P.

Bapaiah 1

Power Quality Improvement by using

DSTATCOM
P. Bapaiah

ABSTRACT: Maximum AC loads consumes reactive The performance of the DSTATCOM depends on the
power, it causes poor power quality in power system. The control algorithm i.e. the extraction of the current
DSTATCOM is a compensating device which is used to control components. For this purpose there are many control
the flow of reactive power in the distribution systems. The schemes which are reported in the literature and some of
complete background of the compensating devices and power these are instantaneous reactive power (IRP) theory,
electronic application in compensating devices is presented in instantaneous compensation, instantaneous symmetrical
this paper and also the compensation using the DSTATCOM
components, synchronous reference frame (SRF) theory,
modeling is also discussed. The detailed modeling and
simulations of different control strategies are presented and computation based on per phase basis, and scheme based on
implemented along with the necessary equations in the neural network. Among these control schemes instantaneous
MATLAB simulink using the simpower systems tool boxes. reactive power theory and synchronous rotating reference
The PI controllers are used for the implementation of the frame are most widely used. This paper focuses on the
models and are discussed. Simulation results are we discussed compensating the voltage sag, swells and momentary
and various case studies applied depending on the various interruptions. The dynamic performance is analyzed and
loads like resistive, inductive and capacitive on the verified through simulation. It is a custom power device
DSTATCOM simulink models and the simulation results are which is gaining a fast publicity during these days due to its
studied.
exceptional features like it provides fast response, suitable
Keywords : Reactive power compensation, DSTATCOM, dq- for dynamic load response or voltage regulation and
model, power control and power quality. automation needs, Both leading and lagging VARS can be
provided, to correct voltage surges or sags caused by
reactive power demands DSTATCOM can be applied on
1. INTRODUCTION wide range of distribution and transmission voltage,
overload capability of this provides reserve energy for
In the early days of power transmission in the late 19th transients.
century problems like voltage deviation during load changes
and power transfer limitation were observed due to reactive The causes of power quality problems are generally
power unbalances. Most of the AC loads are consuming complex and difficult to detect. Technically speaking, the
reactive power due to presence of reactance. Heavy ideal AC line supply by the utility system should be a pure
consumption of reactive power causes poor voltage quality. sine wave of fundamental frequency (50/60Hz).Different
Today these Problems have even higher impact on reliable power quality problems, their characterization methods and
and secure power supply in the world of Globalization and possible causes are discussed above and which are
Privatization of electrical systems and energy transfer. The responsible for the lack of quality power which affects the
development in fast and reliable semiconductors devices customer in many ways. We can therefore conclude that the
(GTO and IGBT) allowed new power electronic lack of quality power can cause loss of production, damage
Configurations to be introduced to the tasks of power of equipment or appliances or can even be detrimental to
Transmission and load flow control. The FACTS devices human health. It is therefore imperative that a high standard
offer a fast and reliable control over the transmission of power quality is maintained. This project demonstrates
parameters, i.e. Voltage, line impedance, and phase angle that the power electronic based power conditioning using
between the sending end voltage and receiving end voltage. custom power devices like DSTATCOM can be effectively
On the other hand the custom power is for low voltage utilized to improve the quality of power supplied to the
distribution, and improving the poor quality and reliability customers.
of supply affecting sensitive loads. Custom power devices
are very similar to the FACTS. Most widely known custom The aim of the paper is shows to implement
power devices are DSTATCOM, UPQC, DVR among them DSTATCOM with control strategies in the MATLAB,
DSTATCOM is very well known and can provide cost simulink using Simpower systems tool box and to verify the
effective solution for the compensation of reactive power results through various case studies applying different loads
and unbalance loading in distribution system. and study them in detail.

2. POWER QUALITY AND RELIABILITY:

P. Bapaiah is currently working as an Assistant Professor in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Department at Amrita Sai Institute of Science and
Power quality and reliability cost the industry large
Technology, Paritala, (INDIA), Email: pagolubapaiah@gmail.com. amounts due to mainly sags and short-term interruptions.
Distorted and unwanted voltage wave forms, too. And the

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE) Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April-2013.
P. Bapaiah 2

main concern for the consumers of electricity was the 3. DISTRIBUTED STATIC COMPENSATOR
reliability of supply. Here we define the reliability as the (DSTATCOM)
continuity of supply. As shown in Fig.1, the problem of
distribution lines is divided into two major categories. First The Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is
group is power quality, second is power reliability. First a voltage source inverter based static compensator (similar
group consists of harmonic distortions, impulses and swells. in many respects to the DVR) that is used for the correction
Second group consists of voltage sags and outages. Voltage of bus voltage sags. Connection (shunt) to the distribution
sags is much more serious and can cause a large amount of network is via a standard power distribution transformer.
damage. If exceeds a few cycle, motors, robots, servo drives The DSTATCOM is capable of generating continuously
and machine tools cannot maintain control of process. variable inductive or capacitive shunt compensation at a
level up its maximum MVA rating. The DSTATCOM
continuously checks the line waveform with respect to a
reference ac signal, and therefore, it can provide the correct
amount of leading or lagging reactive current compensation
to reduce the amount of voltage fluctuations. The major
components of a DSTATCOM are shown in Fig. 2. It
consists of a dc capacitor, one or more inverter modules, an
ac filter, a transformer to match the inverter output to the
line voltage, and a PWM control strategy. In this
DSTATCOM implementation, a voltage-source inverter
converts a dc voltage into a three-phase ac voltage that is
synchronized with, and connected to, the ac line through a
small tie reactor and capacitor (ac filter).
Fig.1. power quality and reliability

Both the reliability and quality of supply are equally

important. For example, a consumer that is connected to the
same bus that supplies a large motor load may have to face a
severe dip in his supply voltage every time the motor load is
switched on. In some extreme cases even we have to bear
the black outs which is not acceptable to the consumers.
There are also sensitive loads such as hospitals (life support,
operation theatre, and patient database system), processing
plants, air traffic control, financial institutions and numerous
other data processing and service providers that require
clean and uninterrupted power. In processing plants, a batch
of product can be ruined by voltage dip of very short
duration. Such customers are very wary of such dips since Fig.2.block diagram of DSTATCOM circuit
each dip can cost them a substantial amount of money. Even
short dips are sufficient to cause contactors on motor drives DSTATCOM components: DSTATCOM involves
to drop out. Stoppage in a portion of process can destroy the mainly three parts
conditions for quality control of product and require
restarting of production. Thus in this scenario in which IGBT or GTO based dc-to-ac inverters:
consumers increasingly demand the quality power, the term These inverters are used which create an output voltage
power quality (PQ) attains increased significance. wave that’s controlled in magnitude and phase angle to
produce either leading or lagging reactive current,
Transmission lines are exposed to the forces of nature. depending on the compensation required.
Furthermore, each transmission line has its load ability limit
that is often determined by either stability constraints or by L-C filter:
thermal limits or by the dielectric limits. Even though the The LC filter is used which reduces harmonics and
power quality problem is distribution side problem, matches inverter output impedance to enable multiple
transmission lines are often having an impact on the quality parallel inverters to share current. The LC filter is chosen in
of the power supplied. It is however to be noted that while accordance with the type of the system and the harmonics
most problems associated with the transmission systems present at the output of the inverter.
arise due to the forces of nature or due to the interconnection
of power systems, individual customers are responsible for Control block:
more substantial fraction of the problems of power Control block is used which switch Pure Wave
distribution systems. DSTATCOM modules as required. They can control
external devices such as mechanically switched capacitor
banks too. These control blocks are designed based on the
various control theories and algorithms like instantaneous
PQ theory, synchronous frame theory etc.. All these
different algorithms are discussed in the next chapter.

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE) Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April-2013.
P. Bapaiah 3

4. PRINCIPLE OF DSTATCOM OF VOLTAGE So that

REGULATION
 
V   j



PL  jQL 
A. voltage regulation without compensator  RS X S 
 
V
 
Voltage E and V mean source voltage and PCC voltage

respectively. Without a voltage compensator, the PCC R P  X S Q L   J 
 S L
X SP  R S Q 
   
L L

   
voltage drop caused by the load current, IL is as shown in V V
Fig.3 (b) as ∆V
 V  V
I S
 ILIR R X

Where IR is the compensating

current The voltage change has a component ∆VR in phase with
V and a component ∆Vx , in quadrature with V, which are
illustrated in Fig.3(b). it is clear that both magnitude and
phase of V , relative to the supply voltage E, are the
functions magnitude and phase of load current, namely
voltage drop depends on the both the real and reactive
power of the load. The component ∆V can be written as

V  ISR  jI S X
S S

B: voltage regulation using the DSTATCOM

(a)
Fig.3(c) shows the vector diagram with voltage

E V
compensation. By adding a compensator in parallel with the

load, it is possible to make by controlling the

current of the compensator.

I S
 I L
 I R

Where IR is compensator current

BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

(b) Basic operating principle of a DSATCOM is similar to

that of synchronous machine. The synchronous machine will
provide lagging current when under excited and leading
current when over excited.

DSTATCOM can generate and absorb reactive power

similar to that of synchronous machine and it can also
exchange real power if provided with an external device DC
source.

1) Exchange of reactive power:- if the output voltage of

the voltage source converter is greater than the system
voltage then the DSATCOM will act as capacitor and
(c) generate reactive power(i.e.. provide lagging current to
the system)
Fig.3. (a) the equivalent circuit of load and supply system; 2) Exchange of real power: as the switching devices are not
(b) Phasor of uncompensated line; (c) Phasor of the loss less there is a need for the DC capacitor to provide
compensated line the required real power to the switches. Hence there is a
need for real power exchange with an AC system to
∆V = E -V = ZSIL make the capacitor voltage constant in case of direct
voltage control. There is also a real power exchange with
S = VI*, S_= V*I
the AC system if DSTATCOM id provided with an
From above equation external DC source to regulate the voltage incase of very
low voltage in the distribution system or in case of
  
  
faults. And if the VSC output voltage leads the system
P jQ
 
L
I L
voltage then the real power from the capacitor or the DC
 
L
V
source will be supplied to the AC system to regulate the

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE) Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April-2013.
P. Bapaiah 4

system voltage to the =1p.u or to make the capacitor The performance of DSTATCOM with different
voltage constant. control schemes have been tested through digital
Hence the exchange of real power and reactive power simulations with the different system parameters. The
of the voltage source converter with AC system is the major switch on time of the DSTATCOM and the load change
required phenomenon for the regulation in the transmission time are also mentioned.
as well as in the distribution system. For reactive power
compensation, DSTATCOM provides reactive power as Phase Shift Control
needed by the load and therefore the source current remains
at unity power factor (UPF). Since only real power is being In this control algorithm the voltage regulation is
supplied by the source, load balancing is achieved by achieved in a DSTATCOM by the measurement of the rms
making the source reference current balanced. The reference voltage at the load point and no reactive power
source current used to decide the switching of the measurements are required. Fig.4 shows the block diagram
DSTATCOM has real fundamental frequency component of of the implemented scheme.
the load current which is being extracted by these
techniques.

A STATCOM at the transmission level handles only

fundamental reactive power and provides voltage support
while as a DSTATCOM is employed at the distribution
level or at the load end for power factor improvement and
voltage regulation. DSTATCOM can be one of the viable
alternatives to SVC in a distribution network. Additionally,
a DSTATCOM can also behave as a shunt active filter, to
eliminate unbalance or distortions in the source current or Fig.4. Block diagram of phase shift control
the supply voltage as per the IEEE-519 standard limits.
Since a DSTATCOM is such a multifunctional device, the Sinusoidal PWM technique is used which is simple
main objective of any control algorithm should be to make it and gives a good response. The error signal obtained by
flexible and easy to implement in addition to exploiting its comparing the measured system rms voltage and the
multi functionality to the maximum. reference voltage, is fed to a PI controller which generates
the angle which decides the necessary phase shift between
The main objective of any compensation scheme is that the output voltage of the VSC and the AC terminal voltage.
it should have a fast response, flexible and easy to This angle is summed with the phase angle of the balanced
implement. The control algorithms of a DSTATCOM are supply voltages, assumed to be equally spaced at 120
mainly implemented in the following steps: degrees, to produce the desired synchronizing signal

 Measurements of system voltages and current and

required to operate the PWM generator. In this algorithm the

 signal conditioning
D.C. voltage is maintained constant using a separate dc

 Calculation of compensating signals

source.

 Generation of firing angles of switching devices Decoupled Current Control p-q theory
Generation of proper PWM firing is the most important
part of DSTATCOM control and has a great impact on the This algorithm requires the measurement of
compensation objectives, transient as well as steady state instantaneous values of three phase voltage and current.
performance. Since a DSTATCOM shares many concepts to Fig.5. shows the block diagram representation of the control
that of a STATCOM at transmission level, a few control scheme. The compensation is achieved by the control of id
algorithms have been directly implemented to a and iq. Using the definition of the instantaneous reactive
DSTATCOM, incorporating Pulse Width Modulation power theory for a balanced three phase three wire system,
(PWM) switching, rather than Fundamental Frequency the quadrature component of the voltage is always zero, the
switching (FFS) methods. This project makes attempt to real (p) and the reactive power (q) injected into the system
compare the following schemes of a DSTATCOM for by the DSTATCOM can be expressed under the dq
reactive power compensation and power factor correction reference frame as:
based on:

1. Phase Shift Control

2. Decoupled Current Control (p-q theory)

Since vq=0, id and iq completely describe the
3. Regulation of ac bus and dc link voltage instantaneous value of real and reactive powers produced by
the DSTATCOM when the system voltage remains constant.
4. Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) Method Therefore the instantaneous three phase current measured is
transformed by abc to dqo transformation. The decoupled d-
5. Adaline Based Control Algorithm (in this axis component id and q axis component iq are regulated by
paper we are not discussing about this controller) two separate PI regulators. The instantaneous id reference

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE) Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April-2013.
P. Bapaiah 5

and the instantaneous iq reference are obtained by the Synchronous rotating frame theory
control of the dc voltage and the ac terminal voltage
measured. Thus, instantaneous current tracking control is The synchronous reference frame theory is based
achieved using four PI regulators. A Phase Locked Loop on the transformation of the currents in synchronously
(PLL) is used to synchronize the control loop to the ac rotating d-q frame. Fig.6 explains the basic building blocks
supply so as to operate in the abc to dqo reference frame. of the theory. If θ is the transformation angle, then the
The instantaneous active and reactive powers p and q can be currents transformation from α-β to d-q frame is defined as:

id   cos sin   i 

decomposed into an average and an oscillatory component.

   
p  p p and q  q  q i q   sin  cos   i  
_ ~ _ ~

_ ~ ~

Where p and q are the average part and p and q

are oscillatory part of real and reactive instantaneous
powers. The compensating currents are calculated to
compensate the instantaneous reactive power and the
oscillatory component of the instantaneous active power. In
this case the source transmits only the non-oscillating
component of active power.

* *

Therefore the reference source currents i  s and i 

s in α-β
coordinate are expressed as:

 *  1 v
i*s    
v  p
_

is   v v  0  Fig.6. block diagram for synchronous frame theory

These currents can be transformed in a-b-c quantities to find SRF isolator extracts the dc component by low pass
the reference currents in a-b-c coordinate. filters (LPF) for each id and iq realized by moving averager

1 
at 100Hz. The extracted DC components iddc and iqdc are

*   
transformed back into α-β frame as shown below:
1 0
i*sa  2 1   io 
idc   cos  sin   i ddc
2
i sb    1 2
2  i     
cos   i qdc
3
 * 3  
i sc  1  1 2  3  i   i dc    sin 
2

 2 2 
From here the transformation can be made to
obtain three phase reference currents in a-b-c coordinates
i
Where o is the zero sequence components which is zero in using. The reactive power compensation can also be
3-phase 3-wire system provided by keeping iq component zero for calculating
reference currents.

Regulation of bus and DC link voltage

This compensation scheme is multifunctional and

can be effectively used for load balancing and harmonic
suppression in addition to power factor correction and
dynamic voltage regulation. Three phase ac supply voltages
and DC link voltage is sensed and fed r two PI controller ,
the outputs of which decide the amplitude of the reference
reactive and active current to be generated by the
DSTATCOM. Fig.7. shows the block diagram of the
implemented scheme.

Fig.5. block diagram of decoupled theory based control of

DSTATCOM

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE) Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April-2013.
P. Bapaiah 6

current controls is simple robust and exhibits an automatic

current limiting characteristic.

5. SIMULATION RESULTS

In this work, the performance of VSC based power

devices acting as a voltage controller is investigated.
Moreover, it is assumed that the converter is directly
controlled (i.e., both the angular position and the magnitude
of the output voltage are controllable by appropriate on/off
signals) for this it requires measurement of the rms voltage
and current at the load point.
Fig. 7. Block diagram of regulation of bus and DC link
voltage control The DSTATCOM is commonly used for voltage sags
mitigation and harmonic elimination at the point of
Multiplication of these amplitudes with the in phase connection. The DSTATCOM employs the same blocks as
and quadrature voltage unit vectors yields the respective the DVR, but in this application the coupling transformer is
component of reference currents. When applying the connected in shunt with the ac system, as illustrated in
algorithm for power factor correction and harmonic Fig.8. The VSC generates a three-phase ac output current
elimination the quadrature component of the reference which is controllable in phase and magnitude. These
current is made zero. The summed direct and quadrature currents are injected into the ac distribution system in order
axis reference currents and the sensed line currents are fed to maintain the load voltage at the desired voltage reference.
to carrier less hysteresis controller which is used for tracking Active and reactive power exchanges between the VSC
control. The converter switching actions are generated from connected in shunt with the ac system provides a
a hysteresis controller which adds a hysteresis band +/-h multifunctional topology which can be used for up to three
around the calculated reference current. The pulses are quite distinct purposes:
generated for the lower leg switches when, Isabc >=
Isabc_ref+h and for the upper leg switches when, Isabc <= 1) Voltage regulation and compensation of reactive power;
Isabc_ref-h. The tracking becomes better if hysteresis band
is narrower, but then the switching frequency is increased 2) Correction of power factor
which results in increased switching losses. Therefore the
choice of hysteresis band should be a compromise between 3) Elimination of current harmonics.
tracking error and inverter losses. This method of tracking

i
+
-

A A A i
+
-
N B B B
C C C Ia1
i
3 phase supplly distributtion line +
-
50Hz,11kV Ia2 25 MVA
100MVA S3 11 kV / 2 kV
+
A
B

A
B
C

v
A A A A
- A a
A S1 S2
B B
Vab B
C C B b
B
C

C
A
B

A
B

+ B C C
C c
v
-
A
B

A
B
C

Vabc Vabc (pu)

Powergui Vab1
C 2 MW 10 MW
-Discrete, Iabc Iabc (pu) 1 MVAr 5 MVAr
Ts = 1e-006 s. +
VSC
M1 Vabc
v
-
Iabc
Vab2
P&Q

Pf

In RMS Voltages&currents

Fig.8. DSTATCOM connected to 11kVdistribution system

PWM Based Model of VSC a 10000-µF dc capacitor, a PWM signal generator with
In the PWM based model, the switching elements– switching frequency equal to 3 kHz, a passive filter to
IGBTs/diodes, the PWM signal generator and the dc eliminate harmonic components, and a voltage controller as
capacitor are explicitly represented. Considering the that shown in Fig.9. The dc voltage (Vdc) is measured and
DSTATCOM as a voltage controller. Such a model consists sent to the controller as well as the three-phase terminal
of a six-pulse voltage-source converter using IGBTs/diodes,

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE) Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April-2013.
P. Bapaiah 7

voltages (VABC ) and the injected three-phase currents Fig.9, and its simpower systems implementation is
(Iabc ). Va, Vb and Vc are voltages at the converter output. presented in Fig.10. Which employs the dq0 rotating
reference frames because it offers higher accuracy than
+
-
v
Vab_inv (V)
V_I
stationary frame based techniques. In this figure, VABC are
Vab_i nv
the three-phase terminal voltages, Iabc are the three-phase
1
A A a +
i
currents injected by the devices into the network, Vrms is
- A

2
B
B b Ia B
+

C1
+
-
v
the rms terminal voltage, Vdc is the dc voltage measured in
C VDC (V)

3
C c

Fil ters
pulses
- Vdc
the capacitor and the superscripts * indicate reference
C IGBT
INVERTER
values. Such controller employs a PLL (Phase Locked
4
Vabc
1
Loop) to synchronize the three-phase voltages at the
Vabc (pu)
Vabc (pu)
F req
z
converter output with the zero crossings of the fundamental
5
Iabc (pu)
Iabc (pu/5 MVA)
Iabc (pu/5 MVA)
Iabc (pu)
component of the phase-A terminal voltage. Therefore, the
PLL provides the angle φ to the abc-to-dq0 (and dq0-to-abc)
Vabc_inv
Vdc (pu) Signal(s) Pulses

Control system
Di screte
PWM Generator transformation. There are also four PI regulators. The first
one is responsible for controlling the terminal voltage
V - pu

-K-
through the reactive power exchange with the ac network

This PI regulator provides the reactive current

Fig.9. PWM based model of VSC implemented in reference Iq*, which is limited between +1 pu capacitive
SimPowerSystems. and -1 pu inductive. This regulator has one droop
characteristic, usually ±5%, which allows the terminal
For the DSTATCOM when the simulation starts, the voltage to suffer only small variations. Another PI regulator
DC capacitor starts charging. This requires Id component is responsible for keeping constant the dc voltage through a
corresponding to the active power absorbed by the capacitor. small active power exchange with the ac network,
When the DC voltage reaches its reference value, the Id compensating the active power losses in the transformer and
component drops to a value very close to zero and the Iq inverter. This PI regulator provides the active current
component stays at the 1 pu reference value. In the case of reference Id*.
the DSTATCOM, a constant dc source is provided across
the capacitor for charging the capacitor to dc voltage The other two PI regulators determine voltage
reference value. reference Vd* and Vq*, which are sent to the PWM signal
generator of the converter, after a dq0-to-abc transformation.
Voltage Controller of DSTATCOM Finally, Vabc* are the three-phase voltages desired at the
converter output. The simulink implementation of Fig.10 is
This section describes the PWM-based control
shown in Fig.11.
scheme for the DSTATCOM. The aim of the control scheme
is to maintain constant voltage magnitude at the point where
a sensitive load is connected, under system disturbances.
The voltage controller analyzed in this work is exhibited in

Fig.10Voltage controller of DSTATCOM

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE) Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April-2013.
P. Bapaiah 8

Freq
Freq 1
1 Vabc (pu) wt
Vabc (pu) sin_cos(wt)

Discrete 3-Phase PLL

2 -1 abc Id
Iabc (pu) dq0 Demu
sin_cos Iq
Id (pu)
abc_to_dq0
Vd
Id_ref(pu)

PI
3 V (pu) Id Regulator dq0
Vdc (pu) Id_ref abc 2
sin_cos
1 Vref(pu) 0 Vabc_inv
Iq (pu)
dq0_to_abc
VDC_ref Vq V0
PI Iq_ref(pu) Transformation
VDC Regulator
PI
Iq Regulator

Demu

signal rms V (pu)

Iq_ref 1
RMS Vref(pu)

PI / droop
VT Regulator
1

Fig.11.Voltage controller implemented in SimPowerSystems.

The DSTATCOM model developed using the mat lab Initially there is a fixed inductive load is connected
is allowed to run for .5 seconds. A fixed inductive load is to the line. After .1 second the circuit breaker .is closed and
always connected to the source .the increase or decrease in the terminal voltage is decreased to.8pu. The top window
voltage is performed by using circuit breakers with a delay shows the change in the three phase voltage waveforms, the
of 0.2second from the start of the simulation. Simulation second window shows the changes in the currents when the
results we are carried out with balanced load only. inductive load is applied after .1seconds and the bottom
window shows the magnitude of the voltage. This
Without DSTATCOM compensation: simulation is shown in Fig.12 and results are shown in
Fig.13.
Case: 1 (an inductive load is applied .1seconds after the
start of the simulation)
i
+
-

A A A i
+
-
N B B B
C C C Ia1
i
3 phase suppll y di stri butti on l i ne +
-
50Hz,11kV
Ia2
100MVA
+
A

B
C

v
-
S1 S2
Vab
C

C
A

+
v
-
A

B
C

Pow ergui Vab1 2 MW 10 M W

-Discrete, 1 MVA r 5 M VAr
Ts = 1e-006 s. +
v
-

Vab2

Pf

In RMS Vol tages&currents

Fig.12 simulink model of uncompensated lines with inductive load

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE) Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April-2013.
P. Bapaiah 9

Fig.13..load voltage, load current & load voltage magnitude respectively with Inductive load in the uncompensated line

Case: 2 ( An capacitive load is applied at .2seconds after the

start of the simulation)

Initially there is a fixed inductive load is connected

to the line. After 0.2seconds start of the simulation the
circuit breaker is closed. The top window shows the changes
in the three phase voltage waveform, the second window
shows the changes in the currents when the capacitive load
is applied after 0.2seconds and the bottom window shows
the magnitude of the voltage. The simulation block is shown
in Fig.14 and corresponding results are shown in Fig.15.
i
+
-
A A A
i
+
N B B B -
C C C Ia 1
3 -p hase sup ply So urce imp edan ce i
+
-
50Hz,11Kv,1 00MVA 1 00 MVA
short circu it le vel
+
Ia2

Fig.15. load voltage, load current & load voltage magnitude

A
B

A
B
C

v
-
S1 S2
Vab

respectively with Capacitive load in the uncompensated line

C

C
A
B

A
B

+
v
-
A
B

A
B
C

Powergui Va b1 2 MW 10 MW
-Discrete , 1 MV Ar 5 MVAr
Ts = 1e-006 s. +

Vab2
v

Case: 3 (a capacitive load is applied .1seconds after the start

Pf
of the simulation and an inductive load is applied at
In RMS Vol ta ges&cu rrents
.2seconds after the start of the simulation).
Fig.14 simulink model of uncompensated lines with In this simulation we observe the variations in the
capacitive load terminal voltage. When a capacitive load is applied then the
terminal voltage rises, this condition is known as swell.
When the inductive capacitive load is applied then the
terminal voltage drops, i.e. this condition is known as sag.
Initially there is a fixed inductive load is connected to the

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE) Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April-2013.
P. Bapaiah 10

line. After 0.1seconds start of the simulation a capacitive .Therefore the load is maintained at unity power factor. The
load is applied, and at 0.2seconds start of the simulation a top window shows that there is no change in the voltage
indutivee load is applied. The top window shows the waveform and it is maintained at unity power factor. The
changes in the three phase voltage waveform, the second second window shows the variations in the currents when
window shows the changes in the currents when the inductive loads are applied at different instances of the
inductive and capacitive loads are applied after simulation. The simulation block and corresponding results
0.1and0.2seconds respectively after the start of the for this case are shown in Fig.17 and Fig.18 respectively and
simulation and the bottom window shows the magnitude of the real and reactive powers are shown in Fig.19.
the voltage. The simulink based model for this case is +
i

shown in Fig.16 and corresponding results are shown in

-

A A A + i
-
N B B B
C C C Ia1

Fig.17. 3 -ph ase supp ly

50Hz,1 1Kv,10 0MVA
d istri butti on l i ne

+
+

Ia2
i
-
25 MVA
11 kV / 2 kV
S3

A
B

A
B
C

C
v
- A A A A A a A
S1 S2
B B
V ab B B

C
A
B

A
B
i B b
+ C C
-
+ B C C
A A A C c
i - v

A
B

A
B
C

C
+
N B B B - Vabc Vabc (pu)
Powergui Vab1 2 MW 10 MW
C C C Ia1 C Iabc
-Discrete, Iabc (pu) 1 MVAr 5 MVAr
3-phase supply Source i mpedance i
+
- Ts = 1e-006 s. +
50Hz,11Kv,100MVA 100 MVA Vabc VSC
v M1
short circui t level Ia2
-
+ Iabc

A
B

A
B
C

C
v V ab2

A
B
C
- P&Q
S1 S2 S3
Vab Pf

C
A
B

A
B

C
A
B
+
v
-
A
B

A
B

A
B
Vo ltage s&curre nts
C

C
In RMS
Powergui Vab1 2 MW 10 MW 2 MW
-Discrete, 1 MVAr 5 MVAr 1 MVAr1
Ts = 1e-006 s. +
v
-

Vab2

Pf
Fig.17. Simulink model of compensated lines with inductive
I n R MS Voltages&currents
load

Fig.15. Simulink model of uncompensated lines with

capacitive & inductive load

Fig.18. Load voltage, load current & load voltage magnitude

respectively with Inductive load in the compensated line

Fig.16. .load voltage, load current & load voltage magnitude

respectively with Capacitive & inductive load in the
uncompensated line

Compensation using decoupled current control or

instantaneous p-q theory control
Fig.19. Reactive power of compensated lines with inductive
With DSTATCOM compensation: load

Case: 1 (an inductive load is applied .2seconds after the Case:2 (an capacitive load is applied at .2seconds after the
start of the simulation) start of the simulation)

Considering that the DSTATCOM is connected in Considering that the DSTATCOM is connected in
shunt with the line. Initially there is a fixed inductive load shunt with the line. Initially there is a fixed inductive load
is connected to the line. After 0.2 seconds the circuit breaker is connected to the line. After 0.2 seconds the circuit breaker
is closed an inductive load is applied, but in both the cases is closed a capacitive load is applied, but in both the cases
we observe that there is no drop in the terminal voltage due we observe that there is no rise in the terminal voltage due
to the injection of reactive power by the DSTATCOM to the absorption of reactive power by the Dstatcom.

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE) Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April-2013.
P. Bapaiah 11

Therefore the load is maintained at unity power factor. The 6. Conclusions

top window shows that there is no change in the voltage
waveform and it is maintained at unity power factor. The Custom Power (CP) devices can be used, at
second window shows the variations in the currents when reasonable cost, to provide high power quality and improved
inductive loads are applied at different instances of the power service. Detailed modeling is presented and results
simulation. The simulation block and corresponding results are discussed with different case studies. These Custom
for this case are shown in Fig.20 and Fig.21 respectively and Power devices provide solutions to power quality at the
the real and reactive powers are shown in Fig.22. medium voltage distribution network level. This project
presents the detailed modeling of one of the custom power
+
i
- products, DSTATCOM is presented using instantaneous P-
N
A
B
A
B
A
B
+

Ia1
i
- Q theory, used for the control of DSTATCOM are
C C C
3 phase supplly distributtion line +
i
-
discussed. These control algorithms are described with the
50Hz,11kV
100MVA
+
Ia2
S3
25 MVA
11 kV / 2 kV help of simulation results under linear loads. The control

A
B

A
B
v

C
-
A
A A
B
A
B
A a
A
S1 S2 scheme maintains the power balance at the PCC to regulate
Vab B B
C C B b
the dc capacitor voltages. PWM control scheme only

C
A
B

A
B
+ B C C
C c
v
-
requires voltage measurements. This characteristic makes it
A
B

A
B
C

C
Vabc Vabc (pu)
Powergui Vab1
C 2 MW 10 MW
-Discrete,
Ts = 1e-006 s. +
Iabc Iabc (pu) 1 MVAr 5 MVAr
ideally suitable for low-voltage custom power applications.
M1 VSC

-
v
Vabc

Iabc
The control scheme was tested under a wide range of
Vab2
P&Q operating conditions, and it was observed to be very robust
Pf in every case. Extensive simulations were conducted to gain
In RMS Voltages&currents
insight into the impact of capacitor size on DSTATCOM
harmonic generation, speed of response of the PWM control
and transient overshooting. It was observed that an
Fig.20. Simulink model of compensated lines with undersized capacitor degrades all three aspects. On the other
capacitive load hand, an oversized capacitor may also lead to a PWM
control with a sluggish response but it will reduce D-
STATCOM harmonic generation and transient
overshooting. It is concluded that a DSTATCOM though is
conceptually similar to a STATCOM at the transmission
level; its control scheme should be such that in addition to
complete reactive power compensation, power factor
correction and voltage regulation the harmonics are also
checked, and for achieving improved power quality levels at
the distribution end.

FUTURE WORK:

This project presents a detailed modeling and

analysis of one of the custom power device DSTATCOM.
Instantaneous Decoupled Current Control or instantaneous
p-q theory is discussed in detailed and verified through
detailed simulations by developing the models in MATLAB
simulink using the sim power system control tool boxes.
Fig.21. Load voltage, load current & load voltage magnitude Now we are posing a challenge to complete If the remaining
respectively with Capacitive load in the compensated line control strategies which includes the synchronous frame
theory, regulation of Bus and DC link voltage, and ANN
based Adaline theory .these control strategies are
implemented and studied in detail through various
simulations then it would be of immense help for the real
time implementation of the DSTATCOM across all over the
globe. If thrown light on other custom power devices like
the Dynamic voltage Regulator (DVR), and Unified power
quality conditioner (UPQC), applying different strategies
then we can bring a revolution in the control of power in the
distribution systems.

References
Fig.22. Reactive power of compensated lines with capacitive [1] “Control Algorithms for Distribution Static Compensator” by
load Deepika Masand, Shailendra Jain and Gayatri Agnihotri and
Maulana Azad Dept. Of Electrical Engineering National
Institute of Technology, Bhopal (MP), India.
[2] “A comparative study of Control algorithms for
DSTATCOM for load compensation” by Bhim Singh,

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE) Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April-2013.
P. Bapaiah 12

Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of

Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi
[3] “The Concept and Operating Principles of a Mini Custom
Power Park” by Arindam Ghosh, Senior Member, IEEE, and
Avinash Joshi Senior Member, IEEE
[4] “Steady state modeling of custom power compensation
power distribution networks” by P. Pohjanheimo & E.
Lakervi, Helsinki University of Technology, Power Systems
Laboratory, Finland
[5] “Power Quality Enhancement with DSTATCOM for Small
Isolated Alternator feeding Distribution System” by Bhim
Singh, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi.
[6] “FACTS and custom power equipment for the enhancement
of power transmission system performance and power
quality” by John J. Paserba, Gregory F. Reed Mitsubishi
electric power products, inc.. Warren dale, Pennsylvania,
U.S.A, Masatoshi takeda and tomoshiko Aritsuk, Mitsubishi
Electric Corporation, Japan
[7] Benefits of SVC and STATCOM for Electric Utility
Application” by M. Noroozian, SM IEEE Åke, N Petersson,
B. Thorvaldson, Bo A. Nilsson ABB Utilities, FACTS
Division, Västerås, Sweden and C.W. Taylor, Fellow IEEE
Carson Taylor Seminars Portland, Oregon USA.
[8] “An alternative cost-effective applications of power factor
correction” by Richard A. Flusher, member, IEEE
[9] “Operation of a DSTATCOM in Voltage Control Mode” by
Mahesh K. Mishra, Student Member, IEEE, Arindam Ghosh,
Senior Member, IEEE, and Avinash Joshi
[10] “The role, of custom power products In enhancing power
quality at industrial facilities” by Michael D. Stump, P.E.
Westinghouse generation Gerald J. Keane Power
Westinghouse and Frederick K. S. Leong Power
Westinghouse Industry Services Asia private limited
[11] “Modeling, Analysis and Performance of a DSTATCOM for
Unbalanced and Non-Linear Load” by Dinesh Kumar,
Rajesh
[12] “Voltage Sag and Swell Generator for the Evaluation of
Custom Power Devices” by Y.H. Chrmg. G.H Kwon T.B.
Park and K. Y Lim
[13] “Voltage Flicker Mitigation Using PWM-Based Distribution
STATCOM” by J. Sun, Student Member, IEEE, D.
Czarkowski, Member, IEEE, and Z. Zabar, Senior Member,
IEEE
[14] “Power Quality enhancement using custom power devices”
by Arindam Ghosh and Gerard Ledwich .
[15] “Understanding FACTS; Concepts and Technology of
Flexible AC Transmission Systems” by N. G. Hingorani, L.
Gyugyi.

P. Bapaiah received Diploma in Electrical and

Electronics Engineering from
A.A.N.M&V.V.R.S.R Polytechnic,
Gudlavalleru (INDIA) in 2002. Received his
Bachelor degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from Gudlavalleru Engineering
College, Gudlavalleru (INDIA) in 2006.Worked
as Site Engineer in MICRON Electricals at Hyderabad in 2006-
2008. And M.Tech in Power Systems Engineering from
V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, Acharya
Nagarjuna University Guntur, (INDIA) in 2010. He is currently
working as an Assistant Professor in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department at Amrita Sai Institute of Science and
Technology, Paritala, (INDIA). His research interests include
Power Systems, HVDC Transmission Systems, and Power Quality.

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE) Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April-2013.