1. What are the various types of queries ?

Answer: The types of queries are:

1. Normal Queries
2. Sub Queries
3. Co-related queries
4. Nested queries
5. Compound queries
2. What is a transaction ?
Answer: A transaction is a set of SQL statements between any two COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements.
3. What is implicit cursor and how is it used by Oracle ?
Answer: An implicit cursor is a cursor which is internally created by Oracle.It is created by Oracle for each
individual SQL.
4. Which of the following is not a schema object : Indexes, tables, public synonyms, triggers and
packages ?
Answer: Public synonyms
5. What is PL/SQL?
Answer: PL/SQL is Oracle's Procedural Language extension to SQL.The language includes object oriented
programming techniques such as encapsulation, function overloading, information hiding (all but
inheritance), and so, brings state-of-the-art programming to the Oracle database server and a variety of
Oracle tools.
6. Is there a PL/SQL Engine in SQL*Plus?
Answer: No.Unlike Oracle Forms, SQL*Plus does not have a PL/SQL engine.Thus, all your PL/SQL are send
directly to the database engine for execution.This makes it much more efficient as SQL statements are
not stripped off and send to the database individually.
7. Is there a limit on the size of a PL/SQL block?
Answer: Currently, the maximum parsed/compiled size of a PL/SQL block is 64K and the maximum code
size is 100K.You can run the following select statement to query the size of an existing package or
procedure. SQL> select * from dba_object_size where name = 'procedure_name'
8. Can one read/write files from PL/SQL?
Answer: Included in Oracle 7.3 is a UTL_FILE package that can read and write files.The directory you
intend writing to has to be in your INIT.ORA file (see UTL_FILE_DIR=...parameter).Before Oracle 7.3 the
only means of writing a file was to use DBMS_OUTPUT with the SQL*Plus SPOOL command.
DECLARE
fileHandler UTL_FILE.FILE_TYPE;
BEGIN
fileHandler := UTL_FILE.FOPEN('/home/oracle/tmp', 'myoutput','W');
UTL_FILE.PUTF(fileHandler, 'Value of func1 is %sn', func1(1));
UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(fileHandler);
END;
9. How can I protect my PL/SQL source code?
Answer: PL/SQL V2.2, available with Oracle7.2, implements a binary wrapper for PL/SQL programs to
protect the source code.This is done via a standalone utility that transforms the PL/SQL source code into
portable binary object code (somewhat larger than the original).This way you can distribute software
without having to worry about exposing your proprietary algorithms and methods.SQL*Plus and SQL*DBA
will still understand and know how to execute such scripts.Just be careful, there is no "decode" command
available. The syntax is: wrap iname=myscript.sql oname=xxxx.yyy
10. Can one use dynamic SQL within PL/SQL? OR Can you use a DDL in a procedure ? How ?
 Answer: From PL/SQL V2.1 one can use the DBMS_SQL package to execute dynamic SQL statements.
Eg: CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE DYNSQL AS
cur integer;
rc integer;
BEGIN
cur := DBMS_SQL.OPEN_CURSOR;
DBMS_SQL.PARSE(cur,'CREATE TABLE X (Y DATE)', DBMS_SQL.NATIVE);
rc := DBMS_SQL.EXECUTE(cur);
DBMS_SQL.CLOSE_CURSOR(cur);
END;

21. What are the various types of Exceptions ?

Answer: User defined and Predefined Exceptions.
22. Can we define exceptions twice in same block ?
Answer: No.
23. What is the difference between a procedure and a function ?
Answer: Functions return a single variable by value whereas procedures do not return any variable by
value.Rather they return multiple variables by passing variables by reference through their OUT
parameter.
24. Can you have two functions with the same name in a PL/SQL block ?
Answer: Yes.
25. Can you have two stored functions with the same name ?
Answer: Yes.
26. Can you call a stored function in the constraint of a table ?
Answer: No.
27. What are the various types of parameter modes in a procedure ?
Answer: IN, OUT AND INOUT.
28. What is Over Loading and what are its restrictions ?
Answer: OverLoading means an object performing different functions depending upon the no.of
parameters or the data type of the parameters passed to it.
29. Can functions be overloaded ?
Answer: Yes.
30. Can 2 functions have same name & input parameters but differ only by return datatype
Answer: No.
31. What are the constructs of a procedure, function or a package ?
Answer: The constructs of a procedure, function or a package are :
 variables and constants
 cursors
 exceptions

32. Why Create or Replace and not Drop and recreate procedures ?
Answer: So that Grants are not dropped.
33. Can you pass parameters in packages ? How ?
Answer: Yes.You can pass parameters to procedures or functions in a package.
34. What are the parts of a database trigger ?
Answer: The parts of a trigger are:
 A triggering event or statement
 A trigger restriction
 A trigger action
35. What are the various types of database triggers ?
Answer: There are 12 types of triggers, they are combination of :
  Insert, Delete and Update Triggers.
 Before and After Triggers.
 Row and Statement Triggers.
36. What is the advantage of a stored procedure over a database trigger ?
Answer: We have control over the firing of a stored procedure but we have no control over the firing of a
trigger.
37. What is the maximum no.of statements that can be specified in a trigger statement ?
Answer: One.
38. Can views be specified in a trigger statement ?
Answer: No
39. What are the values of :new and :old in Insert/Delete/Update Triggers ?
Answer: INSERT : new = new value, old = NULL
DELETE : new = NULL, old = old value
UPDATE : new = new value, old = old value
40. What are cascading triggers? What is the maximum no of cascading triggers at a time?
Answer: When a statement in a trigger body causes another trigger to be fired, the triggers are said to be
cascading.Max = 32.
41. What are mutating triggers ?
Answer: A trigger giving a SELECT on the table on which the trigger is written.
42. What are constraining triggers ?
Answer: A trigger giving an Insert/Updat e on a table having referential integrity constraint on the
triggering table.
43. Describe Oracle database's physical and logical structure ?
Answer:
 Physical : Data files, Redo Log files, Control file.
 Logical : Tables, Views, Tablespaces, etc.
44. Can you increase the size of a tablespace ? How ?
Answer: Yes, by adding datafiles to it.
45. Can you increase the size of datafiles ? How ?
Answer: No (for Oracle 7.0)
Yes (for Oracle 7.3 by using the Resize clause )
46. What is the use of Control files ?
Answer: Contains pointers to locations of various data files, redo log files, etc.
47. What is the use of Data Dictionary ?
Answer: It Used by Oracle to store information about various physical and logical Oracle structures
e.g.Tables, Tablespaces, datafiles, etc
48. What are the advantages of clusters ?
Answer: Access time reduced for joins.
49. What are the disadvantages of clusters ?
Answer: The time for Insert increases.
50. Can Long/Long RAW be clustered ?
Answer: No.
51. Can null keys be entered in cluster index, normal index ?
Answer: Yes.
52. Can Check constraint be used for self referential integrity ? How ?
Answer: Yes.In the CHECK condition for a column of a table, we can reference some other column of the
same table and thus enforce self referential integrity.
53. What are the min.extents allocated to a rollback extent ?
Answer: Two
54. What are the states of a rollback segment ? What is the difference between partly available
and needs recovery ?
Answer: The various states of a rollback segment are :
 ONLINE
 OFFLINE
 PARTLY AVAILABLE
 NEEDS RECOVERY
 INVALID.
55. What is the difference between unique key and primary key ?
Answer: Unique key can be null; Primary key cannot be null.
56. An insert statement followed by a create table statement followed by rollback ? Will the rows
be inserted ?
Answer: No.
57. Can you define multiple savepoints ?
Answer: Yes.
58. Can you Rollback to any savepoint ?
Answer: Yes.
59. What is the maximum no.of columns a table can have ?
Answer: 254.
60. What is the significance of the & and && operators in PL SQL ?
Answer: The & operator means that the PL SQL block requires user input for a variable.
The && operator means that the value of this variable should be the same as inputted by the user
previously for this same variable
61. Can you pass a parameter to a cursor ?
Answer: Explicit cursors can take parameters, as the example below shows.A cursor parameter can
appear in a query wherever a constant can appear.
CURSOR c1 (median IN NUMBER) IS
SELECT job, ename FROM emp WHERE sal > median;
62. What are the various types of RollBack Segments ?
Answer: The types of Rollback sagments are as follows :
 Public Available to all instances
 Private Available to specific instance
63. Can you use %RowCount as a parameter to a cursor ?
Answer: Yes
64. Is the query below allowed :
Select sal, ename Into x From emp Where ename = 'KING' (Where x is a record of Number(4) and
Char(15))
Answer: Yes
65. Is the assignment given below allowed :
ABC = PQR (Where ABC and PQR are records)
Answer: Yes
66. Is this for loop allowed :
For x in &Start..&End Loop
Answer: Yes
67. How many rows will the following SQL return :
Select * from emp Where rownum < 10;
Answer: 9 rows
68. How many rows will the following SQL return :
Select * from emp Where rownum = 10;
Answer: No rows
69. Which symbol preceeds the path to the table in the remote database ?
 Answer: @
70. Are views automatically updated when base tables are updated ?
Answer: Yes
71. Can a trigger written for a view ?
Answer: No
72. If all the values from a cursor have been fetched and another fetch is issued, the output will
be : error, last record or first record ?
Answer: Last Record
73. A table has the following data : [[5, Null, 10]].What will the average function return ?
Answer: 7.5
74. Is Sysdate a system variable or a system function?
Answer: System Function
75. Consider a sequence whose currval is 1 and gets incremented by 1 by using the nextval
reference we get the next number 2.Suppose at this point we issue an rollback and again
issue a nextval.What will the output be ?
Answer: 3
76. Definition of relational DataBase by Dr.Codd (IBM)?
Answer: A Relational Database is a database where all data visible to the user is organized strictly as
tables of data values and where all database operations work on these tables.
77. What is Multi Threaded Server (MTA) ?
Answer: In a Single Threaded Architecture (or a dedicated server configuration) the database manager
creates a separate process for each database user.But in MTA the database manager can assign multiple
users (multiple user processes) to a single dispatcher (server process), a controlling process that queues
request for work thus reducing the databases memory requirement and resources.
78. Which are initial RDBMS, Hierarchical & N/w database ?
Answer:
 RDBMS - R system
 Hierarchical - IMS
 N/W - DBTG
79. Difference between Oracle 6 and Oracle 7
Answer:

ORACLE 7 ORACLE 6
Cost based optimizer Rule based optimizer
Shared SQL Area SQL area allocated for each user
Multi Threaded Server Single Threaded Server
Hash Clusters Only B-Tree indexing
Roll back Size Adjustment No provision
Truncate command No provision
Distributed Database Distributed Query
Table replication & snapshots No provision
Client/Server Tech No provision
80. What is Functional Dependency
Answer: Given a relation R, attribute Y of R is functionally dependent on attribute X of R if and only if each
X-value has associated with it precisely one -Y value in R
81. What is Auditing ?
Answer: The database has the ability to audit all actions that take place within it. a) Login attempts, b)
Object Accesss, c) Database Action Result of Greatest(1,NULL) or Least(1,NULL) NULL
82. While designing in client/server what are the 2 imp.things to be considered ?
Answer: Network Overhead (traffic), Speed and Load of client server
83. What are the disadvantages of SQL ?
Answer: Disadvantages of SQL are :
 Cannot drop a field
 Cannot rename a field
 Cannot manage memory
 Procedural Language option not provided
 Index on view or index on index not provided
 View updation problem
84. When to create indexes ?
Answer: To be created when table is queried for less than 2% or 4% to 25% of the table rows.
85. How can you avoid indexes ?
Answer: To make index access path unavailable

 Use FULL hint to optimizer for full table scan

 Use INDEX or AND-EQUAL hint to optimizer to use one index or set to indexes instead of another.
 Use an expression in the Where Clause of the SQL.
86. What is the result of the following SQL :
Select 1 from dual UNION Select 'A' from dual;
Answer: Error
87. Can database trigger written on synonym of a table and if it can be then what would be the
effect if original table is accessed.
Answer: Yes, database trigger would fire.
88. Can you alter synonym of view or view ?
Answer: No
89. Can you create index on view
Answer: No.
90. What is the difference between a view and a synonym ?
Answer: Synonym is just a second name of table used for multiple link of database.View can be created
with many tables, and with virtual columns and with conditions
91. What's the length of SQL integer ?
Answer: 32 bit length
92. What is the difference between foreign key and reference key ?
Answer: Foreign key is the key i.e.attribute which refers to another table primary key. Reference key is
the primary key of table referred by another table.
93. Can dual table be deleted, dropped or altered or updated or inserted ?
Answer: Yes
94. If content of dual is updated to some value computation takes place or not ?
Answer: Yes
95. If any other table same as dual is created would it act similar to dual?
Answer: Yes
96. For which relational operators in where clause, index is not used ?
Answer: <> , like '%...' is NOT functions, field +constant, field||''
97. Assume that there are multiple databases running on one machine.How can you switch from
one to another ?
Answer: Changing the ORACLE_SID
98. What are the advantages of Oracle ?
Answer: Portability : Oracle is ported to more platforms than any of its competitors, running on more than
100 hardware platforms and 20 networking protocols. Market Presence : Oracle is by far the largest
RDBMS vendor and spends more on R & D than most of its competitors earn in total revenue.This market
clout means that you are unlikely to be left in the lurch by Oracle and there are always lots of third party
interfaces available. Backup and Recovery : Oracle provides industrial strength support for on-line backup
 and recovery and good software fault tolerence to disk failure.You can also do point-in-time recovery.
Performance : Speed of a 'tuned' Oracle Database and application is quite good, even with large
databases.Oracle can manage > 100GB databases. Multiple database support : Oracle has a superior
ability to manage multiple databases within the same transaction using a two-phase commit protocol.
99. What is a forward declaration ? What is its use ?
Answer: PL/SQL requires that you declare an identifier before using it.Therefore, you must declare a
subprogram before calling it.This declaration at the start of a subprogram is called forward declaration.A
forward declaration consists of a subprogram specification terminated by a semicolon.
100. What are actual and formal parameters ?
Answer: Actual Parameters : Subprograms pass information using parameters.The variables or
expressions referenced in the parameter list of a subprogram call are actual parameters.For example, the
following procedure call lists two actual parameters named emp_num and amount:
Eg.raise_salary(emp_num, amount);
Formal Parameters : The variables declared in a subprogram specification and referenced in the
subprogram body are formal parameters.For example, the following procedure declares two formal
parameters named emp_id and increase:
Eg.PROCEDURE raise_salary (emp_id INTEGER, increase REAL) IS current_salary REAL;
101. What are the types of Notation ?
Answer: Position, Named, Mixed and Restrictions.
102. What all important parameters of the init.ora are supposed to be increased if you want to
increase the SGA size ?
Answer: In our case, db_block_buffers was changed from 60 to 1000 (std values are 60, 550 & 3500)
shared_pool_size was changed from 3.5MB to 9MB (std values are 3.5, 5 & 9MB) open_cursors was
changed from 200 to 300 (std values are 200 & 300) db_block_size was changed from 2048 (2K) to 4096
(4K) {at the time of database creation}. The initial SGA was around 4MB when the server RAM was 32MB
and The new SGA was around 13MB when the server RAM was increased to 128MB.
103. .If I have an execute privilege on a procedure in another users schema, can I execute his
procedure even though I do not have privileges on the tables within the procedure ?
Answer: Yes
104. What are various types of joins ?
Answer: Types of joins are:
 Equijoins
 Non-equijoins
 self join
 outer join
105. What is a package cursor ?
Answer: A package cursor is a cursor which you declare in the package specification without an SQL
statement.The SQL statement for the cursor is attached dynamically at runtime from calling procedures.
106. If you insert a row in a table, then create another table and then say Rollback.In this case
will the row be inserted ?
Answer: Yes.Because Create table is a DDL which commits automatically as soon as it is executed.The
DDL commits the transaction even if the create statement fails internally (eg table already exists error)
and not syntactically.