MPMC QB ANS

SHORT
1. What is the size of address and data bus of Intel 8085 Microprocessor?

Ans: The Intel 8085 Microprocessor has an 16-bit address bus and an 8-bit data bus.
2. What is the operating frequency of Intel 8085 Microprocessor?

Ans: The operating frequency of the Intel 8085 Microprocessor is typically 3-6 MHz.
3. What do you understand by a T-state, Machine cycle, and Instruction cycle?

Ans:

T-state: A T-state is the basic unit of time for the Intel 8085 Microprocessor. Each T-
state is 3 clock cycles long.

Machine cycle: A machine cycle is the time it takes for Microprocessor to fetch and
execute an instruction.

Instruction cycle: An instruction cycle is the sequence of T-states required to

execute a single instruction.

4. How many active flags are present in the flag register of Intel 8085? Name
them.

Ans:

There are five active flags in the flag register of the Intel 8085:

Sign (S) flag

Zero (Z) flag

Auxiliary Carry (AC) flag

Parity (P) flag

Carry (CY) flag

5. What is the role of ALE pin of Intel 8085 Microprocessor?

MPMC QB ANS 1
 Ans:

The ALE (Address Latch Enable) pin of the Intel 8085 Microprocessor is used to
output the lower eight

bits of the address during the first T-state of each machine cycle.

This allows the external memory devices to latch the address and prepare the data
for the next T-state.

6. What is the difference between a one-byte and two-byte instructions. Give

examples.

Ans:

One-byte instructions are those instructions that require only one byte of machine code
for their execution.

Two-byte instructions, on the other hand, require two bytes of machine code. For
example:

One-byte instruction: MOV A, B (opcode: 78)

Two-byte instruction: LXI B, 1624H (opcode: 01, immediate data: 24H, 16H)

7. What is the role of HOLD pin of Intel 8085 Microprocessor?

Ans:

The HOLD pin of the Intel 8085 Microprocessor is used to suspend the execution of
the microprocessor by an external device.

This is typically used to allow another device, such as a direct memory access
(DMA) controller, to access the memory or I/O bus.

8. What is the role of SOD pin of Intel 8085 Microprocessor?

Ans:

The SOD (Serial Output Data) pin of the Intel 8085 Microprocessor is used for serial
data output during the execution of certain instructions.

It is used in serial communication.

9. What is the role of TRAP pin of Intel 8085 Microprocessor?

Ans:

MPMC QB ANS 2
 The TRAP (TRAP) pin of the Intel 8085 Microprocessor is used to generate a non-
maskable interrupt.

This is typically used to handle critical events, such as power failures.

10. What is the role of READY pin of Intel 8085 Microprocessor?

Ans:

The READY pin of the Intel 8085 Microprocessor is used to indicate to the
microprocessor that an external device is ready to transfer data.

This is typically used with slower memory devices, such as DRAM.

11. What is the size of address and data bus of Intel 8086 Microprocessor?

Ans: 16-bit data bus and 20-bit address bus

12. What is the operating frequency of Intel 8086 Microprocessor?

Ans: The operating frequency of the Intel 8086 Microprocessor is typically 5, 8, or 10

MHz
13. Explain the instruction MUL BX of Intel 8086 Microprocessor.

Ans: The MUL BX instruction multiplies the contents of the AX register by the contents
of the BX register. The result is stored in the AX register.
14. Explain the instruction DIV BL of Intel 8086 Microprocessor.

Ans: The DIV BL instruction divides the contents of the AX register by the contents of
the BL register. The quotient is stored in the AX register, and the remainder is stored in
the DX register.
15. What is the size of instruction queue of Intel 8086 Microprocessor?

Ans: The Intel 8086 microprocessor has a 6-byte instruction queue. This means that it
can hold up to 6 instructions at a time.
16. What are the roles of ̅̅̅̅̅̅BHE & A0 pins of Intel 8086 Microprocessor?

Ans:

The BHE (Bus High Enable) pin is used to indicate the byte being transferred on the
data bus.

The A0 pin is used to select the lower order byte or the higher order byte on the
data bus.

17. What is the role of MN⁄MX ̅̅̅̅̅ pin of Intel 8086 Microprocessor?

MPMC QB ANS 3
 Ans: The MN/MX (Memory/No Memory) pin is used to indicate whether the
microprocessor is accessing memory or I/O devices.
18. Explain the instruction XLAT of Intel 8086 Microprocessor.

Ans: The XLAT instruction translates the contents of the AL register into its
corresponding ASCII code. The translated code is stored in the AL register.
19. Explain the instruction CMP of Intel 8086 Microprocessor.

Ans:

The CMP instruction in the Intel 8086 Microprocessor is used for comparing two
operands.

It subtracts the second operand from the first without storing the result and updates
the flags based on the result.

20. How many memory locations that an Intel 8086 Microprocessor can access?
Ans: The Intel 8086 Microprocessor can access up to 1 MB (2^20) memory locations.
21. What is the size of address and data bus of Intel 8051 Microcontroller?
Ans: The Intel 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit data bus and an 8-bit address bus.
22. What is the operating frequency of Intel 8051 Microcontroller?

Ans: 12 MHz.
23. What is the size of on-chip ROM for Intel 8051 Microcontroller?

Ans: 4KB
24. What is the size of on-chip RAM for Intel 8051 Microcontroller?

Ans: 128 bytes

25. How many bidirectional input output lines are present in Intel 8051?

Ans: 4 bidirectional I/O lines

26. List the register banks that are present in Intel 8051 Microcontroller.

Ans: The Intel 8051 microcontroller has four register banks, each with eight registers.
These register banks are named R0, R1, R2, and R3.
27. What is the role of ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅PSEN pin of Intel 8051 Microcontroller?

Ans:

The PSEN (Program Store Enable) pin is an active-low signal that is used to select
the external program memory.

MPMC QB ANS 4
 When PSEN is low, the microcontroller reads data from the external program
memory. When PSEN is high, the microcontroller accesses the internal program
memory.

28. What is the role of PROG ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅ pin of Intel 8051 Microcontroller?
Ans:

The PROG (Program) pin is used to enable programming mode.

When PROG is high, the microcontroller is in normal operating mode. When PROG
is low, the microcontroller is in programming mode and can be programmed with
new code.

29. How does the pin ̅EA ̅̅̅ work in Intel 8051 Microcontroller?

Ans:

The EA (External Access Enable) pin is used to enable external interrupts.

When EA is low, external interrupts are disabled. When EA is high, external

interrupts are enabled.

30. How does the pin VPP work in Intel 8051 Microcontroller?

Ans: The VPP(Voltage Programming Pulse) pin provides a high voltage for
programming the microcontroller's flash memory and can also be used for external
memory interfacing in some variants.
31. What is the role of RS pin in a 16 X 2 LCD Module?
Ans:

The RS (Register Select) pin is used to select the data or command register of the
LCD module.

When RS is low, the data register is selected. When RS is high, the command
register is selected.

32. How the contrast of a 16 X 2 LCD Module is adjusted?

Ans: The contrast of a 16x2 LCD module is adjusted by setting the voltage on the Vcom
pin. The Vcom pin is connected to a potentiometer that can be adjusted to control the
voltage.
33. What is the function of command register of a 16 X 2 LCD Module?

MPMC QB ANS 5
 Ans: The command register is used to send commands to the LCD module. These
commands can control various aspects of the display, such as the cursor position, the
display mode, and the backlight.
34. What are two methods that are used for digital to analog conversion?

Ans:

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): In PWM, a digital signal is used to control the
duty cycle of a pulse train. The average voltage of the pulse train is proportional to
the duty cycle.

R-2R Ladder DAC: In an R-2R ladder DAC, a series of resistors is used to divide a
reference voltage into smaller voltages. The digital signal is used to select which of
these smaller voltages is output.

35. What is the step size for a 10 bit Analog to Digital Converter?
Ans: The step size of an ADC is the smallest change in input voltage that will cause a
change in the output code. For a 10-bit ADC, the step size is equal to the reference
voltage divided by 1024.
36. What is the function of E pin in a 16 X 2 LCD Module?

Ans: The E (Enable) pin is used to enable the LCD module to accept data or
commands. When E is high, the data or command is latched onto the data bus. When E
is low, the data or command is ignored.
37. What is the role of ̅̅̅̅RD pin of ADC 0804 chip?
Ans: The RD (Read) pin of the ADC 0804 chip is used to initiate the conversion
process. When RD is low, the conversion starts. When RD is high, the conversion is
complete and the converted data can be read.
38. How many data lines are present in DAC 0808 chip?

Ans: The DAC 0808 chip has 8 data lines, which means that it can output analog
voltages with 8-bit resolution.
39. How many data lines are present in ADC 0804 chip?
Ans: The ADC 0804 chip has 8 data lines, which means that it can input analog
voltages with 8-bit resolution.
40. What is the role of CLK IN pin of ADC 0804 chip?
Ans: The CLK IN (Clock Input) pin of the ADC 0804 chip is used to provide a clock
signal for the conversion process. The clock signal should have a frequency of at least

MPMC QB ANS 6
 500 kHz.
41. How many bidirectional I/O lines are present in Intel 8255?
Ans:

24 bidirectional I/O lines:

Organized into three 8-bit ports: Port A, Port B, and Port C.

42. What are the modes that can be used in Intel 8255?

Ans:
Three modes of operation:

Mode 0: Basic Input/Output (I/O).

Mode 1: Strobed Input/Output (I/O).

Mode 2: Bidirectional Bus.

43. How does the instruction LEA works for Intel 8086 Microprocessor?

Ans:

LEA Purpose: The LEA (Load Effective Address) instruction in Intel 8086
Microprocessor calculates the effective address of a specified operand.

Functionality: LEA does not access the data at the calculated address; it loads the
offset into a register for further computation or indirect addressing.

44. What is the SP register do in Intel 8085 Microprocessor?

Ans:

1. Stack Pointer (SP): The SP register in Intel 8085 Microprocessor is a 16-bit

register.

2. Stack Operations: SP is used to point to the memory location where the next push
or pop operation will occur in the stack. It manages the stack for subroutine calls
and interrupt handling.

45. What is the significance of S1 and S0 pin of Intel 8085 Microprocessor?

Ans:

MPMC QB ANS 7
 1. Register Set Selection: S1 and S0 are status pins in the Intel 8085
Microprocessor.

2. Register Bank Selection: S1 and S0 pins determine which register set (B, C, D, or
E) is currently active, allowing the microprocessor to access different sets of
registers during program execution.

FOCUS
1. Explain the addressing modes of Intel 8085 Microprocessor with examples.

Ans:
Addressing Modes of Intel 8085:

1. Immediate Addressing: Data is directly specified in the instruction. Example: MVI

A, 05H .

2. Register Addressing: Data is in a register. Example: MOV B, C .

3. Direct Addressing: Operand's address is directly specified. Example: LDA 2000H .

4. Indirect Addressing: Address of the operand is in a register pair. Example: MOV A,

(B) .

5. Implicit Addressing: No explicit address is specified. Example: NOP (No

Operation).

2. Explain instructions DAA, XRA, INR, JMP, CMP, PUSH, LDA, and LXI of Intel
8085.
Ans:

Intel 8085 Instructions:

1. DAA (Decimal Adjust Accumulator): Adjusts the accumulator after BCD addition.

2. XRA (Exclusive OR Accumulator): Performs XOR operation with the accumulator

and a specified operand.

3. INR (Increment Register): Increments the specified register or memory location.

4. JMP (Jump): Unconditional jump to the specified address.

MPMC QB ANS 8
 5. CMP (Compare): Compares the accumulator with the specified register/memory.

6. PUSH: Pushes the contents of the specified register pair onto the stack.

7. LDA (Load Accumulator Direct): Loads the accumulator with the content of the
specified memory location.

8. LXI (Load Register Pair Immediate): Loads a 16-bit immediate data into a register
pair.

3. Write an ALP for Intel 8085 to find the sum of first 10 natural numbers.
Ans:

ORG 0000H ; Set the origin address

START:
MVI B, 00H ; Initialize B register to 00 (sum)
MVI C, 0AH ; Load C register with 0AH (count of natural numbers)
MVI D, 01H ; Load D register with 01 (starting natural number)
MVI E, 00H ; Initialize E register to 00 (carry)
LOOP:
ADD D ; Add the number in D register to the sum in B register
JNC NO_CARRY ; Jump if no carry occurred
INR E ; Increment carry register if there is a carry
NO_CARRY:
DCR C ; Decrement count
JNZ LOOP ; Continue loop if count is not zero
MOV A, B ; Move the result (sum) to A register
ADD E ; Add the carry to the result
HLT ; Halt the program
END

4. Explain the concept of pipelining used in Intel 8086 microprocessor.

Ans:

1. Definition of Pipelining: Pipelining is a microprocessor optimization technique that

enhances performance by simultaneously executing multiple stages of instruction
processing.

2. Intel 8086 Example: The Intel 8086 microprocessor employs a two-stage pipeline
comprising fetch and execute stages. While one instruction is executed, the next
one is fetched, enhancing efficiency.

3. Prefetch Queue Function: The 8086 includes a prefetch queue capable of storing
up to six instruction bytes. This feature enables continuous instruction fetching even

MPMC QB ANS 9
 if the execution stage is still processing a previous instruction.

4. Performance Improvement: The key benefit of pipelining is a significant reduction

in the time a microprocessor spends waiting for instructions to be fetched from
memory, thereby enhancing overall performance.

5. Overall Impact: Through overlapping instruction execution, pipelining is a valuable

technique that optimizes microprocessor efficiency and accelerates computational
tasks.

5. Write an ALP for Intel 8086 Microprocessor to divide 12345678 H by ABCDH.

Store the quotient at memory location 11234 H and remainder at 11236 H.
Ans:

; Divide 12345678 H by ABCD H and store the quotient at memory location 11234 H and remain
der at 11236 H
MOV AX, 12345678H ; Load dividend into AX register
MOV BX, ABCD H ; Load divisor into BX register
DIV BX ; Divide AX by BX and store quotient in AX and remainder in DX
MOV [11234H], AX ; Store quotient at memory location 11234 H
MOV [11236H], DX ; Store remainder at memory location 11236 H

6. Explain different addressing modes used in Intel 8086 microprocessor.

Ans: The Intel 8086 microprocessor supports the following addressing modes:

Register addressing: Access data in internal registers.

e.g. MOV AX, BX ; Move the contents of the BX register to the AX register

Direct addressing: Access data in memory directly using operand as address.

e.g. MOV [1000H], AX ; Move the contents of the AX register to memory location
1000H

Indirect addressing: Access data in memory indirectly using register value as

address.
e.g. MOV AX, [BX] ; Move the contents of the memory location pointed to by the BX
register to the AX register

Indexed addressing: Access data using base address and index value.
e.g. MOV AX, [BX + SI] ; Move the contents of the memory location pointed to by the
BX register plus the value of the SI register to the AX register

MPMC QB ANS 10
 Based addressing: Access data using base address and displacement value.
e.g. MOV AX, [DI + 10H] ; Move the contents of the memory location pointed to by
the DI register plus 10H to the AX register

Immediate addressing: Access data directly using operand value.

e.g. MOV AX, 10H ; Move the value 10H to the AX register

7. Explain different addressing modes used in Intel 8051 with examples.

Ans:

The Intel 8051 microcontroller supports various addressing modes, allowing flexibility in
accessing data and operands. Here are some addressing modes used in the 8051:

Immediate Addressing Mode (e.g., MOV A, #25H): The operand is directly

specified in the instruction.

Register Addressing Mode (e.g., MOV A, R0): The operand is in one of the
general-purpose registers.

Direct Addressing Mode (e.g., MOV A, 30H): The operand is specified by a direct
address in the instruction.

Indirect Addressing Mode (e.g., MOV A, @R0): The operand is located at the
address stored in a register (R0 or R1).

Indexed Addressing Mode (e.g., MOV A, 20H+R1): The operand is at the address
obtained by adding an immediate value to a register content.

Bit Addressing Mode (e.g., MOV C, 40H.3): Used for bit manipulation. The
operand is a specific bit in the bit-addressable RAM area.

8. Explain the instructions MOVX, MOVC, MUL, and ADDC of Intel 8051.

Ans:

MOVX (Move External): This instruction is used for moving data between the 8051
and external memory. Examples:

assemblyCopy code
MOVX A, @DPTR ; Move data from external memory to accumulator
MOVX @DPTR, A ; Move data from accumulator to external memory

MPMC QB ANS 11
 MOVC (Move Code): MOVC is used to move code bytes from the program memory
to the accumulator. Examples:

MOVC A, @A+DPTR ; Move code byte from program memory to accumulator

MOVC A, @A+PC ; Move code byte from program memory to accumulator using the PC re
gister

MUL (Multiply): MUL is used to multiply two unsigned numbers. Example:

MOV A, #25 ; Multiplier

MOV B, #10 ; Multiplicand
MUL AB ; Result in B (higher byte) and A (lower byte)

ADDC (Add with Carry): ADDC adds the accumulator, a register, and the carry
flag. Example:

MOV A, #25 ; Accumulator

MOV B, #10 ; Register
MOV C, #1 ; Carry flag
ADDC A, B ; A = A + B + C

9. Find the size of delay in the following program. The frequency is 11.0592MHz.
DELAY: MOV R3, #C8
HERE: DJNZ R3, HERE
RET

Ans:

The program has a loop that decrements the value in register R3 until it becomes zero.
The initial value in R3 is 0xC8 or 200. The clock frequency is 11.0592MHz.

1. Calculate Time for One Iteration:

Time for one iteration =1/Clock frequency=1/11.0592 MHz

2. Calculate Total Delay:

Total Delay = Number of iterations * Time for one iteration= 200*(1/11.0592

MHz) = 18.09 μs

MPMC QB ANS 12
 So, the size of the delay in the program is approximately 18.09 μs.
10. How does the clock frequency of ADC 0804 chip is determined?

Ans:

The ADC 0804 is an analog-to-digital converter.

Its clock frequency is typically determined by an external clock source connected to

its clock input (CLK). The formula to calculate the clock frequency is:

Clock Frequency=External Clock Frequency/2

In other words, the external clock frequency is divided by 2 to generate the internal
clock pulses used by the ADC 0804 for its conversion process.

11. Explain the steps to be followed in ADC 0804 chip for data conversion?

Ans:

Data Conversion Steps in ADC 0804 Chip:

The ADC 0804 is an 8-bit successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
that converts analog input voltages to 8-bit digital outputs. The conversion process
involves the following steps:

1. Sampling: The analog input voltage is sampled and held by a sample-and-hold

circuit.

2. Initialization: The ADC is initialized by applying a high-to-low transition to the

START/EOC (Start of Conversion/End of Conversion) pin.

3. Comparison: The analog input voltage is compared to the output of an internal

voltage divider.

4. Approximation: The internal voltage divider is adjusted until its output is as close
as possible to the analog input voltage.

5. Output Latch: The digital output is latched onto the data bus.

6. Data Read: The digital output is read from the data bus.

7. Detecting a Pressed Key by a Microcontroller: A microcontroller detects a

pressed key by monitoring the voltage level on the corresponding row and column
of the keyboard matrix.

MPMC QB ANS 13
 12. How a pressed key is detected by a microcontroller?

Ans:

A microcontroller detects a pressed key by monitoring the voltage level on the

corresponding row and column of the keyboard matrix.

When a key is pressed, the row and column connected to that key are shorted
together, causing a change in voltage.

Microcontrollers often use a matrix keypad. The steps to detect a pressed key are:

1. Scan Rows: The microcontroller sequentially activates each row of the keypad.

2. Read Columns: While a row is activated, the microcontroller reads the state of
each column.

3. Detect Key Press: The microcontroller identifies the pressed key based on the
row and column intersection. If a key is pressed, the corresponding row and
column will have a connection.

13. How the double word 123478924H will be store at the address 23456H?

Ans:

Storing Double Word 123478924H at Address 23456H:

To store the double word 123478924H at address 23456H, the following steps are
performed:

1. Divide the double word into two 16-bit words: 1234H and 7892H.

2. Store 1234H at address 23456H.

3. Store 7892H at address 23458H.

Since a double word occupies two consecutive memory locations, the lower word is
stored at the specified address, and the higher word is stored at the next highest
address.
14. Describer the difference between the instructions MOV AX, 1234H and MOV
AX, [1234H] in 8086?

Ans:

Difference between MOV AX, 1234H and MOV AX, [1234H] in 8086:

MPMC QB ANS 14
 The instructions MOV AX, 1234H and MOV AX, [1234H] both involve moving data to the
AX register. However, they differ in the source of the data.

MOV AX, 1234H: This instruction moves the immediate value 1234H (hexadecimal)
to the AX register.

MOV AX, [1234H]: This instruction moves the data stored at the memory location
1234H (hexadecimal) to the AX register.

In essence, MOV AX, 1234H loads a constant value into the register, while MOV AX,
[1234H] loads the contents of a memory location into the register.
15. What are the advantages of memory segmentation concept?

Ans:

Advantages of Memory Segmentation Concept:

1. Enhanced Memory Addressing: Segmentation allows for addressing a larger

memory space than what is directly addressable by the processor's registers.

2. Memory Protection: Segmentation enables memory protection by isolating

different segments and assigning access privileges to each segment.

3. Modular Programming: Segmentation facilitates modular programming by allowing

program modules to have their own separate address spaces.

4. Efficient Memory Management: Segmentation enhances memory management by

allowing unused segments to be swapped out to external storage and reloaded as
needed.

5. Simplified Addressing: Segmentation simplifies addressing by dividing memory

into manageable chunks, making it easier to locate and access specific memory
locations.

LONG
1. Draw and explain the timing diagram of the execution of instruction MVI A, 32H.

Ans:

MPMC QB ANS 15