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Lecture+2 Infiltration

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11 views

Lecture+2 Infiltration

Uploaded by

harrywaltoncapati09
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Infiltration

CE308 – Hydrology

Engr. Larriz Samudio


Faculty Member
Civil Engineering Department
Infiltration

• Infiltration
• process of water entry into the soil from rainfall, snowmelt, or irrigation.

• Soil Water Movement


• Process of water flow from one point to another within the soil.

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Moisture Zones During Infiltration

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Properties Affecting Soil Water Movement

• Hydraulic Conductivity
• Measure of soil’s ability to transmit water.
• Water Retention Characteristics
• ability of soil to store and release water.

*These properties are closely related to soil’s physical properties.

Infiltration 4
Soil Physical Properties

• Particle Size Properties


• percentage of sand, silt and clay.

• Morphological Properties
• Bulk density: As bulk density increases, water retention and hydraulic
conductivity near saturation decrease.
• Organic matter: More organic matter, more water retention.
• Clay type: Expandable clays (montmorillonite) have lower hydraulic
conductivity and water retention, compared to non-expandable clays
(kaolinite)

Infiltration 5
Infiltration Measurement

• Infiltrometer
• It is a device used to measure the rate of water infiltration into the soil or other
porous media. Commonly used infiltrometers are single ring or double ring
infiltrometer.

Infiltration 6
Infiltration Measurement

• Artificial Rain Simulator


• It has no disturbance to the soil, close to
true rainfall impact, and is much more
costly compared to infiltrometer.

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Empirical Infiltration Models

• Infiltration rate-time relationship


• Kostiakov Equation

*a and 𝑏 are constants depending on soil and


𝐹= 𝑎𝑡 𝑏 initial conditions from observed data.

• Where:
𝐹= cumulative infiltration depth
t = time

Infiltration 8
Empirical Infiltration Models

• Infiltration rate-time relationship


• Kostiakov Equation

𝐹 = 𝑎𝑡 𝑏

• 𝑙𝑛 𝐹 = ln(𝑎𝑡 𝑏 )
• 𝑙𝑛 𝐹 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 + (𝑏𝑙𝑛(𝑡))
• 𝑙𝑛 𝐹 = 𝑏𝑙𝑛(𝑡) + 𝑙𝑛 𝑎

Infiltration 9
Empirical Infiltration Models

• Horton Equation
• Infiltration rate
𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑜 − 𝑓𝑐 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
• Cumulative infiltration depth
𝑓𝑜 − 𝑓𝑐
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑘
Where:
𝑓𝑡 = infiltration rate
𝐹 = cumulative infiltration depth
t = time
𝑓𝑜 = initial infiltration rate
𝑓𝑐 = final constant infiltration rate
i = rainfall intensity
k = decay constant

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Sample Problem

• A soil has Horton’s equation parameters fo =100mm/h, fc = 40mm/h


and k = 2 h-1. Calculate the ponding time (tp) in hours and cumulative
infiltration (F) in mm at ponding under a rainfall of 60 mm/h. How
long does it take to infiltrate 2F? How much water is infiltrated in 2tp?

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Sample Problem

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Factors Affecting Infiltration

Soil factors
• Particle size distribution, bulk density, particle density, porosity,
• water content, water retention characteristics, hydraulic conductivity
Surface factors
• Bare soil or with cover crust formation on bare soil
Management factors
• Types of tillage, vegetation, and surface cover
Natural factors
• Rainfall intensity, seasons, temperature (viscosity of water), moisture

Infiltration 18
Factors Affecting Infiltration

• Effect of covered and bare soil on infiltration rates.


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Factors Affecting Infiltration

• Effect of surface sealing and crusting on infiltration


• rates
Infiltration 20
Factors Affecting Infiltration

• Infiltration rates for Port Byron silt loam, 2 months after chisel and moldboard plow tillage, and 4
months after planting under no tillage.
Infiltration 21

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