GLOBALIZATION'S IMPACT ON THE STATE

MODULE 3: A World of Regions

Factors which lead to the increase and acceleration of
movement of people, information, commodities and
capital:
LATIN AMERICA
1. Lifting of trade barriers
2. Liberalization of world capital markets  This refers to countries that were colonized by
3. Swift technological progress Spaniards in the American continent.

WEST AND EAST IN 1494

Problems afflicting the world today which are
increasingly transnational in nature, those that cannot  This is when the newly discovered lands
be solved at the national level or State to State outside Europe were divided into two – the
negotiations: West belonging to the Crown of Castile (now
part of Spain) and the East belonging to the
1. Poverty
Portuguese Empire.
2. Environmental pollution
3. Economic crisis
4. Organized crime and terrorism

Effects of greater economic and social

interdependence to national decision-making
processes:

1. It calls for a transfer of decisions to the

International level
2. It requires many decisions to be transferred to
local levels of government due to an increase
in the demand for participation WORLD DIVISION DURING COLD WAR

The Cold War between US and USSR created the

Decision making processes in globalization is division between the Capitalist/Democratic states and
complex as it takes place in various levels such as the Communist states.
sub-national, national, and global which lead to the
growth of a multi-layered system of governance The capitalist economists were considered First World
and communist economists were referred to as
The State has the role in operating the intricate web of Second World.
multilateral arrangements and inter-governmental
regimes, entering into agreements with other States,
and making policies which shape national and global
activities. FIRST WORLD

This indicates political leverage of some States in  The First World encompassed all
shaping the International agenda while developing industrialized, democratic countries, which
countries have fewer active roles. were assumed to be allied with the United
States in its struggle against the Soviet Union.
Though State is required by globalization to improve Finland and Switzerland maintained strict
its capacity to deal with greater openness, it must neutrality.
remain central to the well-being of its citizens and to
the proper management of social and economic
development
SECOND WORLD
The following can be guaranteed only by the States
through independent courts:  The Second World was anchored on the
industrialized, communist realm of the Soviet
 Respect of human rights and justice Union and its Eastern European satellites, yet
 Promote the national welfare it often included poor communist states
 Protect the general Interest located elsewhere.
THIRD WORLD  Home to all the members of the G8 and P5
members of the United Nations Security
 This refers to countries that did not belong to Council
either types of formal economies.
 The Third World was defined as the non-  95% has enough food and shelter
aligned world and as the global realm of
poverty and underdeveloped.  Economy: industries and major businesses,
commerce, and finance

 controls 4/5 of the income earned anywhere

in the world

 90% of the manufacturing industries are

owned by and located in the North

 Low Poverty

 Low Child Mortality

 High Economic and Educational

Development
NORTH AND SOUTH DIVIDE
 Advance Technological Advancement
 After the Cold War, many see primary global
division as being between North and South.  Stable Governments

 Low Fertility Rates

 Low Gender Related Illiteracy

THE GLOBAL SOUTH

 It refers to then developing countries which

represents mainly agrarian economies in
Africa, India, Latin America, and others that
are not as economically sound and politically
stable.
SECTION 1: THE GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE
NORTH AND THE SOUTH  Tend to be characterized by war, conflict,
poverty, and tyranny.
THE GLOBAL NORTH
 Global South are countries that are less
 It refers to the developed societies of Europe
developed and characterized by low level of
and North America, which are characterized
economic development, large inequalities in
by established wealth, technological
living standards and low life expectancy such
advancement, political stability, zero
as Africa, Latin America and developing Asia
population growth and, dominance of world
including the Middle East.
trade and politics.
 Third World
 Global North are considered as the high
income countries such as Norway, Australia,
 Poor and less developed region
New Zealand, Canada, US, Belgium, Iceland,
Japan, Sweden, Netherlands, and most of
 5% has enough food and shelter
Western Europe.
 Source of raw materials of the North
 First World and Second World
 has access to 1/5 of the world's income
 Richer and developed region
  as nations become economically developed, Most people in the Third World lived far from
they may become part of the "North", global sources of economic, political, and military
regardless of geographical location power. Most were subjugated, most illiterate, even
then, they formed a majority of the world population.
 any nations that do not qualify for "developed" But such awareness was growing among leaders
status are in effect deemed to be part of the within these poor countries, many of whom had been
"South" educated. This awareness and exposure to Western
culture raised hopes and inspired many Third World
 High Poverty leaders to try to improve colonial living conditions and
win political independence.
 High Child Mortality
Opposition to domination by the First World
 Low Economic and Educational Development (colonization) also grew through increasing migration
and travel, including that stimulated by the two World
 Low self-consumption of natural resources Wars. Many troops who had participated in these wars
were from what soon to be called the Third World.
 Vulnerable to exploitation by large
corporations and industrial nations
SECTION 2: ASIAN REGIONALISM
 Less technological advancement
WHAT IS REGIONALISM?
 Economy are dependent on developed
countries  a political ideology that favors a specific
region over a greater area
 Unstable Governments
 it usually results due to political separations,
 High Fertility Rates religion, geography, cultural boundaries,
linguistic regions and managerial divisions
 High Gender Related Illiteracy
 It is the theory or practice of regional rather
than central systems of administration of
economic cultural or political affiliation
Global divides are not purely of a geographical
division but rather focused on socio- economic and
political affiliations and status. REGIONALIZATION

 a process of dividing an area into smaller

HOW THE "THIRD WORLD" BECAME THE segments called regions
GLOBAL SOUTH: THE ORIGINS OF THE THIRD
WORLD  the division of a nation into states or provinces

The world was largely divided into several empires in

the 19th century. Each empire possessed a "civilized" GLOBALIZATION
central that were more or less primitive or even
"barbaric".  a process by which the people of the world are
unified into a single society and function
 Third World was coined in 1952 by Alfred together
Sauvy, a French demographer,
anthropologist, and economic historian who
compared it with the Third Estate, a concept WHY DO COUNTRIES FORM REGIONAL
that emerged in the context of the French ORGANIZATIONS?
Revolution.
They form regional organization as a way of
✓ First Estate refers to the clergy and the monarch
coping with the challenges of globalization.

✓ Second Estate refers to the nobility

ASIAN REGIONALISM
✓ Third Estate refers to the balance of French  It is a product of economic interaction
population as contrasted the poor countries to the First between Asian countries
World and the Second World
  Asian economies have grown not only richer, As for AID, the globalized international community is
but also closer together. also more willing to come to the aid of a country
stricken by a natural disaster but, a regionalized
 New technological trends have further system does not get involved in the affairs of other
strengthened ties among them, as have the areas.
rise of China and India and the region's
growing weight in the global economy.
As to TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES, globalization
 The 1997/1998 financial crisis dealt a severe has driven great advances in technology but
setback too much of the region, highlighting advanced technology is rarely available in one country
Asia's shared interests and common or region.
vulnerabilities and providing an impetus for
regional cooperation.
FACTORS LEADING TO THE GREATER
 In the early stages of Asia's economic takeoff,
INTEGRATION OF THE ASIAN REGIONS
regional integration proceeded slowly. East
Asian economies focused on exporting to
developed country markets.
 Regional integration is a process in which
 The Japanese economist Akamatsu (1962) neighboring states enter into an agreement in
famously compared this pattern of order to upgrade cooperation through
development to flying geese. In this model, common institutions and rules.
economies moved in formation not because
they were directly linked to each other, but  The objectives of the agreement could range
because they followed similar paths. from economic to political to environmental,
although it has typically taken the form of a
 Now, Asian economies are becoming closely political economy initiative.
intertwined.
 Regional integration has been organized
 Interdependence is deepening because either via supranational institutional structures
Asia's economies have grown large and or through intergovernmental decision-
prosperous enough to become important to making, or a combination of both.
each other, and because their patterns of
production increasingly depend on networks  Regional integration has often focused on
that span several Asian economies and removing barriers to free trade in the region,
involve wide ranging exchanges of parts and increasing the free movement of people,
components among them. labor, goods, and capital across national
borders, reducing the possibility of regional
armed conflict and adopting cohesive regional
stances on policy issues, such as the
Regionalization Vs. Globalization environment, climate change and migration.

As to NATURE, globalization promotes the integration  Intra-regional trade refers to trade which
of economics across state borders all around the focuses on economic exchange primarily
world but regionalization is precisely the opposite between countries of the same region or
because it is dividing an area into smaller segments economic zone.

 In recent years, countries within economic-

As to MARKET, globalization allows many companies trade regimes such as ASEAN in Southeast
to trade on international level so it allows free market Asia for example have increased the level of
but in regionalized system, monopolies are likely to trade and commodity exchange between
develop themselves which reduces the inflation and
tariff barriers associated with foreign markets
resulting in growing prosperity.
As to CULTURAL AND SOCIETAL RELATIONS,
globalization accelerates multiculturalism by free and
inexpensive movement of people but regionalization
does not support this.
 MODULE 4: A World of Ideas

SECTION 1: GLOBAL CULTURE AND MEDIA Global media cultures create a continuous cultural
exchange, in which crucial aspects such as identity,
MEDIA nationality, religion, behavioral norms and way of life
are continuously questioned and challenged.
 It refers to the communication channels
through which we disseminate news, music, Global media promotes a restructuring of cultural and
movies, education, promotional messages social communities.
and other data Global media supports the creation of new
communities.
CULTURE

 This can be defined as all the ways of life The common point of departure is the assumption that
including arts, beliefs and institutions of a a series of international media constitutes a global
population that are passed down from cultural supply in itself and serves as an independent
generation to generation agency for cultural and social globalization, in which
cultural communities are continuously restructured
and redefined.
GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES

 Globalization entails the spread of various

cultures. SECTION 2: GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
 Globalization also involves the spread of
 Religion has the most difficult relationship with
ideas.
globalism
 Globalization relies on the media as its main
 Religious people are less concerned with
conduit for the spread of global culture and
wealth and all that comes along with it.
ideas.
 Globalists are less worried about whether
they will end up in heaven or hell.

Lule describes media as "a means of conveying

something, such as a channel of communication."
WHAT IS THE RELATION OF RELIGION TO
 Print Media GLOBALIZATION?
 Broadcast Media
 There is the way in which globalization
 Digital Media
flattens out cultural differences, erodes local
customs and beliefs, and spreads a secular,
Marshall McLuhan once declared that "the medium capitalist way of life that us at odds with
is the message." religions of all sorts.

Marshall McLuhan added that different media  At the same time, there is the way in which
simultaneously extend and amputate human senses. religion serves as the source of globalization's
New media may expand the reach of communication, greatest resistance and as a haven for those
but they also dull the user's communicative capacities. standing in opposition to its ubiquitous yet
often subtle power.

The media have a very important impact on cultural  In both of these views, the relationship
globalization in two mutually interdependent ways: between religion and globalization is
antagonistic - one of struggle and conflict.
1. The media provide an extensive transnational
transmission of cultural products; and
2. It contributes to the formation of WHEN DID GLOBALIZATION STARTED TO
communicative networks and social INFLUENCE RELIGION?
structures
 Evolving trade routes led to the colonization
of Asia, Africa, Central and South America.
Religion became an integral part of
colonization and later on globalization.
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION TO RELIGION SECTION 1: GLOBAL CITY
 flattens cultural differences GLOBAL CITY
 erodes local customs and beliefs
 spreads secular, capitalist way of life  Sociologist Saskia Sassen popularized the
term "global city" in the 1990's.
WHAT IS RELIGION NOWADAYS?
 She initially identified three global cities: New
 it's no longer a set of beliefs that people arrive York, London and Tokyo.
by reflection
 it's a symbolic system which carries our  New York has the New York Stock Exchange
identity and marks out social/ethic and other (NYSE), London has the Financial Times
boundaries Stock Exchange (FTSE), and Tokyo has the
 it marks crucial moments in the life cycle with Nikkei.
rituals
 it provides powerful mechanisms for  Recent commentators have expanded the
psychological and social tension criteria that Sassen used to determine what
constitutes a global city.

ROLE OF RELIGION IN PROMOTING WORLD  Movie-making Mecca Los Angeles can now
PEACE rival the Big Apple's cultural influence.
The moral principles and values contained in the
teachings of great religious teachers are essential  San Francisco must now factor in as another
factors for the reduction of and ultimate eradication of global city because it is the home of the most
greed, hatred, and delusion-which form the root cause powerful internet companies - Facebook,
of various conflicts and wars. Twitter and Google.

 The growth of the Chinese economy has

The preamble to UNESCO's constitution says: “Since turned cities like Shanghai, Beijing, and
wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of Guangzhou into centers of trade and finance.
men that the defenses of peace must be constructed.”

The world cannot have peace until nations and people INDICATORS OF GLOBALITY
begin to reduce their selfish desires for more and more  The foremost characteristic of a global city is
material possessions, give up their racial arrogance, economic power.
and eliminate-their madness for worldly power.
 Economic power largely determines which
"Religion not only inspires and guides people but also cities are global.
provides them with the necessary tools to reduce
greed with the practice of charity; to overcome hate  Economic opportunities in a global city make
and aversion with loving- kindness; and to remove it attractive to talents from across the world.
ignorance with the development of wisdom and insight
in order to understand the true nature of beings and  To measure the economic competitiveness of
"see things as they really are." a city, the Economist Intelligence Unit has
added other criteria like market size,
purchasing power of citizens, size of the
Differences in religious beliefs and practices should middle class, and potential for growth.
not hinder the progress of various religionists working
for a common cause, for world peace.  The "tiny" Singapore is considered as Asia's
most competitive city because of its strong
market, efficient and incorruptible
government, and livability.

 Global cities are also centers of authority.

Washington D.C. may not be as wealthy as
New York, but it is the seat of American state
power.
 Compared with Sydney and Melbourne, WHY STUDY GLOBAL CITIES?
Canberra is a sleepy town and not attractive
Globalization is spatial which means:
to tourists. But as Australia's political capital,
it is home to the country's top politicians, 1. Globalization is spatial because it occurs in
bureaucrats, and policy advisors. physical spaces. More people are driven out
of city centers to make way for the new
 The cities that house major international developments.
organizations may also be considered centers
of political influence. 2. Globalization is spatial because what makes
it move is the fact that it is based in places.
 United Nations headquarters - New York

 European Union headquarters – Brussels THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES

 ASEAN headquarters – Jakarta  Global cities also have their undersides. They
can be sites of great inequality and poverty as
 European Central Bank – Frankfurt well as tremendous violence.

 Global cities are centers of higher learning  Global cities create winners and losers.
and culture. A city's intellectual influence is
seen through the influence of its publishing  Denser settlement patterns yield energy
industry. savings; apartment buildings for example, are
more efficient to heat and cool than detached
 Harvard University Boston suburban houses.

 Australia  In cities with extensive public transportation

systems, people tend to drive less and
 Los Angeles - the center of the American film thereby cut carbon emissions.
industry
 Not all cities are as dense as New York or
 Copenhagen, Denmark – is now considered Tokyo. Some cities like Los Angeles are
as one of the culinary capitals of the world, urban sprawls, with massive freeways that
with its top restaurants incommensurate with force residents to spend money on cars and
its size. gas.

 Manchester, England – many prominent post-  Urban areas consume most of the world's
punk and new wave bands - Joy Division, the energy. Cities only cover 2% of the world's
Smiths, and the Happy Mondays - hailed from landmass, but they consume 78% of global
this city. energy. Therefore, if carbon emissions must
be cut to prevent global warming, this massive
 Singapore houses some of the region's top energy consumption in cities must be curbed.
television stations and news organizations
(MTV Southeast Asia and Channel News  The major terror attacks of recent years have
Asia) also targeted cities. Cities, especially those
with global influence are obvious targets for
 Its various art galleries and cinemas also terrorists.
show paintings from artists and filmmakers
from the Philippines and Thailand.  9/11 attack - World Trade Center, New York

 Today, global cities have become culturally  November 2015 attacks in Paris by Islamic
diverse. State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)

 Manila is not very global because of the

dearth of foreign residents, but Singapore is,
because it has a foreign population of 38%.
THE GLOBAL CITY AND THE POOR

 Massive inequality was very pronounced in

cities. Some large cities, particularly those in
Scandinavia, have found ways to mitigate
inequality through state-led social
redistribution programs. Yet, many cities,
particularly those in the developing countries,
are sites of contradiction.

 In places like Mumbai, Jakarta, and Manila, it

is common to find gleaming buildings
alongside massive shantytowns.

 In the outskirts of New York and San

Francisco are poor urban enclaves occupied
by African-Americans and immigrant families
who are often denied opportunities at a better
life.

 Gentrification a phenomenon of driving out

the poor in favor of newer, wealthier residents

 In Australian cities, poor aboriginal

Australians have been most acutely affected
by gentrification.

 In France, poor Muslim migrants are forced

out of Paris and have clustered around ethnic
enclaves known as banlieue.

 In most of the world's global cities, the middle

class is also thinning out. Globalization
creates high-income jobs that are
concentrated in global cities.

 In places like New York, there are high-rolling

American investment bankers whose children
are raised by Filipina maids.

CONCLUSION

Global cities are sites and mediums of globalization.

They are material representations of the
phenomenon. Through them, we see the best of
globalization; they are places that create exciting
fusions of culture and ideas. They are also places that
generate tremendous wealth. However, they remain
sites of great inequality, where global servants serve
global entrepreneurs.

MODULE 5: Global Population and Mobility