NEMA Standards Publication

ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018

Test Methods for

Electrical Power
Insulators

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

 Approved as an American National Standard
ANSI Approval Date of Final Action: January 8, 2018

ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018

American National Standard for

Test Methods for Electrical Power Insulators

Published by

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

1300 North 17th Street, Suite 900
Rosslyn, VA 22209

www.nema.org

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All rights, including translation into other languages,
reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary
and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American copyright conventions.
 NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER

The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the consensus of persons
engaged in the development and approval of the document at the time it was developed. Consensus does
not necessarily mean that there is unanimous agreement among every person participating in the
development of this document.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards and guideline publications, of which the document
contained herein is one, are developed through a voluntary consensus standards development process.
This process brings together volunteers and/or seeks out the views of persons who have an interest in the
topic covered by this publication. While NEMA administers the process and establishes rules to promote
fairness in the development of consensus, it does not write the document and it does not independently
test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy or completeness of any information or the soundness of any
judgments contained in its standards and guideline publications.

NEMA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever,
whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the
publication, use of, application, or reliance on this document. NEMA disclaims and makes no guaranty or
warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and
disclaims and makes no warranty that the information in this document will fulfill any of your particular
purposes or needs. NEMA does not undertake to guarantee the performance of any individual
manufacturer or seller’s products or services by virtue of this standard or guide.

In publishing and making this document available, NEMA is not undertaking to render professional or other
services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is NEMA undertaking to perform any duty owed by
any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own
independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the
exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Information and other standards on the topic
covered by this publication may be available from other sources, which the user may wish to consult for
additional views or information not covered by this publication.

NEMA has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this
document. NEMA does not certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations for safety or health
purposes. Any certification or other statement of compliance with any health or safety–related information
in this document shall not be attributable to NEMA and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker
of the statement.

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

 ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page i

Foreword
(This foreword is not part of American National Standard C29.1-2016)

This standard comprises a manual of procedures to be followed in making tests to determine the
characteristics of insulators used on electric power systems. This standard is not an insulator specification,
but rather a test method to be used in conjunction with insulator specifications.

Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to National Electrical
Manufacturers Association, 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 900, Rosslyn, VA 22209.

This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by Accredited Standards Committee on
Insulators for Electric Power Lines, C29. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply
that all committee members voted for approval. At the time it approved this standard, the ASC C-29
Committee had the following members:

Arjan Jagtiani, Chairman

Gerard Winstanley, Secretary

Name Organization Interest Category

N. DeSantis Line Works Engineering General

T. Grisham GRISCUT, LTD. General
A. Jagtiani Sargent & Lundy LLC General
J. Kuffel EPRI General
T. Shaw EPRI General
J. Varner Georgia Power Company General (alt.)
A. Baker K-Line Insulators USA Inc. Producer
R. Bernstorf Hubbell Power Systems Producer
A. Schwalm Victor Insulators, Inc. Producer
G. Stewart NGK-Locke Insulators Producer
T. Van Remmen Lapp Insulators LLC Producer
K. Edmonds NGK-Locke Polymer Insulators Producer (alt.)
J. Marie George Seves Canada Inc. Producer (alt.)
E. Kress Lapp Insulators LLC Producer (alt.)
G. Leshkivich Victor Insulators, Inc. Producer (alt.)
P. Maloney Seves USA Producer (alt.)
E. Niedospial MacLean Power Systems Producer (alt.)
E. Cleckley ENTERGY CORPORATION User
B. Freimark AEP User
M. Garrels Xcel Energy User
R. Kluge American Transmission Co User
K. Reese Southern Company User
M. Gray Edison Electric Institute User (alt.)

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page ii

R. Hopkins PG&E User (alt.)

D. Mar Pacific Gas & Electric Company User (alt.)
T. Rao AEP User (alt.)
A. Shkuratkov PacifiCorp User (alt.)
R. Clark Western Area Power Administration User-Govt.
J. Nelson Tennessee Valley Authority User-Govt.
D. Liebhaber Bonneville Power Administration User-Govt.
R. Stargel Tennessee Valley Authority User-Govt. (alt.)
J. Havel Bonneville Power Administration User-Govt. (alt.)

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

 ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page iii

CONTENTS

Foreword .......................................................................................................................................... i

1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................ 1

2 Definitions ....................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 Insulators and Parts ........................................................................................................................ 1
2.2 Low-Frequency Voltages ................................................................................................................. 2
2.3 Impulse Voltages ............................................................................................................................. 2
2.4 Mechanical Strength ........................................................................................................................ 2
2.5 Miscellaneous .................................................................................................................................. 3

3 Test-Specimen Mounting for Electrical Tests ............................................................................. 3

3.1 Suspension Insulators ..................................................................................................................... 3
3.2 Line Insulators (Pin, Post) ............................................................................................................... 4
3.3 Apparatus Insulators (Cap and Pin, Post) ....................................................................................... 4
3.4 Strain Insulators .............................................................................................................................. 4
3.5 Spool Insulators ............................................................................................................................... 5

4 Electrical Tests ............................................................................................................................... 5

4.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 5
4.2 Low-Frequency Dry Flashover Voltage Tests ................................................................................. 5
4.3 Low-Frequency Wet Flashover Voltage Tests ................................................................................ 7
4.4 Low-Frequency Dry Withstand Voltage Tests ................................................................................. 7
4.5 Low-Frequency Wet Withstand Voltage Tests ................................................................................. 8
4.6 Low-Frequency Dew Withstand Voltage Tests ................................................................................ 8
4.7 Impulse Flashover Voltage Tests ..................................................................................................... 9
4.8 Impulse Withstand Voltage Tests ................................................................................................... 10
4.9 Radio-Influence Voltage Tests ....................................................................................................... 10
4.10 Visual Corona Test ......................................................................................................................... 11
4.11 Puncture Tests ............................................................................................................................. 11

5 Mechanical Tests.......................................................................................................................... 12
5.1 Ultimate Mechanical-Strength Tests ............................................................................................. 12
5.2 Combined Mechanical- and Electrical-Strength Test (Suspension Insulators) ............................. 14
5.3 Time-Load Withstand Strength Test .............................................................................................. 14
5.4 Porosity Test ................................................................................................................................. 14
5.5 Thermal Test ................................................................................................................................. 14
5.6 Pinhole-Gaging Test ...................................................................................................................... 15

6 Galvanizing Test ........................................................................................................................... 15

7 Routine Tests................................................................................................................................ 15
7.1 Electrical Tests ............................................................................................................................. 15
7.2 Mechanical Tests .......................................................................................................................... 15

8 Revision of American National Standards Referred to in This Document ............................ 16

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page iv

Table
1 Rate of Increase of Load ................................................................................................................ 12

Figures
1 Low-Frequency Humidity Correction Factors ................................................................................. 16
2 Impulse Humidity Correction Factors ............................................................................................. 17

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

 ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 1

1 Scope

This standard comprises a manual of test methods to be followed in making tests to determine the
characteristics of electrical power insulators, as defined herein. Individual tests shall be made only when
specified.

2 Definitions

Definitions as given herein apply specifically to the subject treated in this standard. For additional definitions
see American National Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms, ANSI/IEEE 100.

2.1 Insulators and Parts

2.1.1 Insulator. An insulator is a device intended to give flexible or rigid mechanical support to electric
conductors or equipment while electrically separating these conductors or equipment from ground or other
conductors or equipment. An insulator may be comprised of one or more insulating parts to which
connecting devices (metal fittings) are often permanently attached.

2.1.2 Shell. A shell is a single insulating member, having a skirt or skirts without cement or other
connecting devices, intended to form a part of an insulator or an insulator assembly.

2.1.3 Pin Insulator. A pin insulator is an insulator having means for rigid mounting on a separable pin.

2.1.4 Post Insulator. A post insulator is an insulator of generally columnar shape, having means for
direct and rigid mounting.

2.1.5 Cap and Pin Insulator. A cap and pin insulator is an assembly of one or more shells with metallic
cap and pin, having means for direct and rigid mounting.

2.1.6 Line Insulator (Pin, Post). A line insulator is an assembly of one or more shells, having means
for semirigidly supporting line conductors.

2.1.7 Apparatus Insulator (Cap and Pin, Post). An apparatus insulator is an assembly of one or more
apparatus-insulator Units, having means for rigidly supporting electric equipment.

2.1.7.1 Apparatus Insulator Unit. An apparatus insulator unit is an assembly of one or more shells with
attached metal parts, the function of which is to support rigidly a conductor, bus, or other conducting
elements on a structure or base member.

2.1.7.2 Stack. An apparatus insulator stack is a rigid assembly of two or more apparatus-insulator units.

2.1.8 Suspension Insulator. A suspension insulator is an insulator with attached metal parts having
means for nonrigidly supporting electric conductors.

2.1.8.1 Suspension Insulator Unit. A suspension insulator unit is an assembly of a shell and hardware,
having means for non-rigid coupling to other units or terminal hardware.

2.1.8.2 String. A suspension insulator string is an assembly of two or more suspension Insulators in
tandem.

2.1.9 Strain Insulator. A strain insulator is an insulator generally of elongated shape, with two
transverse holes or slots.

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 2

2.1.10 Spool Insulator. A spool insulator is an insulator of generally, cylindrical form having an axial
mounting hole and a circumferential groove or grooves for the attachment of a conductor.

2.1.11 Wire Holder. A wire holder is an insulator of generally cylindrical or pear shape, having a hole for
securing the conductor and a screw or bolt for mounting.

2.2 Low-Frequency Voltages

2.2.1 Low-Frequency. Low-frequency, as used in this standard, means any frequency between 15 and
100 hertz.

2.2.2 Low-Frequency Flashover Voltage. A low-frequency flashover voltage of an insulator is the root-
mean-square value of the low-frequency voltage that, under specified conditions, causes a sustained
disruptive discharge through the surrounding medium.

2.2.2.1 Dry flashover voltage tests are tests as described in 4.2.

2.2.2.2 Wet flashover voltage tests are tests as described in 4.3.

2.2.3 Low-Frequency Withstand Voltage. A low-frequency withstand voltage of an insulator is the

root-mean-square value of the low-frequency voltage that, under specified conditions, can be applied
without causing flashover or puncture.

2.2.3.1 Dry withstand voltage tests are described in 4.4.

2.2.3.2 Wet withstand voltage tests are described in 4.5.

2.2.3.3 Dew withstand voltage tests are described in 4.6.

2.2.4 Low-Frequency Puncture Voltage. A low-frequency puncture voltage of an insulator is the root-
mean-square value of the low-frequency voltage that, under specified conditions, causes disruptive
discharge through any part of the Insulator. Puncture tests are tests as described In 4.11.

2.3 Impulse Voltages

2.3.1 Impulse Wave. An impulse wave is a unidirectional surge generated by the release of electrical
energy into an impedance network.

2.3.2 Impulse Flashover Voltage. An Impulse flash over voltage of an insulator is the crest value of the
impulse wave that, under specified conditions, causes flashover through the surrounding medium.

2.3.3 Critical Impulse Flashover Voltage. The critical impulse flashover voltage of an insulator is the
crest value of the impulse wave that, under specified conditions, causes flashover through the surrounding
medium on 50% of the applications. Impulse flashover voltage tests are tests as described in 4.7.

2.3.4 Impulse Withstand Voltage. The impulse withstand voltage of an insulator is the crest value of
an applied impulse voltage that, under specified conditions, does not cause a flashover, puncture, or
disruptive discharge on the test specimen. Impulse withstand voltage tests are described in 4.8.

2.4 Mechanical Strength

2.4.1 Ultimate Mechanical Strength. The ultimate mechanical strength of an insulator is the load at

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

 ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 3

which any part of the insulator fails to perform its function of providing mechanical support without regard
to electrical failure. Ultimate mechanical-strength tests are tests as described in 5.1.

2.4.2 Combined Mechanical and Electrical Strength (Suspension Insulator). The combined
mechanical and electrical strength of a suspension insulator is the mechanical load at which the insulator
fails to perform its function either electrically or mechanically when voltage and mechanical stress are
applied simultaneously. A combined mechanical- and electrical-strength test is a test as described in 5.2.

2.4.3 Time-Load Withstand Strength. The time-load withstand strength of an insulator is the
mechanical load that, under specified conditions, can be continuously applied without mechanical or
electrical failure. A time-load withstand test is described in 5.3.

2.4.4 Mechanical-Impact Strength. The mechanical-impact strength of an insulator is the impact

which, under specified conditions, the insulator can withstand without damage. A mechanical-impact
strength test is a test as described in 5.1.2.2.

2.5 Miscellaneous

2.5.1 Test Specimen. A test specimen is an insulator which is representative of the product being
tested; it is a specimen that is undamaged in any way which would Influence the result of the test.

2.5.2 Leakage Distance, The leakage distance of an insulator is the sum of the shortest distances
measured along the insulating surfaces between the conductive parts, as arranged for dry flashover test.
(Surfaces coated with semiconducting glaze shall be considered as effective leakage surfaces, and
leakage distance over such surfaces shall be included in the leakage distance.)

2.5.3 Dry-Arcing Distance. The dry-arcing distance of an Insulator is the shortest distance through the
surrounding medium between terminal electrodes, or the sum of the distances between intermediate
electrodes, whichever is the shorter, with the insulator mounted for dry flashover test.

2.5.4 Radio-Influence Voltage. The radio-influence voltage of an insulator is the radio-frequency

voltage measured under specified conditions. Radio-influence voltage tests are tests as described in 4.9.

3 Test Specimen Mounting for Electrical Tests

3.1 Suspension Insulators

3.1.1 Mounting Arrangement. Unless otherwise specified, the test specimen (unit or string) shall be
suspended vertically at the end of a grounded conductor so that the vertical distance from the uppermost
point of the insulator hardware to the supporting structure shall be not less than 3 ft. (914 mm).

3.1.2 Energized Electrode. The energized or bottom electrode or conductor shall be a straight, smooth
rod or tube having an outside diameter not less than 3/4 inch (19 mm) nor more than 1-1/2 in. (38 mm). It
shall be coupled to the lower integral fitting of the test specimen so that the distance from the lowest edge
of the insulator shell to the upper surface of the electrode shall be between 0.5 and 0.7 of the diameter of
the lowest insulator. The conductor shall be horizontal and at right angles to the axis of the test specimen.
The conductor shall be of such length that flashover will not be initiated at the electrode ends.

3.1.3 Proximity of Other Objects. No objects, other than parts of the test assembly, shall be nearer
the test specimen or energized electrodes than 1½ times the test-specimen dry-arcing distance, with a
minimum allowable distance of 3 ft. (914 mm).

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 4

3.2 Line Insulators (Pin, Post)

3.2.1 Mounting Arrangement (Crossarm). Unless otherwise specified, the supporting crossarm shall
be a horizontal, straight, smooth, grounded, metallic tube or structural member having a horizontal width
not less than 3 in. (76 mm) nor more than 6 in. (152 mm). It shall be of such length that flashover will not
be initiated at its ends.

3.2.2 Mounting Pin (if required). When a separable pin is required, the test specimen shall be
mounted vertically on a 1-in. (25-mm) diameter metal pin of such length that the shortest dry-arcing
distance from the upper electrode and connected metallic parts to the supporting crossarm shall be 25%
greater than the similar distance to the pin. The pin shall be coaxial with the test specimen. Insulators
having integrally assembled means for mounting on a cross-arm shall be mounted vertically and directly
on the test cross-arm.

3.2.3 Energized Electrode. The energized or top electrode or conductor shall be a horizontal round rod
or tube placed at right angles to the supporting cross-arm and of a diameter not less than .5 in. (13 mm). It
shall be of such length that flashover will not be initiated at its ends. The conductor shall be placed in the
top conductor groove of the test specimen. When there is no top conductor groove, the conductor shall be
placed in the other means provided for the conductor support. If a tie wire is to be used, the conductor
shall be secured by means of at least two turns of wire not smaller than No. 8 AWG (American Wire
Gage); the ends being closely wrapped around the conductor on each side of the Insulator.

3.2.4 Proximity of Other Objects. No objects, other than parts of the test assembly, shall be nearer
the test specimen or energized electrodes than 1½ times the test-specimen dry-arcing distance, with a.
minimum allowable distance of 3 ft. (914 mm).

3.3 Apparatus Insulators (Cap and Pin, Post)

3.3.1 Mounting Arrangement. Unless otherwise specified, the test specimen shall be mounted
vertically upright on a horizontal, grounded 10-in. (254-mm) channel, with the channel flanges projecting
down. A subbase shall be used if the insulator characteristics are predicated on its use. The supporting
channel shall be of such length that flashover will not be initiated at its ends, and its top surface shall be
not less than 3 ft. (914 mm) above the ground.

3.3.2 Energized Electrode. The energized or top electrode or conductor shall be a horizontal round rod
or tube at right angles to the supporting channel and of a diameter approximately 5% of the test-specimen
dry-arcing distance within the limits of 4-1 /2 in. (114 mm) maximum and 1/2 inch (13 mm) minimum. The
length of the conductor shall be such that flashover will not be initiated at its ends. It shall be mounted
directly in contact with the top integral fitting of the test specimen, and with its horizontal axis in the same
vertical plane as the vertical axis of the test specimen.

3.3.3 Proximity of Other Objects. No objects, other than parts of the test assembly, shall be nearer
the test specimen or energized electrodes than 1-1/2 times the test-specimen dry-arcing distance, with a
minimum allowable distance of 3 ft. (914 mm).

3.4 Strain Insulators

3.4.1 Mounting Arrangement. Unless otherwise specified, the test specimen shall be mounted in a
position with its major axis at 45 degrees from the vertical (for wet flashover test, the major axis shall be at
right angles to the spray direction, and the axis of the upper conductor hole or slot shall be horizontal),
using flexible metal conductors of approximately 50% of the hole diameter. The conductors shall be
clamped with guy clamps, spaced from the test specimen at a distance not less than the test-specimen

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

 ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 5

length. Mechanical tension sufficient to avoid appreciable sag in the setup shall be applied to the test
specimen. The lower conductor shall be grounded.

3.4.2 Proximity of Other Objects. No objects, other than parts of the test assembly, shall be nearer
the test specimen or energized electrodes than 1½ times the dry-arcing distance of the test specimen, with
a minimum allowable distance of 1 ft. (305 mm).

3.5 Spool Insulators

3.5.1 Mounting Arrangement. The test specimen shall be mounted horizontally or vertically [as
specified in Fig. 1 through 5 of American National Standard for Wet-Process Porcelain Insulators (Spool
Type), ANSI C29.3], and in contact with two smooth metallic straps 1.5 in. (38 mm) wide and of any
suitable thickness. A rod of suitable diameter shall pass through the axial hole of the test specimen and
one end of each of the straps. The straps shall extend horizontally in one direction from the rod arid
remain parallel to each other for a distance from the test specimen of not less than the height of the test
specimen. The other ends of the straps shall be suitably connected to a grounded support.

3.5.2 Energized Electrode, the energized electrode shall consist of one turn of No. 8 AWG conductor
placed around the wire groove and served back on itself. This conductor shall be carried away from the
test specimen parallel to and in a direction opposite to the supporting straps.

3.5.3 Proximity of Other Objects. No objects, other than parts of the test assembly, shall be nearer to
the test specimen or energized electrodes than 1 ft. (305 mm).

4 Electrical Tests

4.1 General. Test specimens used for the tests in this section shall have clean insulating surfaces. In
the absence of a minimum electrical test value within the individual product standard, no individual test
value below 75% of the particular rating will be accepted during the performance of electrical tests.

Note: Insulators historically qualified to their design test requirements under previous editions of
NEMA/ANSI C29.1 do not need to be requalified in accordance with this Clause.

4.2 Low-Frequency Dry Flashover Voltage Tests

4.2.1 Mounting Arrangement. The test-specimen mounting for dry flashover voltage tests shall be in
accordance with Section 3.

4.2.2 Voltage Application. The initial applied voltage may be quickly raised to approximately 75% of
the expected average dry flashover voltage value. The continued rate of voltage increase shall be such
that the time to flashover will be not less than 5 seconds nor more than 30 seconds after 75% of the
flashover value is reached.

4.2.3 Dry Flashover Voltage Value. The dry flashover voltage value of a test specimen shall be the
arithmetical mean of not less than five individual flashovers taken consecutively. The period between
consecutive flashovers shall be not less than 15 seconds or more than 5 minutes. The dry flashover
voltage test value shall be corrected to standard conditions in accordance with 4.2.4.1.

Note: Probable variation: Due to Inaccuracies of correction methods, difficulties of precise

calibrations, and other uncontrollable conditions, a variation of ±5% from the probable true
average dry flashover voltage value may occur in tests conducted in one laboratory. Values
obtained by tests conducted in different laboratories may vary by ±8%.

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 6

4.2.4 Corrections

4.2.4.1 Standard Conditions. Dry flashover voltage test values shall be corrected in accordance with
subsection 13.2.2 Atmospheric correction using Method 2 of American National Standard Techniques for
High-Voltage Testing, ANSI/IEEE 4, except the following standard conditions shall apply:

Barometric pressure: 29.92 in. of mercury, (101.3 kPa)

Temperature: 77°F (25°C)

Absolute humidity: 9.34 × 10-4 lbs./ft.3 (15 g/m3)
Test values obtained (V) at ambient atmospheric conditions shall be corrected to values (Vs) at standard
conditions as follows:

Vs = (kh/kd)V

Humidity (kh) and relative air density (kd) corrections shall be calculated in accordance with 4.2.4.2 and
4.2.4.3.

4.2.4.2 Humidity. Atmospheric humidity under test conditions shall preferably be determined with a meter
directly measuring absolute humidity with an uncertainty not larger than 0.62 × 10-4 lbs./ft.3 (1 g/m3). Test
values shall be corrected to standard conditions in accordance with Fig. 1 and the use of the following
equation:

Ph = cAT

Where:
Ph = atmospheric vapor pressure (inches of mercury or kPa) at temperature T (R or K)
A = absolute humidity (lb/ft3 or g/m3)
c = constant depending on units used
For US customary units
T = t⁰F + 460 (R)
c = 1.2132
Ph = 1.213A(t+460) in. of mercury
For SI units
T = t⁰C + 273 (K)
c = 4.615 × 10-4
Ph = .0004615A(t + 273) kPa

Using the value of Ph and Fig. 1, the value of kh may be determined.

Alternatively Fig. 1 may be used with atmospheric vapor pressure determined by use of a hygrometer
such as a psychrometer in which ambient air is passed over two thermometers, one a dry-bulb and the
other a wet-bulb type thermometer, at a velocity of at least 9.84 ft./sec. (3 m/sec.).The measured
temperatures and barometric pressure are reduced to a difference in vapor pressure between the ambient
moist air and saturated water vapor at the ambient temperature by use of the Smithsonian Meteorological
Tables.1
1
R.J. List, “Smithsonian Meteorological Tables,” Publication 4014, Washington, D.C., published by the
Smithsonian Institution, Sixth Revised Edition (First Reprint) 1958.

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

 ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 7

4.2.4.3 Air Density. Test values shall be corrected to standard conditions by use of the following
equation:

For U.S. customary units:

Kd = 17.95 P/ (460 + t)

Where:
P = barometric pressure in inches of mercury
t = air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit

For SI units:

Kd = 2.94 P/ (273 + t)

Where:
P = barometric pressure in kPa
t = air temperature in degrees Celsius

4.3 Low-Frequency Wet Flashover Voltage Tests

4.3.1 Mounting Arrangement. The test specimen mounting for wet flashover voltage tests shall be in
accordance with Section 3.

4.3.2 Precipitation. The precipitation shall be applied in accordance with subsection 11.2 and Table 5
(Practice in USA) of ANSI/IEEE 4.

4.3.3 Preparation of Test Specimen. The preparation of the test specimen shall be in accordance with
subsection 11.2.1 of ANSI/IEEE 4.

4.3.4 Voltage Application. At not less than 1 minute after the final adjustment of the spray, the applied
voltage may be raised quickly to approximately 75% of the expected average wet flashover voltage value.
The continued rate of voltage increase shall be such that the time to flashover will be not less than 5
seconds or more than 30 seconds after 75% of the wet flashover voltage value is reached.

4.3.5 Wet Flashover Voltage Value. The wet flash-over voltage value of a test specimen shall be the
arithmetical mean of not less than five individual flashovers taken consecutively. The period between
consecutive flashovers shall be not less than 15 seconds nor more than 5 minutes.

Probable variation: Due to variations in water spray, inaccuracies of correction methods,

difficulties of precise calibrations, and other uncontrollable conditions, a variation of ±8% from
the probable true average wet flashover voltage value may be expected in tests conducted in one
laboratory. Values obtained by tests conducted in different laboratories may vary by ±12%.

4.3.6 Corrections. Corrections shall be made in accordance with 4.2.4, except that no correction for
humidity shall be made.

4.4 Low-Frequency Dry Withstand Voltage Tests

4.4.1 Mounting Arrangement. The test-specimen mounting for dry withstand voltage tests shall be in
accordance with Section 3.

4.4.2 Voltage Application. 75% of the rated dry withstand voltage may be applied in one step and
gradually raised to the required value in not less than 5 nor more than 30 seconds.

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 8

4.4.3 Test Voltage and Time. The test voltage, which is the rated dry withstand voltage with
appropriate atmospheric corrections applied, shall be held on the test specimen for 1 minute.

4.4.4 Corrections. Corrections shall be made in accordance with 4.2.4. The test voltage applicable to
existing atmospheric conditions is obtained from the rated withstand voltage, as given for standard
atmospheric conditions, by use of the following equation:

V = Vs (kd/kh)

Where:
V = test voltage, in kilovolts, applied to test specimen
Vs = rated withstand voltage, in kilovolts
Kd = air density correction factor for ambient test conditions
Kh = humidity correction factor for ambient test conditions

4.5 Low-Frequency Wet Withstand Voltage Tests

4.5.1 Mounting Arrangement. The test-specimen mounting for wet withstand voltage tests shall be in
accordance with Section 3.

4.5.2 Precipitation. The precipitation shall be applied in accordance with subsection 11.2 and Table 5
(Practice in USA) of ANSI/IEEE 4.

4.5.3 Preparation of Test Specimen. The preparation of the test specimen shall be in accordance with
subsection 11.2.1 of ANSI/IEEE 4.

4.5.4 Voltage Application. 75% of the rated wet withstand voltage may be applied in one step and
gradually raised to the required value in not less than 5 nor more than 30 seconds.

4.5.5 Test Voltage and Time. The test voltage, which is the rated wet withstand voltage, with
appropriate atmospheric corrections applied, shall be held on the test specimen for 10 seconds.

4.5.6 Corrections. Corrections shall be in accordance with 4.2.4, except that no correction shall be
made for humidity. The test voltage applicable to existing atmospheric conditions is obtained from the
rated withstand voltage, as given for standard atmospheric conditions, by use of the following equation:

V = V s kd

Where:
V = test voltage, in kilovolts, applied to test specimen
Vs = rated withstand voltage, in kilovolts
kd = air density correction factor for ambient test conditions

4.6 Low-Frequency Dew Withstand Voltage Tests

4.6.1 Preparation of Test Specimen. The test specimen shall be placed in a chamber having a
temperature of from −10°C to −15C.(14°F to 5°F) until the specimen is thoroughly cooled. (Cooling may
take 10 to 12 hours.)

4.6.2 Mounting Arrangement. The test specimen shall be mounted in accordance with Section 3 in a
test chamber having a temperature of approximately 77°F (25°C). The relative humidity in the test
chamber shall be approximately 100%. This may be obtained by passing live steam at atmospheric
pressure into the chamber.

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

 ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 9

4.6.3 Voltage Application. The voltage shall be raised rapidly to dew withstand test voltage, while the
test specimen is completely covered with dew. The time to raise the voltage shall be not more than 20
seconds.

4.6.4 Test Voltage and Time. The test voltage, which is the rated dew withstand voltage with
appropriate atmospheric corrections applied, shall be held on the test specimen for 10 seconds.

4.6.5 Corrections. Corrections shall be made in accordance with 4.5.6.

4.7 Impulse Flashover Voltage Tests

4.7.1 General. Impulse flashover voltage tests are made under dry conditions only.

4.7.2 Mounting Arrangement. The test-specimen mounting for impulse flashover voltage tests shall be
in accordance with Section 3.

4.7.3 Impulse Voltage Wave. All tests shall be made with a 1.2 × 50-microsecond wave, in accordance
with ANSI/IEEE 4.

4.7.4 Critical Impulse Flashover Voltage Value. The critical impulse flashover voltage shall be
determined in accordance with ANSI/IEEE 4.

Note: Probable variation: Due to inaccuracies of correction methods, difficulties of precise

calibrations, and other uncontrollable conditions, a variation of ±5% from the probable true
average impulse critical flashover voltage value may be expected in tests conducted in one
laboratory. Values obtained by tests conducted in different laboratories may vary by ±8%. In volt-
time curves, similar variations are to be expected at points near the impulse critical flashover
voltage value, with considerably larger variations involved as the time to breakdown decreases.

4.7.5 Volt-Time Flashover Curves. The volt-time flashover curves shall be determined in accordance
with ANSI/IEEE 4.

Note: Probable variation: Due to inaccuracies of correction methods, difficulties of precise

calibrations, and other uncontrollable conditions, a variation of ±5% from the probable true
average impulse critical flashover voltage value may be expected in tests conducted in one
laboratory. Values obtained by tests conducted in different laboratories may vary by ±8%. In volt-
time curves, similar variations are to be expected at points near the impulse critical flashover
voltage value, with considerably larger variations involved as the time to breakdown decreases.

4.7.6 Corrections

4.7.6.1 Critical Impulse Flashover Voltage. The critical impulse flashover voltage value shall be
corrected to standard conditions in accordance with 4.2.4, except that Fig. 2 shall be used.

4.7.6.2 Volt-Time Curves. The full air-density corrections shall be applicable. The humidity correction
shall be made as follows:

a. When the critical flashover voltage value occurs at more than 10 microseconds, full corrections
shall be applied to all values with time lags of 10 microseconds or more. When flashover above
critical voltage occurs at less than 10 microseconds, the correction shall be reduced in the direct
ratio that the time to flashover bears to 10 microseconds.

b. When the critical flashover voltage value occurs at less than 10 microseconds, the correction shall
be reduced in the direct ratio that the time to flashover bears to the time at the critical flashover.

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 10

4.8 Impulse Withstand Voltage Tests

4.8.1 General. Impulse, withstand voltage tests are made to determine that the test specimen is
capable of withstanding a specified impulse voltage.

4.8.2 Mounting Arrangement. The test-specimen mounting for impulse withstand voltage tests shall be
in accordance with Section 3.

4.8.3 Corrections. Corrections shall be made in accordance with 4.4.4, except that the curves in Fig. 2
shall be used.

4.8.4 Voltage Application. Impulse withstand voltage tests shall be made with an impulse of that
polarity which produces the lower flashover voltage on the test specimen. Three consecutive impulses
shall be applied to the test specimen. The crest voltage of each shall be not less than the specified
impulse withstand voltage, with appropriate atmospheric corrections.

4.9 Radio—Influence Voltage Tests

4.9.1 Mounting Arrangement. The test-specimen mounting shall be in accordance with Section 3,
except that the clearance to objects, other than parts of the test assembly, shall in no case be less than 3
ft. (914 mm) per 100 kilovolts of test voltage.

All hardware associated with the test circuit shall be relatively free of radio influence at a voltage 10%
higher than the voltage at which the tests are to be performed.

4.9.2 Equipment. The equipment used in making the radio-influence voltage tests shall be in
accordance with NEMA 107-1987 (R2016) Methods of Measurement of Radio Influence Voltage (RIV) of
High Voltage Apparatus.

4.9.2.1 Wave Shape. The wave shape of the applied voltage shall be a sine wave of acceptable
commercial standards in accordance with ANSI/IEEE 4.

4.9.2.2 Supply Voltage Frequency. A power frequency supply voltage as defined in IEEE 4-2013 shall
be used for the RIV tests.

4.9.3 Atmospheric Conditions. Tests shall be conducted under atmospheric conditions prevailing at
the time and place of test, but it is recommended that tests be avoided when the vapor pressure exceeds
0.6 inches of mercury (2.02 × 103 Pascals). Since the effects of humidity and air density upon the radio-
influence voltage are not definitely known, no correction factors are recommended for either at the present
time. However, it is recommended that barometric pressure and dry- and wet-bulb thermometer readings
be recorded so that if suitable correction factors should be determined, they could be applied to previous
measurements.

4.9.4 Precautions in Making Radio-Influence Voltage Tests. The following precautions should be
observed when making a radio-influence voltage test on a test specimen:

a. The test specimen should be at approximately the same temperature as the room in which the test
is made.

b. The test specimen should be clean.

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

 ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 11

c. In some cases, it may be found that the radio-influence voltage falls off rapidly after the power
frequency voltage has been applied for a short time. In such cases, it is permissible to stabilize
conditions by pre-exciting the test specimen at normal operating voltage for a period not to exceed
5 minutes before proceeding with the tests.

4.9.5 Methods of Making Tests

4.9.5.1 Radio-Influence Voltage. The specified voltage shall be applied to the test specimen, and the
radio-influence voltage shall be measured in microvolts at the specified radio frequency. It is considered
impractical to read radio-influence test voltages that are less than 10 microvolts.

4.9.5.2 Radio-Influence Characteristics. The radio-influence characteristics are determined by plotting

the test voltage against the corresponding radio-influence voltage.

4.10 Visual Corona Test

4.10.1 General. To assist in locating a source of radio-influence voltage, a corona test may be
performed. The test shall be made in a thoroughly darkened room.

4.10.2 Mounting Arrangement. The test-specimen mounting shall be in accordance with 4.9.1.

4.10.3 Procedure. A voltage well above the corona point shall be applied and slowly lowered until all dis-
charges disappear from the test specimen. The point of disappearance shall be the corona voltage. The
observer’s eyes shall be thoroughly accustomed to the darkened room before making visual observations.

4.11 Puncture Tests

4.11.1 Mounting Arrangement. Puncture tests shall be performed on fully assembled insulators only.
The test specimen shall be inverted and immersed in insulating oil having a sufficient dielectric strength to
prevent external flashover of the specimen. The oil shall be at least 6 in. (152 mm) deep over all parts of
the test specimen.

Voltage shall be applied between the integrally assembled electrode (cap and pin) on all units having
these parts. In the case of pin insulators having no conducting electrodes at one or both terminals,
electrodes shall be provided as follows:

An electrode in the pinhole shall be provided by setting a metallic thimble, with suitable conducting
material, such as cement or alloy. The thimble shall be provided with a close-fitting pin for attaching the
conductor. The top of the test specimen shall be coated with conducting material to a diameter of
approximately 1 in. (25 mm) larger than the test-specimen head.

4.11.2 Voltage Application. Voltage shall be applied between the electrodes, as described in 4.11.1.
The initial applied voltage may be raised quickly to the rated dry flashover voltage of the test specimen.
The voltage shall then be raised at the rate of approximately 10 000 volts every 15 seconds to the value at
which puncture occurs.

4.11.3 Percent Average Variation of Puncture Voltage. The percent average variation of the puncture
voltage is determined as follows:

Let
V1, V2, V3, ……. Vn = individual puncture voltage values, in kilovolts
V = average puncture voltage, in kilovolts

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 12

Note: If test-equipment limitations are such that the test specimen cannot be punctured, the
puncture value shall be considered to be the maximum available applied test voltage, provided
this value exceeds 150% of the puncture rating.

Then
V = (V1 + V2 + V3 + …… + Vn)/n

Let
a1 = V – V1
a2 = V – V2
a3 = V – V3
An = V – Vn

Note: Consider all these values of a as positive; that is, neglect the signs.

Let
a = average variation, in kilovolts
A = percent average variation

Then
a = (a1 + a2 + a3 + ….... + an)/n

A = 100a/V

5 Mechanical Tests
5.1 Ultimate Mechanical Strength Tests

5.1.1 General. Mechanical load shall be applied to the test specimen in the manner prescribed in 5.1.1
through 5.3,2. The load shall be started at zero and smoothly brought up in a practically stepless variation
to the failure point. The load may be increased rapidly to approximately 75% of rated strength of the
insulator. The rate of increase of load from 75% of rating to failure is given in Table 1.

Table 1
Rate of Increase of Load
Increase in Load per Minute in
Percentage of Rated Strength
Class of Insulator Type of Test Minimum Maximum
Suspension Tensile 15 30
Line Cantilever 30 60
Apparatus Cantilever 30 60
Apparatus Torsion 30 60
Apparatus Tensile 15 30
Apparatus Compression 15 30

5.1.2 Suspension Insulators

5.1.2.1 Tensile Strength. Mechanical tensile load shall be applied between terminal fittings In line with
the axis of the test specimen.

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

 ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 13

5.1.2.2 Mechanical Impact Strength. The test specimen shall be mounted in the specified test machine
in the specified manner under a tensile load of approximately 2000 lbf (8896 N). The bearing point of the
pendulum shall be adjusted so that when released, the copper nose will strike the outer rim of the shell
squarely in a direction parallel to the axis of the unit and towards the cap. The test specimen shall receive
an impact of the specified severity by releasing the pendulum when its shaft is opposite the corresponding
mark on the indicating scale. The pendulum shall be released with no imparted acceleration. After
receiving the specified impact, the test specimen shall be tested for soundness by momentary flashover.

5.1.3 Line Insulators (Pin, Post) (Cantilever Strength). Mechanical load shall be applied in line with
the side groove of the test specimen and normal to the axis of the pinhole. The load at the tie-wire groove
may be applied by means of a loop of flexible stranded cable or the equivalent. The mounting pin,
connecting hardware, and linkages between the test specimen and the testing machine shall be such that
no appreciable deflection takes place at values up to the failure, point of the test specimen. Insulators,
whose design incorporates self-contained metal caps, mounting bases, pins, or conductor clamps, shall be
tested with this hardware, using a suitable rigid support.

5.1.4 Apparatus Insulators (Cap and Pin, Post)

5.1.4.1 Cantilever Strength. Cantilever-strength tests shall be made with the test specimen adequately
secured to the testing machine. The load shall be applied normal to the axis of the test specimen at the
specified point of application. In demonstrating stack ratings, one insulator unit may be used. The
equivalent lever arm may be obtained by bolting a bar or pipe of proper length and stiffness to the test
specimen.

5.1.4.2 Torsional Strength. Torsional-strength tests shall be made with the test specimen adequately
secured to the testing machine. The torsional load shall be applied to the test specimen through a torque
member so constructed that the test specimen is not subjected to any cantilever stress.

5.1.4.3 Tensile Strength. Tensile-strength tests shall be made with the test specimen adequately
secured to the testing machine. The load shall be applied in line with the axis of the test specimen.

5. 1.4.4 Compression Strength. Compression-strength tests shall be made by applying load in

compression in line with the axis of the test specimen.

5.1.5 Strain Insulators (Tensile Strength). Mechanical load shall be applied in line with the main axis
of the test specimen, using flexible, stranded, steel cable. Each cable loop shall be secured with clamps
so positioned that the distance between the edge of the nearest clamp and the end of the test specimen is
the same as the length of the test specimen. The diameter of the cable used should not exceed 50% of
the diameter of the hole in the test specimen.

5.1.6 Spool Insulators (Transverse Strength). The test specimen shall be mounted between close-
fitting parallel straps, using a through bolt of the same diameter as that for which the test specimen is
designed. The straps and connecting linkage shall be such that no appreciable deflection will take place.
Mechanical load shall be applied in the plane of the external wire groove. The load shall be applied by
means of a loop of flexible, stranded, steel cable. The diameter of the cable shall not exceed the radius of
the wire grooves.

5.1.7 Wire Holders

5.1.7.1 Tensile Strength. The mounting screw or bolt shall be installed in such a manner that the
mounting surface of the test specimen does not touch the support. Load shall be applied in line with the
axis of the mounting screw or bolt, using a loop of flexible, stranded, steel cable, the diameter of which
shall not exceed the radius of the wire hole in the insulator. The loop shall be clamped; with the inside
edge of the nearest clamp placed 9 in. (229 mm) from the end of the insulator.

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 14

5.1.7.2 Cantilever Strength. The mounting screw or bolt shall be held rigidly in such a manner that the
mounting base of the test specimen seats squarely against the face of the plate. Load shall be applied in a
plane parallel to the mounting surface, passing through the center of the wire groove, using the flexible
loop arrangement described in 5.1.7.1.

5.2 Combined Mechanical- and Electrical-Strength Test (Suspension Insulators). Load shall be
applied as described in 5.1.1 and 5.1.2.1. Simultaneously, a low-frequency voltage of not less than 75% of
the rated dry flashover voltage shall be applied to the test specimen.

5.3 Time-Load Withstand Strength Test

5.3.1 Mounting Arrangement. The test-specimen mounting shall be in accordance with the pertinent
provisions in 5.1.

5.3.2 Loading. The specified load shall be applied smoothly, without undue vibration or shock, and
maintained for the specified period. After the load has been removed, the test specimen shall be checked
for electrical soundness by being subjected to momentary flashover. Test specimens having more than
one shell shall have each shell checked individually for electrical soundness.

5.4 Porosity Test

5.4.1 Preparation of Test Specimens. Freshly broken fragments of the insulator, having clean
surfaces exposed, shall be used for this test. At least 75% of the surface area shall be free from glaze or
other treatment. Fragments approximately .25 in. (6 mm) in the smallest dimension up to .75 in. (19 mm)
in the largest dimension are recommended.

5.4.2 Testing Solution. For this test, a solution consisting of 0.035 ounces (1 gram) of basic fuchsine
dye dissolved in 35 fluid ounces (1 liter) of 50% alcohol shall be used. If a denatured alcohol is used, one
should be selected which does not react with the dye to cause fading of the color.

5.4.3 Procedure. The test specimens shall be completely immersed in the testing solution within a
pressure chamber. A minimum pressure of 4000 lbs./in.2 (27 600 kN/m2) shall be applied for not less than
5 hours, or an optional test at minimum 10,000 lbs./in.2 (68 900 kN/m2) for not less than 2 hours may be
used. At the conclusion of the pressure application, the test specimens shall be thoroughly dried and
broken for examination.

5.4.4 Interpretation of Results. Penetration into small fissures formed in preparing the test specimens
shall be disregarded. Porosity is indicated by penetration of the dye into the test specimen to an extent
visible to the unaided eye.

5.5 Thermal Test

5.5.1 General. The thermal test shall consist of alternate immersions of the test specimen in hot and
cold water.

5.5.2 Testing Arrangement. The test specimens shall be arranged so that they are not in contact with
each other and so that air shall not be entrapped during immersion. Free circulation of water shall be
provided. Test specimens shall be at least 2 in. (51 mm) from the walls of the tank.

5.5.3 Equipment. Each bath shall have a weight of water at least 10 times the weight of the test
specimen immersed. Either natural or forced circulation may be used to maintain the temperature of all
parts of the bath within ±4°F (2°C) of the specified value. The recorded temperature shall be measured at
least 4 in. (102 mm) from the heating or cooling elements.

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

 ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 15

5.5.4 Method of Making Test. The test specimen shall first be immersed in a hot water bath for 10
minutes. It shall then be withdrawn and immersed in a cold water bath for 10 minutes. Not more than 5
seconds shall elapse in transferring the test specimen from one bath to another. After the specified
number of hot and cold cycles, the test specimen shall be tested for electrical soundness by momentary
flashover.

5.6 Pinhole—Gaging Test

5.6.1 General. When the threaded pinholes of pin insulators are gaged, the specified pinhole gage shall
be used.

5.6.2 Test Procedure. The gage shall be screwed into the test specimen until the gage is tight. The
distance from the bottom of the pinhole to the point where the gage stops, as indicated by the plunger and
scale on the gage, shall be read. The gage shall be removed from the test specimen, and the number of
revolutions of the gage required to release it from the pinhole shall be counted.

6 Galvanizing Test

Test for thickness of coating shall be in accordance with Standard Measurement of Coating Thickness by
the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings of Magnetic Base Metals, ASTM B 499-75.

7 Routine Tests
7.1 Electrical Tests. Flashover tests on shells or Insulators may be made in accordance with either
the procedure in 7.1.1 or in 7.1.2.

7.1.1 High-Frequency Test

7.1.1.1 Method 1. The shells or insulators shall be subjected to a damped high-frequency voltage
sufficient to cause flashover for from 3 to 5 seconds. The frequency shall be approximately 200 kilohertz in
damped trains.

7.1.1.2 Method 2. The shells or insulators shall be subjected to a high-frequency discharge from a
transformer adjusted to a no-load voltage of not less than 115% of the low-frequency dry flashover of the
shells or insulators, this test to be continued for a period of from 3 to 5 seconds. The frequency
superimposed upon the low-frequency voltage shall be higher than 100 kilohertz.

7.1.2 Low-Frequency Test. The shells or insulators shall be subjected to vigorous dry flashover for
from 3 to 5 minutes. The voltage control shall be such that a continual flashover occurs and divides
uniformly over the shells or insulators under test.

7.2 Mechanical Tests

7.2.1 Suspension Insulators. Prior to or simultaneous with the final electrical test, the assembled
suspension insulators shall be given a tensile-strength test 3 seconds in duration, at the specified value,
applied in line with the axis of the insulator.

7.2.2 Apparatus Insulators. Prior to or simultaneous with the final electrical test, the assembled
apparatus insulators shall be given a tensile-strength test 3 seconds in duration, at the specified value,
applied in line with the axis of the insulator.

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 16

8 Revision of American Standards Referred to in this Document

When the following American National Standards referred to in this document are superseded by a
revision approved by the American National Standards Institute, Inc. the revision shall apply:

ANSI C29.3, Wet-Process Porcelain Insulators (Spool Type)

ANSI/IEEE 4, Techniques for High-Voltage Testing

ANSI/IEEE 100, Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms

Figure 1

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

 ANSI/NEMA C29.1-2018
Page 17

Figure 2

© 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
1300 NORTH 17TH STREET, SUITE 900 • ROSSLYN. VA 22209
www.NEMA.org

TO ORDER ADDITIONAL NEMA STANDARDS VISIT

WWW.GLOBAL.IHS.COM OR CALL 1-800-854-7179/1-303-397-7956

5612_0514TB