Electrical Machines Lab-II Manual

Experiment No: 1 Date:

REGULATION OF SALIENT POLE ALTERNATOR & VERIFICATION BY

DIRECT LOADING (SCOTT ALTERNATOR)

AIM:-

(i) To determine the direct axis synchronous reactance ‘Xd’, and quadrature axis synchronous
reactance, ‘Xq’ of the given alternator (Scott Alternator) by slip test and hence pre determine the
full load regulation at upf, 0.8pf lag and 0.8pf lead.
(ii) Conduct a load test (at upf) on the given alternator and obtain the regulation at full load. Verify
the same with the predetermined value for full load.
MACHINE DETAILS:

DC Motor Alternator Exciter

7.5kVA, 400V10.9 A,50Hz,1500

82/30 V, 8A
12.5HP, 230V,1500 rpm,49 A rpm

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:-

i. Slip Test

Setup for finding armature resistance of Alternator

Figure 1: Test set up for finding Xd, Xq and Ra

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ii. Load Test

Figure 2: Load Test on Scott Alternator

PROCEDURE:

Precautions:-

Before doing experiment following precautions should be taken

1. Ensure the input supply to the machine is in OFF condition

2. Auto transformer should be in minimum position
3. Armature rheostat of DC motor should be in maximum and field rheostat in minimum position,
before starting the prime mover

Do the connections as shown in figure 1. With the field winding open (By connecting a
Voltmeter with Higher rating across field winding X-XX), drive the alternator in the proper
direction by the prime mover ( Say DC Motor) at a speed slightly above or below the
synchronous speed. Apply a positive sequence low voltage (about 20% of normal voltage) to the
armature winding by means of the auto transformer. If the slip is small and the rotor rotates in
the same direction as the rotating magnetic field, the voltmeter connected across the field
winding (x-xx) shows almost zero reading. If not, reverse the phase sequence of the supply.

When the slip is small, the pointers of ammeter and voltmeter will swing slowly from
maximum to minimum owing to the variation in the reluctance of the magnetic circuit. Note the

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readings, Vmax ,Vmin, Imax, Imin. Take different sets of reading (atleast 4 Nos.) by increasing the
AC applied voltage.

Load Test:

Do the connections as shown in figure 2. Start the machine on no load in the proper
direction by taking the necessary precautions. Make the speed equal to the synchronous speed
(say 1500 rpm). Adjust the exciter field to get rated voltage. Load the machine in steps to half
full load ( by adjusting the terminal voltage at each step to the rated value and the

speed to synchronous speed. Now, thrown off the load by opening the 3 phase switch. The speed
will increase and adjust the speed to rated value. Note the induced EMF, Eo, of the alternator.

TABULATIONS:

i. Slip Test

Sl No Vmax Vmin Imax Imin Xd Xq

Volts Volts Amps Amps Ohms Ohms

ii. Load Test:

N V E0 I

rpm Volts Volts Amps

iii. Armature winding resistance

V I Ra
Volts Amps Ohms

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CALCULATIONS:

a. Regulation from Slip Test

√ √

(i) Regulation at 0.8pf lag, i.e. Cos( )  0.8

V Sin( )  IX q
    tan 1
V Cos ( )  IR a
OD= (VCos ( )  IR a ) 2  (VSin( )  IX q ) 2
DF  ( IX d  IX q ) Sin(   ) , where I = rated current = 10.9 A
E o  OF  OD  DF
Eo  V 400
% Re g   100 , where V  =230V
V 3
(ii) Regulation at upf, i.e.; Cos( )  1, Sin( )  0 ,

 IX q 
  tan 1  
 V  IR a 

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OD  (V  IR a ) 2  ( IX q ) 2

DF  ( IX d  IX q ) Sin

Eo= OF = OD + DF

(iii) At 0.8 pf lead

 VSin  IX q 
(   )  tan 1  
 VCos  IR a 
OD= (VCos ( )  IR a ) 2  (VSin( )  IX q ) 2
DF  ( IX d  IX q ) Sin(   )

Eo  V
Eo= OF = OD – DF % Re g   100
V
b. Regulation from load test

Result:

Xd=
Pf Regulation
Xq=
0.8pf lag

UPF

0.8 lag

UPF (Load Test)

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Experiment No: 2 Date:

REGULATION OF CYLINDRICAL ROTOR ALTERNATOR BY EMF, MMF &

POTIER METHODS ((BROWN BOVERI ALTERNATOR)

Aim: To plot the open circuit, short circuit and ZPF characteristics of the given cylindrical rotor
alternator (Brown Boveri) and predetermine the regulation at (i) upf (ii) 0.8 pf lag and 0.8 pf lead by

a) EMF method
b) MMF method
c) Potier method

Machine Details

DC Motor Alternator Exciter

9kW, 1500 rpm 8.7 kVA, 1500 rpm 0.46 kW, 1500 rpm

230 V, 46 A 420  5%, 12 A 35 V, 32 A

Rotor: 31.5 V, 12A

Procedure:

1. OCC: Start the dc motor by keeping the starting rheostat in the maximum and field rheostat at the
minimum position. The field rheostat of the exciter must be at the maximum position during
starting. Ensure that the 3 phase switch is open. Drive the machine in the proper direction. By
adjusting the motor field rheostat, run the alternator at its synchronous speed. By adjusting the
exciter field, get different induced emf for different field currents. Tabulate the readings. Repeat
the experiment for increasing values of field current and up to 125% of rated voltage.
2. SCC: Restart the machine by taking the necessary precautions. Ensure that the exciter field
rheostat is in maximum position. Keep the 3 phase switch in short circuit position. By adjusting
the exciter field rheostat, make the armature current equal to the rated value 12 A. Note the
corresponding field current, Ifsc.
3. Zero Power Factor Characteristics: Keep the choke at the minimum inductance position (full
air core). Put the 3 phase switch towards the coil load. Adjust the armature current to the full load
value 12 A by adjusting the exciter field rheostat (which must be at the maximum position at the
time of start). Note the voltmeter reading. Now, increase the inductance (immerse the core) and
simultaneously increase the excitation to get rated current. Note the values of Vf and If. Repeat
the experiment in steps until the rated voltage is reached. Maintain the speed of the alternator at
its synchronous speed value throughout the test.
4. Measurement of stator winding resistance: By dc measurements, obtain the stator winding
resistance.

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Tabulation
SCC
Ifsc (A) IL (A)

OCC

If (A) Eo (V)

ZPF (IL = 12 A)

V
If
(V)
(A)

Stator Winding Resistance

V I Ra

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Calculation:

a) EMF Method
Open Circuit Voltage
Synchronous impedance, Z s  (for the same excitation)
Short Circuit Current
(Here, the rated SC current and the open circuit voltage for the same excitation are
taken to find Zs)
E
Zs  1
12
X s  Z s  Ra
2 2

i) At UPF
Eo  (V  IRa ) 2  ( IX s ) 2
420
V  242.5 Volts
3
I = 12 A
Eo  V
% Regulation   100
V
ii) At 0.8pf lag:

Cos  0.8
Sin  0.6

Eo  (VCos  IR a ) 2  (VSin  IX s ) 2
Eo  V
% Regulation   100
V
iii) At 0.8pf lead:

Cos  0.8
Sin  0.6

Eo  (VCos  IRa ) 2  (VSin  IX s ) 2

Eo  V
% Regulation   100
V
b) MMF Method:

Find V+I Ra Cos(  )

Find If1, the field current corresponding to V+I Ra Cos(  ) from OCC

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If2- field current from SCC (i.e.; field current required to circulate rated current on
short circuit = Ifsc)

i) At UPF:
I f  I f1  I f 2
2 2

Find Eo corresponding to If from OCC

E V
% Regulation  o  100
V
ii) At 0.8 pf lag:

Cos  0.8
Sin  0.6
Find Eo corresponding to If from OCC
E V
% Regulation  o  100
V
iii) At 0.8 pf lead:

Cos  0.8
Sin  0.6

I f  ( I f 1  I f 2  2I f 1 I f 2 Sin( ))
2 2

Find Eo corresponding to If
E V
% Regulation  o  100
V
c) Potier Method:

i) 0.8 pf lag

Find IXL (= RS) from Potier triangle

E  (VCos  IR a ) 2  (VSin  IX L ) 2
Find If1 corresponding to ‘E’ from OCC
Find Ifa from Potier triangle - Ifa (= PS) is the field current to compensate
for armature reaction.
I f  ( I f 1  I fa  2I f 1 I fa Sin(   ))
2 2

 VSin  IX L 
Where     tan 1  
 VCos  IR a 
Find Eo corresponding to If (from OCC)

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Eo  V
% Regulation   100
V
ii) UPF:

Same as lagging but Cos  1

iii) 0.8 pf lead:

E  (VCos  IR a ) 2  (VSin  IX L ) 2
Find If1, the field current corresponding to ‘E’ from OCC
 VSin  IX L 
    tan 1  
 VCos  IR a 
I f  ( I f 1  I fa  2I f 1 I fa Sin(   ))
2 2

Eo is the induced EMF corresponding to ‘If’ from OCC

E V
% Regulation  o  100
V

Result:

The OCC, SCC & ZPF characteristics are plotted. The regulation at 0.8 pf lag, upf, 0.8 pf lead
are predetermined by EMF, MMF & ZPF methods.

Power Factor EMF MMF Potier

0.8 pf lag

Upf

0.8 pf lead

Inference:

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Experiment No: 3 Date:

STARTING TORQUE OF SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

Aim: To determine the starting torque for different known values of resistances added to the rotor
circuit and verify the same by means of calculation based on circle diagram. Also plot the variation of
stating torque with external resistance

Machine Details:

220/440V, Y/∆

3-Ф, 5HP, 50Hz

1440 rpm, 13/7.5A

Figure 3: Starting Torque of Slip ring Induction motor

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Figure 4: Starting Torque of Slip ring Induction motor

Procedure:

Make connections as shown in figure 3. Keep all the three rheostats in the rotor circuit at the
minimum position. Block the rotor by tightening the belt around the drum. Apply a small voltage to the
stator winding so that a current of 10A (say) flow through the rotor. Now release the load gradually till
the rotor starts rotating. Corresponding to this condition, note the two spring balance readings. Also
note the readings in the other meters. A small external resistance is now added in all the three rotor
phases. Equalize the three rotor currents by adjusting the individual resistances. Increase the 3-ph input
voltage to the stator winding such that the current in the rotor is 10A.Repeat the experiment for
different external resistances=0.2, 0.4, 0.6………. voltmeter readings up to 20volts (r=Vr/Ir i.e., Vr/10 since
Ir=10A)

b) No load Test – Make the connections as in fig 2.2. Start the machine without any load by using the
autotransformer. Apply rated voltage (440 volts). Note V0, I0 &W0.

c)Stator Resistance Test –Wire up the circuit as in fig 2.3. Apply dc voltage by keeping the rheostat in
the maximum position. Note V&I.

Sl. VS IS WS Vr Ir Load in Kg TsN WSN R01 R2 TSN Ext

No fromCircle res.‘r’Ω
Volts A watts volts A W1 W2 W kgm watts Ω dia.

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Calculation

Ext. Resistance, r =Vr/Ir=Vr/10

Starting torque, Ts =(W1-W2)R,kgm where ‘R’is the radius of the brake drum.

Starting Torque with normal voltage, TSN = TS(V/VS)2

= TS(440/VS)2 Kgm

Based on circle diagram

Blocked rotor power WSN = WS*(V/VS)2

corresponding to = WS*(440/VS)2

normal voltage

Starting Torque with TSN = WSW-W0 (R2’/R01)

normal voltage 2π(NS/60) *9.81

where R2’=R01=R1& R01=(WS/3IS2)

Result:

The expected curves are as in fig 2.4.

Additional resistance to get

Maximum torque at starting …………………………………………. Ω (from graph)

Inference:

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Experiment No: 4 Date:

LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRRAL CAGE

INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM: Start the given 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor using a star-delta switch, conduct load test
and plot the following curves: (1) efficiency Vs output (2) line current Vs output (3) Pf Vs output (4) slip
Vs output (5) torque Vs output

MACHINE DETAILS:

3-Ø,5 HP,Δ,400 v

7A,50 Hz,1440 rpm

PROCEDURE: Wire up the circuit as shown in fig . Ensure that the machine is on no load. Keep the star-
delta switch in the star position and switch on the supply. When the machine reaches about 70-80% of
the normal speed, throw the switch to the delta position. Take the no load readings of , ,W ,N
, & . The experiment can be conducted up to the full load current of 7A.

LOAD TEST ON SQUIRREL CAGE IM

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Characteristic Curves

TABULATION:

Sl N Load in Kg slip Pf Torque Output η

no volts A watts rpm W Kg-m watts %

1 400 0 0 0

10 7

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CALCULATION:

( )

Torque, ( , Kg-m , where ‘R’ is the radius of the brake drum in m.

(√

( )

( )

RESULT: The load test is conducted and the curves are plotted as shown.

INFERENCE:

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Experiment No:5 Date:

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 3Ø SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION

MOTOR

Aim: To conduct no load and blocked rotor tests on the given 3Ø Squirrel cage Induction
motor and to draw the circle diagram and equivalent circuit. From the circle diagram and
equivalent circuit, compare efficiency, power factor, slip, line current and output corresponding
to (i) name plate speed (ii) rated output.

Machine Details:

12.5 HP, 50Hz, 400/440V, 3Ø, Δ, 1450 rpm,17.5 A

Procedure :

No load test: Start the motor by applying a low voltage initially and then increase the voltage up
to the rated value by using the variac. Note the line voltage (rated value), line current and
the no load power input, .

Blocked Rotor Test: Block the rotor and apply a reduced voltage to the stator so that rated
current flows through the machine. Note the voltmeter reading ( ), ammeter reading ( =17.5A)
and blocked rotor power input,

Stator winding resistance: Measure the stator winding resistance per phase by applying a dc
voltage across any one phase of the stator winding.

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Circuit Diagram:

Stator Resistance measurement

Tabulation:

No load test Blocked Rotor Test

volts A watts volts A watts

17.5A

Stator winding resistance

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Calculation:

To draw the Circle diagram:

= ( /√ )
= ( /√ )
Blocked rotor current corresponding to normal voltage = *(V/ )
OA to scale represents at angle of
OS to scale represents at angle .
Draw the perpendicular bisector of AS. Draw the horizontal through A. ‘C’ is the center of the
circle.
AS is the output line. Divide the line SL such that (SK/KL= / , where is the effective
rotor resistance per phase referred to stator.

= - & = , the machine is Δ connected

( )
√

AK is the Torque line

Draw slip line , as shown in figure.
To find quantities corresponding to rated output

Find power scale, 1cm=√ V*current scale

Locate point, ‘P corresponding to rated output
Find different quantities, , slip, pf & η corresponding to point P
=OP*current scale,
% slip=( / )*100,
pf= cosØ,
%η= (PE/PQ)*100
To find quantities corresponding to name plate speed:

S= (1500-1450)/1500=0.033

To draw Equivalent circuit:

cos =( /√ ), sin =?, ( )* cos =( √ )* cos

= * sin =( √ )* sin

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= / , = /

= / = ÷ √ ,since the machine is Δ connected

=
( )
√

=√ –

= -
= /2
The approximate equivalent circuit is shown in figure
Calculation of quantities from Eqt. Circuit

(i)corresponding to rated output

3* (1-s)/s=12.5*735.5W

3* (1-s)/s=9193.75
〖( 〗 )

‘s’ is the only unknown in the above equation. Obtain ‘s’ for rated o/p. solve the equivalent
circuit for this value of slip and find
= + , where = -j =|

Line current = √ |
Pf=cos
Input power=√ cos
Output=12.5*35.5
Efficiency=o/p÷i/p
Corresponding to name plate speed:

Name plate speed= 1450 rpm

S=(1500-1450)/1500=0.033
For this value of slip.’s’, solve the equivalent circuit for the different quantities
=?,
Pf=cos

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Input power=√ cos

Output= 3* (1-s)/s
Efficiency=o/p÷i/p

Result:

From circle diagram From eqt. circuit

slip
For Rated O/P pf

efficiency
slip
For Rated Speed
pf

efficiency

Circle Diagram:

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Experiment no. 6 Date:

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Aim: (a) To conduct load test on the given single phase induction motor and plot the following
characteristics as a function of output. (1) Efficiency (2)Load current (3)Power factor (4)Speed

(b)To draw the equivalent circuit

Machine details

230V, 1Kw, 50Hz, 4.5A, 1450rpm

Procedure:

(a)Load test- Start the machine on no load by switching on the supply. Automatic switch will
cut out the starting winding when the machine attains speed, so that during normal operation the
machine works only with the main winding. Note down the no load readings. Load the machine
in steps until full load and at each step, note down V, I , W ,N and spring balance readings.

(b)Equivalent circuit- The parameters of equivalent circuit can be determined by performing

no load test, blocked rotor test & by measuring stator resistance.

No load test: Wire up the circuit as shown in fig Apply rated voltage. Note down & .

Blocked rotor test: Disconnect the starting winding or use only the main winding as shown in fig
The machine won’t rotate. Apply a reduced voltage to circulate rated current. Note down th input
voltage, current, and power

Measurement of stator winding resistance, : Measure by the voltmeter-ammeter method.

Apply a dc voltage and find . In the case of small single phase induction motors, this value can
be taken as the ac value.

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Circuit Diagram:

LOAD TEST

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Tabulation:

Sl. V I W N Load in kg T O/P Ƞ pf

No
volt A watts rpm W1 W2 W kgm watts %

2 ....

3 ....

...

8 4.5

No load test

Blocked rotor test

Calculation:

Load test

T=(W1-W2)R, where ‘R’ is the radius of the brake drum

O/P= watts

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%ƞ=

Pf=

Equivalent circuit

From no load test, calculate

=√( ( where X1+ + =X0

Here Xm/2 can be neglected because R2’ and X2’ are << Xm

Zs= , R1+R2’=

X1+ X2’= √ (

Assuming X1 = X2’

X1= X2’=

From (1), X0 =X1+ +

=√ ( Since X1 and X2’ are known, Xm= 2{Xo-(X1+ )}

Or, Xm= 2{√ ( --(X1+ )}

Result:

Inference:

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Experiment no:7 Date:

V AND ʌ CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS

INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM: To plot the V and ʌ curves of the given Synchronous Induction Motor at no load,1/4th
FL,1/2 FL . Also plot the compounding curves for 0.8 pf lag and 0.8 pf lead.

MACHINE DETAILS:
5HP,∆/Y,1500rpm,230/400V,10/5.8A
,50Hz.
Rotor:304V, 7.8A
Exciter:17V, 16A
PROCEDURE:

I. No Load: Wire up the circuit as shown in the fig 5.1.Start the machine at no load by
keeping the rotor rheostat at the maximum position. Now, switch on the supply and cut
out the rotor rheostat gradually as the machine gathers speed. At the final position of the
rotory switch,DC supply will be fed to the rotor.(Here the machine is started as an
induction motor and later converted to a synchronous motor by applying dc to the
rotor).Note the different meter readings, & .Repeat the experiment on no load
and for increasing values of field current till ≈175% of rated value.
II. ¼ th load: Next adjust the load to ¼ th load (i.e.; =4.59 kg since 2πN(
)/4500=5*1/4,where N=1500 & R=0.13 ,5 HP is the FL output ).Repeat the
experiment by keeping the load constant at the above value and for different values of
.Note
III. ½ load : Adjust the load to ½ FL i.e.; =9.81 Kg .Repeat the experiment as in (i)
above by keeping the load constant at this value. Note for different values of field
current .The experiment can be repeated until reaches about 7.5 A (lead).
Tabulate the reading the reading separately.

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CircuitDiagram:

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TABULATON
No load ¼ FL 1/2FL
=4.59Kg =9.18Kg

pf pf pf

CALCULATION:
Pf =
√
RESULT: The v ,ʌ and the compounding curves for the different loads are plotted.

INFERENCE:

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Experiment No: 8 Date:

REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR–ZPF CHARACTERISTICS BY EXACT METHOD

Aim: To synchronise the given Brown-Boveri Alternator to infinite bus bars by dark lamp
method, to plot the ZPF characteristics by exact method and to predetermine the FL regulation at
0.8 pf lag, upf and 0.8 pf lead by ASA method.

Machine Details:

DC SHUNT MOTOR ALTERNATOR EXCITER

230 V,9 kW, 46 A, 1500 rpm 8.7 kVA, 420± 5% V, 50 Hz, 0.46 kW, 35 V ,
12 A, 1500 rpm. 32 A, 1500rpm

Rotor: 31.5 V, 12 A

Procedure: Start the dc motor and run it at synchronous sped of the alternator in the proper
direction. ( At the time of start , the starting rheostat of the dc motor to be in the maximum
position, field rheostat of the dc motor in the minimum position and the exciter field rheostat in
the maximum position. The 3-Ph. Synchronizing switch in the OFF position and the ac mains
switch also OFF). Now adjust the exciter field rheostat to get rated voltage across the alternator
terminals. Check the ac mains voltage by using another voltmeter and with the same voltmeter
check the alternator terminal voltage again. Adjust the exciter field rheostat to get the same
alternator terminal voltage as the mains voltage. Now, switch on the ac mains supply. Check for
the phase sequence. If the three sets of lamps become ON and OFF simultaneously, the phase
sequence is correct. If not, they glow sequentially. In this case , interchange any two ac supply
lines and repeat the procedure mentioned above. (For interchange the ac lines, first switch off
the ac mains and remove at least one bulb from each of the phase of the synchronizing lamp set).

Adjust the frequency of the alternator ( By adjusting the motor speed ) equal to that of the mains
frequency. As the frequency of the alternator changes, the frequency of the flickering of the
lamps changes. When the frequencies of the two ac voltages are close, the flickering frequency
will be minimum.i.e. the flickering time will be more. Close the synchronizing switch at the
middle of the dark period.

Once the machine is synchronized to the ac mains, the field of the dc motor does not have any
control over the speed. Speed will be synchronous. Now if the field rheostat of the dc motor is
adjusted , the input varies and accordingly the synchronous machine can be made to work as a
generator or as a motor or to deliver zero power to mains.

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Adjust carefully the field rheostat of the dc motor so that wattmeter reads zero. Now vary the
excitation of the alternator to get rated current (12 A). If the wattmeter reading is not zero, adjust
the motor field rheostat again to make it zero. Note the armature current (12 A), field current &
terminal voltage of the synchronous machine.

Tabulate also the OCC, SCC and armature winding resistance data available from the previous
experiment on the same machine (previous cycle).

Circuit Diagram:

OCC:

IF (A) EO (volts)

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SCC:

IF IL

A A

… 12

Exact Method:

VL( Volts) IL (A) IF (A)

12

Calculation:

Plot the OCC, SCC and draw the air gap line. The point, A on the ZPF characteristics (fig 10.2)
can be located by making use of the data from the test. Draw the potier triangle ABC. (The
length, AB=Ifsc obtained from the S.C test. From B, draw BC parallel to the air gap line).

IXL =CD * Power Scale

For different points on the OCC, the Potier triangles can be constructed and thus the ZPF
characteristics can be obtained.

To find regulation:

Voltage per phase = 420/√ = 242.5 volts, Full load current =12 A

From Potier triangle, IXL = CD * voltage scale

At 0.8 pf lag : Cos Ø = 0.8, Sin Ø =0.6

Corresponding to rated voltage, from OCC, find If1 from air gap line (without considering
saturation) Ref. fig 10.3

If = (√

Now find E’ as follows.

E’ = √( (

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Corresponding to E’ , obtain If1’ (FF’) from OCC

Then, Iff = If + Iff’

Corresponding to If1, get EO from OCC.

%Regn = [ (EO – V)/ V ]* 100

At upf :

Cos Ø =1 , Sin Ø=0

The calculation can be done similar to Cos Ø=0.8

At 0.8 pf lead

Cos Ø = 0.8, Sin Ø = 0.6

Corresponding to rated voltage, from OCC, find

is the field current of SCC

=√

E’ = √( (

Corresponding to =

Corresponding to , find from OCC

Then , %Regn = {(

Result:

pf Regn %

0.8 lag

Upf

0.8 lead

Inference :

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Experiment No:9 Date:

V AND INVERTED-V CURVES OF A SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

(SYNCHRONIZATION BY BRIGHT LAMP METHOD – SCOTT ALTERNATOR)

AIM: Synchronize the given Scott alternator to infinite bus by bright lamp method and plot the
V& inverted V curves of the machine when it is working as (i)Generator delivering 1.5kW to
the ac mains(ii)Motor taking an input power of 1.5kW from the ac mains

MACHINE DETAILS:

DC MOTOR ALTERNATOR EXCITER

12.5HP,1500 rpm, 230V,49A 7.5Kva,220/440V, 82/30V,8A

10.9A,1500rpm,50Hz

PROCEDURE:

Start the dc motor and run it at rated speed in the proper direction.(At the point of
start, the starting rheostat of the dc motor must be in maximum position, field rheostat of the dc
motor in minimum position, exciter field rheostat in maximum position,3ф synchronizing switch
in the open position and the ac mains in OFF position).Adjust the exciter field rheostat to get
rated voltage across the alternator terminals. Check the ac mains voltage by using another
voltmeter and with the same voltmeter note the alternator terminal voltage again

Adjust the exciter field rheostat to get the same alternator terminal voltage as the same ac mains
voltage. Switch ON the ac mains .Check for the phase sequence. If the phase sequence is
correct,the 3 sets of lamps become ON and OFF simultaneously.(If the phase sequence is wrong,
switch OFF the set and correct it by interchanging any two supply lines .Restart the set by taking
the necessary precautions and follow the steps as outlined above to get cyclic flickering of the
lamp sets).Adjust the speed of the prime mover to reduce flickering frequency. As the frequency
of alternator is changed, the frequency of flickering of the lamps is also changed, when the two
frequencies are too close, the flickering frequency will be minimum.

Close the synchronizing switch when the cross connected sets of lamps are equally bright and the
straight ones dark .Now, if the field rheostat of the dc motor is adjusted, the input varies and
accordingly the synchronous machine can be made to work as a generator or as a motor
delivering/drawing power to/from the infinite bus.

Adjust(reduce) the excitation of the dc motor to increase the power delivered to the ac bus and
make the wattmeter to read 1.5kW.Vary the excitation of the alternator from a minimum
value(so that the line current is rated )and at constant power to the over excited condition. The
line current first reduces, reaches a minimum value and then increases. Repeat the experiment
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until IL reaches the rated current again. Tabulate the readings and switch OFF the machines by
switching OFF the ac and dc mains.

When the machine works as a motor:

Reverse the connections of the 3-ph.wattmeter such that it reads positive when power is drawn
from the ac mains. Switch ON the dc motor and synchronize the alternator to infinite bus as
before.

Increase the excitation (decrease the field resistance) of the dc motor such that the wattmeter
reads 1.5kW.Now the synchronous machine works as a motor and direction of power flow is
from the ac side to the dc side.

By adjusting the exciter field rheostat ,vary the field current (If) from a minimum value(so that IL
is rated).As If is increased, IL reaches a minimum value and then increases. Repeat the
experiment in steps up to IL=12A again each time noting down If ,IL & VL.. Throughout the
experiment the wattmeter reading must remain constant at 1.5kW.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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TABULATION:

a) AS GENERATOR:W=1.5Kw

Sl.no If IL VL Pf

b) AS MOTOR:W=1.5Kw

Sl.no If IL VL Pf

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Experiment No:10 Date:

PRE DETERMINATION OF FIELD CURRENT OF SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION

MOTOR

Aim: To conduct no load test and turns ratio test on the synchronous induction motor and to pre
determine the field current and input current corresponding to full load and full load at 0.866
pf lead. Also draw the current locus of the synchronous motor.
Machine Details:
5 HP,∆/Y,230/400 V

10/5.8 A, 1500 rpm, 50Hz

Rotor : 304 V,7.8 A

Exciter : 17 V, 16 A

Procedure:

No load test: Conduct no load test after short-circuiting the rotor terminals as in figure. Using
the autotransformer, apply reduced voltage at starting and increase the voltage to the rated value
( = ). Note , , .

Turns ratio test: Wire up the circuit as shown in figure. Aplly a reduced voltage to the stator (
about 50% of normal ) and note the rotor induced emf.

Turns ratio = Stator turns ÷ Rotor turns = /

Pre determination of field current (dc excitation/rotor excitation):

Calculate no load pf angle, = ( √ . Mark V along the vertical axis as shown

in figure. Draw OA = to some suitable current scale at an angle of from V axis ( lags V
by ). From A, draw a line parallel to the X-axis such that the vertical distance OB represents
no load power(α )
Power Scale = √ V*Current Scale
Draw horizontal lines to represent rated output and rated output as follows.
BC = rated output ÷ Power Scale
BD = rated output ÷ Power Scale
To find field current ( ) at FL, 0.8 pf lead:
From O, draw a line a line leading the V-axis by an angle, Ø= to meet the rated output
line at E. OE represents the input current of the synchronous motor. AE represents the

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equivalent (referred to stator) ac value of the exciting current. The dc excitation bears a fixed
relation to this ac value of the exciting current. The dc excitation bears a fixed relation to this ac
depending on the method of connecting the rotor. For the connections used (dc is given between
one phase and the other two joined together-in figure)

Circuit Diagram:

No Load test

Turns ratio test

The field current (dc excitation) required, =√ *AE*CS(Stator turns/Rotor turns), where
‘CS’ is the current scale.
Input current ( stator current )= OE*current scale
Current locus of Syn. Motor:
With ‘A’ as center and radius = AE, draw the current locus, i.e. when operating as a
synchronous motor with constant supply voltage, V , and constant excitation, the load angle,δ,
varies with load and the locus of the stator current circle.

At FL. 0.8 pf lead:

Stator input current = OF*Current Scale.

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The field current, =√ AF*Current Scale*(Stator turns/Rotor turns)

At FL. 0.8 pf lead:

Stator input current = OE*Current Scale.
The field current, =√ AE*Current Scale*(Stator turns/Rotor turns)

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Experiment no-11 Date:

INDUCTION GENERATOR

AIM: a) To conduct no load and blocked rotor tests on the given 3-phase Induction machine and
draw the complete circle diagram .From the circle diagram ,obtain pf,slip and efficiency of the induction
generator at ½ rated current.
b) Conduct load test and compare the results.
MACHINE DETAILS:
DC Machine Induction Machine
7.5KW ,230 V ,32.5A,1450rpm 3-phase ,12.5HP,∆, 400/440 V,17.5A,
1450rpm,50Hz

PROCEDURE:

To draw the circle diagram,conduct no load test and blocked rotor test on 3-phase Induction machine as a
motor.
No load test: Apply a reduced voltage at starting by means of the autotransformer and increase the
voltage to the rated value.Note , & .

Blocked rotor test:Block the rotor .Apply a reduced voltage (about 20% of rated value) to send rated
current( =17.5 A).Note , & .

Stator resistance per phase:Measure resistance of one phase of the stator winding using dc supply and
calculate the effective resistance per phase( .

Actual load test: Wire up the circuit as shown above .(Note that the wattmeter is properly connected to
read the induction generator output-M’s connected towards the machine side and L’s connected towards
the line side).Start the 3-ph. Induction machine as a motor in the proper direction either by using an
autotransformer or by using a star-delta switch.The dc machine ,which is coupled o the induction machine
,now work as a generator.Next,parallel the dc generator to the dc supply mains.For this, make the
generated emf of the generator equal to the dc supply voltage. This can be done by adjusting the field
excitation of the dc generator.Also check the polarity of the generated emf by means of a voltmeter.If the
corresponding terminals are of the same polarity,close the switch at dc side.

To make the induction machine work as a generator,reduce the field excitation of the dc machine such
that the dc machine works as a motor .To accomplish this,increase the speed by adjusting the field of the
dc motor above the synchronous speed of the induction machine.Increase the speed until the induction
machine delivers ½ rated current(=17.5/2A0.Note

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Circuit Diagram:

Load Test

Stator Resistance Measurement

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Tabulation:
V I W N
volts A watts volts A rpm

Calculation:

To draw the complete circle diagram:

Draw the circle diagram of the induction motor and extend it to a full circle as shown in fig 12.5 to
include all values of slip including negative values.(-ve slip means speed higher than or the operation
of the machne is as a generator).

To fix the operating point corresponding to ½ rated current of the induction generator:
Take OC= ½ rated current to scale and fix the operating point,C.
Power scale =√ V*Current Scale .Gen Output=CD*Power scale.
Gen Input=CE*Power scale.
Efficiency=Output/Input.
Pf=cosɸ=Cos (angle COE).
To find slip:

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Construct slip line as follows.Join BS and extend it to any arbitrary point ,M. From ‘M’.
Draw a line perpendicular to the torque line.TM is the slip line.
Slip =-TQ/TM
Load Test:

Induction Generator output =W

Power factor=W/(√
Slip=( -N)/
Input power to the dc motor=
Input power to the Induction generator =Output power of the dc motor = ,where ‘ is the
efficiency of the dc motor,which may be taken as 0.85.

RESULT: The circle diagram of the Induction generator is drawn and the different quantities
corresponding to half rated output are verified.

Qty From Circle From actual test

Diagram
Pf
Slip
Efficiency

INFERENCE:

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EXPERIMENT No. -12 DATE:

TEST ON POLE CHANGING INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM: To predetermine the starting torque, maximum torque and FL power factor for the three different
speed setting (6-pole, 4-pole,& 2-pole) of the pole changing induction motor.

MACHINE DETAILS:

3-phase, 50Hz,3.5/4/4.5KW

860/1455/2880rpm

400V, 8/8.1/9.9A

PROCEDURE: Conduct no load test and blocked rotor tests for the three different pole settings and draw
the circle diagrams in the same sheet to the same scale. Note: Draw separate diagrams for no load and
blocked rotor tests for the 6-pole configuration. Fix the meter ratings after noting the machine details.
Need not draw the complete circuit diagrams for 2-pole and 4-pole settings but show only the stator
connections as shown in figures..

No Load Test: Wire up the circuit as shown in figure for the 6-pole setting. With the help of an
autotransformer, apply reduced voltage at starting and increase the voltage to rated value.
( = ).Note , and . Now change the connection to 4-pole setting as well as to 2-pole setting
and take no load readings as above.

Blocked Rotor Test: Connect meters of appropriate ratings. Block the motor by belt or strongly catch it
by hand. Apply a low voltage of approximately 20% of normal value to send rated current.
( = ).Note , and .
Repeat the same procedure for 4-pole and 2-pole settings. Tabulate the readings as shown.

Measurement of Stator Resistance: Measure stator resistance per phase using dc supply and calculate
the effective resistance per phase as follows.
6-pole setting: Measure the resistance between 2 terminals as neutral point is not available and calculate
resistance per phase.
2-pole setting: Measure the resistance per phase by connecting dc supply between one phase and neutral.
( , , connected together is the neutral point.) 4-pole
setting: Here, the two circuits, which were connected in parallel to form one phase in 2-pole
configuration, are connected in series to form one phase in 4-pole configuration. Hence,
=4* .

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NO LOAD TEST

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

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To find Stator Winding Resistance

Circle Diagrams

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TABULATION:

Pole setting No Load Test Blocked Rotor Test

CALCULATION:

= [ /(√ )]

= [ /(√ )]
Blocked rotor current with normal voltage, = /(V/ ).
Blocked rotor power input with normal voltage, = ( .

Find the above for 6, 4 & 2 pole configurations.

With the above data, draw the circle diagram for 6-pole, 4-pole & 2-pole in the usual manner.

To draw the torque line, find stator copper loss in each case separately as follows.

Let , & be the stator resistance per phase of the 6-pole, 4-pole & 2-pole configurations
respectively.
Then,
Stator copper loss at stand still with normal voltage for 6-pole = 3 * .
Stator copper loss at stand still with normal voltage for 4-pole= 3( √ * .
Stator copper loss at stand still with normal voltage for 2-pole = * .

Find the above for the 3 pole settings and represent this to scale in the respective circle diagrams to get
the torque line.

RESULT:

The circle diagrams for 6,4 & 2 pole configurations are drawn and the results are tabulated.

INFERENCE:

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Experiment No:13

TORQUE SLIP CHARACTERISTICS OF SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

Aim: To conduct no load and blocked rotor tests on the given slip ring induction motor and

1)to obtain the equivalent circuit

2)to draw the complete torque-slip characteristics.

Machine Details:

5HP ,∆/Y, 220/440 V ,13/7.5 A, 1440rpm, 50Hz. Rotor:140V, 22A

Procedure:

No Load Test: Using the autotransformer, start the motor by applying a reduced voltage and
then gradually increasing it to the rated value. Note V0(=rated voltage), I0 & W0.

Blocked Rotor Test: Block the rotor by means of the belt or catch the drum by hand firmly to
prevent rotation. Apply a small voltage (approximately 20% of the rated voltage) to circulate
rated current. Note VS, IS(=rated current) & WS.

Stator Resistance Test: Measure the stator resistance per phase using dc supply and calculate
the effective ac resistance per phase (effective resistance=1.2×dc resistance).

Circuit Diagram:

No load Test:

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Blocked Rotor Test:

250 V, 10 A, HPF

Stator Resistance Measurement

Tabulation:

No Load Test:

V0 I0 W0

volts A watts

Blocked Rotor Test:

VS IS WS

volts A watts

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Stator Resistance:

V I R R1=1.2R

Calculation:

1)Equivalent Circuit:

R1-Stator winding resistance per phase.

X1-Leakage reactance of the stator winding per phase

R2I-Rotor winding resistance per phase referred to stator

X2I-Leakage reactance of the rotor winding per phase referred to stator.

R0 & X0-Exciting impedance per phase referred to stator.

R2I(1-s)/s-Electrical analogue of mechanical load on the motor.

R01-Equivalent resistance per phase referred to stator.

X01-Equivalent reactance per phase referred to stator.

Z01-Equivalent impedance per phase referred to stator.

R01=R1+R2I

X01=X1+X2I

Z01=√(

From No Load Test:

No load pf, CosØ0=W0/(√ V0I0)

IW=I0CosØ0, Iµ=I0SinØ0

R0=V0ph/IW=V0/(√ IW), since the stator is star connected, V0ph=V0/√

From blocked rotor test:

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Z01=VSph/ISph, R01=WS/3IS2, since the input voltage is only 20% of the normal voltage ,air gap
flux is relatively small and so iron losses can be neglected or the input power, WS, is to meet
copper loss only.

X01=√(

R2I=R01-R1, X1=X2I=X01/2 The approximate equivalent circuit is as shown in fig

T-S characteristics:

Draw the circle diagram and construct the slip line. Get the value of torque for different values of
slip and plot the required graph

S 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Tin

synWatts

Tmax S at Tmax

Result:

Inference:

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