Quality Control &

Assurance (M 1581)
Introduction

Dr. Abdelrahman Elgendy

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Benha University

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 Outline

◼ Goals of the course

◼ An abbreviated history of SQC
◼ Definition of Quality Control
◼ Dimensions of Quality
◼ Advantages Of Quality Control

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 Goals of the course
• Understand the fundamentals of quality control and
assurance.
• Learn different tools and techniques for quality
improvement.
• Apply statistical methods in process control and
quality assessment.
• Explore real-world case studies and industry
practices.

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 The Course Syllabus
◼ Module 1: Introduction to Quality Control & Assurance
◼ Module 2: Statistical Process Control (SPC) and

Control Charts
◼ Module 3: Process Capability Analysis

◼ Module 4: Sampling Methods & Acceptance Sampling

◼ Module 5: Six Sigma and Lean Methodologies

◼ Module 6: Advanced Techniques (e.g., multivariate

analysis, PCA)
◼ Module 7: Quality Management Systems and Standards

(ISO, TQM) 4/33

 Requirements
◼ Required software; Use software (e.g., Minitab, Excel) for
students to construct control charts, calculate process capability, or
run hypothesis tests.
◼ Student Assessment ; Quizzes, Homework, Projects,
Presentations, Mid-term Exam, Final Exam
◼ Invent Industry Experts or Visit
◼ Montgomery, D.C. (2009), Introduction to Statistical Quality
Control ,Wiley, NY.

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 Introduction
◼ At the first you must answer these questions:
◼ Why do you produce any product or introduce any
service? Sell and get money
◼ Why the customer will buy the product? Customer
requirements satisfactions
◼ How to satisfy the customer needs? Produce
products have high Quality, low cost and low time
◼ What are the techniques used to improve the
quality of the products or services? SQC, TQM, 6
sigma, lean manufacturing, etc. ( course focus) 6/33
 Brief History of Quality Control
◼ Early Developments in Quality Control
• Pre-Industrial Era: Quality control practices were informal,
relying on craftsmanship and inspection. Guilds ensured standards
for materials and workmanship.
• Industrial Revolution (Late 1700s - Early 1800s):
• Mass production increased, leading to the need for more formal

quality control. (standardization)

• Eli Whitney pioneered interchangeable parts, emphasizing

consistent quality.
• Inspection-based control emerged, where products were

checked for defects post-production.

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 Brief History of Quality Control
• Early Developments in Quality Control
• 1920s - Statistical Quality Control (SQC):
• Walter A. Shewhart (1924): Introduced the

control chart, pioneering statistical methods

for process control, marking the formal
beginning of modern quality control.
• W. Edwards Deming & Joseph M. Juran:

Popularized statistical methods for quality

control, particularly in Japan post-WWII,
laying the foundation for Total Quality
Management (TQM).
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 Brief History of Quality Control
◼ Evolution into Modern Quality Control
• 1950s - 1980s: Total Quality Management (TQM):
• Emphasis on customer satisfaction, process improvement,

and employee involvement.

• Deming’s 14 Points and Juran’s Quality Trilogy

(planning, control, and improvement) guided this

movement.
• Japan became a leader in quality with techniques like

Kaizen (continuous improvement).

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 Brief History of Quality Control
◼ Evolution into Modern Quality Control
• 1980s - Present: Advanced Methods & Global
Standards:
• Six Sigma (introduced by Motorola in the 1980s): A

data-driven approach to eliminate defects and

minimize variability.
• Lean Manufacturing: Focus on eliminating waste

and improving efficiency.

• ISO 9000 Standards (1987): International standards

for consistent quality management practices across

industries.
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The definition of Quality
Control

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 The definition of Quality
Control
◼ The meaning of Quality
There are many definitions of Quality, Some
defined quality as:
◼ Quality means excellence
◼ Quality means fitness for purpose.
◼ Quality means delivering what the customers want
◼ Quality means conformance to specifications
◼ Etc.
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 The definition of Quality
Control
◼ The meaning of Control
◼ Control is a system for measuring and checking
(inspecting) a phenomenon. It suggests when to inspect,
how often to inspect and how much to inspect. In
addition, it incorporates a feedback mechanism which
explores the causes of poor quality and takes corrective
action.

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 Quality Control
◼ The meaning of Quality Control
◼ Quality Control refers to the procedures and
activities implemented to ensure that a product or
service meets specified quality standards.
◼ It focuses on identifying defects in finished products
and involves systematic inspections and testing to
detect non-conformities against established criteria.

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 Dimensions of Quality
◼ In order to be aware of the true meaning of quality,
we must know the dimensions of quality.

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 These dimensions are often used in quality management frameworks like
(TQM) and Six Sigma to guide organizations in their efforts to improve quality
and customer satisfaction.

Dimensions of Quality
◼ Dimensions of Quality
1. Performance: Will the product do the intended job?
2. Reliability: How often does the product fail?
3. Durability: How long does the product last?
4. Serviceability: How easy is it to repair the product?
5. Aesthetics: What does the product look like?
6. Features: What does the product do?
7. Perceived quality: What is the reputation of the company or its
product?
8. Conformance to standards: Is the product made exactly as the
designer intended? 16/33
 Application fields of Quality
Control
◼ There are many areas of quality control, including manufacturing and service
areas. For example:
•Manufacturing areas such as
automotive production,
electronics manufacturing,
pharmaceutical production, and
food processing.
•Service areas such as
healthcare, hospitality, IT
services, and customer support.

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 Functions Of Quality Control
Department
➢ Only the products of uniform and standard quality are allowed
to be sold.
➢ To suggest method and ways to prevent the manufacturing
difficulties.
➢ To reject the defective goods so that the products of poor
quality may not reach to the customers.
➢ To find out the points where the control is breaking down and
to investigate the causes of it.
➢ To correct the rejected goods, if it is possible. This procedure
is known as rehabilitation/rework of defective goods.

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 Functions Of Quality Control
Department
◼ Key aspects of Quality Control include:
1. Inspection: Monitoring products or services to identify any
defects or deviations from the set standards.
2. Testing: Verifying that the product or service performs as
intended.
3. Corrective Actions: Addressing any issues that arise to
ensure consistency and adherence to quality benchmarks.
4. Preventing Defects: Implementing procedures that help
prevent defects from occurring during production.

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 Advantages Of Quality Control
◼ Advantages Of Quality Control
➢ Quality of product is improved which in turn increases sales.
➢ Scrap rejection and rework are minimized thus reducing
wastage. So the cost of manufacturing reduces.
➢ Good quality product improves reputation.
➢ Inspection cost reduces to a great extent.
➢ Uniformity in quality can be achieved.
➢ Improvement in manufacturer and consumer relations.

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 Quality Assurance (QA)
◼ Quality Assurance (QA) encompasses the systematic processes
and procedures designed to ensure that quality requirements are
met throughout the production process.
◼ It focuses on preventing defects by improving and stabilizing
production processes.
◼ QA aims to improve processes and workflows to maintain
quality at every stage..
◼ It ensures adherence to industry standards, such as ISO, to
guarantee reliability and quality.
◼ QA involves ongoing review and improvement of processes,
often using methodologies like TQM or Six Sigma
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Quality Assurance (QA)
◼ Benefits:
• Enhanced product/service quality
• Cost savings by reducing errors and rework
• Improved customer satisfaction
• Compliance with industry regulations

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