1

Exp. 07
Synchronous
Performance Study Generator Relay for the
of a Differential
Protection of Transformer
EEE-2187 shaela.ritu@gmail.com

EEE-4252 shaela.eee@aust.edu
 Introduction
2

O/C
Relay

𝐶𝑇
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼
G Unit

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Differential Relay
3

O/C
Relay
𝐶𝑇1 𝐶𝑇2
𝐶𝑇3 100: 1 100: 1 1
G Unit
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝑰𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑰𝟐

𝐿1 = 𝐿2
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒
𝑅1 = 𝑅2
𝐼1 𝑅1 = 𝐼2 𝑅2
𝑉1 = 𝑉2
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑜𝑓
𝐴𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑡ℎ𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦
𝐼1 − 𝐼2 = 0
Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Differential Relay
4

𝐶𝑇1 𝐶𝑇2
100: 1 2 100: 1
G Unit

𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎

𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎
𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ≠ 0

𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑜𝑓
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Differential Relay
5

𝐶𝑇1 𝐶𝑇2
100: 1 2 100: 1
G Unit G

𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐

𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ≠ 0

𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑜𝑓
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Differential Relay
6

O/C O/C
Relay Relay
𝐶𝑇1 𝐶𝑇2
𝐶𝑇3 100: 1 100: 1 3 𝐶𝑇4
G Unit G

𝑰𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑰𝟐

𝐴𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝐼1 − 𝐼2 = 0

Fault outside the unit: Only over-current relay will operate

Fault inside the unit: Both over-current relay and differential will operate
Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 CT Ratio
7

𝐶𝑇1 𝐶𝑇2
100: 1 400: 1
G 132/33 KV
Transformer
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐

𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐

𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑜𝑓
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Working Principle of Transformer
8

When an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary, an alternating flux φ is set up in the core. This alternating flux
links both the windings and induces e.m.f.s E1 and E2 in them according to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
Magnitudes of E2 and E1 depend upon the number of turns on the secondary and primary respectively.
If N2 > N1, then E2 > E1 (or V2 > V1) and we get a step-up transformer.
If N2 < N1, then E2 < E1 (or V2 < V1) and we get a step-down transformer.

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Construction
9

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Construction Buchholz Relay
conservator tank / reserver Breather
10
high voltage bushing / insulation
Important parts of a three-phase transformer
Low voltage bushing / insulation 10

9 1. Core- Core is made by laminated silicon steel

2. Coil- Coil( winding) is simply made by insulated copper wire
3. Transformer oil (mineral oil) - Transformer oil has two functions one is to
provide necessary insulation for the core and coli and other one is to absorb
the heat produce by the power loss of transformer.
4. Fin- Cooling system for heated transformer oil.
5. Bushing- Bushing is used to connect the coils (primary and secondary) to
the outer circuit for rigid fitting and avoiding the contact with transformer
tank.
6. Conservator- Conservator holds the excess oil when the oil gets expanded.
7. Breather with Silica gel- Breather is used to pass the air inward and
outward of a transformer through conservator and silica gel absorb the
moisture of air.
8. Transformer tank- Transformer tank houses core, coil and oil.
9. Buchholz Relay
10. Tap changer 6
5
4
3
2
33KV 1

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Construction
11

1. Transformer Tank
13 2. High Voltage Bushing
3. Low Voltage Bushing
4. Cooling Fins/Radiator
5. Cooling Fans
6. Conservator Tank
7.System Ground Terminal
8. Drain Valve
9. Dehydrating Breather
10. Oil Temperature/Pressure
gauges
11. Bushing Current
Transformers
12. Control Panel
13. Temperature monitoring and
oil level indicator

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Types of Faults
12

1. Phase to phase fault

Phase to neutral fault
2. High voltage surge due to lightening
3. Fault inside the tank below oil level
4. Magnetizing inrush current
5. Tank E/F protection
Tank earth fault protection

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Protection Scheme
13

1. Phase to phase and phase to neutral fault protection: DR+ O/C relay
In protection of a transformer, the CT connections and CT
ratios are such that current fed into the pilot wires from both the 𝐼𝑎
ends are equal during normal and for through fault conditions.
During any kind of internal fault, like phase to phase faults or
phase to ground faults, the balance is disturbed. The out of 𝐼𝑐
balance current (I1-I2) flows through the relay operating coils.
To avoid unwanted relay operation on through faults, restraining
coils are provided in series with the pilot wires. The average 𝐼𝑏
current through the restraining coil is (I1+I2)/2. As a result the
restraining current increases with the increase of (I1-I2) in the 𝐴𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,
operating coil for a through fault condition. An additional over 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑛 = 0
current relay is also used to provide over load protection.

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Protection Scheme
14

2. High voltage surge due to lightening:

➢ Lightening Arrester: For large transformers

➢ Horn gap: in small distribution transformer
Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Protection Scheme
15

3. Fault inside the tank below oil level:

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 ↑ → 𝐼 ↑ → 𝐼 2 𝑅 ↑ → 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 ↑ → 𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 ↑

Some typical settings for oil temperature are as follows-

10

9
At 600C, Switch on pump + cooling fans
At 950C, give an alarm
At 1200C, give a trip signal to trip the CB.

Radiator Radiator

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Protection Scheme
16

(a)Buchholz Alarm
(b)Buchholz Trip

T.C.2

T.C.1

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Protection Scheme
17

Pressure Relief Device (PRD):

The working principle of transformer pressure relief

device is very simple. If pressure arises inside a
transformer and exceeds a pre-set pressure limit, the
pressure safety valve opens its valve clap, which is
held by a spring and releases the internal pressure until
it declines. After decrease of the pressure, the pressure
valve clap moves back to its origin position and closes
completely. Normally, the pressure relief device will
be mounted on top of the transformer. Due to internal
faults, it is suggested to have such pressure relief
valves to protect the transformer and release arising
pressure quite suddenly.

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Protection Scheme
18

4. Magnetizing Inrush Current Protection:

The transformer inrush current is the maximum instantaneous current drawn by the
primary of the transformer when their secondary is open circuit. The inrush current does
not create any permanent fault, but it causes an unwanted switching in the circuit
breaker of the transformer. During the inrush current, the maximum value attained by
the flux is over twice the normal flux.
In the FFT analysis of inrush and fault current, it’s been observed that the second
harmonic content of the inrush current is lying in the high range almost above 60%. The
second harmonic content for fault in all the cases is lying below 25%. So, on the basis
of FFT analysis the inrush and fault transients can easily be differentiated.

Unnecessary tripping can be occurred due to inrush current. In order to avoid this
phenomenon, a second harmonic filter is used whose NC contact is connected in series
with the operating coil of differential relay.

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Protection Scheme
19

𝐶𝑇1 𝐶𝑇2
100: 1 400: 1
G 132/33 KV
Transformer

NC of 2nd harmonic
block filter

𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑜𝑓
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Protection Scheme
20

5. Tank Earth Fault Protection

E/F

In

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Protection Scheme
21

Restricted Earth Fault (REF) Protection of Y-winding

When E/F occurs very near to the neutral point of Y-winding

of the transformer, the voltage available for driving earth fault
current is small. Hence the fault current is low. If the normal biased
different relay is to sense such faults, it has to be too sensitive and
would therefore operate for spurious signal like, external faults and
switching surges, under this condition restricted earth fault
protection scheme has evolved. Here the practice is to set the relay
such that it operates for earth fault current of the order of 15% of
rated winding current, such setting protects restricted portion of the
winding.

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Protection Scheme
22

𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑏

𝐼𝑐
𝐼𝑛 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑛

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Protection Scheme
23

0𝐴
0𝐴

𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝑛

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Schematic Diagram
24

CB1 2400:1 CB2 Feeder

TC1 TC2

Generating
Unit

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Schematic Diagram
25

Relay

Stabilizing
Resistor

A B C

CB CB
c b a

33 KV 33 KV
11 KV
132
busKV
bus
Bus-bar
Bus-bar

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE
 Control Circuit
26

L
D/R O/C BT WT OT PRD REF E/F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
𝟔𝟎𝒐 𝑪 𝟗𝟓𝒐 𝑪
NC of 2nd harmonic block filter

110V DC
BA WT pump
NC of O/C Relay TA

TC1 TC2
NC of E/F Relay
N

Prepared for AUST Power System Protection Lab by Shaela Sharmin Ritu, Dept. of EEE