AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

CHAPTER

24 PROBABILITY

Chapter Highlights
Remarks, Types of Events, Probability of Occurrence of an Event, Some Important Results on Probability,
Conditional Probability, Multiplication Theorem of Probability, Law of Total Probability, Baye’s Theorem,
Probability Distribution, Binomial Distribution, Mathematical Expectation, Poisson Distribution.

Experiment An operation which results in some well For example, when a coin is tossed, and we denote
defined outcome is called an experiment. E1 = {H} = the event of occurrence of head and
Random Experiment An experiment whose outcome E2 = {T} = the event of occurrence of tail
cannot be predicted with certainty is called a random Then, E1 and E2 are simple events in the sample space
experiment. S = {H, T}.
For example, tossing of a fair coin or throwing an unbi- Mixed Event A subset of the sample space S which con-
ased die or drawing a card from a well shuffled pack of 52 tains more than one element is called a mixed event.
cards is a random experiment. For example, when a coin is tossed, and we denote
Sample Space The set of all possible outcomes of a E = {H, T} = the event of occurrence of a head or a tail.
random experiment is called the sample space, and it is Then, E is a mixed event in the sample space S = {H, T}.
usually denoted by S. Equally Likely Events A set of events is said to be equal-
For example, if we toss a coin, there are two possible ly likely if none of them is expected to occur in preference
outcomes, a head (H) or a tail (T). So, the sample space in to the other.
this experiment is given by S = {H, T}. For example, when a fair coin is tossed, then occurrence
Event A subset of the sample space S is called an Event. of head or tail are equally likely events and there is no reason
to expect a ‘head’ or a ‘tail’ in preference to the other.
Exhaustive Events A set of events is said to be exhaustive
REMARKS
when a random experiment always results in the occur-
(i) Sample space S plays the same role as the univer- rence of atleast one of them.
sal set for all problems related to the particular For example, if a die is thrown, then the events
experiment. A1 = {1, 2} and A2 = {2, 3, 4}
(ii) φ is also a subset of S which is called an impossible are not exhaustive as we can get 5 as outcome of the
event. experiment which is not the member of any of the events
(iii) S is also a subset of S which called a sure event. A1 and A2. But, if we consider the events E1 = {1, 2, 3} and
E2 = {2, 4, 5, 6}, then the set of events E1, E2 is exhaustive.
Mutually Exclusive Events A set of events is said to be
TYPES OF EVENTS mutally exclusive if occurrence of one of them precludes
Simple Event An event having only a single sample point the occurrence of any of the remaining events.
is called a simple event. In other words, events E1, E2,..., En are mutually
exclusive if and only if
24.2 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Ei ∩ Ej = φ for i ≠ j PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF AN
For example, when a coin is tossed, the event of occur- EVENT
rence of a head and the event of occurrence of a tail are
mutually exclusive events. Let S be a sample space. Then the probability of occur-
Independent Events Two events are said to be inde- rence of an event A is denoted by P(A) and is defined as
pendent, if the occurence of one does not depend on the n (A) Number of elements in A
occurrence of the other. P (A) = =
n (S ) Number of elements in S
For example, when a coin is tossed twice, the event of
occurrence of head in the first throw and the event of occur- Number of cases favourable to event A
rence of head in the second throw are independent events. =
Total number of cases

CAUTION SOLVED EXAMPLES

If two events A and B are mutually exclusive, they would be
strongly dependent as the occurrence of one precludes the 1. A car is parked among n cars standing in row, but not
occurrence of other. at either end. On his return, the owner find that exactly
r of the n places are still occupied. The probability that
both the places neighbouring has car are empty is
Complement of an Event The complement of an event n- r
E, denoted by E or E’ or Ec, is the set of all sample points C2 ( n − r ) ( n − r − 1)
(A) n -1 (B)
of the space other than the sample points in E. C2 ( n + 1) ( n + 2)
For example, when a die is thrown, we get the sample
( r - 2)!
space (C) (D) none of these
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ( n - 2)!
If E = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then E = {5, 6}
Solution: (A)
Note that E ∪ E = S
Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Events A set Total number of selection of places for (r – 1) cars
of events E1, E2, ..., En of a sample space S form a mutually (except the owner’s car) out of (n – 1) places
exclusive and exhaustive system of events, if ( n - 1)!
= n – 1Cr – 1 =
(i) Ei ∩ Ej = φ for i ≠ j ( r - 1)! ( n - r )!
(ii) E1 ∪ E2 ∪... ∪ En = S
If neighbouring place are empty, then (r – 1) cars must
For example, when a die is thrown, we get the sample
be parked in (n – 3) places
space
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ( n - 3)!
So, the favourable cases = n – 3Cr – 1 =
Let E1 = {1, 3, 5} = the event of occurrence of an odd ( r - 1)! ( n - r - 2)!
number and ∴ Required probability
E2 = {2, 4, 6} = the event of occurrence of an even
( n − 3)! ( r − 1)! ( n − r )!
number. = ×
Then, E1 ∪ E2 = S and E1 ∩ E2 = φ ( r − 1)! ( n − r − 2)! ( n − 1)!
n- r
( n - 1) ( n - r - 1) C2
= = n -1
NOTE ( n - 1) ( n - 2) C2

 Independent events are always taken from different 2. There are 100 students in a collage class of which 36
experiments, while mutually exclusive events are taken are boys studying statistics and 13 girls not studying
from a single experiment. statistics. If there are 55 girls in all, the probability that
 Independent events can happen together while mutually a boy picked up at random is not studying statistics, is
exclusive events cannot happen together.
3 2
 Independent events are connected by the word “and” but (A) (B)
mutually exclusive events are connected by the word “or”. 5 5
1
(C) (D) none of these
5
 Probability 24.3
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Solution: (C) 4
 2 16
Number of students = 100 =   =
 3  81
Number of girls = 55
∴ Number of boys = 100 – 55 = 45 5. Three of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are cho-
Out of 45 boys 36 boys are studying Statistics. sen at random. The probability that the triangle with
∴ Number of boys not studying Statistics = 45 – 36 = 9 three vertices is equilateral equals
∴ Probability that a boy picked up at random is not
1
studyng Statistics =
9 1
= . (A) 1 (B)
45 5 2 5
3. A determinant is chosen at random from the set of 1 1
(C) (D)
all determinants of order 2 with elements 0 or 1 only. 10 20
The probability that value of the determinant chosen is
Solution: (C)
positive is
3 vertices out of 6 can be chosen in 6C3 ways
16 7
(A) (B) 6! 6 ´5´ 4
81 16 = = = 20
3! 3! 3 ´ 2 ´1
3
(C) (D) none of these Only 2 equilateral triangles can
16 be formed, ∆AEC and ∆BDF.
Solution: (C) ∴ Favourable ways = 2
Since each element of the determinant can be placed in 2 1
Required probability = =
two ways 0 or 1, total number of ways = 24 = 16. 20 10
Since value of the determinant is + ve, so we have only
3 cases : 6. Five persons entered the lift cabin on the ground floor
 1 0   1 1 1 0  of an 8 floor house. Suppose that each of them inde-
      pendently and with equal probability, can leave the
 0 1 ,  0 1, 1 1 
      cabin at any floor beginning with the first. The proba-
3 bility of all five persons leaving at different floors, is
Hence, the required probability = . 8 9
16 P5 P5
(A) (B)
74 76
4. An unbiased dice with faces 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is round
7
4 times. Out of four face values obtained the probabil- P5
(C) (D) none of these
ity that the minimum face value obtained the probabil- 75
ity that the minimum face value is not less than 2 and
the maximum face value is not greater than 5 is Solution: (C)
Besides the ground floor, there are seven floors. The
16 1 total number of ways in which each of the five persons
(A) (B)
81 81 can leave cabin at any of the 7 floors = 75.
80 65 And the favourable number of ways, that is, the num-
(C) (D) ber of ways in which 5 persons leave at different floors
81 81
is 7P5.
Solution: (A) ∴ The required probability = 7P5/75.
In a single throw the favourable points are 2, 3, 4 and 7. A student is given a true-false exam with 10 ques-
5 whose number is 4. tions. If he gets 8 or more correct answers, he passes
∴ All possible outcomes are 6 the exam. Given that he guesses at the answer to each
∴ P = Probability that in a single throw the mini- question, the probability that he passes the exam, is
mum face value is not less than 2 and the maximum
4 2 6 9
face value is not greater than 5 = = (A) (B)
6 3 128 128
Since the dice is rolled four times and all the four throws 7
are independent events therefore the required probability (C) (D) none of these
128
24.4 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Solution: (C) × (1 + 5x10 + 10x20 + ...) = 5
n = total no. of ways = 210 = 1024. n(E) 5
Since each answer can be true or false. ∴ Required probability, P(E) = = .
n (S ) 1024
and m = favourable number of ways
= 10C8 + 10C9 + 10C10 = 45 + 10 + 1 = 56. 10. An ordinary cube has four blank faces, one face
since to pass the exam, he must give 8 or 9 or 10 true marked 2, another marked 3. Then the probability of
answers, obtaining a total of exactly 12 in 5 throws is
m 56 7
Hence, p= = = 5 5
n 1024 128 (A) (B)
1296 1944
8. In a multiple choice question there are four alternative
answers, of which one or more are correct. A candidate 5
(C) (D) none of these
will get marks in the question only if he ticks all the 2592
correct answers. The candidate decides to tick answers Solution: (C)
at random. If he is allowed upto three chanes to answer n = Total number of ways = 65
the question, the probability that he will get marks in To find the favourable no. of ways, a total of 12 in 5
the question, is throws can be obtained in the following two ways only :
1
(A) 1 (B) (i) One blank and four 3’s.
2 5 or (ii) Three 2’s and two 3’s.
1 The no. of ways in case (i) = 5C1 = 5
(C) (D) none of these and the no. of ways in case (ii) = 5C2 = 10.
3
∴ m = the favourable no. of ways.
Solution: (B) = 5 + 10 = 15
The total number of ways of ticking the answers in any 15 5
Hence the required probability = 5 = .
one attempt = 24 – 1 = 15. 6 2592
It is reasonable to assume that in order to derive maxi-
11. A person draws a card from a pack of playing cards,
mum benefit, the three solutions which he will submit
replaces it and shuffles the pack. He continues doing
must be all different.
this until he shows a spade. The chance that he will fail
∴ n = total no. of ways = 15C3
the first two times is
m = the no. of ways in which the correct solution is
excluded = 14C3. 9 1
(A) (B)
Hence, the required probability 64 64
14
C3 4 1 1 9
= 1 – 15 =1– = (C) (D)
C3 5 5 16 16
9. Four tickets marked 00, 01, 10 and 11 respectively are Solution: (A)
placed in a bag. A ticket is drawn at random five times, Required probability
being replaced each time. The probability that the sum 39
C1 39 C1 13 C1 9
of the numbers on the ticket is 15, is = 52 ´ 52 ´ 52 = 3´3´1 =
C1 C1 C1 4 4 4 64
3 5
(A) (B) 12. The sum of two postive quantities is equal to 2n. The
1024 1024 probability that their product is not less than 3 times
7 their greatest product is 4
(C) (D) none of these
1024 (A) 3 (B) 1
Solution: (B) 4 2
Let S be the sample space and E be the required event. 1
(C) (D) none of these
Now, n(S) = total number of cases = 45 = 1024. 4
and n(E) = coefficient of x15 in (x0 + x + x10 + x11)5 Solution: (B)
= coefficient of x15 in [(1 + x)5 (1 + x10)5]
Let one of the quantities be x. Thus the other is
= coefficient of x15 in
2n – x. Then product will be greatest when they are
(1 + 5x + 10x2 + 10x3 + 5x4 + x5)
 Probability 24.5
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
equal i.e., each is n in which case the product is n2. By each other. The the probability of forming an incorrect
the given condition­ number, is
x (2n – x) ≥ 3 n2 p
4 (A) (B) p8
8
⇒ 8nx – 4x ≥ 3n2 ⇒ 4x2 – 8nx + 3n2 ≤ 0
2
(C) (1 – p)8 (D) 1 – (1 – p)8
⇒ (2x – 3n) (2x ­– n) ≤ 0 ⇒ n £ x £ 3 n.
2 2 Solution: (D)

∴ favourable number of cases = 3n - n = n. Probability for an incorrect digit = p

2 2 ∴ Probability for a correct digit = 1 – p
1 ∴ Probability for 8 correct digits = (1 – p)8
n
Hence, required probability = = . Hence, required probability = 1 – (1 – p)8.
2n 2
16. An elevator starts with m passengers and stops at n
13. Four digit numbers are formed using each of the digits floors (m ≤ n). The probability that no two passengers
1, 2,...,8 only once. One number from these is picked alight at the same floor is
up at random. The probability that the selected number nP nP
contains unity is (A) m
(B) m

2 8 mn nm
(A) 1 (B) 1 nC nC
(C) m
(D) m

mn nm
(C) 1 (D) none of these Solution: (B)
4
Since a person can alight at any one of n floors.
Solution: (A) Therefore, the number of ways in which m passengers
Required probability
can alight at n floors is n×
n ×
n× ... ×n = nm.

7´6´5 m − times
7
C3 1´ 2 ´ 3 4 1 The number of ways in which all passengers can alight
= 8 = = = at different floors is nCm × m ! = n Pm.
C4 8´ 7´6 ´5 8 2
n
1´ 2 ´ 3 ´ 4 Pm
Hence, required probability = .
nm
14. A book contains 1,000 pages. A page is chosen at ran-
dom. The probabilities that the sum of the digits of the 17. Four tickets marked 00, 01, 10, 11 respectively are
marked number on the page is equal to 9, is placed in a bag. A ticket is drawn at random five times,
being replaced each time. The probability that the sum
23 11
(A) (B) of the numbers on tickets thus drawn is 23, is
500 200
25 100
7 (A) (B)
(C) (D) none of these 256 256
100
231
Solution: (B) (C) (D) none of these
256
The number of numbers whose sum is 9 is
One digit number = 1 Solution: (A)
Two digit numbers = 9 The total number of ways in which 4 tickets can be
9 ´10 drawn 5 times = 45 = 1024.
Three digit numbers = 9 + 8 + 7 +, ..., + 1 = = 45
2 Favourable number of ways of getting a sum of 23
55 11
∴ Required probability = = . = coeff. of x23 in (x00 + x01 + x10 + x11)5
1000 200 = coeff. of x23 in [(1 + x) (1 + x10)]5
= coeff. of x23 in (1 + x)5 (1 + x10)5
15. A binary number is made up of 8 digits. Suppose that = coeff. of x23 in
the probability of an incorrect digit appearing is p and (1 + 5x + 10x2 + 10x3 + 5x4 + x5)
that of errors in different digits are independent of × (1 + 5x10 + 10x20 + 10x30 + ...) = 100
24.6 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
100 25 Solution: (A)
∴ required probability = = . Both heads appear on n coins and head and a tail
1024 256
appear on (n + 1) coins so
18. 5 grils and 10 boys sit at random in a row having 15 n
C n +1
C1 1 31
chairs numbered as 1 to 15. The probability that end P(head) = 2 n +1 1 ⋅1 + 2 n +1 ⋅ =
C1 C1 2 42
seats are occupied by the girls and between any two
girls odd number of boys sit, is n n +1
⇒ + = 31
2n + 1 2 ( 2n + 1) 42
20 ´10!´ 5! 20 ´10!
(A) (B) ⇒ 2n + n + 1 = (2n + 1) (31/21)
15! 15!
⇒ 63n + 21 = 62n + 31 ⇒ n = 10
20 ´ 5!
(C) (D) none of these 21. Two players A and B toss a fair coin cyclically in the
15!
following order A, A, B, A, A, B, ... till a head shows.
Solution: (A) Let α(β) denote the probability that A(B) gets the head
There are four gaps in between the girls where the first. Then
boys can sit. Let the number of boys in these gaps be (A) α = 6/7 (B) α = 5/7
2a + 1, 2b + 1, 2c + 1, 2d + 1 = 0 , then (C) β = 1/7 (D) β = 2/7
2a + 1 + 2b + 1 + 2c + 1 + 2d + 1 = 10
or a + b + c + d =3 Solution: (A, C)
The number of solutions of above equation P(A wins the game)
= coefficient of x3 in (1 – x)– 4 = 6C3 = 20 = P(H or TH or TTTH or TTTTH or TTTTTTH or ...)
Thus boys and girls can sit in 20 × 10 ! × 5 ! ways = P(H) + P(TH) + P(TTTH) + P(TTTTH) + ...
Total ways = 15 !
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ...
20 ´10 !´ 5! 2 22 24 25 2 7
Hence, the required probability = .
15!
1 1 1  1 1 1 
=  + 4 + 7 + ... +  2 + 5 + 8 + ...
19. The probability that the 13th day of a randomly chosen  2 2 2 
 
 2 2 2 
month is a Friday, is 1/ 2 1/ 4
+ 4 2 6
1 = = + =
(A) 1 (B) 1−1/ 8 1−1/ 8 7 7 7
12 7 ∴ β = 1 – α = 1 – 6/7 = 1/7
1 22. The value of C for which P(X = k) = Ck2 can serve as
(C) (D) none of these
84 the probability function of a random variable X that
Solution: (C) takes values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 is
Any month out of 12 months, can be chosen with (A) 1/30 (B) 1/10
(C) 1/3 (D) 1/15
probability = 1 .
12 Solution: (A)
There are 7 possible ways in which the month can start 4 4
2
and it will be a Friday on 13th day if the first day of the ∑ P ( X = k ) = 1 ⇒ k∑
=0
Ck = 1
k =0
1
month is Sunday. Its probability = . 1
7 ⇒ C(12 + 22 + 32 + 42) = 1 ⇒ C =
30
1 1 1
Hence, the required probability = ´ = . For example, when a coin is tossed, we get the sample
12 7 84
20. A bag contains (2n + 1) coins. It is known that n of space
these coins have a head on both sides, whereas the rea- S = {H, T}
maining (n + 1) coins are fair. A coin is picked up at If E = event of occurrence of a head = {H}.
random from the bag and tossed. If the probability that n (A)
then, P(A) = Probability of occurrence of head =
the toss results in a head is 31/42, then n is equal to n (S )
(A) 10 (B) 11 = .1
(C) 12 (D) 13 2
 Probability 24.7
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Mathematical Expectation of an Event 23. The chance of an event happening is the square of
the chance of a second event but the odds against the
If a trial is conducted n times, then the total number of first are the cubes of the odds against the second. The
trials favourable to an event is approximately n ⋅ P(E). chances of happening of each event are
1 1 1 1
(A) , (B) ,
9 3 6 9
1 1
(C) , (D) none of these
3 6
Solution: (A)
Fig. 24.1 Let the chance of the second event be p. Then the
This product is called mathematical expectation of the chance of the first event is p2.
event E. ∴ Odds against the first event are as 1 – p2 : p2
Heart, Diamond, Club, Spade are four colours or suits of and odds against the second event are 1 – p : p
a pack. King cards, Queen cards and Jack cards are called Hence, according to the condition given in the ques-
face cards. Thus, there are 12 face cards in a normal pack. tion, we have
3
1 - p2 1− p 

=  
Odds in Favour of an Event and Odds p2  p 
against an Event
(1 − p) (1 + p) (1 - p)3
If the number of ways in which an event can occur be m and or =
p2 p3
the number of ways in which it does not occur be n, then
or p (p + 1) = (1 – p)2
m
(i) odds in favour of the event = or p2 + p = p2 – 2p + 1 or 3p = 1
n
n 1 1
(ii) odds against the event = ∴ p= and p2 =
m 3 9
If odds in favour of an event are a : b, then the probability 1
Hence, the probability of the first event =
a 9
of the occurrence of that event is and the probability
a+b
a
of the non-occurrence of that event is .
a+b

TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING

Verbal description of Event Equivalent set theoretic Notation
1. Both A and B occur (i) A ∩ B
2. atleast one of A and B occurs (ii) A ∪ B
3. A occurs but not B (iii) A – B or A Ç B
4. Neither A nor B occurs (iv) A Ç B
5. Only A occurs (v) A Ç B Ç C
6. Both A and B, but not C occur (vi) A Ç B Ç C
7. All the three events occur (vii) A ∩ B ∩ C
8. At least one occurs (viii) A ∪ B ∪ C
9. At least two occur (ix) (A ∩ B) ∪ (B ∩ C) ∪ (A ∩ C)
24.8 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Verbal description of Event Equivalent set theoretic Notation
10. One and no more occurs (x) ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
  ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C) ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C)

11. Exactly two of A, B and C occur (xi) ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C )

∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C) ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C)
  
12. None occurs (xii) A ∩ B ∩ C = A ∪ B ∪ C 
13. Not more than two occur (xiii) (A ∩ B) ∪ (B ∩ C) ∪ (A ∩ C) – (A ∩ B ∩ C)
14. Exactly one of A and B occurs (xiv) ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ B)

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON 16. If A1, A2,..., An are mutually exclusive and exhaustive
PROBABILITY events, then
P(A1 ∪ A2 ∪ ... ∪ An) = P(A1) + P(A2) + ... + P(An) = 1
1. 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1, i.e., the probability of occurrence of an 17. If A1, A2,..., An are n events, then
event is a number lying between 0 and 1.
(a) P(A1 ∪ A2 ∪ ... ∪ An) ≤ P(A1) + P(A2) +, ..., + P(An)
2. P(φ) = 0, i.e., probability of occurrence of an impos-
sible event is 0. (b) P(A1 ∩ A2∩ ... ∩ An) ≥ 1- P (A1 ) - P (A2 ),..., -P (An )

3. P(S) = 1, i.e., probability of occurrence of a sure
event is 1.
4. P( A ) = 1 – P (A) I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S
5. If A and B are any two events, then If A and B are independent events, then
P(A ∪ B) = P(A)+ P(B) – P(A ∩ B) (i) A and B are independent events.
6. If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then
(ii) A and B are independent events.
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
7. If A, B, C are any three events, then (iii) A and B are independent events.
P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A ∩ B) (iv) P(A ∪ B) = 1 – P ( A ) ⋅ P( B ).
– P(B ∩ C) – P(C ∩ A) + P(A ∩ Β ∩ C)
8. If A, B, C are mutually exclusive events, then
A ∩ B = φ, B ∩ C = φ, C ∩ A = φ, A ∩ B ∩ C = φ and
hence, P(A ∩ B) = 0, P(B ∩ C) = 0, P(C ∩ A) = 0, SOLVED EXAMPLES
P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = 0
P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) 24. If two events A and B are such that P ( A) = 0.3, P(B)
9. P (A Ç B ) = 1 – P(A ∪ B) = 0.5 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.3, then P ( B/ A È B ) is equal to
10. P (A È B ) = 1 – P(A ∩ B) 5 7
(A) (B)
11. P(A) = P(A ∩ B) + P (A Ç B ) 8 8
3
12. P(B) = P(B ∩ A) + P (B Ç A) (C)   (D) 1
13. If A1, A2,..., An are independent events, then 8 2
P(A1 ∩ A2 ∩ ... ∩ An) = P(A1) ⋅ P(A2),..., P(An) Solution: (C)
14. If A1, A2,..., An are mutually exclusive events, then We have, P ( A È B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) + P ( A ∩ B )
P(A1 ∪ A2 ∪ ... ∪ An) = P(A1) + P(A2)+ ...+ P(An) = [1 − P ( A)] + [1 − P ( B )] − [ P ( A) − P ( A ∪ B)]
15. If A1, A2,..., An are exhaustive events, then = (1 – 0.3) + (1 – 0.5) – (0.7 – 0.3) = 0.8
P (A1 ∪ A2 ∪ ... ∪ An) = 1
 Probability 24.9
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
P( B ∩ ( A ∪ B) 5 5 1
∴ P ( B/ A È B ) = P(γ) , P (g) = 1 –
= =
P( A ∪ B) 6 6 6
P (( B ∩ A) ∪ ( B ∩ B ) 2 2 1
P(δ) = , P (d) = 1 – =
= 3 3 3
P( A ∪ B)
Different possibilities to qualify are
P ( A ∩ B) 0.3 3 (i) passes in α, β, γ and fails in δ
= = =
P( A ∪ B) 0.8 8 (ii) passes in α, β, δ and fails in γ
(iii) passes in α, γ, δ and fails in β
25. One of the two events must happen. Given that the (iv) passes in all the four sujbects α, β, γ and δ
chance of one is two-third of the other, the odds in These are mutually exclusive possibilities.
favour of the other are ∴ Required probability
(A) 3 : 5 (B) 2:5  4 3 5 1  4 3 2 1 
(C) 3 : 2 (D) none of these =  × × ×  +  × × × 
 5 4 6 3   5 4 3 6 
Solution: (C)
 4 5 2 1   4 3 5 2
Let the given events be E1 and E2 +  × × ×  +  × × × 
 5 6 3 4   5 4 6 3 
2
Then P(E1) = P(E2)
3 1 1 1 1 15 + 6 + 10 + 30 61
= + + + = =
The events E1 and E2 are exhaustive 6 15 9 3 90 90
∴ P(E1 ∪ E2) = 1
Since E1 and E2 are mutually exclusive 27. Seven chits are numbered 1 to 7. Four are drawn one
P(E1) + P(E2) = 1 by one with replacements. The probability that the
least number on any selected chit is 5, is
2 5
⇒   P(E2) + P(E1) = 1 ⇒ P(E2) = 1 ⇒ P(E2)  2
4
 2
4
3 3 (A)   (B) 4 ⋅  
3  7   7 
=
5  3
3

(C)   (D) none of these

3 2 3 2  7 
∴ P(E2) = and P(E1) = ´ =
5 3 5 5
Solution: (C)
3 3
Since P(E2) = , odds in favour of E2 are 3 : 5 – 3 i.e. P(5 or 6 or 7) in one draw =
3 : 2. 5 7
∴ Probability that in each of 3 draws, the chit bears
26. A student takes his examination in four subjects α, β, 5 or
4
γ, δ. He estimates his chance of passing in α as , in β  3
3
5 6 or 7 =  
5 2  7 
as 3 , in γ as and in δ as . To qualify he must pass
4 6 3
in α and at least two other subjects. The Probability 28. For any two independent events E1 and E2, P{(E1 ∪
that he qualifies is E2) ∩ ( E1 ) ∩ ( E2 )} is

(A)
34
(B)
61 (A) < 1 (B) > 1
90 90 4 4

(C)
53
(D) none of these (C) ≥ 1 (D) none of these
90 2

Solution: (B) Solution: (A)

4 4 1 Since E1 ∩ E2 = E1 È E2
P(α) = , P (a ) = 1 – =
5 5 5 and (E1 ∪ E2) ∩ ( E1 È E2 ) = φ
P(β) = 3 , P ( b) = 1 – 3 = 1
∴ P[(E1 ∪ E2) ∩ ( E1 ∩ E2 )] = P(φ) = 0 < 1
4 4 4 4
24.10 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
29. The probabilites of three events A, B and C are Solution: (A)
P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.4 and P (C) = 0.5. If P(A ∪ B) = Let the three student be P, Q and R
0.8, P(A ∩ C) = 0.3, P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = 0.2 and P(A ∪ B Let A, B, C denote the events of stading first of the
∪ C) ≥ 0.85, then three students P, Q, R respectively,
(A) 0.2 ≤ P(B ∩ C ) ≤ 0.35 Given, odds in favour of A = 1 : 2
(B) 0.5 ≤ P (B ∩ C) ≤ 0. 85 odds in favour of B = 2 : 5
(C) 0.1 ≤ P(B ∩ C) ≤ 0.35 and odds in favour of C = 1 : 7
(D) none of these 1 1 2 2
∴ P(A) = = , P(B) = = ,
Solution: (A) 1+ 2 3 2+5 7
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∪ C) 1 1
= 0.6 + 0.4 – 0.8 = 0.2 P(C) = =
1+ 7 8
P(A ∪ B ∪ C ) = P(A) + P(B ) + P(C ) – P(A ∩ C)
+ P(A ∩ B ∩ C) – P(A ∩ B ) – P(B ∩ C) Since events A, B, C are mutually exclusive
⇒ P(B ∩ C) = 1.2 – P(A ∪ B ∪ C ) ...(1) ∴ P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C)
∵ 0.85 ≤ P(A ∪ B ∪ C ) ≤ 1 1 2 1 56 + 48 + 21 125
∴ (1) ⇒ P(B ∩ C ) ≤ 1.2 – 0.85 = + + = =
3 7 8 168 168
and P(B ∩ C) ≥ 1.2 – 1 ⇒ 0.2 ≤ P(B ∩ C) ≤ 0.35
30. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He 32. A, B, C are three events such that P (A) = 0.3, P(B) =
throws a dice and reports that it is six. The probability 0.4, P(C) = 0.8, P(AB) = 0.08, P(AC) = 0.28, P(ABC)
that it is actually six is = 0.09. If P(A ∪ B ∪ C) ≥ 0.75, then
(A) 0.23 ≤ P(BC ) ≤ 0.32
3 1 (B) 0.41 ≤ P(BC) ≤ 0.52
(A) (B)
8 5 (C) 0.23 ≤ P(BC) ≤ 0.48
(D) none of these
3
(C) (D) none of these
5 Solution: (C)
Let P(BC) = x
Solution: (A)
Since P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(AB)
Let A denotes the event that a six occurs and B the – P(BC) – P(CA) + P(ABC)
event that the man reports that it is a six. ∴ = 0.3 + 0.4 + 0.8 – 0.08 – x
Then the probability that it is actually a six is given by – 0.28 + 0.09 = 1.23 – x
P (A Ç B) But given P(A ∪ B ∪ C) ≥ 0.75 and P(A ∪ B ∪ C) ≤ 1
P(A | B) =
P (B) ∴ 0.75 ≤ 1.23 – x ≤ 1 ⇒ – 0.75 ≥ – 1.23 + x ≥ – 1
or 1.23 – 0.75 ≥ x ≥ 1.23 – 1 or 0.23 ≤ x ≤ 0.48
1 3 3
Now P(A ∩ B) = ´ =
6 4 24 33. A die is loaded so that the probability of face i is pro-
portional to i, i = 1, 2,...,6. The probability of an even
P(B) = P(A ∩ B) + P( A ∩ B)
number occuring when the die is rolled, is
1 3 5 1 8
= × + × = 2 4
6 4 6 4 24 (A) (B)
7 7
3 / 24 3
Hence P(A/B) = = 3
8 / 24 8 (C) (D) none of these
7
31. The odds in favour of standing first of three students
appearing in an examination are 1 : 2, 2 : 5 and 1 : 7 Solution: (B)
respectively. The probability that either of them will Since the probability of the faces are proportional to
stand first, is the numbers on them, we can take the probabilities of
faces, 1, 2,... 6 as k, 2k, ..., 6k, respectively.
125 75 Since one of the faces must occur, we have
(A) (B)
168 168 k + 2k + 3k + 4k + 5k + 6k = 1

(C)
32
(D)
4 or k = 1 .
168 168 21
 24.11
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
∴ The probability of an even number 36. An investment consultant predicts that the odds age-
4 inst the price of a certain stock will go up during the
= 2k + 4k + 6k = 12k = 12 × 1 = next week are 2 : 1 and the odds in favour of the price
21 7
1 remaining the same are 1 : 3. The probability that the
and the probability of the second event = .
3 price of the stock will go down during the next week, is

34. In the game odd man out, each of m ≥ 2 person tosses (A) 4 (B) 5
a coin to determine who will buy refreshments for the 12 12
entire group. The odd man out is the one with a differ-
ent outcome from the rest. The probability that there is (C) 7 (D) none of these
a loser in any game is 12
Solution: (B)
(A) m - 1 (B) m
Let A denote the event ‘stock price will go up’, and B
2m - 1 2m - 1
be the event ‘stock price will remain same’.
(C) m/2m (D) none of these
Then P(A ) = 1/3 and P(B) = 1/4
Solution: (B) ∴ P(Stock price will either go up or remain same) is
Let S = the sample space, then n (S) = 2m 1 1
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B ) = 7
Let E1 = the event that one persons gets a head whereas + =
3 4 12
each of the remaining (m – 1) persons get a tail
and E2 = the event that one persons gets a tail whereas Hence probability that stock price will go down is
each of the remaining (m – 1) persons get a head. given by,
The required event E = E1 ∪ E2 P (A Ç B ) = 1 – P(A ∪ B ) = 1 – (7/12) = 5/12
∴ n(E) = n(E1) + n(E2)
37. An MBA applies for a job in two firms X and Y. The
= mC1m – 1 Cm – 11· 1m – 1 + mC1m – 1
probability of his being selected in firim X is 0.7 and
Cm – 11.1 m–1
being rejected at Y is 0.5. The probability of at least
= m + m = 2m n(E) one of his applications being rejected is 0.6. The prob-
∴ Required probability, P(E) = = 2m =
n (S ) 2m ability that he will be selected in one of the firms, is
m . (A) 0.6 (B) 0.4
2m - 1 (C) 0.8 (D) none of these

35. Probbility is 0.45 that a dealer will sell at least 20 tele- Solution: (C)
vision sets during a day, and the probability is 0.74 that Let A and B denote the events that the person is selected
he will sell less than 24 televisions. The probability in firms X and Y respectively. Then in the usual nota-
that he will sell 20, 21, 22, or 23 televisions during the tions, we are given:
day, is P(A) = 0.7 ⇒ P( A ) = 1 – 0.7 = 0.3
(A) 0.19 (B) 0.32 P (B ) = 0.5 ⇒ P(B) = 1 – 0.5 = 0.5
(C) 0.21 (D) none of these
and P (A È B ) = 0.6
Solution: (A)
The probability that the persons will be selected in one
Let A be the event that the sale is at least 20 televi- of the two firms X or Y is given by
sions, i.e., 20, 21, 22, ... and B be the event that sale
P(A ∪ B) = 1 – P (A Ç B )
is less than 24, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 23. Then A ∩ B will
denote the sale of 20, 21, 22 and 23 televisions. We are = 1 – [P( A ) + P (B ) – P (A È B ) ]
given P(A) = 0.45 and P(B) = 0.74. = 1 – (0.3 + 0.5 – 0.6) = 0.8.
It is required to find P(A ∩ B).
Also P(A ∪ B) = P(sale of 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 20, 21, 22, 23, 38. The probabilities of three events A, B and C are P(A)
televisions) = P(S) = 1. = 0.6, P(B) = 0.4, P(C) = 0.5, also P(A ∪ B) = 0.8,
From addition rule, required probability is P(A ∩ C) = 0.3, P(A ∪ B ∪ C) ≥ 0.85, P(A ∩ B ∩ C)
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∪ B) = 0.2 and P (B ∩ C) = p1. Then
= 0.45 + 0.74 – 1 = 0.19 (A) p1 ≥ 0.35, (B) p1 ≤ 0.2
(C) 0.2 ≤ p1 ≤ 0.35 (D) none of these
24.12 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Solution: (C) 5 1
⇒ P(B) ≤ 3 
Given P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.4, P(C) = 0.5, + = ...(2)
2 3 4
P(A ∪ B) = 0.8, P(A ∩ C) = 0.3
From (1) and (2), we obtain 5/12 ≤ P(B) ≤ 3/4
P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = 0.2
Hence, x = 5/12 and y = 3/4.
and 0.85 ≤ P (A ∪ B ∪ C) ≤ 1
Now P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∪ B) = 0.2 41. Let A, B and C be three events such that P(A ) = 0.3,
P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = 0.6 + 0.4 + 0.5 – 0.2 – 0.3 – p1 + 0.2 P(B) = 0.4, P(C) = 0.8, P(A ∩ B ) = 0.08, P(A ∩ C ) =
⇒ p1 = 1.2 – P(A ∪ B ∪ C) 0.28, P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = 0.09, If P(A ∪ B ∪ C) ≥ 0.75, then
Since 0.85 ≤ P(A ∪ B ∪ C) ≤ 1 (A) 0.23 ≤ P(B ∩ C) ≤ 0.48
we have 0.2 ≤ p1 ≤ 0.35 (B) 0.23 ≤ P(B ∩ C) ≤ 0.75
39. Let 0 < P(A) < 1, 0 < P(B) < 1 and (C) 0.48 ≤ P(B ∩ C) ≤ 0.75
(D) none of these
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A) P(B), then
(A) P(B ∩ A’) = P(B) – P(A) Solution: (A)
(B) P(A’ ∪ B’) = P(A’) + P(B’) Since P(A ∪ B ∪ C) ≥ 0.75, therefore
(C) P(A ∪ B)’ = P(A’) P(B’) 0.75 ≤ P(A ∪ B ∪ C) ≤ 1
(D) P(A/B) = P(A). ⇒ 0.75 ≤ P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A ∩ B)
Solution: (C, D) – P(B ∩ C)) – P(A ∩ C) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C) ≤ 1
⇒ 0.75 ≤ 0.3 + 0.4 + 0.8 – 0.08
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A) P(B)
– P(B ∩ C) – 0.28 + 0.09 ≤ 1
⇒ P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A) P(B)
⇒ 0.75 ≤ 1.23 – P(B ∩ C)) ≤ 1
⇒ P(A ∩ B) = P(A) P(B)
⇒ – 0.48 ≤ – P(B ∩ C) ≤ – 0.23
∴ A and B are independent events.
⇒ 0.23 ≤ P(B ∩ C) ≤ 0.48
⇒ P(B ∩ A’) = P(B) P(A’) ≠ P(B) – P(A)
and P(A’ ∪ B’) = P(A ∩ B)’ = 1 – P(A ∩ B) = 1 –
P(A) P(B)
Mutual Independence and Pairwise
≠ 1 – P(A) + 1 – P(B) = P(A’) + P(B’) Independence
Also P[(A ∪ B)’] = P(A’ ∩ B’) = P(A’) P(B’) Three events A, B, C are said to be mutually independent if
Since, A and B are independent P(A | B) = P(A). P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ⋅ P(B), P(A ∩ C) = P(A) ⋅ P(C), P(B ∩ C)
40. A and B are two events. Odds against A are 2 : 1. Odds = P(B) ⋅ P(C) and P(A ∩ B ∩ C)
in favour of A ∪ B are 3 : 1. If x ≤ P(B) ≤ y, then the = P(A) ⋅ P(B) ⋅ P(C)
ordered pair (x, y) is These events would be pairwise independent if, P(A
∩ B) = P(A) ⋅ P(B), P(B ∩ C) = P(B) ⋅ P(C) and P(A ∩ C)
 5 3  2 3
(A)  ,  (B)  ,  = P(A) ⋅ P(C).
12 4   3 4  Thus mutually independent events are pairwise inde-
1 3  pendent but the converse may not be true.
(C)  ,  (D) none of these
 3 4 

Solution: (A) SOLVED EXAMPLES

1
We have, P(A) = and P(A ∩ B) = 3
3 4 42. A man alternately tosses a coin and throws a dice
∴ P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) beginning with the coin. The probability that he gets a
head before he gets 5 or 6 in the dice is
1
⇒ 3 = + P (B ) − P (A ∩ B )
4 3 (A) 3 (B) 1
4 2
⇒ 5 = P(B) – P(A ∩ B) 1
12 (C) (D) none of these
3
⇒ P(B) = 5 + P(A ∩ B) ⇒ P(B) ≥ 5 ...(1)
12 12 Solution: (A)
Probability of getting head = 1 and probability of
Again, P(B) = 5 + P (A ∩ B ) 2
12 2 1
throwing 5 or 6 with a dice = = .
⇒ P(B) ≤ 5/12 + P(A) [∵ P(A ∩ B) ≤ P(A)] 6 3
 24.13
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
He starts with a coin and alternatively tosses the coin 2
and throws the dice and he will win if he gets a head (A) 1 (B)
2 5
before he gets 5 or 6. Hence
Probability 1 2
(C) (D)
1 1 2 1 1 2  1 2 1 5 3
= +  ⋅  ⋅ +  ⋅  ⋅  ⋅  × + ...
2  2 3  2  2 3   2 3  2 Solution: (B)
1   2 1
2
1  1   1⋅ 1 1 3 3 p = probability of successs (S) = =
= 2 1 + +   + ... = = ´ =
3  3  2 1 3 2 4
6 3
  1−
3 1 2
q = probability of failure (F) = 1 – =
3 3
43. A bag contains 10 mangoes out of which 4 are rotten, Probability that the success occurs in even number of
two mangoes are taken out together. If one of them tosses
is found to be good, the probability that other is also = P(FS) + P(FFFS) + P(FFFFFS) + ...
good, is
qp
1 8 = qp + q3p + q5p +, ..., =
(A) (B) 1 - q2
3 15
2 / 3 ×1 / 3 2/9 2 9 2
5 2 = = = ´ =
(C) (D) 1 − ( 2 / 3) 2 1- 4 / 9
18 3 9 5 5

Solution: (C) 46. If A and B are such events that P(A) > 0 and P(B) ≠ 1,
Number of ways of selecting 2 good mangoes then P ( A/B) is equal to
= 6C2 = 15
The number of ways that at least one of the two (A) 1 – P(A/B) (B) 1 – ( P ( A /B )
selected mangoes is to be good
1− P (A ∪ B) P (A)
= 6C1 × 9C1 = 6 × 9 = 54 (C) (D)
15 5 P (B ) P (B )
Required probability = = .
54 18 Solution: (C)
P (A Ç B )
44. Ram and Shyam throw with one dice for a prize of P (A /B ) =
Rs 88 which is to be won by the player who throws 1 P (B )
first. If Ram starts, then mathematical expectation for P ( A È B) 1 − P (A ∪ B)
Shyam is = =
P (B ) P (B )
(A) Rs 32 (B) Rs 40
(C) Rs 48 (D) none of these 47. A bag contains four tickets with numbers 112, 121,
Solution: (B) 211, 222. One ticket is drawn at random from the bag.
Let Ei (i = 1, 2, 3) denote the event that i-th digit on the
Probability of winning of Shyam
drawn ticket is 2. Then
5 1 5 5 5 1
= × + × × × + ... (A) E1, E2, E3 are pair wise independent
6 6 6 6 6 6
(B) E1, E2 are independent
5  
2
25  25   (C) E2 and E3 are not independent
= 36  1 + +   + ...
 36  36   (D) E1, E2, E3 are mutually independent.
5 1 5 36 Solution: (A, B)
= ⋅ = ´ = 5
36 1 − 25 / 36 36 11 11 P(E1) = 2/4 = 1/2, P(E2) = 2/4 = 1/2.
Similarly P(E3) = 1/2
Mathematical expectation for Shyam = Rs 5 × 88
11 P(E1 E2) = 1/4, P(E1 E3) = 1/4
= Rs 40 P(E2 E3) = 1/4, P(E1 E2 E3) = 1/4
45. An unbiased die is tossed until a number greater than 4 ∴ P(E1 E2) = P(E1) · P(E2)
appears. The probability that an even number of tosses P(E2 E3) = P(E2) ⋅ P(E3)
is needed is P(E1 E3) = P(E1) · P(E3).
24.14 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
∴ E1, E2, E3 are pair-wise independent, so (a) is CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
correct.
If A and B are any two events, then P(A/B) denotes the
Also P (E1 E2 ) = 1/4 = P (E1 )´ P (E2 )
conditional probability of occurrence of event A, when B
So E1 and E2 are independent, so (b) is also true. has already occurred.
P (E2 E3 ) = 1/4 = P (E2 )´ P (E3 )
∴ E2 and E3 are independent, i.e., (c) is not correct. MULTIPLICATION THEOREM OF
PROBABILITY
Finally P(E1 E2 E3) = 1/4 ≠ P(E1) · P(E2) · P(E3)
So, E1, E2, E3, are not mutually independent. If A and B Pare
(Aany
Ç B)two events, then
46. A person draws a card from a pack, replaces it, shuf- P(A/B) = or P (A ∩ Β ) = P(B) ⋅ P(A/B )
P (B)
fles the pack, again draws a card, replaces it and
draws again. This he does until he draws a heart. The Important Results
prob-ability that he will have to make at least four P (A Ç B)
1. P(B/A ) = , or P (A ∩ B) = P(A) ⋅ P(B/A).
draws is P (A)
27 175 2. If A and B are independent events, then P(B/A ) =
(A) (B) P(B).
256 256
3. If A and B are two events such that B ≠φ, then
27
(C) (D) none of these P (A/B) + P (A /B ) = 1.
64
4. If A and B are two events such that A ≠ φ, then
Solution: (C)
13 P(B ) = P(A) ⋅ P (B /A) + P (A) × P (B /A)
Probability of drawing a heart = = 1
52 4
P(He required at least 4 draws for heart) LAW OF TOTAL PROBABILITY
3 4 5
 3 1  3 1  3 1 Let S be the sample space and let E1, E2, ...,En be n mutually
=   ⋅ +   ⋅ +   ⋅ + ...
 4  4  4  4  4  4 exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a random
3 experiment. If A is any event which occurs with E1 or E2
 3  1 or...En, then
  ⋅
 4  4 27 P(A) = P(E1) ⋅ P(A/E1) + P(E2) ⋅ P(A/E2) +, ...,
= =
 3  64
1 −   + P(En) ⋅ P ( A/E n )
 4 

SOLVED EXAMPLES
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
 Probability regarding n letters and their envelopes 47. If E and F are the complementary events of events E
If n letters corresponding to n envelopes are placed in the and F respectively and if 0 < P(F) < 1, then
envelopes at random, then (A) P(E | F ) + P(E | F) = 1
(i) Probability that all letters are in rights envelopes = (B) P(E | F ) + P(E | F ) = 1
1/n!.
(C) P( E | F ) + P(E | F ) = 1
(ii) Probability that all letters are not in right envelopes
(D) P(E | F ) + P( E | F ) = 1
1
= 1- .
n! Solution: (A)
(iii) Probability that no letter is in right envelopes P(E/F) + P( E | F)
1 1 1 1 P (E ∩ F ) P ( E ∩ F ) P (E Ç F ) + P ( E Ç F )
= − + − ... + (− 1) n = + =
2 ! 3! 4 ! n! P (F ) P (F ) P (F )
(iv) Probability that exactly r letters are in right envelopes
P [(E ∩ F ) ∪ ( E ∩ F )]
1 1 1 1 1  =
 − + − ... + (− 1) n−r  P (F )
=
r !  2 ! 3! 4 ! ( n − r )! (∵ E ∩ F and E ∩ F are disjoint)
 24.15
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
P [(E ∪ E ) ∩ F ] P (S Ç F ) P (F ) 91
= = = = 1. P(E5/E1E2E3E4) = , then P(E) =
P (F ) P (F ) P (F ) 96
91× 92 × 93 × 94 91× 92 × 93 × 94 × 95
48. The probability that certain electronic conponent fails (A) (B)
97 × 98 × 99 × 100 96 × 97 × 98 × 99 × 100
when first used is 0.10. If it does not fail immediately,
the probability that it lasts for one year is 0.99. The prob- 94 × 95 × 96
(C) (D) none of these
ability that a new component will last for one year is 98× 99 ×100
(A) 0.891 (B) 0.692 Solution: (B)
(C) 0.92 (D) none of these
∵ P(E1 ∩ E2 ∩ E3 ∩ E4 ∩ E5) or P(E1 E2 E3 E4 E5)
Solution: (A) = P(E1) · P(E2/E1) · P(E3/E1E2) · P(E4/E1E2E3)
Given: probability that electronic component fails · P(E5/E1E2E3E4)
when first used = 0.10 i.e., P(F) = 0.10 95 94 93 92 91
∴ P(F’) = 1 – P(F) = 0.90 ∴ P(E) = ´ ´ ´ ´
100 99 98 97 96
and let P(Y) = Probability of new component to last
for one year 91 • 92 • 93 • 94 • 95
= (∵ E = E1 E2
Obviously the two events are mutually exclusive and 96 • 97 • 98 • 99 • 100
exhaustive. E3 E4 E5)
∴ P(Y/F) = 0 and P(Y/F’) = 0.99
Y  Y 
∴ P(Y) = P(F) ⋅ P   + P(F’) ⋅ P   51. A certain player, say X, is known to win with probabil-
 F   F’ 
ity 0.3 if the track is fast and 0.4 if the track is slow. For
= 0.10 × 0 + 0.90 × 0.99 = 0 + (0.9) Monday, there is a 0.7 probability of a fast track and
(0.99) = 0.891. 0.3 probability of a slow track. The probability that
player X will win a Monday, is
49. Three groups A, B, C are contesting for position on the
Board of Directors of a company. The probabilities of (A) 0.22 (B) 0.11
their winning are 0.5, 0.3, 0.2 respectively. If the group (C) 0.33 (D) none of these
A wins, the probability of introducing a new product Solution: (C)
is 0.7 and the corresponding probabilities for group B Let us define the events:
and C are 0.6 and 0.5 respectively. The probability that W : Player wins on Monday
the new product will be introduced, is F : Track is fast
(A) 0.52 (B) 0.63 S : Track is slow
(C) 0.74 (D) none of these We have given: P(F) = 0.7, P(S) = 0.3, P(W/F) = 0.3,
Solution: (B) P(W/F) = 0.3, P(W/S) = 0.4.
∴ P(player X will win on Monday)
Given P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.3 and P(C) = 0.2
= P(W) = P(W ∩ F) + P(W ∩ S)
∴ P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1
= P(F) × P(W/F) + P(S) × P(W/S)
So the events A, B, C are exhaustive.
= 0.7 × 0.3 + 0.3 × 0.4 = 0.33
If P(E) = Probability of introducing a new product,
then as given 52. If two events A and B are such that P(A’) = 0.3, P(B)
P(E/A) = 0.7, P(E/B) = 0.6 and P(E/C) = 0.5 = 0.4 and P(A ∩ B’) = 0.5, then P(B/A ∪ B’) equals
E E (A) 3/4 (B) 5/6
∴ P(E) = P(A)⋅ P   + P(B)⋅ P   + P(C) ·
 A   B  (C) 1/4 (D) 3/7.
E
P   Solution: (C)
 C 
P[B ∩ (A ∪ B ′)]
= 0.5 × 0.7 + 0.3 × 0.6 + 0.2 × 0.5 P(B | A ∪ B’) =
P (A ∪ B ′)
= 0.35 + 0.18 + 0.10 = 0.63
P[(B ∩ A) ∪ (B ∩ B ′)]
95 94 =
50. If E = E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 and P(E1) = , P (E2/E1) = , P (A) + P (B ′) − P (A ∩ B ′)
100 99
93 92 But, P[(B ∩ A) ∪ (B ∩ B’) = P(B ∩ A)
P(E3/E1E2) = , P(E4/E1E2E3) = and
98 97 = P(A) – P(A ∩ B’) = 0.2
24.16 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
and P(A) + P(B’  ) – P(A ∩ B’) = 0.7 + 0.6 – 0.5 = 0.8 (a) Discrete Random Variable A random variable
0.2 which can take only finite or countably infinite num-
∴ P(B | A ∪ B’) = = 1
0.8 4 ber of values is called a discrete random variable.
(b) Continuous Random Variable A random variable
53. For two events A and B if P(A) = P(A | B) = 1/4 and which can take any value between two given limits is
P (B | A) = 1/2, then called a continuous random variable.
(A) A and B are mutually exclusive
(B) A and B are independent Probability Distribution of a Random
(C) A is subevent to B Variable
(D) P(A’ | B) = 3/4
If the values of a random variable together with the cor-
Solution: (D, B)
responding probabilites are given, then this description is
P(A) = P(A | B) = P(A ∩ B)/P(B) called a probability distribution of the random variable.
⇒ P(A ∩ B) = P(A) P(B) For example, if two coins are tossed, then the probabil-
Thus, A and B are independent. ity of 0, 1 and 2 heads occurred is given by,
P (A′ ∩ B ) P (B ) − P (A ∩ B )
Also, P(A’  | B) = = = P(X = 0) = P(T T ) = 1 × 1 = 1
P (B ) P (B ) 2 2 4
3
4 P(X = 1) = P(H T ) + P(T H ) = 1 ⋅ 1 + 1 ⋅ 1 = 1
2 2 2 2 2
BAYE’S THEOREM 1 1 1
P(X = 2) = P(H H ) = × = .
Consider any event ‘A’ of the sample space ‘S’. This event 2 2 4
would have occurred due to the different causes (or due to Thus, the probability distribution of number of heads,
the occurrence of any of the events E1, E2, ... En). when two coins are tossed is given as:
Now let us assume that event A is found to have
occurred and we have to find the probability that it has X: 0 1 2
occurred due to the occurrence of cause, say, Ei. That
means, we are interested in finding P(Ei/A). These types of 1 1 1
P (X):
problems are solved with the help of Baye’s theorem. 4 2 4
Statement Let S be the sample space and let E1, E2,...,En
be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
with a random experiment. If A is any event which occurs
with E1 or E2 or ... or En, then Consider a random experiment and an event E associated
with it.
P (Ei ) ⋅ P (A/Ei )
P(Ei/A) = , i = 1, 2, ..., n Let p = Probability of occurrence of event E in one trial.
n
∑ P (Ei ) P (A/Ei ) and q = 1 – p = Probability of non-occurrence of event
i =1
E in one trial.
The probability P (Ei) and P(Ei/A) are known as priori If X denotes the number of successes in n trials of the
and posteriori probabilities, respectively. random experiment, then the probability of occurrence of
events E (also called success) is given by
Then P(X = r) = Probability of r successes
NOTE
= n Cr p r q n - r
P(A/Ei) gives the contribution of Ei in the occurrence of A.

TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING

Probability of at most ‘r’ successes in n trials
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 
r
= ∑ n C 4 p r q n− r
Random Variable A random variable is a real valued n=0

function whose domain is the sample space of a random  Probability of at least ‘r’ successes in n trials
experiment.
A random variable is usually denoted by the capital let-
ters X, Y, Z,..., etc.
 24.17
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
n
Now P(X + Y ≥ 1) = 1 – P(X + Y < 1) = 1 –­P(X + Y = 0)
r n− r
n
∑ C4 p q = 1 – P(X = 0, Y = 0)
n=r
= 1 – P(X = 0) P(Y = 0)
 Probability of having first success at the (∵ X and Y are independent)
rth trial = p ⋅ qr–1 5 7
1 1
= 1 – 5C0   · 7C0  
 2   2 
12
1 4095
SOLVED EXAMPLES = 1 –   =
 2  4096
54. A fair coin is tossed n times. If the probability that 57. A fair coin is tossed 99 times. If X is the number of
head occurs 6 times is equal to the probability that times heads occurs P(X = r) is maximum when r, is
head occurs 8 times, then the value of n is
(A) 49 (B) 50
(A) 14 (B) 12 (C) 51 (D) none of these
(C) 24 (D) 36
Solution: (A, B)
Solution: (A)
Putting n = 99 and p = 1/2, we have (n + 1) p
We have, P(X = 6) = P(X = 8)
1
1
6
 1 
n−6
1
8
 1 
n−8 = (100)   = 50, and (n + 1) p – 1 = 49
⇒ n
C6     = n C8      2 
 2  2   2   2 
For maximum value of P(X = r),
1
n
1
n (n + 1) p –­1 ≤ r ≤ (n + 1) p
⇒ C6   = n C8  
n
⇒ 49 ≤ r ≤ 50 ∴ r = 49 and 50
 2  2
Hence the maximum value of P(X = r) occurs at r =
⇒ C6 = C8 = Cn – 8 ⇒ 6 = n – 8
n n n
or n = 14 50 and 49.
55. In order to get atleast once a head with probability 58. Suppose X follows a binomial distribution with param-
≥ 0.9, the number of times a coin needs to be tossed is eters n and p, where 0 < p < 1. If P(X = r)/P (X = n – r)
(A) 3 (B) 4 is independent of n and r then p is equal to
(C) 5 (D) none of these
1
(A) (B) 1
Solution: (B) 3 2
Probability of getting atleast one head in n tosses.
n
(C) 1 (D) none of these
1 4
= 1 –   ≥ 0.9
 2  Solution: (B)
 1 
n
P (X = r )
n
Cr p r (1 - p) n - r
⇒   ≤ 0.1 ⇒ 2n ≥ 10 ⇒ n ≥ 4 = n
 2  P (X = n - r ) Cn - r p n - r (1 - p) r
Hence, least value of n = 4. 1 
n − 2r
(1 - p) n - 2 r
= =  − 1
56. If X and Y are the independent random variables B p n - 2r 
p 
 1   
5,  and B 7, 1  , then P(X + Y ≥ 1) = 1
n − 2r
 1

 2   2  For  − 1 to be independent of n and r, -1 = 1
 p  p
4095 309 1
(A) (B)
4096 4096 ⇒ =2⇒p= 1.
p 2
4032
(C) (D) none of these
4096 59. Numbers are selected at random one at a time, from
the numbers 00, 01, 02,...,99 with replacement. An
Solution: (A)
event E occurs if and only if the product of the two
For random variable X, n = 5, p = 1 and for random digits of a selected number is 18. If four numbers are
2
variable Y, n = 7, p = 1 selected, then the probability that E occurs at least 3
2 times, is
24.18 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
97 68 1 1
(A) (B) (C) 2
(1 – (1 – p)n) (D) (1 – (1 – p)n).
390625 390625 n n
72 Solution: (D)
(C) (D) none of these
390625 The probability that a man does not die in a year = 1 – p
∴ Probability that none of the n men dies in a year
Solution: (A) = (1 – p)n.
Out of the numbers 00, 01, 02, ..., 99, those numbers ∴ The probability that at least one man dies in a year
the product of whose digits is 18 are 29, 36, 63, 92 i.e, = 1 – (1 – p)n.
only 4. Since every man can die first, the chance that A1, will
4 1 1 24 1
p = P(E) = = , q = P (E) = 1 – = die first is . Hence, the probability that A1, will die
100 25 25 25 n
Let X be the random variable, showing the number of 1
within a year and he will be first to die = [1 – (1 – p)n].
times E occurs in 4 selectios. n
Then P(E occurs at least 3 times) = P(X = 3 or X = 4) 62. A box contains 24 balls of which 12 are black and 12
= P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) are white. The balls are drawn form the box one at a
= 4C3 p3 q1 + 4C4 p4 q0 = 4p3q + p4 time with replacement. The probability that a white
3 4
1 24 1 97 ball is drawn for the 4th time on the 7th draw is
= 4 ×   × +   =
 25  
25  25  390625 5 27
(A) (B)
64 32
60. The mean and variance of a binomial variable X are 2
and 1 respectively. The probability that X takes values 5 11
(C) (D)
greater than 1, is 32 32
Solution: (C)
5 9
(A) (B) Required probability
16 16
= Probability of drawing 3W and 3B balls in 6 drawn
11 and drawing a white ball in 7th draw
(C) (D) none of these
16  12 
3
 12 
3
 12 
= 6 C3       = 5
Solution: (C)  24   24   24  32
Given: mean np = 2 ...(1) 63. Suppose X follows a binomial distribution with param-
and Variance npq = 1 ...(2) eters n and p, where 0 < p < 1. If P(x = r) / P(X = n – r)
Dividing (2) by (1), then q = 1 is independent of n and r, then
2 1
∴ p =1–q= 1 (A) p = 1 (B) p =
2 3
2
1 1
From (1), n × = 2, ∴ n = 4 (C) p = (D) none of these
2 4
4
1 1
The binomial distribution is  +  Solution: (A)
 2 2 
P (X = r )
Now, P(X > 1) = P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) We have
P (X = n − r )
2 2 1 3 4
1 1  1   1   1 
= 4C2     + 4C3     + 4C   cr p r (1 - p) n - r
n
 2   2   2   2  4  2  (1 - p) n - 2 r
= =
n
cn - r p n - r (1 - p) r pn- 2r
6 + 4 +1 11
= = 1 − p 
n− 2r
1
n− 2r

16 16 =   =  − 1
 p  p 
61. The probability that a man aged x years will die in
1
a year is p. The probability that out of n men A1, A2, and − 1 > 0 . ∴ the ratio will be independent of n
A3,..., An, each aged x, A1 will die and be first to die, is p
1
(A)
1
(B) 1 – (1 – p)n and r if - 1 = 1 or p = 1 .
p 2
n2
 24.19
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
64. A contest consists of predicting the results win, draw 2. Mode of binomial distribution is that value of r for
or defeat of 7 football matches. A sent his entry by pre- which P (X = r) is maximum. In other words,
dicting at random. The probability that his entry will (n + 1) p – 1 ≤ r ≤ (n + 1) p.
contain exactly 4 correct predictions is
66. If the mean of a binomial distribution is 25, then its
(A) 8/37 (B) 16/37 standard deviation lies in the interval given below:
(C) 280/3 7
(D) 560/37
(A) [0, 5) (B) (0, 5]
Solution: (C) (C) [0, 25) (D) (0, 25]
P(correct prediction) = 1/3 Solution: (A)
   P(wrong prediction) = 2/3
We have, np = 25. Now, 0 ≤ p < 1 and 0 ≤ q ≤ 1
P(exactly 4 right predictions) = 7C4 (1/3)4 · (2/3)3
= 280/37 ⇒ 0 ≤ n pq ≤ np ⇒ 0 ≤ npq ≤ np
⇒ 0 ≤ S.D. ≤ 5. But p ≠ 0, therefore 0 ≤ S.D. < 5
65. If X follows a binomial distribution with parameters ⇒ S.D. ∈ [0, 5)
n = 8 and p = 1/2, then P( | X – 4 | ≤ 2) =
119 116 MATHEMATICAL EXPECTATION
(A) (B)
128 128
29 Let X be discrete random variable which assumes the
(C) (D) none of these values x1, x2,...,xn with corresponding probabilities p1,
128
p2,..pn. Then, the expected value of X, denoted by E(X) is
Solution: (A) defined as
n n
We have E(X) = ∑ xi pi , where ∑ pi = 1
P(|X – 4| ≤ 2) = P( – 2 ≤ X – 4 ≤ 2) = P(2 ≤ X ≤ 6) i =1 i =1

= 1 – [P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 7) + P(X = 8)]

 8 8 8 8
 8 C  1  +8 C  1  +8 C  1  + 8C  1   POISSON DISTRIBUTION

= 1 –  0  2  
1  
7  
8  
  2  2  2 
 The poisson distribution Let X be a discrete random
1
8
18 119 variable which can take on the values 0, 1, 2,... such that
= 1 –   (1 + 8 + 8 + 1) = 1 – 8 = the probability function of X is given by
 2  2 128
λ x e−λ
f (x) = P(X = x) = , x = 0, 1, 2,...
Important Results x!
where λ is a given positive constant. This distribution is
1. The mean, variance and standard deviation of a bino- called Poisson distribution and a random variable having
mial distribution are np, npq and npq respectively. this distribution is said to be poisson distributed.

EXERCISES

Single Option Correct Type

1. One hundred identical coins, each with probability p 2. If A and B are two events such that P(A ∪ B) ≥ 3 and
of showing up heads, are tossed. If 0 < p < 1 and the 1 3 4
≤ P(A ∩ B) ≤ , then
probability of heads showing on 50 coins is equal to 8 8
that of heads showing on 51 coins, the value of p is 11 3
(A) P(A) + P(B) ≤ (B) P(A) ⋅ P(B) ≤
(A) 1/2 (B) 49/101 8 8
(C) 50/101 (D) 51/101
7
(C) P(A) + P(B) ≥ (D) none of these
8
24.20 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
3. A point is selected at random from the interior of a (A) A is subevent of B
circle. The probability that the point is closer to the (B) A and B are mutually exclusive
centre than the boundary of the circle is  A’ 
(C) A and B are independent and P   = 3
 B  4
(A) 3 (B) 1
4 2 (D) none of the above

(C) 1 (D) none of these 9. A and B throw a dice. The probability that A’s throw is
4 not greater than B’s is
4. From a box containing 20 tickets of value 1 to 20, (A) 5 (B) 7
four tickets are drawn one by one. After each draw, the 12 12
ticket is replaced. The proability that the largest value 1
of tickets drawn is 15 is (C) (D) 1
4
6 2
 3 27
(A)   (B) 10. A six faced die is so biased that it is twice likely to
 4  320 show an even number as compared to an odd number
27 when thrown. The die is thorwn twice. The probability
(C) (D) none of these
1280 that the sum of the two numbers is even is
5. If the integers m and n are chosen at random between 1 5 4
(A) (B)
and 100 then the probability that a number of the form 9 9
7m + 7n is divisible by 5 is 1
(C) (D) none of these
1 1 3
(A) (B)
5 7 11. n biscuits are distributed among N boys at random.
1
(C) 1 (D) The probability that particular boy gets r (< n) biscuits
4 49 is
r n−r r
6. In an entrance test there are multiple choice questions.  1   N − 1  1 

(A) Cr     
 N   N 
n
(B) Cr  
n

There are four possible answers to each question of  N 

which one is correct. The probability that a student r
knows the answer to a question is 90%. If he gets the (C) nCr (D)
n
correct answer to a question, then the probability that
he was guessing is 12. Cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards one by one.
The probability that exactly 10 cards will be drawn
1 36
(A) (B) before the first ace is
9 37
451 241
1 47 (A) (B)
(C) (D) 884 1456
37 40
164
7. A person draws a card from a pack of 52 playing cards, (C) (D) none of these
4165
replaces it and shuffles the pack. He continues doing
this until be draws a spade, the chance that he will fail 13. A student appears for test I, II and III. The student is
in the first two draws is successful if he passes either in test I and II or test I
and III. The probability of the student passing in tests
1 9
(A) (B)
16 16 I, II and III are p, q and 1 respectively. If the proba-
2
9 1 bility that the student is successful is 1 , then
(C) (D) 2
64 64
 A (A) p = 1, q = 1 (B) p = 1, q = 0
8. For two events A and B if P(A) = P   = 1 and 2
 B  4
 B  1 1

P   = , then (C) p = q = 1 (D) p = q = 1.
 A  2 2
 24.21
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
14. A sum of money is rounded off to the nearest rupee. number on the card is noted. The probability that the
The probability that round off error is at least ten paise noted number is either 7 or 8, is
is 193 164
(A) (B)
81 82 792 792
(A) (B)
100 101 231
(C) (D) none of these
19 19 792
(C) (D)
100 101
20. An unbiased die with faces marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
15. Sixteen players S1, S2, ... S16 play in a tournament. They is rolled four times. Out of four face values obtained,
are divided into eight pairs at random. From each pair the probabiity that the minimum face value is not less
a winner is decided on the basis of a game played than 2 and the maximum face value is not greater than
between the two players of the pair. Assuming that all 5 is,
the palyers are to equal strength. The probability that 16 1
the players S1 is among the eight winners is (A) (B)
81 81
1
(A) 1 (B) 80 65
2 3 (C) (D)
81 81
2
(C) (D) none of these 21. Numbers are selected at random, one at a time, from
3
the two-digit numbers 00, 01, 02,...,99 with replace-
16. Three numbers are chosen at random without replce- ment. An even E occurs if and only if the product of
ment from {1, 2,...,10}. The probability that the mini- the two digits of selected number is 18. If four numbers
mum of the chosen numbers is 3, or their maximum is are selected, the probability that the event E occurs at
7, is least 3 times, is
7 5 99 86
(A) (B) (A) 4 (B)
40 40 25
( ) ( )4
25
11 74 97
(C) (D) none of these (C) 4 (D)
40 ( 25) ( 25) 4

17. There are four machines and it is known that exactly 22. These are four balls of different colours and four boxes of
two of them are faulty. They are tested one by one, in a colours, same as those of the balls. The number of ways
random order till both the faulty machines are identifed. in which the balls, one each in a box, could be placed
Then the probability that only two tests are needed is such that a ball does not go to a box of its own colour is
1 1 5 3
(A) (B) (A) (B)
3 6 8 8
1
(C) 1 (D) 1 (C) (D) none of these
2 4 8
18. If two events A and B are such that P(Ac) = 0.3, P(B) 23. The altitude through A of ∆ABC meets BC at D and the
= 0.4 and P(ABc) = 0.5, then P[B\ (A ∪ Bc)] = circumscribed circle at E. If D ≡ (2, 3), E ≡ (5, 5) and
1 the ordinate of the orthocentre being a natural number.
(A) 1 (B) The probability that the orthocentre lies on the lines
2 3
y = 1, y = 2, y = 3,..., y = 10 is
(C) 1 (D) none of these 2 1
4 (A) (B)
5 5
19. An unbiased coin is tossed. If the result is a head, a 3
pair of unbiased dice is rolled and the number obtained (C) (D) none of these
5
by adding the numbers on the two faces is noted. If
the result is a tail, a card from a well shufled pack of 24. Two small squares on a chess board are chosen at ran-
eleven cards numbered 2, 3, 4,...,12 is picked and the dom. Probability that they have a common side is
24.22 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/9 replacement. The probability that the largest number
(C) 1/18 (D) none of these appearing on the selected coupon is 9, is
6 7
25. Three winning tickets are drawn from an urn of 100 9 8
tickets. The probability of winning for a person who (A)   (B)  
16  15 
buys 4 tickets is 7
 3
7144 941 (C)   (D) none of these
(A) (B)  5 
8085 8085
6321 31. A bag contains m white and 3 black balls. Balls are
(C) (D) none of these
8085 drawn one by one without replacement till all the black
balls are drawn. The probability that this procedure for
26. A five digit number is selected at random. Then the drawing balls will come to an end at the rth draw is
probability that the digits in the odd places are odd and ( r −1) ( r − 2)
in the even places are even (no digit being repeated) is (A)
( m + 1) ( m + 2) ( m + 3)
9 1
(A) (B) 3( r −1) ( r − 2)
10 10 (B)
( m + 1) ( m + 2) ( m + 3)
1 1
(C) (D) 2( r −1) ( r − 2)
25 75 (C)
( m + 1) ( m + 2) ( m + 3)
27. The probabilities of four cricketers A, B, C and D scor-
1 (D) none of these
ing more than 50 runs in a match are 1 , , 1 and
1 2 3 4
. It is known that exactly two of the players scored 32. Suppose n(≥ 3) persons are sitting in a row. Two of
10 them are selected at random. The probability that they
more than 50 runs in a particular match. The probabil- are not together is
ity that these players were A and B is 2
2
27 5 (A) 1 - (B)
(A) (B) n n -1
65 6 1
1 (C) 1 - (D) none of these
(C) (D) none of these n
6
33. A fair die is tossed eight times. Probability that on the
28. The numbers 1, 2, 3,..., n are arranged in a random eighth throw a third six is observed is
order. The probability that the digits 1, 2, 3,...k (k < n) 7
55 C2 . 55
appear as neighbours in that order is (A) 8 C3 (B)
68 68
1 k!
(A) (B) 7
C2 . 55
n! n! (C) (D) none of these
67
( n - k )! ( n − k + 1)!
(C) (D)
n! n! 34. A natural number x is chosen at random from the first
one hundred natural numbers. The probability that
29. If a ∈ [– 5, 30], then the probability that the graph ( x − 20) ( x − 40)
of the function y = x2 + 2(a + 4)x – 5a + 64 is strictly < 0 is
x − 30
above the x-axis is 1 9
(A) (B)
27 8 50 50
(A) (B)
35 25 3 7
(C) (D)
8 17 25 25
(C) (D) 35. Four whole numbers taken at random are multiplied
35 25
together. What is the chance that the last digit in the
30. Fifteen coupons are numbered 1, 2, 3,... 15. Seven product is 1, 3, 7 or 9?
coupons are selected at random one at a time with
 24.23
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
16 1 neighbouring places are empty is
(A) (B)
625 210 91 15
(A) (B)
8 4 276 184
(C) (D)
125 25 15
(C) (D) none of these
92
36. Four five-rupee coins, 3 two-rupee coins and 2 one-ru-
pee coins are stacked together in a column at random. 42. In a corner hexagon two diagonals are drawn at ran-
The probability that the coins of the same denomina- dom. The probability that diagonals intersect at an
tion are consecutive is interior point of the hexagon is
13 1
(A) (B) (A) 5 (B) 7
9! 210 12 12
1 2
(C) (D) none of these (C) (D) none of these
35 5
37. Numbers 1, 2, 3,..., 2n (n ∈ N) are printed on 2n cards. 43. Six different balls are put in three different boxes, no
The probability of drawing a number n is proportional box being empty. The probability of putting balls in
to r. Then the probability of drawing an even number the boxes in equal numbers is,
in one draw is (A) 3/10 (B) 1/6
n+2 n +1 (C) 1/5 (D) none of these
(A) (B)
n+3 n+3 44. At a railway staition a passenger leaves his luggage in a
n +1 locker which is opened by dialling a three digit code (say
(C) 1 (D)
2 2 n +1 253, 009, 325 etc.). The passenger chooses the code,
closes the locker and leaves for the town. A strange man,
38. Three natural numbers are taken at random from the who does not know the code, tries to open the locker by
set A = {x : 1 ≤ x ≤ 100, x ∈ N}. The probabiulity that dialling three digits at random. The probability that the
the A.M. of the numbers taken is 25 is locker opens after k trials is (Here k < 1000)
77 25
C2 C2
(A) 100 (B) 100 k k
C3 C3 (A) (B)
74
100 1000
C2
(C) 100 (D) none of these 1000 k
C3 (C) (D) none of these.
1000
39. 2n boys are randomly divided into two subgroups con- 45. The decimal parts of the logarithms of two numbers
taining n boys each. The probability that the two tallest taken at random are found to six places. Probability that
boys are in different groups is second can be subtracted first one without borrowing is
n n -1 9
6
(A)
2n - 1
(B)
2n - 1 (A)   (B) 1
 20  26
2n - 1  11 
6
(C) (D) none of these (C)   (D) none of these
4n2  20 
40. Consider a set ‘P’ containing n elements. A subset ‘A’ 46. 10% of a certain population suffer from a serious dis-
of ‘P’ is drawn and there after set ‘P’ is reconstructed. ease. A person suspected of the disease is given two
Now one more subset ‘B’ of ‘P’ is drawn. Probability independent tests. Each test makes a correct diagnosis
of drawing sets A and B so that A ∩ B has exactly one 90% of the time. The probability that the person really
element is has the illness given that both tests are positive is
(A) (3/4)n. n (B) n. (3/4)n–1 (A) 0 . 5 (B) 0 . 9
(C) n. (3/ 4)
n
(D) none of these (C) 0 . 6 (D) none of these
41. A car is parked by an owner amongst 25 cars in a row, 47. An ordinary cube has four blank faces, one face
not at either end. On his return he finds that exactly 15 marked 2 and another marked 3. Then the probability
places are still occupied. The probability that both the of obtaining 9 in 5 throws is
24.24 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
31 5 53. A bag contains (2n + 1) coins. It is known that n of
(A) (B) these coins have a head on both sides, whereas the
7776 2592
remaining n + 1 coins are fair. A coin is picked up at
5 5 random from the bag and tossed. If the probability that
(C) (D)
1944 1296
the toss results in a head is 31 , then n is equal to
48. There are n persons (n ≥ 3), among whom are A and 42
B, who are made to stand in a row in random order. (A) 10 (B) 11
Probability that there is exactly one person between A (C) 12 (D) 13
and B is 54. One mapping is selected at random from all mappings
n-2 2( n - 2) of the set S = {1, 2, 3,... n} into itself. The probability
(A) (B)
n( n - 1) n( n - 1) 3
that it is one one is . Then the value of n is
(C) 2/n (D) none os these 32
(A) 3 (B) 4
49. x1, x2, x3,...x50 are fifty real numbers such that xr < xr+1
(C) 5 (D) 6
for r = 1, 2, 3,..., 49. Five numbers out of these are
picked up at random. The probability that the five 55. Suppose n people are asked a question successively
numbers have x20 as the middle number is in a random order and exactly 3 of the n people know
20
C2 ´ 30 C2 30
C2 ´ 19C2 that answer. If n > 6, the probability that the first four
(A) 50 (B) 50 of those asked do not know the answer is
C5 C5
n-4 n-3
19 C4 C4
C2 ´ 31C3 (A) (B)
(C) 50 (D) none of these n
C4 n
C4
C5
1
50. An artillery target may be either at point I with the (C) n (D) none of these
C4
8 1
probability or at the point II with probability .
9
We have 21 shells each of which can be fired either9 56. A letter is known to have come either from LONDON
at point I or II. Each shell may hit the target inde- or CLIFTON; on the postmark only the two consecu-
tive letters ON are legible. The probability that it came
pendently of the other shell with probability 1 . The from LONDON is
2
number of shells which must be fired at point I to hit 5 12
(A) (B)
the target with maximum probability is 17 17
(A) 9 (B) 10 17 3
(C) 11 (D) 12 (C) (D)
30 5
51. The probablity that the birthdays of six different peo- 57. A digit is selected from each of the following two sets:
ple will fall in exactly two calendar months is
I = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
1 26 II = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(A) (B) 12
C2 ´
6 126
The probability that the product of the digits so chosen
(C) 12 26 − 1 (D) 341 is positive is
C2 ×
126 125 4 81
(A) (B)
52. The probability that the length of a randomly chosen 5 100
2 5 91
chord of a circle lies between and of its diameter (C) (D) none of these
is 3 6 100
5 1 58. A square is inscribed in a circle. If p1 is the probability
(A) (B)
6 16 that a randomly chosen point of the circle lies within
the square and p2 is the probability that the point lies
(C) 1 (D) 5 outside the square then
4 12
 24.25
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
(A) p1 = p2 n-1
Cr -1 n . n-1Cr -1
1 (A) 2n (B) 2n
(B) p1 > p2 and p12 − p22 < C2 r C2 r
3 n-1
( n . Cr -1 ) 2 r -1

(C) p1 < p2 (C) 2n (D) none of these

(D) none of these C2 r

59. An unbiased die with faces marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is 64. Consider 5 independent Bernoulli’s trials each with
rolled four times. Out of four face values obtained, the probability of success p. If the probability of at least
probability that the minimum face value is not less than one failure is greater than or equal to 31/32, then p lies
2 and the maximum face value is not greater than 5 is in the interval
11  1 3
(A)
16
(B)
1 (A)  , 1 (B)  , 
12   2 4 
81 81
 3 11   1
(C)
80
(D)
65 (C)  ,  (D)  0, 
 4 12   2 
81 81
60. In a game “odd man out” each of m ≥ 2 persons, tosses 65. If C and D are two events such that C ⊂ D and P(D) ≠
a coin to determine who will buy refreshments for the 0, then the correct statement among the following is
entire group. The odd man out is the one with a differ- P( D)
(A) P (C | D ) = (B) P (C | D ) = P (C )
ent outcome from the rest. The probability that there is P (C )
a loser in any game is
(C) P (C | D ) ³ P (C ) (D) P(C|D) < P(C)
(A) 1 (B) m -1 66. Three numbers are chosen at random without replace-
2m-1 2m-1
ment from {1, 2, 3, ..., 8]. The probability that their
(C) m (D) none of these minimum is 3, given that their maximum is 6, is:
2m-1 (A) 3/8 (B) 1/5
61. If A1, A2,..., An are n independent events such that P(Ai) (C) 1/4 (D) 2/5
1 67. A class consists of 80 students, 25 of them are girls. If
= , i = 1, 2,..., n. The probability that none of the
i +1 10 of the students are rich and 20 of the students are
n events occurs is fair complexioned, then the probability of selecting a
n 1 fair complexioned rich girl from the class (assuming
(A) (B) three traits as independent) is
n +1 n +1
(A) 1/10 (B) 1/32
n
(C) (D) none of these (C) 5/512 (D) 7/512
( n + 1) ( n + 2)
68. It is given that the events A and B are such that P(A) =
62. In a multiple-choice question, there are four alterna- 1  A 1  B 2
tive answers of which one or more than one is correct. , P   = and P   = . Then P(B) is
 A  3
4  B  2
A candidate will get marks on the questions only if he (A) 1/6 (B) 1/3
ticks all the correct answers. The candidate decides to (C) 2/3 (D) 1/2
tick all the ocrrect answers. The candidate decides to
tick answers at random. If he is allowed up to three 69. A die is thrown. Let A be the event that the number
chances to answer the questions, the probability that obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the event that the
he will get marks on it is number obtained is less than 5. then P(A ∪ B) is
1 (A) 3/5 (B) 0
(A) 1 (B) (C) 1 (D) 2/5
2 3
1 70. A bag contains n + 1 coins. It is known that one of
(C) 1 (D) these coins shows heads on both sides, whereas the
4 5
other coins are fair. One coin is selected at random
63. A box contains n pairs of shoes and 2r shoes are and tossed. If the probability that toss results in heads
selected. (r < n). The probability that there is exactly is 7 , then the value of n is
one pair is 12
24.26 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
(A) 5 (B) 4
(C) 3 (D) 2 (C) 1 (D) none of these
4
71. The probabilites of three events A, B and C are 77. A book contains 1,000 pages. A page is chosen at ran-
P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.4 and P (C) = 0.5. If P(A ∪ B) dom. The probabilities that the sum of the digits of the
= 0.8, P(A ∩ C) = 0.3, P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = 0.2 and P(A ∪ marked number on the page is equal to 9 is
B ∪ C) ≥ 0.85, then
(A) 0.2 ≤ P(B ∩ C) ≤ 0.35 23 11
(A) (B)
(B) 0.5 ≤ P (B ∩ C) ≤ 0. 85 500 200
(C) 0.1 ≤ P(B ∩ C) ≤ 0.35 7
(C) (D) none of these
(D) none of these 100
72. If E and F are the complementary events of events E 78. The probability that a man aged x years will die in a
and F respectively and if 0 < P(F) < 1, then year is p. The probability that out of n men A1, A2, A3,...
(A) P(E | F) + P( E | F) = 1 An, each aged x, A1 will die and be first to die is
(B) P(E|F) + P(E | F ) = 1 1
(A) (B) 1 – (1 – p)n
(C) P( E | F) + P(E | F ) = 1 n2
(D) P(E | F ) + P( E | F ) = 1 1 1
(C) 2 (1 – (1 – p)n) (D) (1 – (1 – p)n).
n n
73. The probability that certain electronic component
fails when first used is 0.10. If it does not fail immedi- 79. If two events A and B are such that P(A’) = 0.3, P(B) =
ately, the probability that it lasts for one year is 0.99. 0.4 and P(A ∩ B’) = 0.5, then P(B/A ∪ B’) equals
The probability that a new component will last for one 5
(A) 3 (B)
year is 4 6
(A) 0.891 (B) 0.692 3
(C) 0.92 (D) none of these (C) 1 (D)
4 7
74. Four tickets marked 00, 01, 10 and 11, respectively, are
80. An elevator starts with m passengers and stops at n
placed in a bag. A ticket is drawn at random five times,
floors (m ≤ n). The probability that no two passengers
being replaced each time. The probability that the sum
alight at the same floor is
of the numbers on the ticket is 15 is
nP nP
3 5 (A) m
(B) m
(A) (B) mn nm
1024 1024 nC nC
7 (C) m
(D) m
(C) (D) none of these m n
n m
1024
81. If the integers m and n are chosen at random between 1
75. If X and Y are the independent random variables for
 1  1 and 100 then the probability that a number of the form
B 5,  and B 7,  , then P(X + Y ≥ 1) = 7m + 7n is divisible by 5 is
 2   2 
1 1
4095 309 (A) (B)
(A) (B) 5 7
4096 4096
1
4032 (C) 1 (D)
(C) (D) none of these 4 49
4096
82. n biscuits are distributed among N boys at random. The
76. The sum of two positive quantities is equal to 2n. The probability that particular boy gets r (< n) biscuits is
probability that their product is not less than 3 times r
 1   N − 1
n− r
 1 
r

their greatest product is 4 (A) nCr     (B) n

C  
 N   N  r 
 N 
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) nCr (D)
r
4 2 n
 24.27
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
83. Three numbers are chosen at random without replcement of drawing sets A and B so that A ∩ B has exactly one
from {1, 2,...,10}. The probability that the minimum of element is
the chosen numbers is 3, or their maximum is 7 is (A) (3/4)n. n (B) n. (3/4)n–1
7 5 (C) n. (3/ 4)
n
(D) none of these
(A) (B)
40 40 89. At a railway station a passenger leaves his luggage
11 in a locker which is opened by dialling a three-digit
(C) (D) none of these
40 code (say, 253, 009, 325 ...). The passenger chooses
the code, closes the locker and leaves for the town.
84. There are four balls of different colours and four boxes A strange man, who does not know the code, tries to
of colours, same as those of the balls. The number of open the locker by dialling three digits at random.
ways in which the balls, one each in a box, could be The probability that the locker opens after k trials is
placed such that a ball does not go to a box of its own (Here, k < 1,000)
colour is
k k
5 3 (A) (B)
(A) (B) 100 1000
8 8 1, 000 - k
1 (C) (D) none of these
(C) (D) none of these 1, 000
8
90. The decimal parts of the logarithms of two numbers
85. The altitude through A of ∆ABC meets BC at D and the taken at random are found to six places. Probability
circumscribed circle at E. If D ≡ (2, 3), E ≡ (5, 5) and that second can be subtracted first one without borrow-
the ordinate of the orthocentre being a natural number. ing is
The probability that the orthocentre lies on the lines 9
6

y = 1, y = 2, y = 3,..., y = 10 is (A)   (B) 1

 20  26
2 1  11 
6
(A) (B)
5 5 (C)   (D) none of these
 20 
3
(C) (D) none of these
5 91. 10% of a certain population suffer from a serious dis-
ease. A person suspected of the disease is given two
86. If a ∈ [– 5, 30], then the probability that the graph independent tests. Each test makes a correct diagnosis
of the function y = x2 + 2(a + 4)x – 5a + 64 is strictly 90% of the time. The probability that the person really
above the x-axis is has the illness given that both tests are positive is
27 8 (A) 0 . 5 (B) 0 . 9
(A) (B)
35 25 (C) 0 . 6 (D) none of these
8 17 92. The probablity that the birthdays of six different peo-
(C) (D)
35 25 ple will fall in exactly two calendar months is

87. Fifteen coupons are numbered 1, 2, 3,... 15. Seven 1 26

(A) (B) 12
C2 ´
coupons are selected at random one at a time with 6 126
replacement. The probability that the largest number 26 − 2
(C) 12
C2 × (D) 341
appearing on the selected coupon is 9 is 126
6 7
125
9 8
(A)   (B)   93. The probability that the length of a randomly chosen
16  15 
2 5
7
chord of a circle lies between and of its diameter is
 3 3 6
(C)   (D) none of these
 5  5 1
(A) (B)
6 16
88. Consider a set ‘P’ containing n elements. A subset ‘A’
of ‘P’ is drawn and there after set ‘P’ is reconstructed. (C) 1 (D) 5
Now, one more subset ‘B’ of ‘P’ is drawn. Probability 4 12
24.28 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
94. A letter is known to have come either from LONDON 99. Three natural numbers are taken at random from the
or CLIFTON; on the postmark only the two consecu- set A = {x : 1 ≤ x ≤ 100, x ∈ N}. The probability that
tive letters ON are legible. The probability that it came the A.M. of the numbers taken is 25 is
from LONDON is 77
C2 25
C2
(A) 100 (B) 100
5 12 C3 C3
(A) (B) 74
17 17 C2
(C) 100 (D) none of these
17 3 C3
(C) (D)
30 5
100. If p and q are chosen randomly from the set (1, 2, 3, 4,
95. In a multiple choice question, there are four alternative 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) with replacement then the probability
answers of which one or more than one is correct. A that the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 are real, is
candidate will get marks on the questions only if he (A) 0.62 (B) 0.32
ticks all the correct answers. The candidate decides to (C) 0.44 (D) none of these
tick all the correct answers. The candidate decides to
tick answers at random. If he is allowed up to three 101. Let A, B, C be three events. If the probability of occur-
chances to answer the questions, the probability that ring exactly one event out of A and B is 1 – a, out of
he will get marks on it is B and C is 1 – 2a, out of C and A is 1 – a and that of
occurring three events simultaneously is a2, then the
1
(A) 1 (B) probability that at least one out of A, B, C will occur, is
2 3
1
1 (A) < 1 (B) >
(C) 1 (D) . 2 3
4 5
1
(C) > 1 (D) <
96. A box contains n pairs of shoes and 2r shoes are 2 3
selected. (r < n). The probability that there is exactly
one pair is 102. Fifteen persons, among whom are A and B, sit down at
n-1
random at a round table. The probability that there are
Cr -1 n . n-1Cr -1 4 persons between A and B is
(A) 2n (B) 2n
C2 r C2 r 1 1
(A) (B)
( n . n-1Cr -1 ) 2r -1 3 7
(C) 2n (D) none of these
C2 r 1
(C) (D) none of these
5
97. 5 girls and 10 boys sit at random in a row having 15
chairs numbered as 1 to 15. The probability that end 103. A bag contains n white and n red balls. Pairs of balls
seats are occupied by the girls and between any two are drawn without replcement until the bag is empty.
girls odd number of boys sit is The probability that each pair consists of one white
20 ´10!´ 5! 20 ´10! and one red ball is
(A) (B) 2n - 1
15! 15! 2n - 1
(A) 2 n (B) 2 n
20 ´ 5! Cn Cn - 1
(C) (D) none of these
15! 2n
(C) 2n (D) none of these
Cn
98. Four tickets marked 00, 01, 10, 11, respectively are
placed in a bag. A ticket is drawn at random five times, 104. A bag contains a white and b black balls. Two players
being replaced each time. The probability that the sum A and B alternately draw a ball from the bag, replac-
of the numbers on tickets thus drawn is 23 is ing the ball each time after the draw till one of them
25 100 draws a white ball and and wins the game. If A begins
(A) (B) the game and the probability of A winning the game is
256 256
three times that of B, then a : b =
231
(C) (D) none of these (A) 2 : 1 (B) 3 : 1
256 (C) 3 : 2 (D) none of these
 24.29
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
 1  110. Four positive integers are taken at random and are mul-
105. If X and Y are independent binomial variates B 5,  tiplied together. Then, the probability that the product
 1
 2 
ends in an odd digit other than 5 is
and B 7,  then the value of P (X + Y = 3) is
 2  3 609
(A) (B)
55 44 5 625
(A) (B)
1024 1024 16 2
(C) (D)
33 625 5
(C) (D) none of these
1024 111. If four whole numbers taken at random are multiplied
106. Plant I of XYZ manufacturing organization employs 5 together, the chance that the last digit in the product is
production and 3 maintenance foremen, another plant 1, 3, 7, or 9 is
II of same organization employs 4 production and 5 4 18
maintenance foremen. From any one of these plants, a (A) (B)
625 625
single selection of two foremen is made. The probabil-
ity that one of them would be production and the other 16
(C) (D) none of these
maintenance foreman is 625
275 263 112. A pack of playing cards was found to contain only 51
(A) (B)
504 504 cards. If the first 13 cards, which are examined, are all
red, the probability that the missing card is black is
301 362
(C) (D)
504 504 2 1
(A) (B)
3 3
107. In a certain recruitment test there are multiple choice
questions. There are 4 possible answers to each ques- 2
(C) (D) none of these
tion and of which one is correct. An intelligent student 9
knows 90% of the answer while a weak student knows 113. A ten-digit number is formed using the digits from
only 20%. If an intelligent student gets the correct zero to nine, every digit being used exactly once. The
answer, then the probability that he was guessing is probability that the number is divisible by 4 is
1 36 16 20
(A) (B) (A) (B)
37 37 81 81
14 32
(C) (D) none of these (C) (D) none of these
37 81
108. X folows a binomial distribution with parameters n 114. Each coefficient of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is
and p, and Y follows a binomial with parameters m determined by throwing an ordinary die. The probabil-
and p. Then, if X and Y are independent, ity that the equation has non-real complex roots is
P (X = r | X + Y = r + s) =
173 43
(A) (mCr)(nCs)/m + nCr + s (B) 3mCr + s/m + nCr + s (A) (B)
(C) 2 ( Cr)( Cs)/ Cr + s
m n m+n
(D) none of these 216 216
54
109. Three numbers are selected at random without replace- (C) (D) none of these
ment from the set of numbers {1, 2,...,N}. The condi- 216
tional probability that the third number lies between 115. A set A contains n elements. A subset P of A is cho-
the first two, if the first number is known to be smaller sen at random and the set A is reconstructed by replac-
than the second is ing the elements of P. Another subset Q of A is now
1 1 chosen at random. The probability that PUQ contains
(A) (B) exactly r elements, 1 ≤ r ≤ n is
6 3
n
n
Cr 3r Cr 4 r
(C) 1 (D) none of these (A) (B)
2 4n 3n
24.30 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
n 118. A and B play a game of tennis. The situation of the
(C) 3 (D) none of these game is as follows: if one scores two consecutive
4n points after a deuce, he wins. If loss of a point is fol-
116. A person throws two dice, one the common cube and lowed by win of a point, it is deuce. The probability of
the other a regular tetrahedron, the number on the 2
a server to win a point is . The game is at deuce and
lowest face being taken in the case of tetrahedron. The 3
probability that the sum of the numbers appearing on A is serving. Probability that A will win the match is
the dice is 6 is (serves are changed after each game )
1
(A) (B) 1 (A) 1 (B)
1
3 4 4 3
1
(C) (D) none of these (C) 1 (D) none of these
6 2
117. A box contains 2 fifty paise coins, 5 twenty-five paise 119. If the papers of 4 students can be checked by any one
coins and a certain number N (≥ 2) of ten and five paise of the seven teachers, then the probability that all the
coins. Five coins are taken out of the box at random. four papers are chcked by exactly two teachers is
The probability that the total value of these coins is
less than one rupee and fifty paise is 2 3
(A) (B)
49 49
10( N + 2) 10( N + 2)
(A) N + 7C5 (B) 1− N + 7 (C)
6
(D) none of these
C5
49
5( N + 2)
(C) 1− N + 7 (D) none of these
C5

More than One Option Correct Type

120. Let 0 < P(A) < 1, 0 < P(B) < 1 and 123. If A and B are two events such that P(A ∪ B) ≥ 3 and
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A) P(B), then 1 3 4
≤ P(A ∩ B) ≤ , then
(A) P(B ∩ A’) = P(B) – P(A) 8 8
(B) P(A’ ∪ B’) = P(A’) + P(B’) 11 3
(C) P(A ∪ B)’ = P(A’) P(B’) (A) P(A) + P(B) ≤ (B) P(A) ⋅ P(B) ≤
8 8
(D) P(A/B) = P(A)
7
121. A bag contains four tickets with numbers 112, 121, (C) P(A) + P(B) ≥ (D) none of these
8
211, 222. One ticket is drawn at random from the bag.
Let Ei (i = 1, 2, 3) denote the event that ith digit on the 124. A student appears for test I, II and III. The student is
drawn ticket is 2. Then, successful if he passes either in test I and II or test I
and III. The probability of the student passing in tests
(A) E1, E2, E3 are pair-wise independent
(B) E1, E2 are independent I, II and III are p, q and 1 , respectively. If the proba-
2
(C) E2 and E3 are not independent bility that the student is successful is 1 , then
(D) E1, E2, E3 are mutually independent (A) p = 1 (B) p = 0 2
(C) q = 1 (D) q = 0
122. A and B are two events. Odds against A are 2 : 1. Odds
in favour of A ∪ B are 3 : 1. If x ≤ P(B) ≤ y, then 125. If A and B are any two events, the probability that
exactly one of them occurs is
(A) x = 5 (B) x = 3
12 4 (A) P (A) + P (B) – 2P (A ∩ B)
(B) P ( A) + P (B) – 2P ( A Ç B )
(C) y = 5 (D) y = 3
12 4 (C) P (A ∩ (B) ) + P ( ( A) ∩ B)
(D) P (A) + P (B) – P (A ∪ B)
 24.31
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
126. The probability that a student passes in Mathematics, (A) P (X ≥ a) = qa
Physics and Chemistry are m, p and c, respectively. (B) P (X ≥ a + b | X ≥ a) = P (X ≥ b)
Of these subjects, the student has a 75% chance of (C) P (X = a + b | X ≥ a) = P (X ≥ b)
passing in at least one, a 50% chance of passing in at (D) P (X ≥ a + b | X ≥ b) = P (X ≥ a)
least two and a 40% chance of passing in exactly two.
130. If A and B are two events such that P (A) ≠ 0 and P (A)
Which of the following relations are true?
> 1, then
(A) p + m + c = 19/20 (B) p + m + c = 27/20
(C) pmc = 1/10 (D) pmc = 1/4 P ( B ′)
(A) P (B/A) ≥ 1−
P ( A)
127. If A and B are two events such that P (A) = 1 and
2 P ( B)
2
P (B) = , then (B) P (B′/A′) ≥ 1−
P ( A′)
3
2 (C) P (A′ ∪ B′/A) = 1– P (A ∩ B/A)
(A) P (A ∪ B) ≥
3 (D) none of these
1
(B) P (A ∩ B’) ≤
3 2 4
131. If P (A) =and P(B) = , then
5 5
(C) 1/6 ≤ P (A ∩ B) ≤ 1
2 4 1 2
(A) P (A ∪ B) ≥ (B) ≤ P(A ∩ B) ≤
5 5 5
(D) 1/6 ≤ P (A’ ∩ B) ≤ 1
1
2 (C) 1 ≤ P (A/B) ≤ 1 (D) P (A ∩ B′) ≤
128. A coin has probability p of showing head when tossed. 4 2 5
It is tossed n times. Let Pn denote the probability that 132. If A and B are two events, then the probability that at
no two (or more) consecutive heads occurs, then most one of A, B occurs is
(A) P1 = 1 (A) 1– P(A ∩ B)
(B) P2 = 1 – p2 (B) P (A′) + P (B′) – P (A′ ∩ B ′)
(C) Pn = (1 – p) Pn – 1 + p (1 – p) Pn – 2 for all n ≥ 3 (C) P (A′) + P (B′) + P (A ∪ B ) 
(D) all of these (D) none of these
129. Let X be a random variable which takes values 0, 1, 2,
3,....and P (X = r) = pqr, where 0 < p < 1, q = 1 – p and
r = 0,1, 2, 3,...Then,

Passage Based Questions

Passage 1 (C) 4 (D) none of these

11
Twelve players S1, S2,...., S12 play in a chess tournament.
They are divided into six pairs at random. From each pair a 135. At least one of S1 and S2 is among the six winners is
winner is decided. It is assumed that all players are of equal 31 32
strength. The probability that (A) (B)
33 33
133. Both S1 and S2 are among the six winners is
(C) 10 (D) none of these
12 13 11
(A) (B)
33 33
Passage 2
14
(C) (D) none of these A person draws a card from a pack of 52 cards. He replac-
33
es the card, shuffles the pack and again draws a card. He
134. Exactly one of S1 and S2 is among the six winners is replaces it and draws again. This he does until he draws a
heart.
(A) 6 (B) 5
11 11
24.32 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Passage 3
A shopkeeper inspected some items in a box containing a, b (C) (D) none of these
and c number of items of type P, Q and R, respectively. He
picked up an item randomly and put it back into the box if he 137. P (B): The probability that players B and not A first
found that the item selected was regularly sold, he also added obtains 6 is
the equal number of items of the same type as those previous-
ly in the box otherwise he removed all the items of that type. (A) (B)

Passage 4
(C) (D) none of these
Two persons A and B are playing with 5 dice. Player A
throws 3 dice and player B throws 2 dice. The trials go on
simultaneously and successively until 6 shows on at least 138. P (C): The probability that players A and B obtain a 6
one of the dice. simultaneously is

136. P (A): The probability that player A and not B first (A) (B)
obtains 6 is

(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these

Match the Column Type

139.

I. An ordinary cube has four blank faces, one face marked

2, another marked 3. Then, the probability of obtaining 11
    (A)
a total of exactly 12 in 5 throws is 16
II. A person draws a card from a pack of playing cards,
replaces it and shuffles the pack. He continues doing
5
this until he shows a spade. The chance that he will fail     (B)
the first two times is 13
III. A is known to tell the truth in 5 cases out of 6 and he
states that a white ball was drawn from a bag contain-
5
ing 8 black and 1 white ball. The probability that the     (C)
white ball was drawn is 2592
140.
I. The probability that the 13th day of a randomly chosen
16
month is a Friday is     (A)
625
II. A natural number x is chosen at random from the first
one hundred natural numbers. The probability that
1
( x − 20)( x − 40)     (B)
< 0 is 84
x − 30
III. Four whole numbers taken at random are multiplied
together. What is the chance that the last digit in the     (C) 1
product is 1, 3, 7 or 9, is 210
IV. 4 five-rupee coins, 3 two-rupee coins and 2 one-rupee
coins are stacked together in a column at random. The
9
probability that the coins of the same denomination are     (D)
consecutive is 50
 24.33
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
Assertion-Reason Type
Instructions: In the following questions an Assertion (A) is Reason: (nC0)2 + (nC1)2 + ... + (nCn)2
given followed by a Reason (R). Mark your responses from 2n [1 • 3 • 5 ... ( 2n - 1)]
the following options: =
n!
(A) Assertion(A) is True and Reason(R) is 143. Assertion: A bag contains n + 1 coins. It is known
True; Reason(R) is a correct explanation for that one of these coins has a head on both sides while
Assertion(A) the other coins are fair. One coin is selected at random
(B)  Assertion(A) is True, Reason(R) is True; and tossed. If head turns up, the probability that the
Reason(R) is not a correct explanation for n
Assertion(A) selected coin was fair, is
n+2
(C) Assertion(A) is True, Reason(R) is False
(D) Assertion(A) is False, Reason(R) is True Reason: If an event A occurs with two mutually exclu-
sive and exhanstive events E1 and E2, then P (Ei/A)
141. Assertion: At the college entrance examination each P ( Ei ) P ( A / Ei )
candidate is admitted or rejected according to whether = , i = 1, 2.
P ( E1 ) P ( A / E1 ) + P ( E2 ) P ( A / E2 )
he has passed or failed the tests. Of the candidates who
144. Assertion: A player tosses a coin and scores 1 point
are really capable, 80% pass the test and of the inca-
for a head and 2 points for a tail. He plays on until his
pable, 25% pass the test. Given that 40% of the candi-
score reaches or passes n. If Pn denotes the probability
dates are really capable, then the proportion of capable
of getting a score of exactly n, then
college students is about 68%

Reason: P (A/B) Pn + 1 Pn–1 = P2 + 1 P1.

2 2
P ( A) P ( B / A)
= 1
P ( A) P ( B / A) + P ( Ac ) P ( B / Ac ) Reason: Pn = (Pn–1 + Pn – 2), n ≥ 3

2
142. Assertion: A set X contains n elements. Two sub-
sets A and B of X are chosen at random. The proba- 145. Assertion: A throws n + 1 coins and B throws n coins.
bility that A and B have same number of elements is The chance that A throws greater number of heads
1 · 3 · 5 ... ( 2n - 1) than B is 1
2n ( n !) 2
Reason: ∑ ∑
n +1
Cm nCk = 1 .22 n + 1
0<k <m≤n
2

Previous Year’s Questions

146. A
 problem in mathematics is given to three students 148. If A and B are two mutually exclusive events, then:
A, B, C and their respective probability of solving the  [2002]
1 B B
problem is 1 , and 1 . [2002] (A) P(A) < P( ) (B) P(A) > P( )
2 3 4 (C) P(A) < P(B) (D) none of these
Probability that the problem is solved, is:
149. The probability of India winning a test match against
(A) 3/4 (B) 1/2 West-Indies is 1/2 assuming independence from match
(C) 2/3 (D) 1/3 to match. The probability that in a match series India’s
147. A and B play a game where each is asked to select a second win occurs at the third test is : [2002]
number from 1 to 25. If the two numbers match, both 1
of them win a prize. The probability that they will not (A) (B) 1
8 4
win a prize in a single trial, is: [2002]
1
1 24 (C) 1 (D)
(A) (B) 2 3
25 25
2 150. A biased coin with probability p, 0 < p < 1, of heads
(C) (D) none of these is tossed until a head appears for the first time. If the
25
24.34 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
probability that the number of tosses required is even, 156. The mean and the variance of a binomial distribution
is 2/5, then p equals : [2002] are 4 and 2 respectively. Then the probability of 2 suc-
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/3 cesses is [2004]
(C) 2/5 (D) 3/5 37 219
(A) (B)
151. A fair die is tossed eight times. The probability that a 256 256
third six is observed on the eight throw, is: [2002] 28
7
(C) 128 (D)
C2 ´55 7
C2 ´55 256 256
(A) (B)
67 68 157. Three houses are available in a locality. Three persons
7
C2 ´55 apply for the houses. Each applies for one house with-
(C) (D) none of these out consulting others. The probability that all the three
66
apply for the same house is [2005]
152. Five horses are in a race. Mr. A selects two of the
1
horses at random and bets on them. The probability (A) 2 (B)
that Mr. A selected the winning horse is [2003] 9 9
8 7
4 3 (C) (D)
(A) (B) 9 9
5 5
1 2 158. Let A and B be two events such that
(C) (D)
5 5 1 1 1
P ( A ∪ B ) = , P ( A ∩ B ) = and P ( A) = , where
6 4 4
153. The mean and variance of a random variable having
a binomial distribution are 4 and 2 respectively, then A stands for complement of event A. Then events A
P (X = 1) is [2003] and B are [2005]
1 1 (A) equally likely and mutually exclusive
(A) (B) (B) equally likely but not independent
32 16 (C) independent but not equally likely
1 1 (D) mutually exclusive and independent
(C) (D)
8 4
159. At a telephone enquiry system the number of phone
154. The probability that A speaks truth is 4 , while this cells regarding relevant enquiry follow Poisson distri-
5 bution with an average of 5 phone calls during 10-min-
3
probability for B is . The probability that they ute time intervals. The probability that there is at the
4
most one phone call during a 10-minute time period is
contradict each other when asked to speak on a fact is
 [2006]
5
 [2004] (A) 6 (B)
3 1 5 e 6
(A) (B)
20 5 6 6
(C) (D)
7 4 55 e5
(C) (D)
20 5
160. A pair of fair dice is thrown independently three times.
155. A random variable X has the probability distribution: The probability of getting a score of exactly 9 twice is
 [2007]
X: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (A) 1/729 (B) 8/9
p(X): 0.15 0.23 0.12 0.10 0.20 0.08 0.07 0.05 (C) 8/729 (D) 8/243
For the events E = {X is a prime number} and F = {X < 4}, 161. T
 wo aeroplanes I and II bomb a target in succession.
the probability P (E ∪ F) is [2004] The probabilities of I and II scoring a hit correctly are
(A) 0.87 (B) 0.77 0.3 and 0.2, respectively. The second plane will bomb
(C) 0.35 (D) 0.50 only if the first misses the target. The probability that
the target is hit by the second plane is [2007]
 24.35
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
(A) 0.06 (B) 0.14    
(C) 0.2 (D) 0.7 (C)  11 ,1 (D)  1 , 3 
12   2 4 
162. It is given that the events A and B are such that P (A) 167. If C and D are two events satisfying C ⊂ D with P(D)
1  A  1  B  2 ≠ 0, then the correct statement among the following is
= and P   = .P 
  = Then P (B) is
4  B  2  A 3
 [2011]
 [2008] (A) P (C | D) ≥ P(C) (B) P (C | D) < P(C)

(C) P (C | D ) = P ( D ) (D) P (C | D) = P(C)

1 1 P (C )
(A) (B)
6 3 168. Three numbers are chosen at random without replace-
2 1 ment from first eight natural numbers. The probability
(C) (D) that their minimum is 3, given that their maximum is
3 2 6, is  [2012]
163. A die is thrown. Let A be the event that the number 1
obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the event that the (A) 3 (B)
number obtained is less than 5. Then P (A ∪ B) is 8 5
 [2008] 1 2
(C) (D)
3 4 5
(A) (B) 0
5 169. A multiple choice examination has 5 questions. Each
2 question has three alternative answers of which exactly
(C) 1 (D)
5 one is correct. The probability that a student will get 4
or more correct answers just by guessing is [2013]
164. One ticket is selected at random from 50 tickets num-
bered 00, 01, 02, …., 49. Then the probability that the 13 11
(A) (B)
sum of the digits on the selected ticket is 8, given that 35 35
the product of these digits is zero, equals [2009] 17
(C) 10 (D)
(A) 1 (B) 1 35 35
14 7 170. 
Let A and B be two events such that
1
(C) 5 (D) 1 1 1
14 50 p ( A ∪ B) = , p ( A ∩ B ) = and p ( A) = , where
6 4 4
165. An urn contains nine balls of which three are red, four A stands for the complement of the event A. Then,
are blue and two are green. The experiment is to draw the events A and B are [2014]
three balls at random without replacement from the
(A) mutually exclusive and independent
urn. The probability that the three balls have different
(B) equally likely but not independent
color is [2010]
(C) independent but not equally likely
(A)
2 (B) 1 (D) independent and equally likely
7 21 171 Let two fair six-faced dice A and B be thrown simul-
2 1 taneously If E, is the event that die A shows up four,
(C) (D)
23 3 E2 is the event that die B shows up two and E3 is the
event that the sum of numbers on both dice is odd, then
166. Consider 5 independent Bernoulli’s trials each with which of the following statements is NOT true ?
probability of failure 1-p. If the probability of at least (A) E,, E2 and E3 are independent. [2016]
31 (B) E, and E2 are independent.
one failure is greater than or equal to , then p lies
in the interval 32 [2011] (C) E2 and E3 are independent.
(D) E, and E3 are independent.
   1
(A)  3 , 11  (B)  0, 
 4 12   2 
24.36 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
ANSWER KEYS

Single Option Correct Type

1. (D) 2. (A,C) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (C) 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (A)
11. (A) 12. (C) 13. (B) 14. (A) 15. (A) 16. (C) 17. (B) 18. (C) 19. (A) 20. (A)
21. (D) 22. (B) 23. (C) 24. (C) 25. (B) 26. (D) 27. (A) 28. (D) 29. (C) 30. (D)
31. (B) 32. (A) 33. (B) 34. (B) 35. (A) 36. (B) 37. (D) 38. (C) 39. (A) 40. (C)
41. (C) 42. (A) 43. (B) 44. (B) 45. (C) 46. (B) 47. (D) 48. (B) 49. (B) 50. (D)
51. (D) 52. (C) 53. (A) 54. (B) 55. (B) 56. (B) 57. (B) 58. (B) 59. (A) 60. (C)
61. (B) 62. (D) 63. (C) 64. (D) 65. (C) 66. (B) 67. (C) 68. (B) 69. (C) 70. (A)
71. (A) 72. (A) 73. (A) 74. (B) 75. (A) 76. (B) 77. (B) 78. (D) 79. (C) 80. (B)
81. (A) 82. (A) 83. (C) 84. (B) 85. (C) 86. (C) 87. (D) 88. (C) 89. (B) 90. (C)
91. (B) 92. (C) 93. (C) 94. (B) 95. (D) 96. (C) 97. (A) 98. (A) 99. (C) 100. (A)
101. (C) 102. (B) 103. (C) 104. (A) 105. (A) 106. (A) 107. (A) 108. (A) 109. (B) 110. (C)
111. (C) 112. (A) 113. (B) 114. (A) 115. (A) 116. (C) 117. (B) 118. (C) 119. (C)

More than One Option Correct Type

120. (C), and (D) 121. (A) and (B) 122. (A), and (D) 123. (A), and (C)
124. (A), and (D) 125. (A), (B) and (C) 126. (B), and (C)
127. (A), (B), (C) and (D) 128. (A), (B), (C) and (D) 129. (A), (B), (C) and (D)
130. (A), (B) and (C) 131. (A), (B), (C) and (D) 132. (A), and (B)

Passage Based Questions

133. (C) 134. (A) 135. (B) 136. (B) 137. (A) 138. (C)

Match the Column Type

139. (A) → 4; (B) → 1; (C) → 3; 140. (A) → 2; (B) → 4; (C) → 1; (D) → 3

Assertion-Reason Type
140. (A) 142. (A) 143. (A) 144. (A) 145. (A)

Previous Year’s Questions

146. (A) 147. (B) 148. (A) 149. (B) 150. (A) 151. (B) 152. (B) 153. (B) 154. (C) 155. (B)
156. (D) 157. (B) 158. (C) 159. (D) 160. (D) 161. ( ) 122. (B) 163. (C) 164. (A) 165. (A)
166. (B) 167. (A) 168. (B) 169. (B) 170. (C) 171. (A)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

Single Option Correct Type

p 51 51
1. Let X ~ B(100, p) be the number of coins showing heads and ⇒ = ⇒ 50p = 51 – 51p ⇒ p =
let q = 1 – p. Then, since P(X = 51) = P(X = 50), we have 1- p 50 101
100
C51 (p51) (q49) = 100C50 (p50) (q50) This correct option is (D)
p  100 !   51! 49 ! 2. P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
⇒ =  
q  50 ! 50 !  100 !  ∴1 ≥ P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) ≥ 3
4
 24.37
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
1 ∴ required probability = P(A2/E)
As the minimum value of P(A ∩ B) =
,
8 P (A2 ) ⋅ P (E /A2 )
1 3
=

we get P(A) + P(B) –³ P (A1 ) P (E /A1 ) + P (A2 ) P (E /A2 )
8 4
1 3 7 1 1
⇒ P(A) + P(B) ≥ + = ⋅ 1
10 4 1
8 4 8
= = =
3 9 1 1 36 + 1 37
As the maximum value of P(A ∩ B) =
, we get ⋅1 + ⋅
8 10 10 4
3 3 11
1 ≥ P(A) + P(B) –
⇒ P(A) + P(B) ≤ 1 + = .
This correct option is (C)
8 8 8 7. The required probability

This correct option is (A,C) 39 39 3 3 9

= ´ = ´ =
52 52 4 4 16
3. n(S) = the area of the circle of radius r.

This correct option is (B)
n(E) = the area of the circle of radius r . 8. P(A) = P(A/B) = P(A ∩ B)/P(B)
2
∴ the required probability ⇒ P(A ∩ B) = P(A) P(B)
2 Thus, A and B are independent
r
n( E ) π⋅  P (A′ ∩ B) P (B ) − P (A ∩ B )
 2 

= = = 1
Also, P(A’/B) =
P (B)
=
P (B )
n( S ) πr 2
4

This correct option is (C) = 1 – P(A/B) = 1 – 1 = 3

4 4
4 The probability of drawing a number less than or equal to 15
This correct option is (C)
15
in a draw = = 3. 9. If B throws 1, then A can throw only 1, if B throws 2, then A
20 4 can throw 1 and 2 and so on

The probability of drawing the ticket of value 15 in a draw =
∴ the required probability
1
. 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
20 3 = ⋅
+ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
1  3 27 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
∴ the required probability = C1 ⋅ ⋅  =
4
.
20  4  320 1 6´7
This correct option is (B)
= (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) = = 7
6´6 6 ´ 6 ´ 2 12
5. We know 7k, k ∈ N, has 1, 3, 9, 7 at the units place for k = 4p,
This correct option is (B)
4p – 1, 4p – 2, 4p – 3 respectively, where p = 1, 2, 3, ...
10. Probability that the sum is even = 1 – Probability that the
Clearly, 7m + 7n will be divisible by 5 if 7m has 3 or 7 in the
sum is odd.
unit place and 7n has 7 or 3 in the units place or 7m has 1 or 9
1 2 2 1 4 5
in the units place and 7n has 9 or 1 in the units place. = 1 –  ⋅ + ⋅  = 1 –
=
∴ For any choice of m, n the digit in the units place of  3 3 3 3  9 9
7m + 7n is 2, 4, 6, 0 or 8. It is divisible by 5 only when this
This correct option is (A)
digit is 0.
1
∴ the required probability = . 11. It is a case of Bernoullian trials with number of trials n and
This correct option is (A) 5
1
probability, = (a success in one trial)
6. We define the following events N
A1 : He knows the answer ∴ P(r successes) = ncr qn – 1 pr = ncr (1 – p)n – r pr
A1 : He does not know the answer n− r r
 1  1 
E : He gets the correct answer = n cr 1 − 
 
 N   N 
9 9 1

Thus, P(A1) = , P(A2) = 1 – = r n− r
10 10 10  1   N − 1
= cr  
n
  N 
P(E/A1) = 1, P(E/A2) = 1
  N 
4

This correct option is (A)
24.38 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
12. P(first 10 draws are non ace cards) (11th draw is an ace card) 3 3´ 3´ 2 1
48 = = =
C10 4 164
10
C3 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 40

= 52 ´ =
C10 42 4165 ∴ P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) = 11/40
This correct option is (C) This correct option is (C)
13. The student will be successful in three cases. 17. The probability that only two tests are needed = (probability
Now P(I, II not III) + P(I, III, not II) + P(I, II, III) that the first machine tested is faulty ) × (probability that the
 second machine tested is faulty given the first machine tested
1 1 1
= p ⋅ q ⋅1 −  + p (1 − q) + p ⋅ q
is faulty)
 2  2 2
2 1 1

= ´ =
= 1 pq + 1 p − 1 pq + 1 pq
4 3 6
2 2 2 2 This correct option is (B)
= 1 p (1 + q) = 1 (given) ⇒ p (1 + q) = 1
18. P(A) = 1 – P(Ac ) = 1 – 0.3 = 0.7, P(B) = 0.4
2 2 We know that P(A) = P(A ∩ B) + P(A ∩ Bc )
This condition will be satisfied when p = 1, q = 0. ⇒ 0.7 = P(A ∩ B) + 0.5
This correct option is (B) or P(A ∩ B) = 0.7 – 0.5 = 0.2
14. The sample space is P(A ∪ Bc ) = P(A) + P(Bc ) – P(A ∩ Bc )
{– 0.50, – 0.49, – 0.48, ... – 0.01, 0.00, 0.01, ... 0.49} = 0.7 + (1 – 0.4) – 0.5 = 0.8
Let A be the event that the round off error is at least 10 paise. P [B ∩ (A ∪ B c )
Then Ac is the event that the round off error is at most a paise. Next P [B | P (A ∪ Bc )] =

P [A ∪ B c ]
Sample space for A is given by
From set theory
{– 0.09, – 0.08, ... – 0.01, 0.00, 0.01, ... 0.09}
B ∩ (A ∪ Bc ) = (B ∩ A) ∪ (B ∩ Bc )
19 19
∴ P(Ac) = ⇒ 1 – P(A) = = (B ∩ A) ∪ φ = B ∩ A
100 100 P (A ∩ B ) 0.2 1
∴ Required Probability = c = = .
19 81 P (A ∪ B ) 0.8 4
⇒ P (A) = 1 – =
100 100 This correct option is (B)

This correct option is (A) 19. The possible outcomes on the pair of dice when the sum of
15. Since all player are of equal strength, with whom S1 is paired, the numbers on them is 7 are (1, 6), (2, 5) (3, 4), (4, 3), (5,
will have no bearing on the probability of his winning. 6
2), (6, 1), the probability for which is .
The number of ways of choosing 8 winners out of 36
16 : 16C8.
The possible outcomes on the dice when the sum is 8 are (2,
The number of ways of choosing S1 and 7 other winners out 5
of 15 is 15C7. 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2) the probability for which is
15
C7 15! 8!8! 36
∴   Probability that S1 will win = 16 =
C8 7!8! 16 ! ∴ The probability that on the coin head comes and on the
dice the sum is 7 or 8
= 1
1 6 5  11
2 = 
+  =
This correct option is (A) 2  36 36  72
16. Let A(B) denote the event that minimum (maximum) num-
The probability that from the pack of 11 cards when one card
ber on the chosen tickets is 3 (7).
is chosen then number on it is 7 or 8 is 2
We have 11
P(A) = P (choosing 3 and two other numbers from 4 to 10) ∴ The probability that tail comes on the coin and then on
7
C2 7×6×3 the chosen card number appearing is 7 or 8
7

= = =
C3 10 × 9 × 8 =1´ 2 = 1
10
40

P(B) = P(choosing 7 and choosing two other numbers from 2 11 11
1 to 6)
Thus, the required probability
6
C2 6 ´5´3 1 11 1 121 + 72 193

= = =
= + = =
10
C3 10 ´ 9 ´ 7 8 72 11 11× 72 792
P(A ∩ B) = P(choosing 3 and 7 and one other number from

This correct option is (A)
4 to 6)
 24.39
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
20. Probability that the outcome of a single throw of a die is any 96
C3
4 2 25. The required probability = 1 - 100
one of 2, 3, 4 and 5 is equal to = . C3
6 3 96 × 95 × 94
=1−


If the die is rolled four times the required probability is equal 100 × 99 × 98
4
 2  16
to   = . =1-

7144
=
941
 3  81 8085 8085
This correct option is (A) This correct option is (B)
21. Out of the numbers 00, 01, 02, ..., 99, those numbers the 26. The odd places can be filled up in 5 × 4 × 3 ways and the
product of whose digits is 18 are 29, 36, 63, 92. even places in 5 × 4 ways. ∴ the favourable number of ways
4 1 = 5 × 4 × 3 × 5 × 4 = 52.24.3
∴ P(E) = =
100 25 The number of five digit numbers = 9 × 104

24 52 ´ 2 4 ´ 3 1
P (E ) =
Hence, the required probability = =
25 9 ´10 4 75

The probability that in selecting from numbers the event E
This correct option is (D)
occurs at least three times.
3 4
27. Let E1 be the event that exactly two players scored more then
 1  24 4  1 
= C1   + C4   1 1 3 9
4
50 runs then P(E1) = ´ ´ ´
 25  25  25  2 3 4 10
4 × 24 1 97 1 2 1 9 1 2 3 1

= + 4 = + × × × + × × ×
25 4
25 ( 25)4 2 3 4 10 2 3 4 10
This correct option is (D) 1 1 1 9 11 12 31 11 65
22. The exhaustive cases are 4! = 24 + × × × ++ ×´ ×´ ×´ =
2 3 4 10 22 33 44 10
10 240
1 1 1
The favourable cases are 4  − + 
Let E2 be the event that A and B scored more than 50 runs,
 2 ! 3! 4 !

1 1 3 9 27
then P(E1 ∩ E2) = ´ ´ ´ =
= 12 – 4 + 1 = 9 2 3 4 10 240
3
∴ the required probability = 9 = . ∴ Required probability = P(E2/E1)
24 8
P ( E1 Ç E2 ) 27
This correct option is (B)
= =
23. Let the orthocentre be (x, y) P ( E1 ) 65
∴ (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = (5 – 2)2 + (5 – 3)2 This correct option is (A)
⇒ x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y = 0 28. Exhaustive number of cases = n!
⇒ x2 – 4x + (y – 3)2 – 9 = 0 Assuming the set of numbers {1, 2, 3,..., k} as one the
favourable cases = (n – k + 1)!
⇒ x = 2 ± 13 − ( y − 3) 2
( n − k + 1)!
∴ y can take the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ∴ Probability =
n!
6 3 This correct option is (D)
∴ reqd. prob. = =
10 5 29. The total length of the interval in which a lies = 30 – (– 5) = 35
This correct option is (C) If the graph of y = x2 + 2(a + 4)x – 5a + 64 is entirely above
24. There are 64 small squares on a chess board. the x-axis, the discriminant of the above quadratic expres-
⇒ Total number of ways to choose two squares sion must be negative.
= 64C2 = 32.63 ∴ 4(a + 4)2 + 4(5a – 64) < 0
For favourable ways we must choose two consecutive small ⇒ a2 + 13a – 48 < 0 ⇒ (a + 16) (a – 3) < 0
squares for any row or any column ⇒ – 16 < a < 3
⇒ Number of favourable ways = (7.8)2 But a ∈ [– 5, 30] ∴ – 5 < a < 3 for the event to happen. The
7.8.2 1 length of this interval = 3 – (– 5) = 8.
⇒ Required probability = =
32.63 18 8

Hence, the required probability = .

This correct option is (C) 35

This correct option is (C)
24.40 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
30. Total ways = 157 ∴ the number of favourable cases = 44
For favourable ways, we must have 7 coupons numbered Total number of all possible cases = 104
from 1 to 9 so that ‘9’ is selected at least once. Thus, total Hence, the required probability
number of favourable ways are, 97 – 87
44 24 16
7
9 -8 7
= = =
⇒ Required probability = 10 4 54 625
157

This correct option is (A)
This correct option is (D)
9!
31. If the procedure for drawing balls has to come to an end at 36. n(S) = and n(E) = 3!
the rth draw, all but one black ball must be drawn in the first 4 ! 3! 2 !
(r – 1) draws. 3!
n (E)
∴ The prob. of the reqd. event ∴ P(E) = = 9!
n (S )
( 3 C2 ) ( m Cr −3 ) 1 4 ! 3! 2 !

= m +3
.
Cr −1 m−r +4 3! 4 ! 3! 2 !

=
9!
m! ( r − 1)! ( m − r + 4)
=3
.
( r − 3)! ( m − r + 3)! ( m + 3)! 6.6.2 1

= =
9 . 8 . 7 . 6 . 5 210
1
. This correct option is (B)
m−r +4
37. If P(r) is the probability that the number r is drawn in one
( r − 1) ( r − 2) draw, it is given that P(r) = kr, where k is a constant.
=3
.
( m + 3) ( m + 2) ( m + 1) Further P(1) + P(2) + ... + P(2n) = 1
This correct option is (D) ⇒ k(1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 2n) = 1 ⇒ k = 1
32. The total number of ways of chooosing 2 persons out of n is n( 2n + 1)
n
C2. Hence, the required probability
After selecting two persons when the remaining n – 2 per- = P(2) + P(4) + P(6) + ... + P(2n)
sons sit in a row (n – 1) places are created between them in 2 n( n + 1) n +1
which 2 persons can be arranged in n–1C2. 2! ways.
= 2k(1 + 2 + ... + n) = . =
n( 2n + 1) 2 2n + 1
So, required probability is
This correct option is (D)
n-1
C2 . 2 ! n - 2 2 38. n(S) = 100C3

= n = =1-
C2 n n Since the A.M. of three numbers is 25
This correct option is (A) ∴ Their sum = 75
33. Third six occurs on 8th trial. It means that in first 7 trials we ∴ n(E) = the no. of integral sol. of
must have exactly 2 sixes and 8th trial must result in a six. x1 + x2 + x3 = 75
∴ Required probability 7
where x1 ≥ 1, x2 ≥, x3 ≥ 1.
C2 . 55
= 7C2. (1/6)2 . (5/6)5 . (1/6) = = co-eff. of x75 in (x + x2 + x3 + ...)3
This correct option is (B) 67 = coeff. of x72 in (1 + x + x2 + ...)3
( x - 20) ( x - 40)  1 
3
34. = coeff. of x72 in 

x - 30 1 − x 
( x - 20) ( x - 30) ( x - 40)
= coeff. of x72 in (1 – x)–3 = 74C72 = 74C2

=
( x - 30) 2 74
C2
∴ P(E) =
< 0 for x = 1, 2,..., 9, 21, 22,..., 29, i.e. 18 natural numbers. 100
C3
18 9
This correct option is (C)
∴ Reqd. prob. = =
100 50 ( 2n)!
This correct option is (B) 39. Number of ways of forming two groups =
n! n!
35. If the product of the four numbers ends in one of the digits

Leaving two tallest boys, we can divide 2n – 2 boys into two
1, 3, 7, or 9, each number should have the last digit as one of
these 4 digits. ( 2n - 2)!
groups in . But the two tallest boys can be
( n - 1)! ( n - 1)!
 24.41
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
in any of the groups, each in different. So favourable number 45. P1 = x1x2x3 ... x6
of cases P2 = y1y2 ... y6
2( 2n - 2)! Any digit after decimal can be 0, 1, 2,..., 9 P2 can be sub-

= tracted from P1 without borrowing if xi ≥ yi
( n - 1)! ( n - 1)!
This correct option is (A) Let yi = λ (0 ≤ λ ≤ 9) ⇒ xi = λ, λ + 1,..., 9
40. Let xi be any element of set P, we have following possibilities; ⇒ After choosing yi, xi can be chosen in (10 – λ) ways.
(i) xi ∈ A, xi ∈ B; (ii) xi ∈ A, xi ∉ B; ⇒ Required probability
(iii) xi ∉ A, xi ∈ B; (iv) xi ∉ A, xi ∉ B  9 
 ∑ (10 − λ ) 
Clearly, the element xi∈ A ∩ B if and only if it belongs to    6
=   =  11 
λ=0

A and B both. Thus, out of these 4 ways only first way is  100   
favourable. Now the element that we want to be in the inter-    20 
section can be chosen in ‘n’ different ways. Hence required This correct option is (C)
probability is n. (3/4)n.
46. Let A be the event that a person has the disease and let Bi be
This correct option is (C) the event that ith test is + ve (i = 1, 2). Then
41. Exahaustive number of cases = 24C14 P(A) = 0.1, P(Bi/A) = 0.9
Favourable cases = 22C14
P ( Bi / A) = 1 – P (Bi/A) = 1 – 0.9 = 0.1
This correct option is (C)
Let B = B1 ∩ B2
 total number of selections of 
  ∴ P(B /A) = P(B1 /A) P(B2 /A) = 0.81
42. n(S) =  two diagonals which intersect 
  P ( B / A) = (0.1) (0.1)
 at an intterior point 
P ( A). P ( B / A)
∴ P(A / B) =
P ( A). P ( B / A) + P (A ). P ( B / A )
 the number of 
   (0 .1) (0 . 81)
⇒ n(S) =  selections of  = 6C4 = 15
=
   (0 .1) (0 . 81) + (0 . 9) (0 .1) (0 .1)
 four vertices 
0 . 081 81 9
15 5
= = = = 0.9
∴ The required probability = = 0 . 081 + . 009 90 10
36 12
This correct option is (B)
This correct option is (A)
47. A total of 9 can be obtained in the following mutually exclu-
43. Total number of ways to distribute the balls so that no box is sive ways:
empty are [(1, 1, 4), (2, 1, 3), (2, 2, 2)]
(I) 2 occurs in 3 throws out of 5 and
= 3! [(6C1 . 5C1 . 4C4)] + 3!
3 occurs in one out of the remaining 2 throws. The number
2! of such cases is 5C3.2C1
(6C2 . 4C1 . 3C3) + (6C2 . 4C2 . 2C2)] (II) 3 occurs three times out of 5 throws. The number of such
= 90 + 6 . 60 + 90 = 540 cases is 5C3.
90 1
∴ Required probability = = . So, required probability = P(I) + P(II)
540 6
This correct option is (B) 5
C3 . 2C1 5
C 5

= 5
+ 53 =
44. P(A) = (0. 1) (0. 1) (0. 1) = .001 6 6 1296
If k trials are made, then it is natural to assume that the This correct option is (D)
unsuccessful combinations are not repeated. 48. Person that must stand between A and B can be chosen in
Now P(B) = 1 – P ( B ) (n – 2) ways. Now number of ways in which x persons can be
made to stand so that there is exactly one person in between
999 998 1000 − k + 1 1000 − k A and B is equal to (n – 2).2.(n – 2)!
=1 −
. ... .
1000 999 1000 − k + 2 1000 − k + 1 Also, total number of ways in which persons can be made to
stand = n!
1000 - k k ∴ Required probability
=1-
=
1000 1000 2( n - 2).( n - 2)! 2( n - 2)

This correct option is (B)
= =
n! n( n - 1)

This correct option is (B)
24.42 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
49. n(S) = 50C5, n(E) = 19C2 × 30C2
11 5
30
⇒ a<r< a
C2 ´ 19C2 6 3
∴ P(E) = 50
C5 ∴ The given condition is satisfied if the mid-point of the
chord lies within the region between the concentric circles
11 5
of radius and .
6 3

Hence, the probability
The area of the circular annulus

=
This correct option is (B) Area of the given circle
50. Let A denote the event that the target is hit when x shells are
5 11  1
fired at point I. =  −
 =
Let E1, E2 denote the events hitting I and II restively.
 9 36  4
8 1 This correct option is (C)
∴ P(E1) = , P(E2) = 53. Let A1 denote the event that a coin having heads on both
9 9
sides is chosen, and A2 denote the event that a fair coin is
x 21−x
1 1 chosen.
Now P(A/E1) = 1 −   and P(A/E2) = 1 −  

 2   2  Let E denote the event that head occurs. Then
n n +1
8   1   1   1 21− x 
x
 + 1 −    P(A1) = ⇒ P(A2) = ,
Now P(A) = 1 −     2n + 1 2n + 1

9  2  9   2  

Probability of occurrence of event E, if unfair coin was
 x    21− x   E 
d P ( A) 8  1  log 2 + 1 −  1   selected is P   =1
∴ =  
9 2  9   2  log 2   A 
dx     1

Probability of occurrence of event E, if fair coin was selected
d P ( A)

For Max. prob. =0 E 1
 
dx is P   =
 A2  2
∴ x = 12 ( 23–x = 2x–21 ⇒ 3 – x = x – 21
∴
⇒ 2x = 24 ⇒ x = 12) P(E) = P(A1 ∩ E) + P(A2 ∩ E)
∴

P ( A) E E

Since d 2
< 0 for x = 12    
dx ∴ P(E) = P ( A1 ) P   + P ( A2 ) P  
 A1   A2 
∴ P(A) is max. when x = 12
n n +1 1 3n + 1
⇒ 31 = . ⇒ 31 =
This correct option is (D) .1 +
51. Generally any one birthday can fall in one of the 12 months. 42 2n + 1 2n + 1 2 42 2( 2n + 1)
For six different people, the total number of ways is 126. ⇒ 54n + 62 = 126n + 42 ⇒ 2n = 20
Coming to the favourable ways: first any two months can be ∴ n = 10
chosen in 12C2 ways.
This correct option is (A)
The six birthdays can fall in these 2 months in 26 ways. Of
n! 3 n! 8´3 4!
these the two cases when all the six birthdays fall in one 54. = ⇒ n = = 4
month are to be removed. 12 n n
32 n 8 ´ 32 4
∴ required probability =
C2 ( 26 - 2)
This correct option is (B)
126 55. Out of n people, 3 know the answer and (n – 3) do not know
5
= 12 C 2( 2 - 1)
the answer.
2
126 The first four persons will not know the answer if they are
This correct option is (D) chosen out of the (n – 3) people who do not know the answer.
n-3
52. If l is the length of the chord, r, the distance of the mid-point C4
of the chord from the centre of the circle and a radius of the Thus, the prob. of the reqd. event is n .
C4
given circle, then r = a cosθ, l = 2a sinθ.

This correct option is (B)
2 5 11 5
Given: 2a < 2a sinθ < 2a ⇒
a < a cosθ < a
3 6 6 3
 24.43
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
56. We define the following events: (head) and the rest are heads (tails) is mC1 = m. Then the
A1 : Selecting a pair of consecutive letters from the word number of favourable ways is m + m = 2m.
LONDON 2m m
∴ P(A) = m
= m-1
A2 : Selecting a pair of consecutive letters from the word 2 2
CLION This correct option is (C)
E : Selecting a pair of letters ON’ 61. The required probability = P ( A1 Ç A2 Ç ... Ç An )
2
Then P(A1 ∩ E) =
, as there are 5 pairs of consecutive let- ⇒ P(E) = P ( A1 ) P ( A2 ) ... P ( An )
5
ters out of which 2 are ON. 1 2 3 n 1
∴ P(E) = . . ... =
1 2 3 4 n +1 n +1
P(A2 ∩ E) = , as there are 6 pairs of consecutive letters of
6 This correct option is (B)
which one is ON. 62. The total no. of ways of ticking one or more alternatives out
 A1 
So, required probability = P 
 of 4 is
 E 
2
4
C1 + 4C2 + 4C3 + 4C4 = 15
 A1  P ( A ∩ E ) Out of these 15 combinations, only one is correct. The prob.
⇒ P   = 5
1
 E  P ( A ∩ E ) + P ( A ∩ E ) = 2 1 1
1 2
+ of ticking the alternatives correct at the first trial = , that
5 6 15
14 1 1
 A1  12 at the second trial is . = and that at the third trial =
∴ P   = 15 14 15
 E  17
14 13 1 1
This correct option is (B) . . = .
15 14 13 15
57. Total ways = 10C1 ´10C1 = 100

Then, the prob. that the candidate will get marks on the ques-

Favourable cases = 9C1 ´ 9C1 = 81 tion if he is allowed three trials is
1 1 1 3 1
81
= + + = =
∴ Required probability = 15 15 15 15 5
100
This correct option is (B) This correct option is (D)
63. The box contains 2n shoes. We can choose 2r shoes out of 2n
58. If a is the radius of the circle, the area of the inscribed square
shoes in 2nC2r ways. We can choose one complete pair out of
= 2a2 and
2a 2 2 n pairs in nC1 ways. Now we have to avoid a complete pair.
p1 = 2
= , p2 = 1 – p1 = π − 2 While choosing (2r – 2) shoes out of remaining (n – 1) pairs
pa p π
of shoes, we first choose (r – 1) pairs out of (n – 1) pairs. This
π < 4 and so π – 2 < 2 which gives p1 > p2.
can be done in n–1Cr–1 ways. From each of these (r – 1) pairs,
p12 - p22 = (p1 + p2) (p1 – p2) choose (r – 1) single (Unmatching) shoes from each pair. This
4−π 1 can be done in 2r–1 ways. Thus the no. of favourable ways is

= < as 3 < π < 4 (nC1) (n–1Cr–1)2r–1
π 3

This correct option is (B) Hence, the prob. of the reqd. event
n ( n-1 Cr -1 ). 2r -1
59. Let p = prob. of getting face value not less than 2 and not
= 2n
C2 r
4 2
more than 5 in a single throw of die = = . This correct option is (C)
6 3
n = no. of times dice is rolled. 64. Probability of at least one failure
31
x = no. of times we get a number not less than 2 and not more = 1 – p(no failure) ≥

than 5. 32
Then, X ~ B(n, p) 31
4
 2  16 ⇒ 1 – p5 ≥
∴ reqd. prob. = P(X = 4) = 4C4 p4 =   = 32
 3  81 1
This correct option is (A) ⇒ p5 ≤
32
60. Let A denote the event that there is an odd man out in a
game. The total number of possible cases = 2m ⇒ p ≤ 1
A person is odd man out if he is alone in getting a head or 2
a tail. The number of ways in which there is exactly one tail
24.44 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Also p ≥ 0
P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A ∩ C)
 1 + P(A ∩ B ∩ C) – P(A ∩ B) – P(B ∩ C)
Hence p ∈  0,

 2  ⇒ P(B ∩ C) = 1.2 – P(A ∪ B ∪ C)...(1)

This correct option is (D) 0.85 ≤ P(A ∪ B ∪ C) ≤ 1
∴

65. We have ∴ (1) ⇒ P(B ∩ C) ≤ 1.2 – 0.85

and P(B ∩ C) ≥ 1.2 – 1 ⇒ 0.2 ≤ P(B ∩ C) ≤ 0.35.
C⊂D
This correct option is (A)
⇒ C ∩ D =C
72. P(E/F) + P( E | F)
C  P (C Ç D ) P (C )
⇒ P   = = ³ P (C )
P (E ∩ F ) P ( E ∩ F ) P (E Ç F ) + P ( E Ç F )
 D  P( D) P( D)
= + =
as 0 < P(D) ≤ 1 P (F ) P (F ) P (F )
This correct option is (C) P {(E ∩ F ) ∪ ( E ∩ F )}

=
66. Let event (Given: {1, 2, 3, ..., 8}) P (F )
A : Maximum of three numbers is 6.
[ E ∩ F and E ∩ F are disjoint]
∴

B : Minimum of the numbers is 3
 B P ( B Ç A) 2 C1 2 1 P {(E ∪ E ) ∩ F} P ( S Ç F } P (F )
P   =
 A 
=5 = =
= = = = 1.
P ( A) C2 10 5 P (F ) P (F ) P (F )
This correct option is (B) This correct option is (A)
67. P(fair complexioned rich girl) 73. Given: probability that electronic component fails when first
= P(fair) P(rich) P(girl) used = 0.10, i.e., P(F) = 0.10
∴ P(F’) = 1 – P(F) = 0.90
20 10 25 5

= ´ ´ = and let P(Y) = probability of new component to last for one
80 80 80 512 year

This correct option is (C) Obviously, the two events are mutually exclusive and
P ( A Ç B) P ( A Ç B) 2 exhaustive.
68. = 1, = ∴ P(Y/F) = 0 and P(Y/F’) = 0.99
P ( B) 2 P ( A) 3
 Y  Y 
∴ P(Y) = P(F) ⋅ P  + P(F’) ⋅ P  
 F 
P ( A) 3

Hence = (But P(A) = 1/4)  F’ 
P ( B) 4
= 0.10 × 0 + 0.90 × 0.99 = 0 + (0.9) (0.99) = 0.891.
⇒ P(B) = 1 This correct option is (A)
2 74. Let S be the sample space and E be the required event.
This correct option is (B) Now, n(S) = total number of cases = 45 = 1024.
69. (c). A = {4, 5, 6}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4} and, n(E) = coefficient of x15 in (x0 + x + x10 + x11)5
Obviously P(A ∪ B) = 1 = coefficient of x15 in [(1 + x)5 (1 + x10)5]
70.. Let E1: a coin with two heads is selected = coefficient of x15 in
E2: a fair coin is selected (1 + 5x + 10x2 + 10x3 + 5x4 + x5)
A: the toss results in heads. × (1 + 5x10 + 10x20 + ...) = 5
1 n n(E) 5

Then, P(E1) = , P(E2) = , P(A/E1) = 1 ∴ Required probability, P(E) = = .
n +1 n +1 n (S ) 1024
This correct option is (B)
and, P(A/E2) = 1

2
75. For random variable X, n = 5, p = 1 and for random variable
∴ P(A) = P(E1)P(A/E1) + P(E2)P(A/E2) 2
Y, n = 7, p = 1
1 n 1
⇒ 7 = ⋅1 + ⋅ 2
12 n +1 n +1 2 Now, P(X + Y ≥ 1) = 1 – P(X + Y < 1) = 1 –­P(X + Y = 0)

⇒ 12 + 6n = 7n + 7 ⇒ n = 5. = 1 – P(X = 0, Y = 0)

This correct option is (A)
= 1 – P(X = 0) P(Y = 0)
71. P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∪ B)
[ X and Y are independent]
∴

= 0.6 + 0.4 – 0.8 = 0.2

 24.45
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
5 7 80. A person can alight at any one of n floors. Therefore, the
1  1 
= 1 – C0   · 7C0
5  
 2   2  number of ways in which m passengers can alight at n floors
n × n × n × ... × n
1
12
4095 is  = nm.
= 1 –   =
. m − times
 2  4096
The number of ways in which all passengers can alight at
This correct option is (A) different floors is nCm × m ! = n Pm.
76. Let one of the quantities be x. Thus, the other is n
Pm
2n – x. Then, product will be greatest when they are equal, i.e.,
Hence, required probability = .
each is n in which case the product is n2. By the given condition­ nm

This correct option is (B)
x (2n – x) ≥ 3 n2

4 81. We know 7k, k ∈ N, has 1, 3, 9, 7 at the unit’s place for k =
⇒ 8nx – 4x2 ≥ 3n2 ⇒ 4x2 – 8nx + 3n2 ≤ 0 4p, 4p – 1, 4p – 2, 4p – 3 respectively, where p = 1, 2, 3, ...
Clearly, 7m + 7n will be divisible by 5 if 7m has 3 or 7 in the
⇒ (2x – 3n) (2x ­– n) ≤ 0 ⇒ n £ x £ 3 n. unit’s place and 7n has 7 or 3 in the unit’s place or 7m has 1 or
2 2 9 in the unit’s place and 7n has 9 or 1 in the unit’s place.
∴ favourable number of cases = 3n - n = n. ∴ For any choice of m, n the digit in the unit’s place of 7m + 7n
2 2 is 2, 4, 6, 0 or 8. It is divisible by 5 only when this digit is 0.
= 1.
n 1
Hence, required probability = ∴ the required probability = .
2n 2 5
This correct option is (B)
This correct option is (A)
77. The number of numbers whose sum is 9 is
One-digit number = 1 82. It is a case of Bernoullian trials with number of trials n and
1
Two-digit numbers = 9 probability = (a success in one trial)
N
Three-digit numbers = 9 + 8 + 7 + ... + 1 = 9 ´10 = 45

∴ P(r successes) = nCr qn – 1 pr = nCr (1 – p)n – r pr
2
55 11  1
n− r
 1 
r
∴ Required probability = = .
= n Cr 1 − 
 
1000 200  N   N 

This correct option is (B)
r n− r
 1   N − 1
= nCr   
 .
78. The probability that a man does not die in a year = 1 – p  N   N 
∴ Probability that none of the n men die in a year = (1 – p)n

This correct option is (A)
∴ The probability that at least one man dies in a year = 1 –
(1 – p)n 83. Let A(B) denote the event that minimum (maximum) num-
Since every man can die first, the chance that A1, will die first ber on the chosen tickets is 3 (7).
1 We have,
is . Hence, the probability that A1, will die within a year
n P(A) = P (choosing 3 and two other numbers from 4 to 10)
1
and he will be first to die = [1 – (1 – p)n]. 7
C2 7×6×3 7
This correct option is (A) n

= 10 =
C3 10 × 9 × 8
=
40
P[B ∩ (A ∩ B ′)]
P(B) = P(choosing 7 and choosing two other numbers from
79. P(B | A ∪ B’) = 1 to 6)
P (A ∪ B ′) 6
C2 6 ´5´3 1
P[(B ∩ A) ∪ (B ∩ B ′)]
= = =

=
10
C3 10 ´ 9 ´ 7 8
P (A) + P (B ′) − P (A ∩ B ′)
P(A ∩ B) =
P(choosing 3 and 7 and one other number
But P[(B ∩ A) ∪ (B ∩ B’)
= P(B ∩ A) from 4 to 6)
= P(A) – P(A ∩ B’) = 0.2
3 3´ 3´ 2 1
and, P(A) + P(B’  ) – P(A ∩ B’) = 0.7 + 0.6 – 0.5 = 0.8

= = =
10
C3 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 40
0.2 1 ∴ P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) = 11/40.
∴ P(B | A ∪ B’) = = .
0.8 4 This correct option is (C)

This correct option is (C)
24.46 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
84. The exhaustive cases are 4! = 24 89. P(A) = (0. 1) (0. 1) (0. 1) = .001
1 1 1 If k trials are made, then it is natural to assume that the
The favourable cases are 4!  − + 

 2 ! 3! 4 ! unsuccessful combinations are not repeated.
= 12 – 4 + 1 = 9 Now, P(B) = 1 – P ( B )
3
∴ the required probability = 9 = . 999 998 1000 − k + 1 1000 − k
24 8 = 1−
. ... .

This correct option is (B) 1000 999 1000 − k + 2 1000 − k + 1
1000 - k k
85. Let the orthocentre be (x, y) = 1-
= .
1000 1000
∴ (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = (5 – 2)2 + (5 – 3)2

This correct option is (B)
⇒ x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y = 0
⇒ x2 – 4x + (y – 3)2 – 9 = 0 90. P1 = x1x2x3 ... x6
P2 = y1y2 ... y6
⇒ x = 2 ± 13 − ( y − 3) 2
Any digit after decimal can be 0, 1, 2,..., 9. P2 can be sub-
∴ y can take the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 tracted from P1 without borrowing if xi ≥ yi
Let yi = λ (0 ≤ λ ≤ 9) ⇒ xi = λ, λ + 1,..., 9
6 3
∴ Required probability = = . ⇒ After choosing yi, xi can be chosen in (10 – λ) ways.
10 5
⇒ Required probability

This correct option is (C) 6
 9 
86. The total length of the interval in which a lies = 30 – (– 5) =  ∑ (10 − λ ) 
 λ = 0   
6

35
=  =  11 
 100   20 
If the graph of y = x2 + 2(a + 4)x – 5a + 64 is entirely above  
the x-axis, the discriminant of the above quadratic expres-

This correct option is (C)
sion must be negative.
∴ 4(a + 4)2 + 4(5a – 64) < 0 91. Let A be the event that a person has the disease and let Bi be
⇒ a2 + 13a – 48 < 0 ⇒ (a + 16) (a – 3) < 0 the event that ith test is positive (i = 1, 2). Then,
⇒ – 16 < a < 3 P(A) = 0.1, P(Bi/A) = 0.9
But a ∈ [– 5, 30] ∴ – 5 < a < 3 for the event to happen. The P ( Bi / A) = 1 – P (Bi/A) = 1 – 0.9 = 0.1
length of this interval = 3 – (– 5) = 8. Let B = B1 ∩ B2
8 ∴ P(Bi /A) = P(B1 /A) P(B2 /A) = 0.81

Hence, the required probability = .
35
P ( B / A) = (0.1) (0.1)

This correct option is (C)
P ( A). P ( B / A)
87. Total ways = 157 ∴ P(A / B) =
P ( A). P ( B / A) + P (A ). P ( B / A )
For favourable ways, we must have 7 coupons numbered
from 1 to 9 so that ‘9’ is selected at least once. Thus, total (0 .1) (0 . 81)

=
number of favourable ways are, 97 – 87 (0 .1) (0 . 81) + (0 . 9) (0 .1) (0 .1)
9 7 - 87 0 . 081
⇒ Required probability = . 81 9
157
= = = = 0.9
0 . 081 + . 009 90 10
This correct option is (D)

This correct option is (B)
88. Let xi be any element of set P, we have following possibilities:
(i) xi ∈ A, xi ∈ B; (ii) xi ∈ A, xi ∉ B; 92. Generally, any one birthday can fall in one of the
12 months.
(iii) xi ∉ A, xi ∈ B; (iv) xi ∉ A, xi ∉ B
For six different people, the total number of ways is 126.
Clearly, the element xi∈ A ∩ B if and only if it belongs to
Coming to the favourable ways: first any two months can be
A and B both. Thus, out of these 4 ways only first way is
chosen in 12C2 ways.
favourable. Now, the element that we want to be in the inter-
section can be chosen in ‘n’ different ways. Hence, required The six birthdays can fall in these 2 months in 26 ways of
n these the two cases when all the six birthdays fall in one
 3
probability is n.   . month are to be removed.
 4  12
C2 ( 26 - 2)

This correct option is (C) ∴ required probability =
126

This correct option is (C)
 24.47
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
93. If l is the length of the chord, r, the distance of the mid-point 1 1 1 3 1
of the chord from the centre of the circle and a radius of the
= + + = =
given circle, then r = a cosθ, l = 2a sinθ. 15 15 15 15 5
2 2 5 5
This correct option is (D)

Given: 2a < 2a sinθ < 2a ⇒ a < a cosθ < a
3 3 6 3 96. The box contains 2n shoes. We can choose 2r shoes out of 2n
shoes in 2nC2r ways. We can choose one complete pair out of n
11 5 pairs in nC1 ways. Now, we have to avoid a complete pair. While
⇒ a<r< a.
6 3 choosing (2r – 2) shoes out of remaining (n – 1) pairs of shoes,
∴ The given condition is satisfied if the mid-point of the we first choose (r – 1) pairs out of (n – 1) pairs. This can be
chord lies within the region between the concentric circles done in n–1Cr–1 ways. From each of these (r – 1) pairs, choose
(r – 1) single (unmatching) shoes from each pair. This can be
11 5 done in 2r–1 ways. Thus, the number of favourable ways is
of radius and .
6 3 (nC1) (n–1Cr–1)2r–1

Hence, the probability Hence, the probability of the required event
The area of the circular annulus

= n ( n-1 Cr -1 ). 2r -1
Area of the given circle
= 2n
C2 r
5 11 
=  −
 = 1
This correct option is (C)
 9 36  4 97. There are four gaps in between the girls where the boys can

This correct option is (C) sit. Let the number of boys in these gaps be 2a + 1, 2b + 1,
94. We define the following events: 2c + 1, 2d + 1, then
A1 : Selecting a pair of consecutive letters from the word 2a + 1 + 2b + 1 + 2c + 1 + 2d + 1 = 10
LONDON or, a + b + c + d =3
A2 : Selecting a pair of consecutive letters from the word The number of solutions of above equation
CLIftON = coefficient of x3 in (1 – x)– 4 = 6C3 = 20
E : Selecting a pair of letters ON’ Thus, boys and girls can sit in 20 × 10 ! × 5 ! ways
2 Total ways = 15!
Then, P(A1 ∩ E) =
, as there are 5 pairs of consecutive 20 ´10 !´ 5!
5 Hence, the required probability = .
letters out of which 2 are ON. 15!
1
This correct option is (A)
P(A2 ∩ E) = , as there are 6 pairs of consecutive letters of
6 98. The total number of ways in which 4 tickets can be drawn 5
which one is ON.  A1  times = 45 = 1024.
So, required probability = P  
Favourable number of ways of getting a sum of 23
 E 
2 = coefficient of x23 in (x00 + x01 + x10 + x11)5
 A1  P ( A1 ∩ E ) = coefficient of x23 in [(1 + x) (1 + x10)]5

⇒ P   = 5
 E  P ( A ∩ E ) + P ( A ∩ E ) = 2 1 = coefficient of x23 in (1 + x)5 (1 + x10)5
1 2
+
 A1  12 5 6 = coefficient of x23 in
∴ P   = (1 + 5x + 10x2 + 10x3 + 5x4 + x5)
 E 
17 × (1 + 5x10 + 10x20 + 10x30 + ...) = 100

This correct option is (B)
100 25
95. The total number of ways of ticking one or more alternatives ∴ required probability = = .
1024 256
out of 4 is
This correct option is (A)
4
C1 + 4C2 + 4C3 + 4C4 = 15
99. n(S) = 100C3
Out of these 15 combinations, only one is correct. The prob-
ability of ticking the alternatives correct at the first trial = Since the A.M. of three numbers is 25
1 14 1 1 ∴ Their sum = 75
, that at the second trial is . = and that at the
15 15 14 15 ∴ n(E) = the number of integral solutions of
14 13 1 1 x1 + x2 + x3 = 75
third trial = . . = .
15 14 13 15 where x1 ≥ 1, x2 ≥ 1, x3 ≥ 1.

Then, the probability that the candidate will get marks on the = coefficient of x75 in (x + x2 + x3 + ...)3
question if he is allowed three trials is = coefficient of x72 in (1 + x + x2 + ...)3
24.48 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
3 Out of these 13 persons 4 can be selected in 13C4 ways.
 1 
= coefficient of x72 in 
 Regarding A and B and four elected pesons between them as
1 − x  one person, we have only (9 + 1) = 10 persons.

= coefficient of x72 in (1 – x)–3 These 10 persons can be arranged along a circle in 9! ways.

= 74C72 = 74C2 A and B can be aranged among themseleves in 2! ways and 4
74
person between A and B can be arranged among themseleves
C2 in 4! ways.
∴ P(E) = 100
C3 ∴ n (E) = total number of ways in which 15 persons (A and

This correct option is (C) B included) can sit at a round table so that exactly 4 persons
sit between A and B
100. Roots of x2 + px + q = 0, will be real if
= 13C4 9! 2! 4!
( p)2 – 4 × 1 × q ≥ 0 i.e., p2 ≥ 4q
Now, required probability,
Different ways for the selection of p and q are
n (E) 13
C4 × 9 ! 2 ! 4 ! 13! 9 ! 2 ! 4 ! 2 1
p q p q P (E) = = = = = .
n (S ) 14 ! 4 ! 9 ! 14 ! 14 7
1 — 6 1, 2, 3, ..., 8, 9

This correct option is (B)
2 1 7 1, 2, 3, ... , 8, 9, 10
103. Here, random experiment is; selecting n pairs of balls from
3 1, 2 8 1, 2, 3, ... , 8, 9, 10 a bag containig n white and n red balls.
4 1, 2, 3, 4 9 1, 2, 3, ... , 8, 9, 10 Let S = the sample space
5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 10 1, 2, 3, ... , 8, 9, 10. and E = the event that each of the n pairs of balls drawn con-
∴ Favourable ways in which p and q can be selected = 62. sists of one white and one red ball.
Total number of ways in which p and q can be selected Now, n (S) = (2nC2) (2n – 2C2) (2n – 4C4) ... (4C2)(2C2)
= 10 × 10 = 100 2n ! ( 2n - 2)! ( 2n - 4)! 4!
∴ Required probability
= · · ... ·1
( 2n - 2)! 2 ! ( 2n - 4)! 2 ! ( 2n - 6)! 2 ! 2 ! 2 !
62

= = 0.62.
100 = ( 2 n) !


This correct option is (A) 2n
and, n (E) = (nC1 · nC1) · (n – 1C1 · n – 1C1) ...
101. Given: P (A) + P (B) – 2P (A ∩ B) = 1 – a ...(1) (2C1 · 2C1) · (1C1 · 1C1)
P (B) + P (C) – 2P (B ∩ C) = 1 – 2a, ...(2) = n2 · (n – 1)2 ... 22 · 12 = (n !)2
P (C) + P (A) – 2P (C ∩ A) = 1 – a, ...(3) ∴ Required probability,
and, P (A ∩ B ∩ C) = a
2
...(4)
n ( E) ( n !) 2 � 2n  2 
n

∴ P (A ∪ B ∪ C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) P (E) = = =  2 n  .

n (S) ( 2 n) !  Cn 
– P (A ∩ B) – P (B ∩ C)

This correct option is (C)
– P (C ∩ A) + P (A ∩ Β ∩ C)
1 104. Bag contains a white and b black balls

= {P (A) + P (B) – 2P (A ∩ B) + P (B)
2 Let Ei = the event of drawing a white ball in the ith draw
+ P (C) – 2P (B ∩ C) + P (C)
Then E’i = the event of drawing a black ball in the ith draw.
+ P (A) – 2P (C ∩ A) + P (A ∩ B ∩ C)}
Let E = the event that A wins the game
Then, E’ = the event that B wins the game.
= 1 {1– a + 1 – 2a + 1 – a} + a2
Since after each draw the ball drawn is replaced
2

{from (1), (2) (3) and (4)} a b
∴ P (Ei) = and E’i =
a+b a+b
= 3 – 2a + a2 = (a – 1)2 + 1 > 1 .

2 2 2
Now, P (E) = P (E1) + P (E’1 E’2 E3)

This correct option is (C) + P (E’1 E’2 E’3E’4 E5) + ... to ∞

102. Let S be the sample space and E be the event the exactly 4
= P (E1) + P (E’1) P (E’2) · P (E3) + P (E’1) · P (E’2)
persons sit between A and B. · P (E’3) P (E’4) · P (E5) + ... to ∞.
Then, n (S) = total number of ways in which 15 persons can a b2 a b4 a
sit at a round table = 14!
= + • + • + ...
a + b ( a + b) ( a + b) ( a + b) a + b
2 4

Total number of persons includng A and B = 15.

to ∞.
Number of persons excluding A and B = 13
 24.49
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
 2 4  P (B \ A1) = probability of selection of one production and
 a  1 +  b  +  b  + ... to ∞ one maintenance foreman in a selection of two foremen from
=      
 a + b  
  a + b 
· the first plant
 a + b  
5
C1 ´ 3C1 5 ´ 3 ´ 2 ! 15
1
= = =
 a   a ( a + b)  8
C2 8´ 7
= 
 ·   b 2  =  2  = a+b 28

 a + b  1 −     
  a + b    a + 2ab  a + 2b
4
C1 ´ 5C1 4 ´5´ 2 ! 5
   
Similarly, P (B \ A2) = = =
9
C2 9´8 9
a+b b
Substituting in (1), we get
∴ P (E’) = 1 – =
a + 2b ( a + 2b ) 15 1 5 275
p = 1 × + × = .

According to question, P (E) = 3P (E’) 2 28 2 9 504
a+b 3b
This correct option is (A)
∴ = or a + b = 3b or a = 2b
a + 2b a + 2b 107. Let E1 be an event of knowing the correct answer, E2 be an
event of not knowing the correct answer, and A be an event

Hence, a : b = 2 : 1.
of getting correct answer with guessing.

This correct option is (A)
Now, in the usual notations
105. We have,
P (A/E1) = 1, P (A/E2) = 1 = 0.25

P (X + Y = 3) = P (X = 0, Y = 3) + P (X = 1, Y = 2) 4
+ P (X = 2, Y = 1) + P (X = 3, Y = 0) ∴ For an intelligent student
= P (X = 0) P (Y = 3) + P (X = 1) P (Y = 2) P (E1) = .90, P (E2) = 1 – .90 = .10
+ P (X = 2) P (Y = 1) + P (X = 3) P (Y = 0) ∴ Probability of getting correct answer when he was guess-
[ X and Y are independent]
∴ ing is
P ( E2 ) P ( A/E2 )
1
5
1
7
1
5
 
1
7 P (E2/A) =
= 5C0   · 7C3   + 5C1  
C2  
7 P ( E1 ) P ( A/E1 ) + P ( E2 ) P ( A/E2 )
 2   2   2   2 
0.10 × 0.25 0.025 1
7 5 7
= = = .
5  1  5  1  7  1  0.90 ×1 + 0.10 × 0.25 0.925 37
+ 5C2  1     C   .

  C1  2  + C3
7
 2  0  
 2
 2
This correct option is (A)
12
1

=   [(1) (35) + (5) (21) + (10) (7) + (10) (1)]
108. We have, P (X = r | X + Y = r + s)

 2
P [( X = r ) ∩ ( X + Y = r + s)]

=
55 P ( X + Y = r + s)
= 220 =
.
2 12
1024 P [( X = r ) ∩ (Y = s)] P ( X = r ) P (Y = s)

= =

This correct option is (A) P ( X + Y = r + s) P ( X + Y = r + s)
106. Let us define the following events: r+s
A1: Plant I is selected and, P (X + Y = r + s) = ∑ P [( X = k ) ∩ (Y = r + s − k )]

k =0
A2: Plant II is selected r+s
n− k
B: In a selection of 2 persons, one is production and the other
= ∑ ( Ck p q n k
) ( m Cr + s − k p r + s − k q m − r − s + k )
k =0
is maintenance foreman.
r+s
The required event of selecting one production and one = pr + s qm + n – r – s ∑ ( n Ck ) ( m Cr + s − k ) .

maintenance foreman in a selection of two persons can mate- k =0

rialize in the following mutually exclusive ways

Now, the last sum is the expression for the number of ways
(i) A1 ∩ B happens,  (ii) A2 ∩ B happens of choosing r + s persons out of n men and m women, which
Hence, by additions rule of probabiity, the required probabil- is m + nCr + s. Therefore,
ity p is given by
P (X + Y = r + s) = m + nCr + s pr + sqm + n – r –s
P = P (i) + P (ii) = P ( A1 ∩ B) + P ( A2 ∩ B)
so that P (X = r | X + Y = r + s)
= P (A1) P (B \ A1) + P (A2) P (B \ A2)...(1) ( m Cr p r q n − r ) ( n Cs p s q m − s ) ( m Cr ) ( n Cs )
Since there are two plants, the selection of each being equally
= m+n = m+n .
Cr + s p r + s q m + n − r − s Cr + s
likely, we have
P (A1) = P (A2) = 1 .
This correct option is (A)
2
24.50 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
109. The number of ways of choosing three numbers out of N is 112. Let A1 be the event that black card is lost, A2 be the event that
N
C3. If these are a1, a2 and a3, they must satisfy exactly one red card is lost and let A denote occurrence of first 13 cards
of the following inequalities for a successful outcome: which are examined are found to be all red.
a1 < a2 < a3, a1 < a3 < a2, a2 < a1 < a3, Then, we have to find P (A1/A).
a2 < a3 < a1, a3 < a1 < a2, a3 < a2 < a1. P (A1) = P (A2) = 1/2
Thus, the number of ways of arranging the three numbers in Also, P (A/A1) = 26C13/51C13
a given order is (NC3) (6), and there are 3 ways in which the and, P (A/A2) = 25C13/51C13
first number is less than the second. Now, if A denotes the Then, by Baye’s Rule,
event: the first number is less than the second number and P ( A1 ) ⋅ P ( A / A1 )
B the event: the third number lies between the first and the P (A1/A) =
second, we need to find P (B/A). Since P ( A1 ) ⋅ P ( A / A1 ) + P ( A2 ) ⋅ P ( A / A2 )
N N
C3 1 C3 (3) 1 26 C13 26
C13
P (B ∩ A) = N = and P (A) = N = 1, ⋅
C3 ( 6 ) 6 C 3 ( 6 ) 2 2 51 C13 26
C13 + 25C13

= =
P ( B Ç A) 1 / 6 1 1 26 C13 1 25 C13

we get, P (B/A) = = = . ⋅ + ⋅ 51
P ( A) 1/ 2 3 2 51 C13 2 C13

This correct option is (B) 2 2

= = .
110. In any number the last digit can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 2 +1 3
We want that the last digit in the product is an odd digit other
This correct option is (A)
than 5, i.e., it is any one of the digits 1, 3, 7, 9. This means
113. Let n = total number of ways = (10) ! – (9)!
that the product is not divisible 2 or 5. The probability that a To find the favourable number of ways. We observe that a
6 number is divisible by 4 if the last two-digit number is divis-
number is divisible by 2 or 5 is
10 ible by 4. Hence, the last two digits can be 20, 40, 60, 80,
[ in that case the last digit can be one of 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8]
∴ 12, 32, 52, 72, 92, 04, 24, 64, 84, 16, 36, 56, 76, 96, 08, 28,
48, 68. Corresponding to each of 20, 40, 60, 80, 04, 08, the
∴ The probability that the number is not divisible by 2 or 5
remaining 8 places can be filled up in (8) ! ways so that the
6 4 2
=1– = = number of ways in this case = 6 × 8 !
10 10 5
And corresponding to remaining 16 possibilities, the num-

In order that the product is not divisible by 2 or 5, none of
ber of ways
the constituent numbers should be divisible by 2 or 5 and its
4 = 16 (8 ! – 7 !)
 2 16
probability =   = . Hence, m = favourable number of ways
 5  625 = 6 × 8 ! + 16 (8 ! – 7 !) = 22 × 8 ! – 16 × 7 !

This correct option is (C)
∴ The required probability
111. There are 10 digits 0, 1, 2, ... 9 any of which can occur in any
m 22 × 8! − 16 × 7 !
number at the last place, i.e. at the unit place.
= =
n 10 ! − 9 !
It is obvious that if the last digit in any of the four numbers
is 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 then the product of any of such four num- 22 × 8 − 16 160 20
bers will not give a number having its last digit as 1, 3, 7, 9.
= = = .
10 × 9 × 8 − 9 × 8 648 81
Hence, it is necessary that the last digit in each of the four
numbers must be any of the four digits 1, 3, 7, 9.
This correct option is (B)
Thus, for each of the four numbers, the numbers of ways for 114. Let A denote the event that ax2 + bx + c = 0 has non- real
the last digit = 10 and favourable number of ways for the last complex roots. Then, A is the event that ax2 + bx + c = 0
digit = 4. has real roots. We have,
∴ the probability that the last digit is any of the four num- P ( A ) = 1 – P (A)
bers 1, 3, 7, 9 is = 4/10 = 2/5 ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real roots if and only if b2 – 4ac ≥ 0 or
Hence, the required probability that the last digit in each of b2 ≥ 4ac. Total number of cases = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216.
the four numbers is 1, 3, 7, 9 so that the last digit in their We now proceed to find favourable cases. Since maximum
16 value of b is 6, b2 ≤ 36. Therefore, 4ac ≤ 36 or ac ≤ 9
product is 1, 3, 7, 9 = (2/5)4 = .
625

This correct option is (C)
 24.51
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
ac 4ac (a, c) b No. of cases 117. The total number of coins in the box is N + 7. The total value
of the selected coins will be greater than or equal to one
1 4 (1,1) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5 rupee and fifty paise if the selected coins are
2 8 (1, 2), (2, 1) 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 – 1 fifty paise coin, 4 twenty-five paise coins
3 12 (1, 3), (3, 1) 4, 5, 6 6 – 2 fifty paise coins, 3 twenty-five paise coins
4 16 (1, 4), (2, 2) 4, 5, 6 9 –2 fifty paise coins, 2 twenty-five paise coins, and 1 coin out
(4, 1) of the N five paise and ten paise coins.
If E = total value of the 5 selected coins is greater than or
5 20 (1, 5), (5, 1) 5, 6 4
equal to one rupee and fifty paise, then
6 24 (1, 6), (2, 3), 5, 6 8
n (E) = 2C1 · 5C4 · NC0 + 2C2 · 5C3 · NC0 + 2C2 · 5C2 · NC1
(3, 2), (6, 1) = 10 (N + 2)
7 28 — — 0 Hence, required probability
8 32 (4, 2), (2, 4) 6 2 n( E ) 10( N + 2)

= 1 – P (E) = 1 – =1–
9 36 (3, 3) 6 1 n( S ) N + 7C5

Thus, total number of cases
This correct option is (B)

5 + 8 + 6 + 9 + 4 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 43
118. Let us assume that A wins after n deuces, n = 0, 1, 2, 3,....
43

Thus, P ( A ) = The game is a deuce if A wins his serve, then B wins his
216 serve or A loses his serve, then B also loses his serve.
43 173 2 2 1 1 5

Hence, P (A) = 1 – = . ∴ Probability of a deuce = . + . =
216 216 3 3 3 3 9

This correct option is (A)
So, probability that A wins the game after n deuces
n
115. Let A = { a1, a2, a3,....an}. For any ai ∈ A, 1 ≤ i ≤ n, there are  
=  5  . 2 . 1 [After nth deuce, A serves and wins, then B

four possibilities 
 9  3 3
(1) ai ∈ P and ai ∈ Q (2) ai ∈ P and ai ∉ Q serves and loses]
(3) ai ∉ P and ai ∈ Q (4) ai ∉ P and ai ∉ Q ∴ Required probability of A winning the game
∴ Total number of cases = 4 × 4 ×.....× 4 (n times) = 4n n 1 2 1
∞ 5 2 1
Further, out of above four possibilities, first three satisfy ai ∈ = ∑   . . =

. =
3 3 1− 9 2
  5
P∪Q n = 09
9
So, the number of cases, when exactly r elements of A belong

This correct option is (C)
to P ∪ Q = n Cr (3)r n
Cr (3) r 119. The total number of ways in which papers of 4 students can
Required probability =
4n be checked by seven teachers is 74.

This correct option is (A) The number of ways of choosing two teachers out of 7 is 7C2.
116. Let S be the sample space. Then, The number of ways in which they can check four papers is
S = { 1, 2, 3, 4} × { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 24. But this includes two ways in which all the papers will be
checked by a single teacher.
∴ n (S) = 24
∴ the number of ways in which 4 papers can be checked by
If F be the event that the sum of numbers on dice is 6, then n
exactly two teachers is 24 –2 = 14.
(F) = coefficient of x6 in
∴ the number of favourable ways = (7C2) (14) = (21) (14)
(x1 + x2 + x3 + x4) × (x1 + x2 + x3 + x4+ x5 + x6 )
=1+1+1+1=4 ( 21)(14) 3 × 2 6
∴ required probability = = =
n( F ) 1 49
= 4 =
4
∴ Required probability = 7 49
n( S ) 24 6
This correct option is (C)

This correct option is (C)

More than One Option Correct Type

120. P(A ∪ B ) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ) P(B) ⇒ P(B ∩ A’) = P(B) P(A’) ≠ P(B) – P(A)
⇒ P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A) P(B) and, P(A’ ∪ B’) = P(A ∩ B)’ = 1 – P(A ∩ B) = 1 – P(A) P(B)
⇒ P(A ∩ B) = P(A) P(B) ≠ 1 – P(A) + 1 – P(B) = P(A’) + P(B’).
∴ A and B are independent events. Also P[(A ∪ B)’] = P(A’ ∩ B’) = P(A’ ) P(B’)
24.52 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
3 3 11
Since A and B are independent P(A/B) = P(A).

1 ≥ P(A) + P(B) – ⇒ P(A) + P(B) ≤ 1 + = .

This correct option is (C, D) 8 8 8

This correct option is (A, C)
121. P(E1) = 2/4 = 1/2, P(E2) = 2/4 = 1/2.
Similarly, P(E3) = 1/2 124. The student will be successful in three cases.
P(E1 E2) = 1/4, P(E1 E3) = 1/4 Now, P(I, II, not III ) + P(I, III, not II) + P(I, II, III)
P(E2 E3) = 1/4, P(E1 E2 E3) = 1/4  1 1 1
= p ⋅ q ⋅1 −  + p (1 − q) + p ⋅ q

∴ P(E1 E2) = P(E1) · P(E2)  2  2 2
P(E2 E3) = P(E2) ⋅ P(E3)
= 1 pq + 1 p − 1 pq + 1 pq

P(E1 E3) = P(E1) · P(E3).
2 2 2 2
∴ E1, E2, E3 are pair-wise independent, so (a) is correct.
Also, P (E1 E2 ) = 1/4 = P (E1 ) × P (E2 )
= 1 p (1 + q) = 1 p (1 + q) (given) ⇒ p (1 + q) = 1

2 2
So E1 and E2 are independent, so (b) is also true.
This condition will be satisfied when p = 1, q = 0.
P (E2 E3 ) = 1/4 = P (E2 ) × P (E3 ) 125. P (exactly one of A and B occur)
= P {( A Ç B ) or ( A Ç B )} = P ( A ∩ B ) + P ( A ∩ B )

∴ E 2 and E 3 are independent, i.e., (c) is not correct.
Finally P(E1 E2 E3) = 1/4 ≠ P(E1) · P(E2) · P(E3). = P (A) – P (A ∩ B) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)

So, E1, E2, E3, are not mutually independent.
= P (A ∪ B) – P (A ∩ B)
This correct option is (A, B) = 1 − P ( A ∩ B) − 1 + P ( A ∪ B)

1
and P(A ∪ B ) = 3

= P ( A) + P ( B ) − 2 P ( A ∩ B ) .
122. We have, P(A) =
3 4
This correct option is (A, D)
∴ P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
1 126. Let A, B and C, respectively denote the events that the stu-
⇒ 3 = + P (B ) − P (A ∩ B ) dent passes in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry.
4 3
We are given
⇒ 5 = P(B ) – P(A ∩ B) P (A) = m, P (B) = p and P (C) = c.
12 and, 0.75 = P (A ∪ B ∪ C) = 1 – P (A’ ∩ B’ ∩ C’ )
⇒ P(B) = 5 + P(A ∩ B) ⇒ P(B) ≥ 5 ...(i) = 1 – P (A’) P (B’) P(C’)
12 12 0.75 = 1 – (1 – m) (1 – p) (1 – c)
Again, P(B) = 5 + P (A ∩ B )
⇒ (1 – m) (1 – p) (1 – c) = 0.25  ...(1)
12 Also, 0.50 = P (passing at least two subjects)
⇒ P(B) ≤ 5/12 + P(A) [ P(A ∩ B) ≤ P(A)]
∴
⇒ .50 = pm (1 – c) + pc (1 – m) + cm (1 – p) + pcm
5 1 3 and, 0.4 = P (exactly two subjects)
⇒ P(B) ≤ + = ...(ii)
2 3 4 0.4 = pm (1 – c) + pc (1 – m) + cm (1 – p)...(3)

From (i) and (ii), we obtain 5/12 ≤ P(B) ≤ 3/4 Thus, pcm = 0.1 = 1/10 ...(4)
Hence, x = 5/12 and y = 3 .
From (3), we get pm + pc + cm – 3pmc = 0.4
4 ⇒ pm + pc + cm = 0.7

This correct option is (A, D) From (1), we get
123. P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B ) – P(A ∩ B) 1 – (m + p + c) + (pm + pc + cm) – pmc = 0.25
⇒ 1 – (m + p + c) + 0.7 – 0.1 = 0.25
∴ 1 ≥ P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) ≥ 3
4 27
⇒ p + m + c = 1.35 = .
1 20

As the minimum value of P(A ∩ B) = ,
1 3 8
This correct option is (B, C)

we get, P(A ) + P(B) – ³
8 4 127. We have,
1 3 7 P (A ∪ B) ≥ max {P (A), P (b)} = 2/3
⇒ P(A ) + P(B) ≥ + =
8 4 8 Next, P (A ∩ B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A ∪ B) ≥ P (A)
3 + P (B) – 1 = 1/6

As the maximum value of P(A ∩ B) = , we get
8 and, P (A ∩ B)) ≤ min {P (A), P (B)} = 1/2
 24.53
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
1− P[( A′)′] − P[( B ′)′]
⇒ 1/6 ≤ P (A ∩ B) ≤ 1/2 ≥
P ( A′)
Also, P (A ∩ B’) = P (A) – P (A ∩ B) ≤ 1/2 – 1/6 = 1/3
Lastly, P (A’ ∩ B) = P (B) – P (A ∩ B) 1− P ( A) − P ( B )
=
Hence, 2/3 – 1/2 ≤ P (A’ ∩ B) ≤ 2/3 – 1/6 P ( A′)
⇒ 1/6 ≤ P (A’ ∩ B) ≤ 1/2. P ( A′) − P ( B) P( B)
This correct option is (A, B, C and D) = = 1−
P ( A′) P ( A′ )
128. When n = 1, then the two possible outcomes, viz., H and T
satisfy the condition that no two (or more) consecutive heads P[( A ∩ B)′ ∩ A]
(C) P (A′ ∪ B′ | A) =

occur. Thus, P1 = 1. P ( A)
When n = 2, the possible outcomes are HH, HT, TH and TT. P[S − ( A ∩ B) ∩ A]
Out of these, first outcome, viz., HH does not satisfy the con- =
P ( A)
dition that no two (or more) consecutive heads occur. Thus,
P2 = 1 – P (H H) = 1 – pp = 1 – p2. P ( S ∩ A − ( A ∩ B)]
=
For n ≥ 3, if the last outcome is T, then the probability that P ( A)
first (n – 1) tosses do not contain two consecutive (or more)
heads is Pn – 1 and if the last outcome is H, then (n – 1)th out- P[ A − A ∩ B ]
=
come must be T and the probability that first (n – 2) tosses do P ( A)
not contain two (or more) consecutive heads is Pn – 2. Hence,
P ( A) − P ( A ∩ B )
Pn = Pn – 1 P (nth toss results in a tail)
=
+ Pn – 2 [P( (n – 1)th toss results in tail and nth toss results in P ( A)
head] P ( A ∩ B)
= Pn – 1 (1 – p) + Pn – 2 (1 – p) P = 1−

P ( A)
= (1 – p) Pn– 1 + p (1 – p) Pn – 2.
This correct option is (A, B, and C)
This correct option is (A, B, C and D)
131. We have,
∞ pq a P(A) = 2/5 and P (B) = 4/5
129. We have, P (X ≥ a ) = ∑ pq = = qa
r

r=a 1− q (a) Since A, B ⊆ A ∪ B, therefore

P[( X ≥ a + b) ∩ ( X ≥ a)] P (A ∪ B) ≥ max {P (A), P (B)} = 4/5.

Next, P (X ≥ a + b | X ≥ a ) =
P ( X ≥ a) (b) Since A ∩ B ⊆ A, B, therefore
P(A ∩ B) ≤ min {P(A), P (B)} = 2/5
P ( X ≥ a + b) q a + b

= = a = q b = P ( X ≥ b) Also, P (A ∩ B) ≥ 1 – P (A′) – P (B′)
P ( X ≥ a) q
2 4 1
Similarly, P (X ≥ a + b| X ≥ b) = P (X ≥ a)

= P (A) + P (B) – 1 = + −1 =
5 5 5
P[( X = a + b) ∩ ( X ≥ a)]

Again, P (X = a + b | X ≥ a) = 2
P ( X ≥ a) ∴ 1/5 ≤ P (A ∩ B) ≤ .
5
P ( X = a + b) pq a + b
(c) From (b) above, we have

= = = pq b = P ( X = b)
P ( X ≥ a) qa 1 / 5 P ( A ∩ B) 2 / 5
≤ ≤

This correct option is (A, B, C and D) 4/5 P ( A) 4/5
130. We have, i.e., 1/4 ≤ P (A | B) ≤ 1/2.


(d) P (A ∩ B′) = P (A) – P (A ∩ B)
P ( A Ç B)

(A) P (B | A) = 2
P ( A)
= - P (A ∩ B)
5
1− P ( A′) − P ( B′)
≥ 2 1  1
P ( A) ≤ -  From (b), P (A ∩ B ) ≥ 
5 5  5 
P ( A) − P ( B′) P ( B′)
= = 1-
This correct option is (A, B, C and D)
P ( A) P ( A)
P ( A′ ∩ B ′ ) 132. P (at most one of A, B occurs)

(B) P (B′ | A′) =
P ( A′) = P(A′ ∩ B ) + P(A ∩ B ′) + P(A′ ∩ B ′)
24.54 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
= [P (B) – P (A ∩ B )] + [P (A) – P (A ∩ B )] Simplifying option (c), we have
+ 1– P (A ∪ B) P (A′) + P (B′) + P (A ∪ B )
= P (A ∪ B ) – P (A ∩ B ) + 1 – P (A ∪ B ) = 1– P(A ∩ B) = P(A′) + P (B′) –[1– P (A ∪ B )] + 1
Simplifying option (b), we have = P (A′) + P (B′) – P (A′ ∩ B′ ) + 1 =1 – P (A ∩ B ) +1.
P (A′) + P (B′) – P (A′ ∩ B′ ) This correct option is (A, B)
= [ 1 – P (A)] + [ 1 – P (B)] – [1 – P (A ∪ B )]
= 1– [ P (A) + P (B) – P (A ∪ B )] = 1 – P (A ∩ B ).

Passage Based Questions

133. The sample space S = {choosing six players as winners out

This correct option is (B)
of 12 players}.
136. In one throw with 3 dice
3
the chance of getting at least one six
Then, n (S) = 12C6. 5
= 1– P (no 6) = 1–   = p, say

If A = {S1 and S2 are among the six winners} then  6 
n (A) = ways of choosing S1, S2, and 4 others from 10 players

In one throw with 2 dice the chance of getting at least one six
= 10C4.
n( A) 10 C4 10.9.8.7 14 5
2
Hence, P (A) = = 12 = = . 
n( S ) C6 12.11.10.9 33 = 1–   = q, say.
6

This correct option is (C)
Now, A occurs if in the first ‘twin throw’. A throws 6 but B
134. Let B = {exactly one of S1 and S2 is among of the six does not or if A fails then B must also fail and A must get 6
winners}. in the second twin throw and so on. Thus,
Case I: (S1 and S2 are paired) P (A) = p (1–q) + (1–p) (1–q) p (1–q) + (1 – p) (1 – q)
Let E1 = {S1 and S2 are paired}. Since S1 can be paired with (1 – p)(1 – q)p(1 – q)+.....
= p (1 – q) [1 + t + t2 +.....], where t = (1 – p)(1 – q)
any of the remaining 11 players, therefore P (E1) = 1 .
p(1− q) p(1− q)
11
= =
In this case, it is certain that exactly one of S1 and S2 will 1− t 1− (1− p)(1− q)
winner, so that P (B | E1) =1.
  5 3   5 2
Case II: (S1 and S2 are not paired) 1−     
  6    6 
Let E2 = {S1 and S2 are not paired}, then P (E2) = 10 .   (63 - 53 )52
11
= =
In this case, we have 5
3
 5 
2
6 2 - 55
1−    
P (B | E2) = P (S1 ∩ S′2) + P(S′1∩ S2)  6   6 
= P (S1) P (S′2) + P (S′1) P(S2)

This correct option is (B)
= 1.1 + 1.1 = 1

2 2 2 2 2 137. On interchanging p and q in the above problem,
we get,
[Since all players are of equal strength, therefore, P(S1) = 1/2
and P(S′1) = 1/2] q(1− p) (62 - 52 )53
P (B) = =
∴ P (B) = P (E1) P (B | E1) + P (E2) P (B |E2) 1− (1− p)(1− q) 65 - 55
= 1 .1 + 10 . 1 = 6 .

This correct option is (A)

11 11 2 11 138. P (C) = pq + (1–p) (1–q) pq + (1–p)2 (1–q) 2pq +...

This correct option is (A) = pq (1 + (1–p) (1–q) + (1–p)2 (1–q)2 +.... )
135. P (exactly one of S1 and S2 is among the six winners) pq (63 - 53 )(62 - 52 )
= P (at least one of S1 and S2 is among the six winner)
= =
1- (1- p)(1- q) 65 - 55
– P (both S1 and S2 are among the six winners)

This correct option is (C)
⇒ P (at least one of S1 and S2 is among the six winners)
14 6 32

= + = .
33 11 33
 24.55
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
Match the Column Type

139.
There are 7 possible ways in which the month can start and
II. n = Total number of ways = 65 it will be a Friday on 13th day if the first day of the month is
To find the favourable number of ways, a total of 12 in 5 1
Sunday. Its probability = .
throws can be obtained in the following two ways only 7 1 1 1
(i) One blank and four 3’s.
Hence, the required probability = ´ = .
12 7 84
or, (ii) Three 2’s and two 3’s.
This correct option is (B)
The number of ways in case (i) = 5C1 = 5
( x - 20) ( x - 40)
and the number of ways in case (ii) = 5C2 = 10. II.
x - 30
∴ m = the favourable number of ways.
= 5 + 10 = 15. ( x - 20) ( x - 30) ( x - 40)
15 5
=

Hence, the required probability = 5 = . ( x - 30) 2
6 2592 < 0 for x = 1, 2,..., 9, 21, 22,..., 29, i.e., 18 natural numbers.

This correct option is (D)
18 9
III. Required probability ∴ Required probability = =
100 50
39
C1 39 C1 13 C1 9
This correct option is (D)

= ´ ´ = 3´3´1 = .
52
C1 52 C1 52 C1 4 4 4 64 III. If the product of the four numbers ends in one of the digits

This correct option is (A) 1, 3, 7, or 9, each number should have the last digit as one of
these 4 digits.
IV. Let W denote the event that A draws a white ball and T the
∴ the number of favourable cases = 44
event that A speaks truth. In the usual notations, we are given Total number of all possible cases = 104
Hence, the required probability
1 5 1 8
that P(W) = , P(T \W) = so that P (W ) = 1 – = 44 24 16
9 6 9 9
= = = .
10 4
5 4
625
5 1
and P(T \ W ) = 1- = .
This correct option is (A)
6 6

Using Baye’s theorem required probability is given by 9!
IV (c). n(S) = and n(E) = 3!
P (W Ç T ) 4 ! 3! 2 !

P(W\T) = 3!
P (T )
n (E) 9!
P (W ) ´ P (T\W ) ∴ P(E) = =

= n (S ) 4 ! 3! 2 !
P (W ) ´ P (T \W ) + P (W ) ´ P (T \W ) 3! 4 ! 3! 2 !

=
(1\9) ´ (5\6) 5 9!

= = .
(1\9) ´ (5\6) + (8\9) ´ (1 \ 6) 13
6.6.2 1

This correct option is (C)
= =
9.8.7.6.5 210
140. I (b). Any month out of 12 months, can be chosen with

This correct option is (C)
probability = 1 .
12

Assertion-Reason Type

141. Let A be the event that a really able candidate passes the test P (A) P (B /A)
and let B be the event that any candidate passes this test. P(A/B) =
Then, we have, P (A) P (B /A) + P (Ac ) P (B /Ac )
P(B/A) = 0.8, P(B/Ac ) = 0.25 0.32 32

= = = 68%.
P(A) = 0.4, P(Ac ) = 1 – 0.4 = 0.6 0.32 + 0.15 47
By Baye’s formula,
This correct option is (A)
24.56 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
142. We know that the number of subsets that can be formed of X, – throwing a head when the score is (n –1).
is 2″. – throwing a tail when the score is (n – 2).
∴ n (S) = 2n . 2n = 22n Hence, we have for n ≥ 3.
Now, the number of subsets of X which contain exactly r ele- Pn = Pn –1P(H) + Pn–2 P (T)
ments, is nCr. Thus, two subsets both containing r elements
can be chosen in = 1 (Pn –1 + Pn–2) ...(1)
n
Cr. nCr = (nCr)2 ways. 2
∴ If E = choosing two subsets both containing same num-
Now, from (1), we have
ber of elements, then
Pn + 1 Pn–1 = Pn –1 + 1 Pn –2
n(E) = (nC0)2 +(nC1)2 +.....+(nCn)2 2 2
1.2.3.4.......( 2n -1)( 2n)

= 2nCn = = Pn– 2 + 1 Pn –3

n! n! 2
[1.3.5.......( 2n -1)][2.4.6....( 2n)] = ........ = P2 + 1 P1


= 2
( n !) 2

This correct option is (A)
[1.3.5.......(2n -1)]2n [1.2.3....n] 145. (a). Let P (m, k) be the probability that A throws m heads

=
(n !) 2 and B throws k heads. Then,
m n + 1−m k n− k
1 1 1 1

=
2n [1.3.5.......( 2n -1)] P (m, k) = n + 1 Cm     . n Ck    
 2   2   2   2 
n!

Hence, the required probability is 1
2n + 1

= n + 1 Cm.nCk  

n( A) 1.3.5...( 2n −1)  2 
P (E) = =
n( S ) 2n ( n !)
n +1

This correct option is (A) Cm nCk

and, required probability = ∑ ∑
0 < k < m ≤ n +1 22 n + 1
143. Let E = {selected coin is fair}
n +1
and A = {head turns up}.
Now, ∑ ∑ Cm nCk
0<k <m≤n
Thus, P (A) = P (E) P (A/E) + P ( E ) P (A/ E )
 n  1  1 
=
n+2 1 n +1
=   +  1 = ( C0 + C1 +n + 1 C2 +n + 1 C3 + ... +n + 1 Cn + 1 )
n +1

 n + 1 2  n + 1 2( n + 1) 2
n
n ( C0 + nC1 + nC2 +n C3 + .... +n Cn )
P ( E ) P ( A /E ) 2( n + 1) n

Hence, P(E/A) = = = .
P ( A) n+2 n+2 = 1 .2n + 12n = 1 .2n + 1 .

2( n + 1) 2 2

This correct option is (A) Thus, the required probability = 1

2
144. A score of n can be reached in the following two mutually
This correct option is (A)
exclusive ways

Previous Year’s Questions

1 2 3 1
146. Probabilities of solving the problem by A, B and C are given = × × =
2 3 4 4
to be 1 , 1 and 1 respectively.

Hence, the probability that the problem is solved
2 3 4
1 3
\ Probability that the problem is not solved = 1− =
4 4
 1  1  1  147. The total number of ways in which numbers can be chosen =
= 1− 1− 1− 
 2  3  4  25 × 25 = 625
The number of ways in which cither players can choose same
numbers = 25
 24.57
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
25 1
npq = 2
\ Probability that they win a prize = =
625 25 ⇒ q= 1 , p= 1

Thus, the probability that they will not win a prize = 1–
1 2 2
25 ⇒n=8
24
= .
25
Hence, (A) is the correct answer.
148. \ A and B are two mutually exclusive events
154. E1 : denote the event that A speaks truth
∴ A ∩ B = φ ⇒ A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A
E2 : denote the event that B speaks truth

⇒ P ( A) ≤ P ( B ) and P ( B ) ≤ P ( A)

Now, the probability that both contradicts each other = P (E
Note : Two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive
4 1 1 3 7
events if A ∪ B = φ. 1 ∩ E 2) + P ( E 1 ∩ E 2) = ⋅ + ⋅ =
149. Required probability 5 4 5 4 20
155 Applying addition theorem,
= P ( A1 A2′ A3 ) + P ( A1′A2 A3 )
P(E ∪ F) = P(E) + P(F) − P(E ∩ F) = 0.62 + 0.50 − 0.35 = 0.77

= P ( A1 ) P ( A2′ ) P ( A3 ) + P ( A1′) P ( A2 ) P ( A3 ) ( A’ is the 156 Given that the mean n p = 4 and the variance n p q = 2
compliment of A)
⇒ q = 1/2 ⇒ p = 1/2, n = 8
3 3
1 1 1 1 1    
2 6
=   +   = + = .
1 1
⇒ p(x = 2) = 8C2     =
28
 2   2  8 8 4  2   2  256
150. Let q = 1 - p. Since, head appears first time in an even throw 157. For a particular house being selected
2 or 4 or 6.... 1

Probability =
\ 2 = qp + q3 p + q5 p + ... 3
5
Probability that all the persons apply for the same house =

The RHS is a geometric series
 1 1 1 
2 qp  × ×  3 = 1 .
⇒ =  3 3 3  9
5 1− q 2
1 1 1
158. Given P ( A ∪ B ) = , P ( A ∩ B) = and P ( A) =
2 (1− p) p 6 4 4
⇒ =
5 1− (1− p 2 ) ⇒P(A∪B) = 5/6 and P(A) = 3/4
2 1− p
Also P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)
⇒ =
5 2− p
⇒ P(B) = 5/6 - 3/4 + 1/4 = 1/3
⇒ 4 − 2 p = 5−5 p

P(A) P(B) = (3/4)( 1/3) = 1/4 = P(A∩B)
⇒ 3p =1

Hence A and B are independent but not equally likely.
1
⇒ p= 159. Sol: Using Poisson distribution
3
1
2 5
 5  1 e- m m r
151. Required probability = 7C2     ×
P (X = r) =
7  6   6  6 r!
C2 ×55 \ P (X ≤ 1) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1)
=
68 6
152. Select 2 out of 5 = e−5 + 5 × e−5 =

e5
2 4 1
= 160. Sol: Probability of getting score 9 in a single throw = =
5 36 9

Hence, (D) is the correct answer.
So, the probability of getting score 9 exactly twice =
153. The mean and variance respectively are given by np and npq. 2
1 8 8

So, np = 4 C2 ×  × =
3
 9  9 243
24.58 Chapter 24
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
161. Sol: The required probability
31

1 – P (no failure) ³
= 0.7 × 0.2 + (0.7) (0.8) (0.7) (0.2) + (0.7) (0.8) (0.7) (0.8)
32
(0.7) (0.2) + ….
31

= 0.14 [ 1 + (0.56) + (0.56)2 + … ]
1− P ( x = 5) ≥
32
 1  0.14 7 31

= 0.14  = = 1−5 C5 p5 ≥
1− 0.56  0.44 22 32
162. Given conditions imply 1
−P 5 ≥ −
P ( A ∩ B) 1 P ( A ∩ B) 2 32
= , = 1
P ( B) 2 P ( A) 3 P5 £
32
P ( A) 3

Hence, = . (But P(A) = 1/4) 1
P ( B) 4 P£
2
1  1
⇒ P(B) =

3 P ∈  0, 
 2 
163. A = {4, 5, 6}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}.

Obviously P (A ∪ B) = 1.
167. C ∩ D = C ⇒ P (C ∩ D ) = P (C )
 C  P (C ∩ D )
164. Let S = {00, 01, 02, …., 49 } ⇒ P   = ≥ P (C )
 D  P( D)

Let A be the event that sum of the digits on the selected 168. Sol. Let A be the event that maximum is 6.
ticket is 8 then
B be event that minimum is 3

A = {08, 17, 26, 35, 44 } 5
C2

Let B be the event that the product of the digits is zero P ( A) = 8 (the numbers < 6 are 5)
C3

B = {00, 01, 02, 03, …., 09, 10, 20, 30, 40 } 5
C2
A ∩ B = {8}
P ( B) = 8 (the numbers > 3 are 5)
C3

So the required probability = P(A/B) 2
C1
1 P ( A ∩ B) = 8
C3
P ( A ∩ B ) 50 1

= = =
Required probability is
P ( B) 14 14
 B  P ( A ∩ B) 2 C1 2 1
50 P

 = =5 = =

 A  P ( A) C2 10 5
165. n(S) = 9C3

n(E) = 3C1 × 4C1 × 2C1 169. P (giving correct answer) = 1/3

4 1 5
3× 4 × 2 24 ×3! 24 ×6 2    
\ 5 C  1   2  +5 C  1 
 
Probability = = = =
4
 3   3  5

9 × 8× 7 7  3 
9
C3 9!
166. n = 5
5× 2 1 11

Success = p
= 5
+ 5= 5.
(3) (3) 3

Failure = q
31 1
P (at least one failure) ³
32
170. (
p A∪ B = ) 6
 24.59
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL Probability
5 3 6 1
p ( A ∪ B) = , P ( A) =
P(E2) = =
6 4 6.6 6
5 3´3´ 2 1
p( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B) =
P(E3) = =
6 6.6 2
1
5 3 1 1 P(E1 ∩ E2) =
= P(E1) . P(E2)
P ( B) = − + = . 6.6
6 4 4 3
⇒ E1 & E2 are independent

p( A ∩ B) = P ( A) ⋅ P ( B ) P(E1 ∩ E3) =

1.3
= P(E1) . P(E3)
6.6
1 3 1
⇒ E1 & E2 are independent
= × .
4 4 3 1.3
P(E2 ∩ E3) =
= 1 = P(E2) . P(E3)
6.6 12
171. E1 → A shows up 4

⇒ E2 & E3 are independent
E2 → B shows up 2 P(E1 ∩ E2 ∩ E3) = 0 ie imposible event

E3 → Sum is odd (i.e. even + odd or odd + even)
6 1

P(E1) = =
6.6 6