Some also argue that the Act does not address the root causes of gender-based

S
violence in Indian society, such as patriarchy, misogyny, and lack of gender
sensitivity. While the Act provides for punishment of offenders, it does not
address the social and cultural attitudes that perpetuate violence against

IA
women.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the Nirbhaya Act has introduced several important provisions
to address crimes against women in India. However, its effectiveness in preventing
atrocities on women depends on its implementation and enforcement. While the Act
has made some progress in addressing the problem, much remains to be done to ensure
A
the safety and security of women in India.

Marks breakdown:
ND

● Introduction: 1 mark
● Salient features of the Nirbhaya Act: 4 marks
● Evaluation of the effectiveness of Nirbhaya Act: 4 marks
● Conclusion: 1 mark
NA

Q2. What is the lacuna in existing labour laws of India? What do you suggest the
changes in labour laws following the changing trends in employment?

Introduction:
● India's labor laws are archaic and date back to the colonial era.
● Despite various amendments, labor laws are not in line with changing labor
market trends, leading to several challenges and inefficiencies.
Lacuna in existing labor laws:
● The existing labor laws in India are complex, overlapping, and difficult to
implement, leading to confusion among employers and employees.
● Labor laws often discourage hiring by making it difficult to dismiss employees,
leading to the creation of a shadow workforce with little job security or benefits.
● Labor laws are rigid and often limit the flexibility of employers to adapt to
changing market trends, leading to labor market inefficiencies.

137
 ● Labor laws provide for several welfare measures for employees, but often do
not guarantee their implementation or enforcement, leading to exploitative
practices by employers.
● Labor laws are often biased towards organized labor and trade unions, leading
to a neglect of the rights and interests of informal and unorganized labor.

Suggested changes in labor laws:

● Simplify and consolidate the existing labor laws into a comprehensive labor
code that is easy to understand and implement.
● Introduce a balance between the interests of employers and employees,
ensuring that hiring is not discouraged while job security and benefits are
provided to employees.
● Introduce flexibility in labor laws to adapt to changing market trends and

S
improve labor market efficiency.
● Ensure the implementation and enforcement of welfare measures for
employees, including provisions for minimum wages, social security, and safe

IA
working conditions.
● Recognize the rights and interests of informal and unorganized labor, ensuring
that labor laws apply to all workers regardless of their employment status.

Conclusion:
● Labor laws in India need to be updated to align with changing labor market
A
trends and ensure the welfare of employees while promoting job creation and
economic growth.
● The suggested changes aim to simplify and balance the interests of employers
ND

and employees while ensuring the implementation and enforcement of welfare

measures for employees.
● These changes are essential to create a more inclusive and efficient labor
market that benefits all stakeholders.

Marks Breakdown:
NA

● Introduction: 1 mark

● Lacuna in existing labor laws: 5 marks

● Suggested changes in labor laws: 3 marks

● Conclusion: 1 mark

Q3.What are the salient features of the Information Technology Act 2000? What are
the difficulties in determining the competent jurisdiction of courts in case of cyber-
crimes? -10M

Salient Features of the Information Technology Act 2000:

138
 1. Electronic governance: The Act enables the government to use electronic
means to conduct its business and provide services to citizens.

2. Legal recognition of electronic documents: Electronic documents are given

legal recognition and can be used as evidence in court.

3. Regulation of digital signatures: The Act provides a legal framework for the use
of digital signatures and defines their legal status.

4. Cyber-crime and penalties: The Act defines cyber-crime and provides for
penalties for offences such as hacking, damage to computer systems, and the
distribution of obscene content.

5. Cyber appellate tribunal: The Act establishes a Cyber Appellate Tribunal to hear

S
appeals against orders passed by Adjudicating Officers under the Act.

Difficulties in determining the competent jurisdiction of courts in case of cyber-crimes:

IA
1. Global nature of the internet: Cyber-crimes can be committed from anywhere
in the world, making it difficult to determine the appropriate jurisdiction.

2. Jurisdictional conflict: When a cyber-crime is committed across multiple

jurisdictions, it can be difficult to determine which court has jurisdiction over
the case.
A
3. Lack of expertise: Many courts lack the necessary expertise in dealing with
complex cyber-crime cases.
ND

4. Rapidly changing technology: The legal framework for cyber-crime is constantly

evolving to keep pace with new technology, making it challenging for courts to
keep up.

Conclusion: The Information Technology Act 2000 is a comprehensive legislation that

provides a legal framework for electronic governance and regulates cyber-crime.
NA

However, determining the competent jurisdiction of courts in case of cyber-crimes can

be a challenging task due to the global nature of the internet, jurisdictional conflicts,
lack of expertise, and rapidly changing technology.

Marks Breakdown:

● Salient features of the Information Technology Act 2000 - 5 marks

● Difficulties in determining the competent jurisdiction of courts in case of cyber-crimes - 4

marks

● Conclusion - 1 mark

139
Q4. What are the laws related to Income tax in India? Why these laws do not prevent
Black money in India?

Introduction: Income tax is a direct tax that is levied on the income of an individual, HUF
(Hindu Undivided Family), firms, companies, or any other person. In India, Income Tax
laws are governed by the Income Tax Act, 1961, and the Income Tax Rules, 1962.

Despite the presence of these laws, the issue of black money remains a pressing
concern in India.

Laws related to Income Tax in India:

1. The Income Tax Act, 1961, provides for the imposition, levy, and collection of
income tax in India.

S
2. The Act provides for various types of income, such as salary income, business
income, capital gains, and other sources of income that are liable to tax.

IA
3. The Act also provides for exemptions, deductions, and allowances that can be
claimed by taxpayers to reduce their tax liability.

4. The Income Tax Rules, 1962, provide for the procedural aspects of the Income
Tax Act, such as filing of returns, assessment procedures, and collection of
taxes.
A
Why do these laws not prevent Black money in India?

1. Complex tax laws: The tax laws in India are complex, making it difficult for
ND

taxpayers to understand and comply with them. This complexity often leads to
tax evasion, which results in the generation of black money.

2. Tax evasion: Taxpayers often resort to tax evasion to avoid paying taxes. This is
done by underreporting income, claiming false deductions, and not disclosing all
sources of income. Tax evasion is a major contributor to the generation of black
NA

money in India.

3. Corruption: Corruption in the tax administration also contributes to the

generation of black money. Tax officials are often bribed to underreport income
or not report it at all, leading to the creation of black money.

4. Weak enforcement: The enforcement of tax laws in India is weak, leading to

non-compliance and tax evasion. This allows individuals and businesses to
generate and use black money.

Conclusion: Despite the presence of Income Tax laws in India, the issue of black money
persists. The complex tax laws, tax evasion, corruption, and weak enforcement are
some of the reasons why these laws have not been effective in preventing the
generation of black money. To tackle this issue, there is a need for simplification of tax

140
 laws, strengthening of enforcement mechanisms, and increasing transparency in the tax
administration.

Marks breakdown:

● Introduction: 1 mark

● Laws related to Income Tax in India: 4 marks

● Why these laws do not prevent Black money in India?: 4 marks

● Conclusion: 1 mark

S
IA
A
ND
NA

141
 OFFICE ADRESS

#205, 1-10-233/A, NISCHINT TOWERS

ASHOK NAGAR “X” ROADS
HYDERABAD – 500020
94 94 653 653 / 915 915 2992

POWERED BY
AcaDMe
Learning Technologies