A

TECHNICAL REPORT
ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE
SCHEME(SIWES)
UNDERTAKEN AT
POWERCELL LIMITED, LAGOS STATE
BY
ANIFOWOSE TIRENIOLUWA
BU21MCT1032
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS
ENGINEERING
BOWEN UNIVERSITY, IWO OF NIGERIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.Eng) DEGREE IN
MECHATRONIC
ENGINEERING

JULY to SEPTEMBER, 2024.

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 DECLARATION
I affirm that this Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) report,
submitted to the Department of Mechatronics Engineering, college of
Agriculture, Engineering and Science (COAES), is my original work, completed
under the guidance of Engr. Abeeb Jabaru, my industry based supervisor.
The information and data in this report are accurate to the best of my
knowledge. It is not a reproduction of any other work, and I have respected all
intellectual property rights. Proper citations and references have been
included following academic standards and ethical guidelines.
This report has not been submitted elsewhere, and I am fully aware of the
consequences of plagiarism and academic dishonesty.

_______________________________

ANIFOWOSE TIRENIOLUWA PETER

BU21MCT1032
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING,
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE;
BOWEN UNIVERSITY, IWO.

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 LETTER OF CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Anifowose Tirenioluwa Peter with Matriculation

Number BU21MCT1032 of the Department of Mechatronics
Emngineering, College of Agriculture, Engineering and sciences(COAES)
has fully completed his Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES) program with the POWERCELL LIMITED, Ikeja, Lagos from July
2024 to September 2024.

ENGR. ABEEB JABARU ANIFOWOSE

TIRENIOLUWA
Industry Based Supervisor
Student

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate this to God Almighty, whose grace and strength brought me to

the successful conclusion of this industrial training and for keeping me
safe throughout the period of this program and for granting me wisdom
and understanding. May your name be praise now and forever.

I sincerely appreciate my parent Mr and Mrs Anifowose whom their

support enables me to complete this program both financially and
otherwise. Finally, I appreciate my industry based supervisor Engr.
Abeeb Jabaru at Powercell Limited for their help, support and
encouragement during the course of my Industrial training.

Thank you all.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I want to express my gratitude to God Almighty for granting me
the opportunity to undertake my SIWES program at this esteemed
company and for safeguarding me throughout my tenure there.
I am deeply thankful to my Dad, Brothers, and Sister for their
unwavering support, both financially and in various other ways,
including their spiritual support and continuous demonstration of love.
I would also like to extend my appreciation to Mr. Ogun Afeez and Engr.
Taiwo for providing me with the chance to secure this internship
position, despite my application being submitted on short notice.

Special thanks go to my supervisor, Engr. Abeeb jabaru, and Engr. Wale

for actively involving interns in daily activities and imparting valuable
knowledge during my industrial attachment.

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 ABSTRACT
This internship report provides a comprehensive overview of the hands-on
experience and knowledge gained during the tenure as a Maintenance
Mechatronics Technician at the Powercell limited, specifically within the
installation hall. The report delves into the essential aspects of maintenance,
troubleshooting, and process optimization in a dynamic manufacturing
environment, in partial fulfilment to the requirements for a bachelor’s degree
in Mechatronics Engineering, Bowen University, Iwo State.
This report started with the introduction to Students Industrial Work
Experience Scheme (SIWES) and explained briefly about the company and its
organogram.
Throughout the internship, practical insights were acquired into the intricacies
of maintaining and repairing machinery critical to the installation process.
Challenges faced in machinery breakdowns and downtime were addressed
through effective problem-solving techniques, highlighting the significance of
preventative and corrective maintenance strategies.
The report also underscores the importance of teamwork and communication
within the maintenance department and across various operational units of
the plant. Collaboration with experienced engineers and technicians
facilitated the transfer of valuable skills and knowledge, contributing to a
more proficient understanding of mechanical and electrical systems.
In addition, the report discusses the role of safety protocols and adherence to
industry regulations in ensuring a secure working environment. The internship
experience heightened awareness of the critical role that safety plays in the
installation industry.

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Lastly, this report offers reflections on the personal and professional growth
achieved during the internship, emphasizing the practical application of
theoretical knowledge and the development of a strong work ethic.
In summary, the internship at Powercell limited provided an invaluable
opportunity to gain practical insights into maintenance operations within a
manufacturing setting, fostering a deeper understanding of electrical systems
and their role in production efficiency.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
Front page……………………………………I
Declaration…………………………………ii
Certification………………………………….iii
Dedication………………………………….iv
Acknowledgement………………………….v
Abstract……………………………………..vi
Table of content …………………………. vi-vii
CHAPTER ONE (INTRODUCTION)
1.1 History Of SIWES (Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme).
1.2 Objectives OF SIWES
1.3 Duration And Structure OF The Program
1.4 Impact OF SIWES On Students And Industries
1.5 Bodies Involved In The Management Of SIWES Programme And Their Roles
1.6 Training Program
1.7 Tasks Performed
CHAPTER TWO (BACKGROUND OF COMPANY/ORGANIZATION)
2.1 Introduction Of The Organization
2.2 Service Offered
2.3 Structure of the Organization
2.4 Infrastructural And Facilities
2.5 Projects
2.6 Vision And Our Objectives
2.7 Mission
2.8 Our Core Values
2.9 Conclusion
CHAPTER THREE (INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE)
3.1 Offices Experiences/Sites Experiences
3.2. Installation Processes Of Solar
3.3 Mounting System Installation
3.4 Solar Panel Installation

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3.5 Wiring And Connection
3.6 Electrical Grid Connection
3.7 Testing And Commissioning
3.8 Safety Measures On Site
3.9 Solar System Operation For Justrite Superstore, Isolo
3.10 Problem Encountered
CHAPTER 5 (SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION)
4.1 Conclusion
4.2 Limitation
4.3 Recommendation
4.4 Appendices
REFERENCES

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 CHAPTER 1
STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORY ON STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

The Industrial Training Fund (ITF) was established by the Federal Government of
Nigeria in 1971 as part of the government's efforts to address the shortage of skilled
manpower in various industries. The organization’s primary mission is to ensure that
Nigeria's workforce is equipped with the technical and vocational skills needed to
drive industrial and economic development. Over the years, ITF has implemented
numerous programs aimed at enhancing the practical competencies of Nigerian
students, graduates, and employees to meet the evolving demands of the labour
market.

The Students' Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is one of the flagship
programs under ITF, created in collaboration with universities, polytechnics, and
other tertiary institutions across the country. SIWES was introduced to complement
theoretical knowledge by providing students with the opportunity to gain real-world
experience in their chosen fields. The program is targeted at students in disciplines
such as science, engineering, technology, and applied sciences, where practical,
hands-on experience is essential for career success.

1.2 Objectives of SIWES

The overarching goal of SIWES is to prepare students for the challenges and
demands of the workplace by exposing them to the work environment before
graduation. The specific objectives include:

- Bridging the skills gap: SIWES provides students with the opportunity to apply the
theoretical knowledge gained in classrooms to real-life situations, ensuring they
develop relevant skills that align with industry requirements.

- Exposure to industry standards: Through SIWES, students are introduced to the

professional standards, work ethics, and processes followed in their respective
industries, helping them become more adaptable and better prepared for future
careers.

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- Fostering industry-academia collaboration: The program creates a platform for
collaboration between academic institutions and industries, encouraging knowledge
exchange and ensuring that educational curricula remain aligned with industry
trends.

1.3 Duration and Structure of the Program

SIWES typically lasts between 3 to 6 months, depending on the institution's

requirements and the nature of the student’s field of study. Students are placed in
relevant industries or organizations where they can gain hands-on experience and
learn the practical applications of the theories they have studied.

During the program, students are assigned supervisors from both the industry and
their academic institutions to guide and evaluate their progress. At the end of the
training, students are required to submit detailed reports (SIWES logbooks) that
document the tasks they performed, the skills they acquired, and the challenges they
encountered.

1.4 Impact of SIWES on Students and Industries

SIWES has had a profound impact on the Nigerian educational system and industries
alike. For students, the program provides an invaluable learning experience that
equips them with practical skills, boosts their confidence, and increases their
employability. It allows them to develop problem-solving skills, improve their
teamwork and communication abilities, and gain a deeper understanding of
industry-specific technologies and processes.

For industries, SIWES offers an opportunity to identify potential talent and

contribute to the development of the workforce. Companies that participate in the
program benefit from fresh perspectives brought by students and often recruit
outstanding SIWES participants as full-time employees after graduation.

1.5 Bodies Involved In The Management Of SIWES Programme And Their Roles
1. The Federal Government of Nigeria;
2. The Industrial Training Fund (ITF);
3. National Universities Commission (NUC);
4. National Board for Technical Education (NBTE);
5. National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE);
6. Institutions of Higher Learning; and

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7. The Employers of Labour The bodies have specific roles

1.6 Training Program

During my three-month SIWES placement at Powercell Limited, I was assigned to

work on a solar system installation project at Justrite Superstore Isolo. This project
aimed to reduce the store's electricity costs by 40% through the utilization of
renewable energy. The training program provided me with comprehensive
knowledge and practical skills in solar system design, installation, and maintenance.

Theoretical Training

● Solar Energy Systems:

○ In-depth understanding of solar panel technology, including types,

specifications, and efficiency ratings.

○ Knowledge of solar inverters, their role in converting DC to AC power,

and different inverter topologies.

○ Familiarity with energy storage systems (BESS), their benefits, and

common types (e.g., lithium-ion, lead-acid).

○ Understanding of grid-tied systems, net metering, and regulations

governing solar power integration.

● Electrical Systems:

○ Basic electrical principles and circuit analysis.

○ Knowledge of electrical safety standards and regulations (e.g., NEC,

IEC).

○ Troubleshooting techniques for common electrical issues, such as

short circuits, open circuits, and ground faults.

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 ○ Understanding of electrical wiring diagrams and schematics.

● Data Analysis and Interpretation:

○ Proficiency in using data collection and monitoring tools (e.g., solar

data loggers, energy meters).

○ Knowledge of data analysis techniques, including statistical analysis,

trend analysis, and performance metrics.

○ Ability to interpret data to assess system efficiency, identify areas for

improvement, and generate reports.

Practical Training

● Site Preparation and Planning:

○ Conducted a thorough site assessment to evaluate the suitability of

the location for solar panel installation, considering factors such as
roof orientation, shading, and structural integrity.

○ Prepared necessary documentation, permits, and approvals for the

project.
Developed a detailed project plan outlining the scope of work, timeline, and
resource requirements.

● Solar Panel Installation:

○ Safe and efficient installation of solar panels on the rooftop, ensuring

proper mounting, wiring, and grounding.

○ Stringing solar panels together to form arrays and optimizing the

system's output.

○ Ensuring compliance with local building codes and regulations.

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 ● Inverter Installation and Configuration:

○ Installing and configuring inverters to match the system's capacity and

optimize performance.

○ Setting up communication between inverters and the monitoring

system.

○ Configuring inverter settings for grid-tied operation, including net

metering.

● Electrical Wiring and Connections:

○ Laying cables for connecting solar panels, inverters, and other system
components.

○ Ensuring proper electrical connections and grounding to comply with

safety standards.

○ Testing electrical circuits for continuity, voltage, and current.

● System Testing and Commissioning:

○ Conducting thorough testing of the solar system to verify its

functionality and performance.

○ Identifying and addressing any issues or faults during testing.

○ Commissioning the system and integrating it with the grid.

● Data Collection and Analysis:

Using monitoring systems to collect data on system performance, energy

production, consumption, and other relevant parameters.

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 ○ Analyzing data to assess system efficiency, identify trends, and
evaluate the impact of the solar system on electricity consumption.

○ Generating reports and presentations to communicate findings to

stakeholders.

1.7 Tasks Performed

Throughout my training period, I actively participated in the following key tasks:

● Week 1-2:

○ Familiarization with the company's safety protocols, standard

operating procedures (SOPs), and equipment.

○ Site preparation, including surveying the area, assessing roof

suitability, and obtaining necessary permits.

○ Installation of solar panels, including mounting, wiring, and securing

them to the roof.

○ Cable laying and trenching for underground wiring.

● Week 3-4:

○ Completion of solar panel installation, including stringing and testing.

○ Installation and configuration of inverters, which convert DC power

from the solar panels to AC power for grid connection.

○ Commissioning of the energy storage system (BESS), including

charging and discharging cycles.

○ Testing and troubleshooting of electrical components, such as

inverters, cables, and panels.

● Week 5-6:

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 ○ Configuration of the central monitoring system (CMS) to track system
performance, energy production, and consumption.

○ Integration of the solar system with the grid, ensuring compliance

with grid regulations.

○ Data analysis and reporting using CMS data to assess system

efficiency, identify areas for improvement, and generate performance
reports.

● Week 7-8:

○ Preventive maintenance of solar panels, inverters, and other system

components to ensure optimal performance and longevity.

○ Troubleshooting and repair of electrical faults, including inverter

issues, cable damage, and panel malfunctions.

○ System monitoring and optimization to identify and address any

performance issues or deviations from expected behavior.

● Week 9:

○ Final system testing and commissioning to verify that the system is

operating as intended and meets all safety and performance
standards.

○ Preparation of a comprehensive project report detailing the training

experience, tasks performed, key learnings, and recommendations.

My SIWES experience at Powercell Limited provided me with invaluable hands-on

experience in the field of solar energy. I am grateful for the opportunity to
contribute to a project that promotes sustainable energy and reduces the
environmental impact of electricity consumption. This experience has significantly

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enhanced my technical skills and deepened my understanding of solar system design
and installation.

CHAPTER TWO: BACKGROUND OF COMPANY/ORGANIZATION

2.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE ORGANIZATION

Powercell is a leading, privately-owned power systems company established in 2005

in Lagos, Nigeria. As the foremost renewable energy solutions provider in the
country, Powercell has positioned itself as a critical player in Nigeria's energy sector.
The company has cultivated strong international partnerships with world-renowned
energy companies such as ABB, Ashley Edison, and the Cappello Group. These
collaborations enable Powercell to offer a comprehensive range of energy and
power backup solutions, making it a one-stop shop for diverse energy
needs.Powercell has built a solid reputation as the go-to provider of alternative and
uninterruptible power solutions across multiple sectors. These include
manufacturing, financial services, military, healthcare, education, and residential
spaces. By catering to such a wide range of industries, Powercell has proven its
capability to provide reliable power solutions tailored to meet the unique demands
of different businesses.

At Powercell, they foster an organizational culture that encourages innovation,

creativity, and collaboration. We believe in the power of individual strengths and the
importance of teamwork in achieving our corporate goals. Human resource
development is a key focus area, and we continuously invest in capacity building to

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ensure our team is equipped to meet the challenges of an evolving energy
landscape.

Their commitment to outstanding customer service has been central to our growth.
We recognize that reliable power infrastructure is as crucial to businesses as the
spinal cord is to the human body. This understanding drives our dedication to
providing responsive, high-quality service to all our clients. While we celebrate our
achievements, we maintain a high standard of performance and continue to push
forward with determination and faith.

2.2 Services Offered

Powercell offers a broad range of energy solutions tailored to clients' needs:

1. Solar Energy Installations: Delivering renewable energy solutions to industries,

remote communities, and businesses aiming to reduce carbon emissions and
operational costs.

2. Uninterruptible Power Systems (UPS): Powercell is the exclusive distributor of

ABB's modular UPS systems in Nigeria, providing backup power for critical
environments.

3. Power Inverters and Batteries: The company provides storage solutions that
enable customers to store energy for use during outages.

4. Voltage Stabilizers: Through its partnership with Ashley Edison, Powercell provides
advanced voltage stabilizers to protect sensitive equipment.

2.3 Organizational Structure

Powercell operates through several specialized departments:

- Engineering Services: Designs and implements customized energy solutions,

overseeing both small residential installations and large-scale industrial projects.

- Project Implementation: Manages project planning, materials procurement, and

installation, ensuring on-time delivery and adherence to quality standards.

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- Sales and Customer Support: Identifies client needs, markets energy solutions, and
provides after-sales services.

- Maintenance and After-Sales: Offers routine checks and repairs to ensure optimal
system performance, especially in mission-critical sectors like healthcare and data
centers.

2.4 Infrastructure and Facilities

Powercell operates from its headquarters in Lagos, which houses administrative

offices, engineering workshops, warehouses, and a product maintenance center. The
company is equipped with advanced tools for designing, testing, and installing large-
scale energy systems, including solar plants and UPS systems.

2.5 Projects

Powercell has delivered several high-profile projects, including the installation of

over 5 megawatts of clean energy in various locations between 2014 and 2016.
Notably, the company installed a 500KVA UPS at Premier Feeds in Ibadan and is
currently implementing solar systems in Justrite Superstores across Nigeria.

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2.6 Vision and Our Objectives

To become the leading renewable energy provider in West Africa.To achieve this
mission, the Company strives to continuously: Understand, anticipate and respond
effectively to customer’s changing requirements by promoting the culture of a “ User
friendly organization” where the customer is king; Improve the quality of products to
users through knowledge transfer from foreign technical partners. Develop an
energy project that will not only be a major supplier of electricity to the Nigerian
populace but will also complement the vision 2020 of the federal Government green
Power project. Promote safe working standards that will ensure the safety of
personnel and output

2.7 Mission

Powercell limited seeks to combine good solar technology with nature’s most
abundant resource to deliver the cleanest, most affordable and energy efficient
solutions for a green future. Powercell limited is also passionately committed to
delivering alternative energy choices through lasting partnerships in order to build a
brighter, sustainable future.

2.8 Our Core Values

The Company’s core values, which guide the conduct of its operations as well as its
interactions with stakeholders, are as follows: Intergrity, Professionalism, Excellence
Mindset,Capacity Building, Customer Service, Compliance and Community
Empowerment

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2.9 CONCLUSION

The Industrial training program at Powercell limited was a valuable experience that
enhanced my knowledge and skills in automobile engineering. I am confident that
the skills and knowledge gained during this training will be beneficial in my future
career. I express my gratitude to Bowen University, iwo of Nigeria and Powercell
limited for providing me this opportunity.

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 CHAPTER THREE: INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

3.1 OFFICE EXPERIENCES / SITE EXPERIENCES

Project Overview
During my SIWES placement at Powercell Limited, I worked on a solar system
installation at Justrite Superstore Isolo. The project aimed to reduce the store's
electricity costs by 40% through solar energy. This experience allowed me to gain
hands-on knowledge in solar system design, installation, and maintenance.

Solar Systems
Solar systems convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) technology.
Solar energy is a sustainable and abundant resource that helps reduce reliance on
traditional power sources and mitigate environmental impacts.

Types of Solar Systems

1. Grid-Tied Systems: Connected to the grid, with excess energy fed back for
credits.
2. Off-Grid Systems: Operate independently, with battery storage for
continuous power supply.
3. Hybrid Systems: Combine grid and battery storage for more flexibility.

Components of Solar Systems

● Solar Panels: PV cells that convert sunlight into DC electricity.

● Inverter: Converts DC into AC, usable by electrical appliances.
● Battery Storage: Stores excess energy for later use.
● Mounting System: Supports solar panels on the roof or ground.
● Wiring and Cables: Connects the components of the system.

How Solar Systems Work

1. Sunlight absorption: Panels capture sunlight.

2. Energy conversion: Converts sunlight into electricity.
3. Inverter: DC is converted to AC.
4. Energy usage: AC electricity powers the facility.

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Benefits of Solar Systems

● Cost Savings: Reduced electricity bills.

● Environmental Benefits: Clean and renewable energy.
● Energy Independence: Reduced reliance on grid electricity.

Challenges and Factors to Consider

● Upfront Costs: Initial investment is high but offset by long-term savings.

● Intermittent Energy Source: Solar energy depends on sunlight and can be
inconsistent.
● Space Requirements: Adequate roof or ground space is necessary for
installations.

Applications of Solar Systems

● Residential, Commercial, Industrial: Solar systems are versatile and can be

applied across different sectors to reduce energy costs and increase
sustainability.
● Agricultural Solar: Solar power can be used to run irrigation systems,
greenhouses, and machinery on farms, especially in remote areas without
reliable access to the grid.
● Utility-Scale Solar: Large solar farms generate electricity on a massive scale,
supplying clean energy to thousands of households and businesses, helping
reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
● Public Sector: Government facilities, schools, and hospitals can benefit from
solar energy by reducing operational costs, ensuring power reliability, and
supporting environmental sustainability initiatives.

My SIWES experience at Powercell provided insight into the growing importance of

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solar energy in Nigeria. I learned how solar systems are installed and maintained,
gaining valuable practical knowledge in renewable energy solutions.

3.2 Installation Process of Solar Systems

The installation of a solar system is a multi-step process that requires careful

planning, precise execution, and adherence to safety protocols. Each phase of the
installation must be completed meticulously to ensure the system functions
optimally and delivers the expected energy output. Below is a breakdown of the key
steps involved in the solar system installation process:

 Site Assessment

Before any installation can begin, a thorough site assessment is conducted to

determine the suitability of the location for solar panels. Factors that are evaluated
include:

● Roof Orientation and Tilt: The direction and angle of the roof significantly
impact the solar panel’s ability to capture sunlight. South-facing roofs
generally receive the most sunlight in regions like Nigeria.

● Shading: Trees, nearby buildings, or other obstacles that cause shading can
significantly reduce the efficiency of the solar panels. It's essential to ensure
that the panels will receive direct sunlight for most of the day.

● Structural Integrity: The roof or ground structure must be strong enough to

support the weight of the solar panels and racking system. Any weaknesses,
such as cracks or instability, will need to be addressed before installation can
proceed. The recommended roof thickness is 0.7mm before solar panels can
be placed on the roof.

 Permit Acquisition

Before installation, it’s necessary to obtain the appropriate permits and approvals
from local authorities. This process ensures compliance with zoning regulations,
safety codes, and any other applicable laws. The permits typically cover the electrical

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work involved and the modifications to the building or structure. Working with
professionals who are familiar with local regulations can help expedite this process.

 Roof Preparation

Before any solar panels are installed, the roof must be thoroughly prepared:

● Cleaning and Inspection: The roof is cleaned and inspected for damage or
weaknesses that could compromise the system's integrity over time.

● Safety Installations: Certain safety features must be installed before proceeding

with the installation, they include:
I. Guard Rails: Installed around the roof's perimeter to prevent falls and ensure
the safety of workers during the installation

II. Rising: These are stairs to connect two levels of two roofs to each other

III. Walkways: These provide safe paths for installers to walk across the roof
without damaging the surface or the panels.

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IV. Life Line: A safety line attached to a fixed point on the roof, allowing installers to
clip in and prevent falls during work.

V. Cable trays: They are structural support systems used to hold and organize
cables and electrical wires in buildings, industrial facilities, and other settings
where complex wiring systems are required. They provide a safe, organized
pathway for electrical cables, communication cables, and data cables, helping to
protect them from physical damage and ensuring efficient, clean installation.
Cable trays are particularly useful in environments where wiring needs to be
adjusted or maintained, as they offer an accessible and flexible solution.

3.3 Mounting System Installation

The mounting system forms the foundation for the solar panels, securing them to
the roof or ground. For roof installations, the mounts are attached directly to the
rafters for maximum stability. This stage requires precise measurements to ensure
the mounts are correctly aligned and spaced. For ground-mounted systems, the
racking is installed on pre-set concrete footings or other support structures. Proper

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mounting is critical to prevent damage from wind, heavy rain, or other
environmental factors.

3.4 Solar Panel Installation

After the mounting system is in place, the solar panels are attached. Each panel must
be securely mounted onto the racking system, ensuring proper alignment and
orientation. This step involves connecting the panels in series or parallel, depending
on the system's configuration. The orientation and tilt of the panels are adjusted to
maximize sunlight capture throughout the day.

3.5 Wiring and Connections

The next step is to connect the solar panels to the inverter and other system
components. This involves running appropriate wiring from the panels to the
inverter, which converts the direct current (DC) generated by the panels into
alternating current (AC) for use in the home or business. Careful attention is paid to
the type of wiring used, as well as grounding and overcurrent protection to ensure
the system operates safely.

3.6 Electrical Grid Connection

If the system is designed to be grid-tied, it must be connected to the electrical grid.

This is typically done through a net meter, which allows any excess energy generated
by the solar panels to be sent back to the grid. The homeowner may receive credits
for this surplus energy through a process called net metering, which helps offset
energy costs. This connection requires precise installation by a certified electrician to
ensure compliance with local utility requirements.

3.7 Testing and Commissioning

Once the system is fully installed and connected, a series of thorough tests are
conducted to ensure it is functioning as expected. The installer will check for
electrical continuity, proper grounding, and system performance metrics such as
voltage and current output. Additionally, they will ensure that the inverter is
operating correctly and that the system is communicating effectively with the grid, if
applicable. After testing, the system is commissioned and officially activated.

Throughout the installation process, safety is a paramount concern. Working on

rooftops, handling electrical components, and connecting to the grid all pose
potential hazards. Proper safety measures, such as installing guard rails, life lines,

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and ensuring the roof’s structural integrity, are essential to protecting both the
installation team and the long-term integrity of the system.

In the next section, we will explore the safety protocols that must be followed during
the installation of solar systems. These protocols not only ensure the protection of
installers but also guarantee that the system operates safely and efficiently.

3.8 Safety Measures On Site

Site work poses significant risks, especially when dealing with electrical installations.
Adherence to strict safety measures is paramount to prevent accidents and injuries.
Here are some that had to be taken safety protocols:

1. Risk Assessment:

● Identify hazards: Thoroughly assess the rooftop environment for potential

hazards, such as fragile roofing materials, uneven surfaces, electrical lines,
and obstructions.

● Evaluate risks: Assess the severity of identified hazards and determine

appropriate safety measures.

2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

● Hard hats protect against falling objects and provide a crucial layer of defense
for workers on elevated surfaces.

●Safety Harnesses: Safety harnesses are essential pieces of equipment that prevent
workers from falling from heights. They are typically worn around the waist and

28
chest, and are secured to an anchor point on the roof. Safety harnesses should be
inspected regularly for any damage or wear and tear. A perfect example is the body
harness.

●All Arrest Systems: Fall arrest systems provide additional protection in case of a fall.
They typically consist of a lifeline, a lanyard, and a personal fall arrest device (PFAD).
The lifeline is anchored to a secure point on the roof, while the lanyard connects the
PFAD to the harness. If a worker falls, the PFAD will arrest their descent, preventing
them from falling to the ground.It's important to note that safety harnesses and fall
arrest systems should be used in conjunction with other safety measures, such as
proper training and supervision, to ensure maximum protection.

●Gloves: are essential for protecting hands from cuts, burns, and electrical hazards.
Choose gloves with appropriate materials and thickness based on the specific tasks
involved.

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 Safety boots offer sturdy support, traction, and protection against slips, trips,
and falling objects. Look for boots with non-slip soles and steel-toed
construction

●Eye Protection: Safety glasses or goggles are essential for protecting your eyes from
flying debris, harmful substances, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Choose the right
type of eye protection based on the specific hazards present in your work
environment. Ensure that your safety glasses or goggles fit comfortably and securely
to provide adequate protection. Regularly inspect them for damage or scratches and
replace them if necessary.

●Ear Protection: Hearing protection is crucial to reduce noise exposure and prevent
hearing damage. Choose ear plugs or earmuffs based on the noise level and duration
of exposure. Ensure that your ear protection fits snugly and comfortably to provide
effective noise reduction. Keep your ear protection clean and free from debris to
prevent infections.
●Respiratory Protection: If you work in dusty or hazardous environments, it's
essential to wear appropriate respiratory protection, such as dust masks, respirators,
or full-face masks. Select the right type of respiratory protection based on the
specific hazards present and the required level of protection. Ensure that your
respiratory protection fits properly to prevent contaminants from entering your
respiratory system. Clean and maintain your respiratory protection according to
manufacturer's instructions.

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● Reflective Jackets: Reflective jackets are essential for increasing visibility in low-
light conditions, reducing the risk of accidents. Choose bright colors or high-
visibility materials for maximum visibility. Ensure that your reflective jacket fits
snugly and is worn correctly. Keep your jacket clean and free from dirt or stains
to maintain its reflectivity.

3. Safe Access and Egress

● Secure ladders: Ensure ladders are stable, secured, and on level ground. Use
safety hooks to prevent slipping.
● Safe pathways: Keep pathways on the roof clear of debris and obstructions to
avoid tripping hazards.
● Emergency exits: Keep escape routes like stairways and fire exits clear and
accessible.

4. Electrical Safety

● De-energize equipment: Ensure electrical equipment is powered off using

lockout/tagout procedures.
● Verify de-energization: Use a voltage tester to confirm equipment is off.
● Avoid live wires: Keep a safe distance from live wires and use insulated tools.

31
 ● Ground equipment: Properly ground all electrical devices to prevent hazards.

5. Environmental Factors

● Weather conditions: Avoid working in extreme weather (rain, wind, lightning)

to reduce risks.
● Sun exposure: Use protective gear and limit sun exposure.
● Slip and fall hazards: Be cautious of wet, icy, or slippery surfaces.
● Heat stress: Take breaks, stay hydrated, and avoid prolonged sun exposure.
● Cold stress: Dress warmly and take precautions in cold weather.

By strictly adhering to these safety measures, individuals working on site can

significantly reduce the risk of accidents and injuries.

3.9 Solar System Operation for Justrite Superstore, Isolo

The solar system at Justrite Superstore, Isolo is a large-scale installation designed to

optimize energy usage by intelligently switching between different power sources
based on availability. Here's a detailed explanation of how the system operates and
the choices for power switching:

1. Solar Panels

The foundation of the solar system at Justrite Superstore, Isolo begins with the solar
panels, which are the key components that capture and convert sunlight into usable
electricity. These panels are the primary source of renewable energy for the store,
providing a clean and sustainable alternative to traditional power sources.

Each solar panel is rated at 555 watts, which means it can produce a maximum
output of 555 watts under ideal sunlight conditions (full sun exposure, optimal tilt,
and orientation). With a total of 672 solar panels installed on the roof, the system
has a theoretical capacity of approximately 373,560 watts (373.56 kW) of power
generation. This significant amount of energy is designed to meet a substantial
portion of the store’s electricity needs, reducing dependence on the grid and
lowering overall energy costs.

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2. Stringing Process

The stringing process is a crucial step in the design and installation of solar systems,
where individual solar panels are grouped together to form strings. In the case of
Justrite Superstore, Isolo, the 672 solar panels are organized into 42 strings, with
each string comprising 16 solar panels. This process involves connecting the panels in
series to create a single circuit with one positive and one negative output, which
significantly increases the overall system's voltage and current.

3. Cable Tray

The cable tray organizes and protects the 42 strings of cables as they run from the
roof to the various system components, including the inverters, Comap, BESS,
combiner, ATS, transformer, and SACU. A communication cable from the weather
station also runs through the tray to provide real-time weather data for system
optimization.

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4. Inverter

The power generated by the solar panels is DC electricity, which must be converted
into AC electricity (used by the store) through inverters. There are 7 inverters, and
each one is connected to 6 strings of solar panels. The communication cable from
the weather station is linked to the last inverter to help adjust performance based on
weather conditions.

The inverters are also connected to each other via communication cables, allowing
them to communicate and synchronize their activities.

5. Combiner Box

The combiner box aggregates the output from the inverters, streamlining the power
for further distribution. It also connects the Comap, ATS, and inverters to ensure
they work together efficiently. They serve as a centralized point where wirings from
multiple panels are combined. This allows for a more organized and safer electrical
setup. The combiner box then channels the collective output into a single connection
that leads to an inverter or charge controller, depending on the system's design.

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6. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)

The Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is a critical component in the solar power
system at Justrite Superstore, Isolo, designed to store excess energy generated by
the solar panels for use during periods when solar power is insufficient or
unavailable. The integration of BESS into the system ensures that Justrite has a
reliable source of energy even when the sun isn’t shining, providing greater energy
independence and resilience. BESS systems can help reduce carbon emissions by
stabilizing power grids and integrating renewable energies.BESS systems can help
promote a stronger grid by preventing brownouts and providing back-up power
during blackouts.

7. Comap (Control System)

The Comap is the brain of the system, controlling how energy is distributed based on
real-time conditions. It manages power sources such as solar energy, the BESS, the
electrical grid, and the generator. The Comap makes dynamic switching decisions
based on the following logic:

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Power Switching Logic

● Choice 1: Solar Power Priority

If the sun is shining and there is enough solar energy to power the store, the
system will use solar energy directly. Even if grid electricity is available, it will
not be used to power the store but will instead be used to charge the BESS.
This ensures that solar energy is prioritized while grid electricity is reserved
for storage.

● Choice 2: Battery Backup

If the solar energy is insufficient to power the store and the BESS has enough
charge, the system will switch to using the BESS to power the store. This
ensures that stored solar energy is utilized before considering external
sources like grid electricity or the generator.

● Choice 3: Grid Electricity with Charging

If there is no sun or insufficient solar energy, and the BESS does not have
enough stored power, the system will switch to grid electricity. During this
time, the grid will not only power the store but also charge the BESS. This
dual function ensures that the battery is prepared for future use when solar
energy becomes available again.

● Choice 4: Generator as Last Resort

If none of the above sources are available (no sufficient solar energy, no
stored energy in the BESS, and no grid electricity), the system will
automatically switch to the generator to provide power to the store. The
generator serves as the last resort, ensuring continuous power supply during
extended outages or unfavorable weather conditions.

These power switching choices are all controlled by the Comap, which monitors the
available energy sources and automatically selects the most efficient and reliable
option based on the current conditions.

8. ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch)

The Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) previously controlled the switching between
grid electricity and the generator. Although the Comap now oversees most of the
energy management tasks, the ATS still performs its original function, switching
between grid and generator power. The Comap communicates with the ATS,
ensuring seamless transitions between power sources.

9. Transformer

36
The transformer adjusts the voltage level of electricity to ensure safe and efficient
power distribution throughout the store. In Justrite Superstore’s solar system, it
regulates the voltage from the solar panels, BESS, and Comap for the store's use.

Isolation Transformer
At Justrite, the transformer primarily provides isolation, separating the input and
output electrical systems to:

● Ensure safety by protecting equipment from faults like short circuits or

surges.
● Reduce electrical noise, important for sensitive electronics like lighting
systems and point-of-sale terminals.
● Stabilize voltage, preventing fluctuations from affecting appliances and
maintaining consistent power during transitions between solar, grid, and
generator sources.

10. SACU (Solar Array Control Unit)

The SACU serves as a central hub, connecting all the components of the system,
including the BESS, inverters, Comap, and ATS. The SACU ensures that all
components operate harmoniously and that power is distributed effectively based
on the available energy sources.

37
11. Weather Station

The weather station provides real-time data such as sunlight intensity and
temperature, helping the system adjust its performance based on current
conditions. This data is routed to the inverters and the SACU through communication
cables, ensuring that the system operates optimally under various weather
conditions. A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and
equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for
weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate.

Commissioning and Testing

After the installation of all components, the final step is commissioning. This includes
upgrading the software and firmware for the BESS, Comap, and inverters to the
latest versions, followed by thorough testing of the entire system. Once the system is
tested and verified, it enters the operational phase, where it provides clean and
efficient energy to Justrite Superstore.

In summary, the solar system at Justrite Superstore operates through a smart,

interconnected system that switches between solar panels, battery storage, grid
electricity, and generator power based on real-time conditions. The Comap ensures
efficient energy use and seamless transitions between power sources, maximizing
the use of renewable solar energy while providing a reliable backup in case of
insufficient solar generation.

3.10 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

38
Time Constraint: One of the main issues I faced during SIWES is the limited duration
of the program. Due to it lasting for only 6 months, this was unfortunately not
enough to gain the in-depth insights into my chosen field.

Insufficient Practical Experience: Also known as lack of hands-on experience. I found

myself doing menial tasks that did not align with my academic pursuits, therefore
leading to disappointment.

Lack of Supervision: In some cases, I didn’t have proper guidance or supervision

during the SIWES placements, therefore I was left to navigate the workplace on my
won.

Lack of Engagement: In some cases, students are not able to interact with their
colleagues and receive some information on how to got on their activities.

Transportation Expenses: During to the financial burden of commuting to my

Intership sites daily without financial compensation, leading to wasted
transportation fare.

Power Outage: Due to power outage as well as a lack of backup generators which
some machines in the workshop required, I wasn’t able to perform some tasks that
required such machines

Combining Academic Curriculum and Industry Requirements: I realised that some of

the skills and knowledge I acquired in the classroom did not align with the practical
demand of the industry I interned in.

Limited Networking Opportunities: While SIWES may help in building future career
prospects, I faced some problems interacting with my colleagues during SIWES.

Health and Safety Concerns: Due to feeling sick in some days, I ended missing some
specific days where I was supposed to work.

Inadequate Evaluation and Feedback: Without proper evaluation and feedback, I

didn’t know how well I performed or where I needed improvement.

Attitude towards IT students: The attitude of some staffs is often hostile, thus
creating a toxic working environment, for IT students rather than teaching and
inculcating their professional experience on the students.

Safety Awareness: Adhering to stringent safety regulations was paramount. While

this sometimes limited my involvement

Laziness Of Workers:The high rate of laziness exhibited by some workers in

rms where students undergo their industrial training is becoming quite alarming.
Majority of these workers sometimes sees and takes the internship students as
servants.

39
For instance, instead of the students to be properly taught and shown the major
activities, they’re now being instructed to carry out irrelevant jobs such as mopping
doors, washing toilets etc
Lack Of Support
Majority of internship students aren’t being paid. Some terms, despite being
financially stable and it very difficult to pay their interns.
Some even go as far as charging the internship students certain fees. Certain
internship students usually spend more than #1,000 daily on transport and at
the end of the week, month or training are not even given
a token by their rms as means of support. This is one of the common challenges new
interns face in
Nigeria.

Pleasure: Most Nigerian internship students sees the training period as a time
to carry out irrelevant and unnecessary activities such as: travelling, partying etc due
to lack of interest and motivation.
They eventually miss out on essential knowledge and information which will guide
them in their various future occupations, goals and aspirations.
Most projects were time consuming and required a lot of working involved but due
to their work schedule, it ended taking more time than expected.

High Industrial Expectations: Anxiety and high expectations can lead us

to disappointments, unnecessary pressures, fear of faiiure and severe self-criticism,
especially while working in the industry It is important to remember that life does
not follow a pre-defined script and the path to success is often full of obstacles and
learning experiences.

Limited opportunities or lack of responsibilty: Lack of accountability in the workplace

can have serious negative consequences, including decreased productivity, low
morale, and a toxic work environment. Examples of lack of accountability include
blaming others for mistakes, not following through on commitments, and avoiding
responsibility.

Trainiees are made to do menial job: Due to there being limited jobs in the
respective IT placement, interns are instead given uninspiring jobs so as to avoid
being idle.

40
 CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, my internship experience at Powercell limited as an assistance solar
engineer has been an invaluable journey of growth and learning. Over the course of
my internship, I had the privilege of working alongside experienced professionals in a
dynamic and challenging electrical environment.
During my time at the company, I encountered real-world electrical challenges,
gained hands-on experience with a wide range of equipment, and developed a
deeper understanding of maintenance practices and procedures. I learned the
importance of safety, precision, and teamwork in ensuring the smooth operation.
One of the most significant takeaways from my internship was the importance of
adaptability and problem-solving. In an electrical setting where downtime can be
costly, I learned to think on my feet, troubleshoot issues, and collaborate effectively
with my colleagues to find solutions. This experience has not only enhanced my
technical skills but has also strengthened my ability to work under pressure and
meet deadlines.
My SIWES placement at Powercell Limited provided me with a valuable opportunity
to gain hands-on experience in the field of solar energy systems. I was fortunate to
be assigned to the solar system installation project at Justrite Superstore Isolo,
where I played a significant role in the successful implementation of the project.
Throughout my training period, I acquired a comprehensive understanding of solar
system design, installation, and maintenance. I was able to apply my theoretical
knowledge to real-world scenarios and develop practical skills that will be invaluable
in my future career.
I am particularly grateful for the opportunity to work on a project that contributes to
sustainable energy and environmental protection. The experience has significantly
enhanced my technical expertise and deepened my appreciation for the role of
renewable energy in addressing climate change.
As I move forward in my career in mechatronics engineering, I carry with me the
knowledge, skills, and experiences gained during this internship. I am grateful for the
trust and support extended to me by the team at Powercell limited, and I look
forward to applying what I've learned to contribute effectively to future endeavors in
the field of mechatronics engineering.
In closing, I express my sincere gratitude to Powercell limited for providing me with
this enriching internship opportunity. It has been a transformative experience that
has equipped me with the tools and confidence to pursue a successful career in
mechatronics engineering.

4.2 LIMITATION
The SIWES Experience was a nice experience for me as it offered me the opportunity
to connect with professionals and learn more on the practical aspect of most of my
courses, however there were some challenges faced during the course of this
program. The challenges includes;

41
Certainly, here's a personalized and rewritten version of the limitations you
provided:
 Initial Learning Curve: During my internship, I encountered the typical
challenges associated with being in a learning phase. This meant that while I
had a strong foundation in mechatronics engineering, I needed time to adapt
to the unique complexities of maintaining specialized equipment and
addressing intricate issues.
 Guidance and Mentorship: Recognizing the importance of mentorship and
collaborative learning, I actively sought guidance from experienced
technicians. Their insights and willingness to provide support greatly
contributed to my growth, even though there were times when I required
more direct supervision to ensure the highest standards of maintenance.
 Time Management: The fast-paced production environment often meant
working under tight schedules and balancing multiple maintenance tasks.
These time constraints pushed me to refine my time management skills and
find efficient ways to meet deadlines without compromising quality.
 Safety Awareness: Adhering to stringent safety regulations was paramount.
While this sometimes limited my involvement in high-risk maintenance
activities, it instilled in me a deep respect for safety protocols and the
importance of ensuring a secure work environment.
 Resource Optimization: The occasional constraints on spare parts, materials,
and budgets required creative problem-solving. I learned to optimize
resource utilization and explore cost-effective solutions to maintain
equipment integrity.
 Equipment Complexity: The diverse range of machinery in the bottling plant
often came with varying levels of complexity. Some advanced equipment
demanded a steep learning curve, which allowed me to build expertise while
also emphasizing teamwork and collaboration with experienced technicians.
 Effective Communication: Overcoming language and communication barriers
within the team was an essential skill I developed. It highlighted the
significance of clear and concise communication for productive collaboration
and information exchange.
 Production Alignment: Recognizing that production priorities take
precedence, I learned to align maintenance activities to minimize disruptions.
This required effective planning and flexibility to reschedule tasks when
necessary.
 Regulatory Adherence: Ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements,
including environmental and safety standards, added complexity to my work.
It reinforced the critical role of adherence to regulations in maintaining
operational integrity.
 Resource Allocation: Occasionally, resource constraints, such as limited
manpower and support staff, posed challenges. These situations emphasized
the importance of efficient resource allocation and prioritization to meet
maintenance objectives.
Throughout my internship, I viewed these limitations not as barriers but as
opportunities for growth, problem-solving, and skill development. They contributed

42
significantly to my overall learning experience and prepared me for future challenges
in the field of mechatronics engineering.

4.3 Recommendations

Based on my experiences during the SIWES program, I offer the following

recommendations:

● Increased emphasis on practical training: While the theoretical component of

the program was valuable, a greater emphasis on practical training would be
beneficial for students to gain hands-on experience and develop problem-
solving skills.

● Longer training duration: A longer training period would allow students to

delve deeper into specific areas of interest and gain more in-depth
knowledge.

● Mentorship programs: Establishing mentorship programs would provide

students with guidance and support from experienced professionals in the
field.

● Collaboration with industry partners: Strengthening partnerships with

industry leaders would offer students more opportunities for real-world
projects and exposure to cutting-edge technologies.

● Continuous evaluation and improvement: Regular evaluation of the SIWES

program is essential to identify areas for improvement and ensure its
effectiveness.
Overall, my SIWES placement at Powercell Limited was a rewarding and enriching
experience. I am confident that the skills and knowledge I gained during this training
will be invaluable as I pursue a career in the field of solar energy and renewable
technologies.

4.4 Appendices

Appendix A: Solar Energy System Design Diagrams

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Appendix B : Project Timeline

WEEKS TASK

3-4 Solar panel installation

5-6 Inverter and component installation

7-8 System integration

9 System Testing

10 Commissioning and final adjustments

44
Appendix C: Safety Procedures and Guidelines

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

● Hard hats

● Safety harnesses

● Fall arrest systems

● Gloves

● Safety boots

● Eye protection

● Respiratory protection

General Safety Guidelines:

● Follow all safety regulations and guidelines.

● Wear appropriate PPE at all times.

● Work in a safe and well-lit environment.

Electrical Safety:

● De-energize equipment before working on it.

● Use lockout/tagout procedures to prevent accidental energization.

● Avoid contact with live wires.

45
Specific Safety Guidelines for Solar Installations:

● Inspect the roof for structural integrity before installation.

● Use proper tools and techniques for securing solar panels to the roof.

● Avoid walking on wet or slippery roofs.

Appendix D: Progress Reports

Week 1-2: Site Assessment and Preparation

● Conducted a thorough site assessment to evaluate the suitability of the

location for solar panel installation.

● Obtained necessary permits and approvals from local authorities.

● Prepared the roof surface by cleaning and removing debris.

● Installed the mounting system for the solar panels.

Week 3-4: Solar Panel Installation

● Installed the solar panels onto the mounting system, ensuring proper
alignment and orientation.

● Connected the solar panels together into strings.

● Conducted initial testing of the solar panels to verify their functionality.

Week 5-6: Inverter and Component Installation

● Installed the inverters and connected them to the solar panels.

46
 ● Connected the inverters to the combiner and other system components.

● Conducted testing of the inverters and their communication with the central
monitoring system (COMAP).

Week 7-8: System Integration and Testing

● Integrated the BESS, ATS, and transformer into the system.

● Conducted comprehensive testing of the entire solar system to ensure proper

functionality and performance.

● Verified grid connection and net metering capabilities.

Week 9-12: Commissioning and Final Adjustments

● Commissioned the solar system and optimized its performance.

● Conducted final testing and troubleshooting to address any issues.

● Implemented necessary adjustments to ensure optimal system operation.

4.5 References

1. Department of Energy (DOE). (2023). Solar Energy Basics. Retrieved

from https://www.energy.gov/solar

2. The Solar Guys. (2023). How to Install Solar Panels at Home: A Step-by-
Step Guide. Retrieved from https://thesolarpanelguy.net/

3. SunPower. (2023). Solar Panel Installation Process: A Detailed Guide.

Retrieved from https://us.sunpower.com/blog/how-home-solar-
panels-are-installed

47
4. EnergySage. (2023). Solar Power: A Beginner's Guide. Retrieved from
https://www.energysage.com/

5. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (2023). Solar

Photovoltaic (PV) System Design and Installation Handbook. Retrieved
from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/67122.pdf

6. Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC). (2023). Solar PV

Installation Guidelines. Retrieved from https://irecusa.org/

7. American Solar Energy Society (ASES). (2023). Solar Energy Standards

and Codes. Retrieved from https://ases.org/

8. National Electrical Code (NEC). (2023). Article 690: Photovoltaic (PV)

Systems. Retrieved from
https://enkonnsolar.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Article-690-
Photovoltaic-PV-System.pdf

9. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). (2023). NFPA 70: National

Electrical Code. Retrieved from https://www.nfpa.org/

10. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2023). Fall

Protection Standards. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/

11. Underwriters Laboratories (UL). (2023). Solar PV Safety Standards.

Retrieved from https://ul.com/

12. Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA). (2023). Solar Industry

Standards. Retrieved from https://www.seia.org/

13. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

(2023). IEC Standards for Photovoltaic Systems. Retrieved from
https://www.iec.ch/

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49