Rajeswari P. et al. International Research Journal Of Pharmacy, 2023,13:12:1-7.

Research Article

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY

www.irjponline.com ISSN 2230-8407 [LINKING], EMBASE Indexed

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SURGICAL OUTCOMES OF MICROSCOPIC

TYMPANOPLASTY TO MINIMALLY INVASIVE ENDOSCOPIC TYMPANOPLASTY
Dr. P. S. R. Rajeswari,1 Dr. B. M. S. Kumara Naik,2 Dr. Gosetti Sreenivasulu,3 Dr. Ch. Venkatasubbaiah,4
Dr. Kundirthi Chaitanya Babjee5*
1
MBBS, MS, Associate professor, Department of ENT, Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
2
MBBS, MS, Assistant Professor, Department of ENT, Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
3
MBBS, MS, Assistant Professor, Department of ENT, Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
4
MBBS, MS, Professor & Head, Department of ENT, Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
5*
MBBS, MS, Assistant Professor, Department of ENT, Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Corresponding Author
Dr Kundirthi Chaitanya Babjee
Email id: chaitanyababjee@gmail.com
How to cite: Rajeswari PS, Naik BM, Sreenivasulu G, Venkatasubbaiah Ch, Babjee KC. Comparative assessment of surgical outcomes of
microscopic tympanoplasty to minimally invasive endoscopic tympanoplasty. International Research Journal Of Pharmacy,
2022,13:12:1-7.
DOI: 10.56802/2230-8407.1303202
Submission: 22/11/2022, Acceptance: 25/11/2022, Publication: 10/12/2022
=======================================================================================
ABSTRACT
Background: CSOM (chronic suppurative otitis media) is a disease having high prevalence globally including India and
usually affect subjects from low socio-economic background. It is treated with tympanoplasty where Hopkins Karl Storz
Endoscope 0°, 30°, 2.7mm 18 cm and Carl Zeiss Opmi Surgical ENT Microscope has been used for performing ear
surgeries owing to their cost-effectiveness, portability, and better optics.
Aim: The present study aimed to comparatively assess the surgical outcomes following microscopic tympanoplasty and
invasive endoscopic tympanoplasty.
Methods: The present study assessed 120 subjects who underwent tympanoplasty in the institute. 120 subjects were
randomly and equally divided into two groups namely the microscopic group and endoscopic group. For all the subjects,
demographics, tympanic membrane perforation size, and pure-tone audiometry were assessed preoperatively and 8 th week
postoperatively. Also, graft uptake rate, postoperative morbidity, average surgical time, and anesthesia type were assessed
in both groups.
Results: A graft uptake rate of 96% and 93% were respectively seen in the microscopic and endoscopic groups. Higher
postoperative morbidity was seen in the microscopic group compared to the endoscopic group, whereas; mean surgical time
was lesser in the endoscopic group. Endoscopic tympanoplasty was more economical and was done under local anesthesia.
The mean air-bone gap was 16.05dB and 16.42 dB respectively in the microscopic and endoscopic group.
Conclusions: Minimally invasive endoscopic technique has equal graft uptake and hearing gain compared to conventional
microscopic tympanoplasty with the benefit of less medical resource consumption and less postoperative morbidity making
it easy to perform and cost-effective.
Keywords: Chronic suppurative otitis media, CSOM, endoscopic tympanoplasty, microscopic tympanoplasty

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INTRODUCTION
COM or chronic otitis media is a common disease affecting the middle ear. Chronic otitis media is a common disease seen
globally including in India, and commonly affects subjects from low socioeconomic status and seen in developing
countries. Following the 2004 reports of the WHO (World Health Organization), India is among the nations that have the
highest prevalence of CSOM (chronic suppurative otitis media) with a prevalence rate of more than 4%. Chronic otitis
media is linked to the structural changes in pars flaccid or pars tensa along with the middle ear which is seen secondary to
negative middle ear pressure, Eustachian tube dysfunction, and inadequately treated otitis media. 1
Previous literature data has reported that the procedure of tympanoplasty is done to close the perforation in the tympanic
membrane. Since the application of tympanoplasty in clinical practice, various surgical techniques and different graft
materials have been developed and used. However, the technique used more widely and accepted on a large scale is post-
aural microscopic tympanoplasty, and has a success rate of 80% to 90%. Post-aural microscopic tympanoplasty used the
temporalis fascia as the most common grafting material.2
After the incorporation and use of the endoscope in the field of surgery, it is widely used in various surgeries involving the
nasal complex and excellent results have been reported. Ear surgeries assisted with endoscopes are usually done by
surgeons and have been increasing in the practice of surgeons in the past 10-20 years.3
The authors have reported that various benefits of using the endoscope include it being minimally invasive and can be done
using a transcanal approach that eliminates unnecessary dissection of the soft tissues and allows better access to the hidden
areas in the cavity of the middle ear. Endoscopes also have surgical advantages over the use of microscopes being ideal for
use in camp surgeries, being cost-effective, and easy to transport.4
The present study aimed to assess the efficacy and role of using the rigid endoscopes in the tympanoplasty. The study had
objectives of comparatively assessing the surgical outcomes concerning postoperative morbidity, hearing gain, graft uptake,
and medical resource consumption including anesthesia type and surgical procedure duration in the two surgical
procedures, and assessing any existing relationship between the two procedures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study aimed to assess the efficacy and role of using the rigid endoscopes in the tympanoplasty. The study had
objectives of comparatively assessing the surgical outcomes concerning postoperative morbidity, hearing gain, graft uptake,
and medical resource consumption including anesthesia type and surgical procedure duration in the two surgical procedures
and to assess any existing relationship between the two procedures. The study was done at Department of ENT, Sri
Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, after the clearance was given by the concerned institutional
ethical committee. The study population was from the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Institute after obtaining
informed consent from the study subjects.
The study included 120 subjects from both genders having central perforation in the tympanic membrane. The inclusion
criteria for the study were subjects with inactive mucosal type chronic suppurative otitis media and exclusion criteria were
subjects with a history of ear trauma, sensorineural hearing loss, and cases with ear discharge.
The 120 subjects were randomly divided into two groups of 60 subjects each using software for randomization. All 120
subjects were surgically treated under GA (general anesthesia) or LA (local anesthesia). TIVA (total intravenous anesthesia
technique) was used in a few subjects. All the surgeries were performed by two surgeons, experts in the field.
For Group I subjects, Hopkins Karl Storz Endoscope 0°, 30°, 2.7mm 18 cm and Carl Zeiss Opmi Surgical ENT Microscope
was utilized to perform the tympanoplasty. The transcanal approach and tragal perichondrium graft were used in the
endoscopic surgery procedure. In the microscopic tympanoplasty technique, a postaural approach with a temporalis fascia
graft was used. Subjects were followed after the procedure at 2 nd week, 4th week, and 8th week postoperatively following
surgery. For all the subjects, demographic data, clinical profile, complications during and following the surgery,
postoperative and intraoperative complaints, mean surgical time, anesthesia type, mean postoperative air-bone gap,
preoperative mean air-bone gap, and perforation size were noted. VAS (visual analog scale) scores were used for the
postoperative complaints in the form of a questionnaire.

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The surgery for all the subjects was done using TIVA, general anesthesia, or local anesthesia as needed. In the use of local
anesthesia, 30 mg pentazocine injection was used along with 25 mg promethazine via the intramuscular route to induce
sedation, and 2% lignocaine infiltration was done. In the subjects where general anesthesia was used, endotracheal
intubation was used along with intravenous and inhalational anesthesia drugs. In TIVA, an oxygen mask was utilized to
maintain proper oxygenation, and vitals monitoring was done throughout the procedure.
In the subjects where a microscope was used, after doing infiltration with 2% lignocaine with adrenaline, 1:80,000 in the
external auditory canal and post-aural region, the external auditory canal was exposed using the Wilde's incision followed
by dissection of the post-aural soft-tissues to harvest the temporalis fascia graft. Pinna retraction was then done anteriorly
with a Mollison retractor and a sickle knife was used to freshen the perforation margin. The tympanomeatal flap was then
elevated 5mm away from the tympanic annulus and skeletonization of the malleus handle was done. In all the subjects, the
ossicular chain was seen to be intact. The harvested temporalis fascia graft was then spread uniformly and placed below the
malleus handle. Zohler and Wullstein’s classification was used to perform type 1 tympanoplasty. The tympanomeatal flap
was spread over the temporalis fascia. Gel foam pieces were placed inferiorly and anteriorly in the middle ear cavity below
the graft and over the tympanomeatal flap to support the graft. The postaural incision was sutured and sutures were
removed after 1 week.
In the endoscopic group, infiltration in the postaural region was done with 2% lignocaine with adrenaline, 1:80,000 in the
external auditory canal, and tragus. Endoscopes used for the surgery were 0° and 30°, 2.7 mm, and 11 cm. The sickle knife
was used to freshen the perforation margin. From the same ear tragus, a tragal perichondrium graft was harvested with
minimal dissection of the soft tissues. With a circular knife, 5mm lateral to the annulus, an incision was made followed by
the elevation of skin from the bone of the external auditory canal. After elevation of the annulus, mucosa of the middle ear
was incised followed by tympanomeatal flap elevation from the malleus handle to reach the middle ear cavity. After
malleus handle skeletonization, an underlay technique was used to place the temporalis fascia graft, and the flap was placed
back over the fascia. Gel foam was placed inferiorly and anteriorly below the graft in the middle ear to support the graft
over the tympanomeatal flap.
In the microscopic group, subjects were observed for two days following the procedure, whereas, in the endoscopic group,
subjects managed with local anesthesia were discharged the same day and under TIVA, and general anesthesia was
observed for 1 day. The subjects were followed till 8 weeks following surgery.
The data gathered were analyzed statistically using SPSS software version 21.0 (IBM Corp., NY Armonk, USA), an
independent t-test for qualitative variables, and a chi-square test for categorical variables. The data were expressed in mean
and standard deviation and frequency and percentage. The significance level was taken at p<0.05 value.
RESULTS
The present clinical study aimed to assess the efficacy and role of using rigid endoscopes in tympanoplasty. The study had
objectives of comparatively assessing the surgical outcomes concerning postoperative morbidity, hearing gain, graft uptake,
and medical resource consumption including anesthesia type and surgical procedure duration in the two surgical procedures
and to assess any existing relationship between the two procedures. The included 120 subjects were randomly divided into
two groups of 60 subjects each where Group I subjects were managed with microscopic tympanoplasty and Group II
subjects with endoscopic tympanoplasty. The mean age of study subjects was 26.71±13.07 years and 24.91±9.25 years in
the microscopic tympanoplasty and endoscopic tympanoplasty group respectively. There were 63.33% (n=38) females and
36.66% (n=22) males in the microscopic tympanoplasty group and 50% (n=30) males and 50% (n=30) females in the
endoscopic tympanoplasty group as shown in Table 1.
The lesion was on the right ear in 53.33% (n=32) subjects and was on the left side in 46.66% (n=28) subjects from the
microscopic tympanoplasty group. The right side was operated in 60% (n=36) subjects and on the left side in 40% (n=24)
subjects in subjects that underwent endoscopic tympanoplasty. The mean size of perforation was small, medium, and
subtotal in 33.33% (n=20), 40% (n=24), and 26.66% (n=16) subjects respectively in microscopic tympanoplasty group,
whereas, the perforation size was small, medium, and subtotal in 16.66% (n=10), 40% (n=24), and 43.33% (n=26) subjects
from endoscopic tympanoplasty group (Table 1).
It was seen that in subjects managed with endoscopic tympanoplasty, at the 4 th week postoperative, 56 subjects had eardrum
intact and it remained intact in 56 subjects at the 8 th week postoperatively. In 4 subjects where graft failure was seen, all 4

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subjects were irregular at follow-up recalls and had postoperative infections. In the microscopic tympanoplasty group, 58
subjects were reported with intact eardrum at the 4 th week postoperatively and it remained intact in 58 subjects at the 8 th
week postoperatively. All 2 subjects were irregular at follow-up recalls and had postoperative infections with graft failure.
The study results showed that mean surgical time in TIVA, LA, and GA groups in microscopic tympanoplasty was
42.2±2.4, 40.5±5.6, and 60.4±3.2 minutes respectively, whereas it was significantly lower in endoscopic tympanoplasty
group with 38.73±1.5, 33.62±2.7, and 43.24±3.3 minutes respectively in TIVA, LA, and GA groups with respective p-
values of 0.006, 0.0005, and 0.0001. The consumption of medical resources was 16.66% (n=10), 33.33% (n=20), and 50%
(n=30) in TIVA, LA, and GA in microscopic tympanoplasty group, and was 23.33% (n=14), 46.66% (n=28), and 30%
(n=18) in TIVA, LA, and GA in endoscopic tympanoplasty group which was statistically non-significant in two groups with
p=0.26. The graft uptake was seen in 96.6% (n=58) subjects from the microscopic tympanoplasty group and was 93.33%
(n=56) in the endoscopic tympanoplasty group which was non-significant with p=0.57 as depicted in Table 2.
Concerning the postoperative complications and complaints in study subjects, granulation of the external auditory canal
was seen in 3.33% (n=2) of subjects from the microscopic tympanoplasty group and in no subjects from the endoscopic
tympanoplasty group. Urine retention was seen in 3.33% (n=2) of subjects from the microscopic tympanoplasty group and
in no subjects from the endoscopic tympanoplasty group. Bat ear was seen in 6.66% (n=4) of subjects from the microscopic
tympanoplasty group. The tragal hematoma was seen in 10% (n=6) of subjects from the endoscopic tympanoplasty group
and no subjects from the microscopic tympanoplasty group. Ear pain was seen in 10% (n=6) of subjects from the
microscopic tympanoplasty group. Neck pain was seen in 6.66% (n=4) of subjects from the microscopic tympanoplasty
group. Bleeding during graft harvesting was seen in 3.33% (n=2) of subjects from the microscopic tympanoplasty group.
Nausea was seen in 10% (n=6) and 6.66% (n=4) subjects from microscopic tympanoplasty and endoscopic tympanoplasty
groups respectively. The complications were significantly higher in the microscopic tympanoplasty group compared to the
endoscopic tympanoplasty group with p=0.004 as summarized in Table 2.
The results for the air-bone gap are summarized in Table 3. Preoperatively, the mean air-bone gap was 30.72±3.06 dB and
32.02±3.37 dB for microscopic tympanoplasty and endoscopic tympanoplasty groups respectively which was statistically
non-significant with p=0.07. At the 8th week postoperative, the mean air-bone gap was 14.23±2.72 dB and 15.23±4.44 dB
for microscopic tympanoplasty and endoscopic tympanoplasty group respectively depicting the non-significant difference
with p=0.12. The mean gain in the air-bone gap was 16.05±4.44 dB and 16.42±4.56 dB for the microscopic tympanoplasty
and endoscopic tympanoplasty group respectively. This difference was statistically non-significant with p=0.36 as shown in
Table 3.
DISCUSSION
The present study included 120 subjects who were randomly divided into two groups of 60 subjects each where Group I
subjects were managed with microscopic tympanoplasty and Group II subjects with endoscopic tympanoplasty. The mean
age of study subjects was 26.71±13.07 years and 24.91±9.25 years in the microscopic tympanoplasty and endoscopic
tympanoplasty group respectively. There were 63.33% (n=38) females and 36.66% (n=22) males in the microscopic
tympanoplasty group and 50% (n=30) males and 50% (n=30) females in the endoscopic tympanoplasty group. These data
were similar to the studies of Mohindra S et al5 in 2010 and Yadav SP et al6 in 2009 where authors assessed subjects with
demographic data comparable to the present study.
It was reported that the lesion was on the right ear in 53.33% (n=32) subjects and was on the left side in 46.66% (n=28)
subjects from the microscopic tympanoplasty group. The right side was operated in 60% (n=36) subjects and on the left
side in 40% (n=24) subjects in subjects that underwent endoscopic tympanoplasty. The mean size of perforation was small,
medium, and subtotal in 33.33% (n=20), 40% (n=24), and 26.66% (n=16) subjects respectively in microscopic
tympanoplasty group, whereas, the perforation size was small, medium, and subtotal in 16.66% (n=10), 40% (n=24), and
43.33% (n=26) subjects from endoscopic tympanoplasty group. These results were consistent with the previous studies of
Basak B et al7 in 2014 and Vikram BK et al8 in 2008 where authors suggested similar demographic and clinical profiles in
their study subjects with CSOM.
The study results showed that in subjects managed with endoscopic tympanoplasty, at the 4 th week postoperative, 56
subjects had eardrum intact and it remained intact in 56 subjects at the 8th week postoperatively. In 4 subjects where graft
failure was seen, all 4 subjects were irregular at follow-up recalls and had postoperative infections. In the microscopic

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tympanoplasty group, 58 subjects were reported with intact eardrum at the 4 th week postoperatively and it remained intact
in 58 subjects at the 8th week postoperatively. All 2 subjects were irregular at follow-up recalls and had postoperative
infections with graft failure. These results were in agreement with the findings of Migirov I9 in 2015 and Parelkar K et al10
in 2015 where authors suggested similar graft success in their study subjects as seen in the present study.
It was seen that the mean surgical time in TIVA, LA, and GA groups in microscopic tympanoplasty was 42.2±2.4,
40.5±5.6, and 60.4±3.2 minutes respectively, whereas it was significantly lower in endoscopic tympanoplasty group with
38.73±1.5, 33.62±2.7, and 43.24±3.3 minutes respectively in TIVA, LA, and GA groups with respective p-values of 0.006,
0.0005, and 0.0001. The consumption of medical resources was 16.66% (n=10), 33.33% (n=20), and 50% (n=30) in TIVA,
LA, and GA in microscopic tympanoplasty group, and was 23.33% (n=14), 46.66% (n=28), and 30% (n=18) in TIVA, LA,
and GA in endoscopic tympanoplasty group which was statistically non-significant in two groups with p=0.26. The graft
uptake was seen in 96.6% (n=58) subjects from the microscopic tympanoplasty group and was 93.33% (n=56) in the
endoscopic tympanoplasty group which was non-significant with p=0.57. These results were in line with Fernandes NV11 in
2003 and Quraishi MS et al12 in 1995 where medical resource consumption in endoscopic and microscopic tympanoplasty
was reported similar to the present study by the authors.
On assessing postoperative complications and complaints in study subjects, granulation of the external auditory canal was
seen in 3.33% (n=2) of subjects from the microscopic tympanoplasty group and in no subjects from the endoscopic
tympanoplasty group. Urine retention was seen in 3.33% (n=2) of subjects from the microscopic tympanoplasty group and
in no subjects from the endoscopic tympanoplasty group. Bat ear was seen in 6.66% (n=4) of subjects from the microscopic
tympanoplasty group. The tragal hematoma was seen in 10% (n=6) of subjects from the endoscopic tympanoplasty group
and no subjects from the microscopic tympanoplasty group. Ear pain was seen in 10% (n=6) of subjects from the
microscopic tympanoplasty group. Neck pain was seen in 6.66% (n=4) of subjects from the microscopic tympanoplasty
group. Bleeding during graft harvesting was seen in 3.33% (n=2) of subjects from the microscopic tympanoplasty group.
Nausea was seen in 10% (n=6) and 6.66% (n=4) subjects from microscopic tympanoplasty and endoscopic tympanoplasty
groups respectively. The complications were significantly higher in the microscopic tympanoplasty group compared to the
endoscopic tympanoplasty group with p=0.004. These results correlated to the studies of Jyothi AC et al 13 in 2017 and Choi
N et al14 in 2017 where similar complications were reported by the authors following tympanoplasty as seen in the results
of the present study.
Preoperatively, the mean air-bone gap was 30.72±3.06 dB and 32.02±3.37 dB for microscopic tympanoplasty and
endoscopic tympanoplasty groups respectively which was statistically non-significant with p=0.07. At the 8th week
postoperative, the mean air-bone gap was 14.23±2.72 dB and 15.23±4.44 dB for microscopic tympanoplasty and
endoscopic tympanoplasty group respectively depicting the non-significant difference with p=0.12. The mean gain in the
air-bone gap was 16.05±4.44 dB and 16.42±4.56 dB for the microscopic tympanoplasty and endoscopic tympanoplasty
group respectively. This difference was statistically non-significant with p=0.36. These findings coincided with the results
of Raj A et al15 in 2001 and Karhuketo TS et al16 in 2001 where air-bone gap results similar to the present study were
reported by the authors in their studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Considering its limitations, the present study concludes that the minimally invasive endoscopic technique has equal graft
uptake and hearing gain compared to conventional microscopic tympanoplasty with the benefit of less medical resource
consumption and less postoperative morbidity making it easy to perform and cost-effective.
REFERENCES
1. World Health Organization. Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media. Burden of Illness and Managementoptions; 2004.
2. Dornhoffer JL. Hearing results with cartilage tympanoplasty. Laryngoscope 1997;107:1094-9.
3. Zollner F. The principles of plastic surgery of the sound-conducting apparatus. J Laryngol Otol 1955;69:637-52.
4. Rosenberg SI. Endoscopic otologic surgery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1996;29:291-300.
5. Mohindra S, Panda NK. Ear surgery without a microscope; is it possible? Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
2010;62:138-41
6. Yadav SP, Aggarwal N, Julaha M, Goel A. Endoscope-assisted myringoplasty. Singapore Med J 2009;50:510-2.

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7. Basak B, Gayen GC, Das M, Dhar G, Ray R, Das AK. Demographic profile of CSOM in a rural tertiary care hospital.
IOSR J Pharm 2014;4:43‐6.
8. Vikram BK, Khaja N, Udayashankar SG, Venkatesha BK, Manjunath D. Clinico-epidemiological study of complicated and
uncomplicated chronic suppurative otitis media. J Laryngol Otol 2008;122:442-6.
9. Migirov L, Wolf M. Minimally Invasive Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery. In: Amornyotin S., editor. Endoscopy-
Innovative Uses and Emerging Technologies [Internet]. London: IntechOpen; 2015.
10. Parelkar K, Nagle S, Jagade M, Thorawade V, Khairnar P, Attakil A, et al. Triple-C cartilage tympanoplasty: Case series.
Int J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;4:26-31.
11. Fernandes SV. Composite chondroperichondrial clip tympanoplasty: The triple “C” technique. Otolaryngol Head Neck
Surg 2003;128:267-72.
12. Quraishi MS, Jones NS. Day case myringoplasty using tragal perichondrium. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1995;20:12-4.
13. Jyothi AC, Shrikrishna BH, Kulkarni NH, Kumar A. Endoscopic myringoplasty versus microscopic myringoplasty in
tubotympanic CSOM: A comparative study of 120 cases. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017;69:357-62.
14. Choi N, Noh Y, Park W, Lee JJ, Yook S, Choi JE, et al. Comparison of endoscopic tympanoplasty to microscopic
tympanoplasty. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2017;10:44-9.
15. Raj A, Meher R. Endoscopic transcanal myringoplasty – A study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;53:47-9.
16. Karhuketo TS, Ilomäki JH, Puhakka HJ. Tympanoscope-assisted myringoplasty. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec
2001;63:353-7.
TABLES

Characteristics Microscopic tympanoplasty n=60 (%) Endoscopic tympanoplasty n=60 (%)

Mean age (years) 26.71±13.07 24.91±9.25

Gender
Females 38 (63.33) 30 (50)
Males 22 (36.66) 30 (50)
Lesion side
Right 32 (53.33) 36 (60)
Left 28 (46.66) 24 (40)
Mean perforation size
Small 20 (33.33) 10 (16.66)
Medium 24 (40) 24 (40)
Subtotal 16 (26.66) 26 (43.33)
Table 1: Demographic data of the two groups of study subjects

S. No Factors Microscopic Endoscopic p-value

tympanoplasty tympanoplasty
n=60 % n=60 %
1. Mean surgical time (min)
a) TIVA 42.2±2.4 38.73±1.5 0.006
b) LA 40.5±5.6 33.62±2.7 0.0005
c) GA 60.4±3.2 43.24±3.3 0.0001
2. Postoperative complications
and complaints
a) External auditory canal 2 3.33 0 - 0.004
granulation
b) Bat ear 4 6.66 0 -
c) Urine retention 0 - 2 3.33
d) Tragal hematoma 0 - 6 10
e) Ear pain 6 10 0 -
f) Neck pain 4 6.66 0 -
g) Bleeding during graft harvesting 2 3.33 0 -
h) Nausea 6 10 4 6.66

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3.
Medical resources
consumption
a) TIVA 10 16.66 14 23.33 0.26
b) LA 20 33.33 28 46.66
c) GA 30 50 18 30
4. Graft outcomes
a) Failure 2 3.33 4 6.66 0.57
b) Uptake 58 96.6 56 93.33
Table 2: Mean surgical time, postoperative complications, and medical resource consumption in two groups of study
subjects

S. No Air-bone gap Microscopic Endoscopic p-value

tympanoplasty tympanoplasty
1. Preoperative 30.72±3.06 32.02±3.37 0.07
2. Postoperative in 8th week 14.23±2.72 15.23±4.44 0.12
3. Gain at 8th week 16.05±4.44 16.42±4.56 0.36
Table 3: Preoperative, postoperative, and gain in air-bone gap in two groups of study subjects