Outline :

§p Definition of limit

& one - sided limits

Ño Limit laws

&s Limit involving trigonometric functions

So Infinite limits / limit to
infinity
édoi continuity
G1 Definition of limit
Limit of a function, numerical
computation.
● Consider y = x2 – x + 2 for values of x near 2.

4 x f(x) x f(x)
(2, 4) 1 2 3 8
1.5 2.75 2.5 5.75
1.9 3.71 2.1 4.31
1.99 3.97 2.01 4.03
1.999 3.997 2.001 4.003
0 2
when x is close to 2 (on either side of 2), f(x) is close to 4.
Note, f(2) is not significant here!

Chapter 1:Lmits and Continuity C01-6

Eth
y
^

< >
0 → ✗
,←

Iim fcx ) =

✗→y
In finding the limit of fun as x →a
,
we never consider

how f defined
The
only thing that matters in is
=
x a .

near a

② ③
①

¥ #Y←
L -
• L -

.
a

① ② ③ fca
,
is undefined
f-ca) feat
=

= L = M

Iim fat L
Iim far =L limfcx,
=

= L
Xt a
Xia
Xna
Him Act) =

too

y = Hit]
HCO ) =

SAAB
 sided limit
23h One
1.2. One-Sided Limits
● Definition: We write

8
lim f  x=L
−
xa
as the left-hand limit of f(x) as x approaches a [limit of f(x)
as x approaches a from the left] is equal to L if we can
make f(x) arbitrarily close to L by taking x (less than a) to
be sufficiently close to a.
lim f  x=L

xa
The right-hand limit of f(x) as x approaches a [limit of f(x)
as x approaches a from the right] is equal to L if we can
make f(x) arbitrarily close to L by taking x (greater than a)
to be sufficiently close to a.
Chapter 1:Lmits and Continuity C01-17
Graph and its limit
● Rule:
lim f  x= L if and only if lim f  x= L and lim f  x=L.
xa x  a− x  a

8. Determine the limit of g. lim g  x

−
x3
g
4
lim g  x

x3
3 lim g  x
−
x7
2
1
lim g  x

x7
0 3 7 lim g  x 
x0
Chapter 1:Lmits and Continuity C01-19
JD Limit Laws
1.3 Limit laws
● Suppose that c is a constant and limits of the following
exist lim f  x  , lim g  x
xa xa
then 1. lim f  x  g  x=lim f  x lim g  x
xa xa xa
2. lim f  x − g  x=lim f  x −lim g  x
xa xa xa
3. lim c f  x=c lim f  x
xa xa
4. lim f  x  g  x=lim f  x⋅lim g  x
xa xa xa
lim f  x
f  x  xa
5. lim = if lim g  x≠0
x  a g  x lim g  x x  a
xa
Chapter 1:Lmits and Continuity C01-27
Limit laws (cont.)
● Moreover,
 
n n 
6. lim [ f  x] = lim f  x  where n∈ℤ
xa xa

7. lim c=c
xa
8. lim x=a
xa

9. lim x n=a n where n∈ℤ 

xa
n n
10. lim  x=  a where n∈ℤ 

xa

 
n
11. lim  f  x= n lim f  x where n lim f  x  exists
xa xa xa
Chapter 1:Lmits and Continuity C01-28
Limit of polynomial and rational
functions
● If f is a polynomial or a rational function and a is in the
domain of f, then
lim f  x = f a
xa
● For example, f(x) = 3x4 – 5x2 + x – 3, then
4 2 4 2
lim 3 x −5 x  x−3=3 a −5 a a−3
xa

Chapter 1:Lmits and Continuity C01-29

 A rational function is a function

of the following form

%÷ ,

where fcx) and gcx)

are polynomials .

For instance
,

¥¥ .÷-×s ,
 substitution
^ -

G direct

- de -
factor and cancel

Ioi multiply by conjugate

'

Ros others
-
-
. . .
Solution
② Iim
✗→ 1 ?÷
×

solution
ID tim
✗→ 0 Fz-÷"
solution
④ Iim
✗→ ,

solution
Student note
14. Find lim g  x  where g  x =
x1 { x1 if x≠1
 if x=1}.

solution

Chapter 1:Lmits and Continuity C01-31

Student note
15. Show that lim ∣x∣=0 .
x0

solution

Chapter 1:Lmits and Continuity C01-32

Student note
17. Determine if whether limit
exists
solution

34
FLEX
.
The greatest integer function
( floor function )
is defined
by
[ ×] = the greatest integer that
is
less
to
than or equal ✗ .

( For instance [ 4] =

[ 4.8] =

[ It ] =

[ -
1.1 ] =

)
Jtf show that Iim [ x] DNE .

✗→ 3

solution
EDL Evaluate
1i×m→z ,
if it exists
.

Solution
EIyn Evaluate Iim if it exists .

✗→ ¢ - ,

Solution
Theorem of limits
● Theorem: If f(x) < g(x) when x is near a and the limits of f
and g both exist as x approaches a, then

● The Squeeze Theorem: If f(x) < g(x) < h(x) when x is near

☐ a and

then

35
④ If 4×-9 E far) EXZ
-
4×+7 for ✗20 ,

find him fcx) .

✗→ 4

solution
thy Limits
involving Trigons
theorem
1. him sin ✗ = Sina

✗→ a

Cosa
lim Cosi =
2 .

✗→ a

3. Iim Sint = 1

✗→ 0
I

4. Iim 1- cosy = O
✗ no
g-

sina.ca#)--1iflimfcn--
doo him 0
✗→ a
✗ ra
±

j¥÷÷EA
him sinx=
y=sin✗ ✗→a

:
•

Iim sinx Iim

1:
cosx
✗ →a

tim sinx lim cost

✗ → -0
DEX lim tan ✗

✗→ IT

solution
 Iim ±
Ex
✗→ o sinx

Solution
EXJSM Iim
sin÷
✗→ •

solution
€0
tan¥
t.im
✗→ o

Solution
EFG tim
✗→ o
1- Fox
F
solution
④ Iim

✗→ o
""÷
Solution
the Iim
✗→ I
Sin ( F- 1)
¥
solution
 Student note
18. Show that

Solution

36
ECW Evaluate him FÉ . Sint
✗→ o F

solution
IF @ Infinite limits

limit to
infinity
Infinite limits
9. Determine if the limit exists

0 x

20
Infinite limits
10. Determine if the limit exists

Note x2 > 0 for x ≠ 0.

tim
✗ → 0
-1×-2=-0
0 x ( PNE )

22
EIN
lim fcx) =

✗→ o
-

1 im fcx) =

✗ → ot -

lim fcx ) =

✗→o
 Infinite limits
● Definition: Let f be a function defined on both sides of a,
except possibly at a itself. Then

☐
means f(x) can be made arbitrarily large as x sufficiently close
to a, but not equal to a.

To show that we can prove it using two facts

1.
☐ ☐
and 2. check the positive sign of f as x → a.

21
 Infinite limits
● Definition: Let f be a function defined on both sides of a,
except possibly at a itself. Then

☐
means f(x) can be made arbitrarily small (large negative) as x
sufficiently close to a, but not equal to a.

To show that

1.
☐ and☐
2. check the negative sign of f as x → a.

23
 Student note
11. Find
solution
→ find him 2X
)
we consider
✗→ 3-1 ¥3

① lim X -3 =

✗→ 51 Tx -

3- we have is
When ✗→
② ,

2X
-

and ②, lim 2x
①
=

By ✗ → 3+7-3
-

25
 To find him 2x we consider
)
✗ → 3- ¥3

① Iim XI =

✗→ 5 2x -

3- we have is
When ✗→
② ,

2X
-

lim
① and ② ,
2x =

By ✗ → 3- ¥3 -
 ( DNF ) ( DNF)
and him
?÷
have him 2x •
→
we = = .

✗→ z+-×→ ✗→ 5

Therefore, Iim
✗→
¥-3 =

3
ESE rind
II. ¥?÷
,
a

solution
EIN Find
"jm→z-¥?g
Solution
Jefe lim Sec ✗
✗→
1T£
solution
1.4. Limit to Infinity
● Definition: Let f be a function defined on some interval
(a, ∞). Then
e
means that the values of f(x) can be made arbitrarily close
to L by taking x sufficiently large.

● Alternatively, f → L as x → ∞
“the limit of f(x), as x approaches infinity, is L”
“the limit of f(x), as x becomes infinity, is L”
“the limit of f(x), as x increases without bound, is L”

43
Geometric illustrations

y = f(x) y = f(x)

mm
y =L y =L

0 0

44
Limit laws
● Theorem: If r > 0 is a rational number, then

8-
If r > 0 is a rational number such that xr is defined for all x,
then

46
④ linn
✗→a
¥
=

-3
Iim ✗ =

✗→→

Iim 3-
=

✗→ no

him
✗→ -
•
¥ =
Student note

24. Evaluate

and indicate which properties of limits are used at

each stage.
Solution

47
Ex Evaluate him
✗→ • ÷××
}

Solution
EIN Evaluate Iim
✗→ • ×¥
solution
 lim
EI
✗→ • É
solution
not ' im
✗→ a

solution
Student note

25. Compute

Solution

48
Student note

27. Find
☐
lim
EI ✗ sin
I
✗→ a

solution

51
Infinite Limits at Infinity

EEE
means the values of f(x) become large as x becomes large.

means the values of f(x) become small as x becomes large.

means the values of f(x) become large as x becomes small.

means the values of f(x) become small as x becomes small.

49
Student note

26. Find
☐
☐ exists and equals
☐ DIVE
a
☐
-0
☐

☐ other types

50
 Student note

27. Find
☐
Solution

51
3h6 Continuity
1.5. Continuity
● Definition: A function f is continuous at a number a if
lim f  x = f a
● Note ☐ xa

①
– f(a) is defined. (that is, a is in the domain of f)

②
– Limit of f as x approaches a exists

③– The value of the limit is the same as function value.

● If f is not continuous at a, we say that f is discontinuous
at a.

Chapter 1:Lmits and Continuity C01-53

Graph and continuity
● Determine from the graph g, which points of g are
discontinuous and why?

g 4
-
3

2
-
I

0 2 3 7

Chapter 1:Lmits and Continuity C01-54

solution
Student note
29. Where are the following functions discontinuous?
x 2− x−2
1. f  x= 2. f  x =〚 x〛
x−2
where 〚 x〛 = the largest integer that is less than or equal to x.

solution

Chapter 1:Lmits and Continuity C01-55

 Student note

{ x 2−x−2

} { }
1
if x≠2 if x≠0
3. f  x= x−2 4. f  x= x 2

1 if x=2 1 if x=0

solution

Chapter 1:Lmits and Continuity C01-56

EXIST Determine whether f is continuous
the given number a

a. = 1
1) fcx > = -
1- ;
2
@ 1) -

☐ is continuous

is discontinuous because
☐
 1-1×2
{
fix ) if
2) =
✗ co
I a=o

1- 2X if ✗ yo

solution
 Sini if

{
✗
3. f- a) = city
I
cost if ✗ a=¥
%,
solution
④ For what value of the Constante is

the function f- continuous at 2 .

cÑ+2x if

{
✗ <z
f- A) =

3-
✗ cx if +22
solution
EID Find the value of a and b that make f

continuous everywhere .

✗ L2
1¥
{
if
far )= '

a✗ 2-6×+3 if 2£ ✗ <3

2x - a +b if ✗7
, 3
solution
Theorem for continuity
● Theorem: If f and g are continuous at a and c is a constant,
then the following functions are also continuous at a:
f
1. f + g 2. f – g 3. cf 4. fg 5. if g a≠0
g
● Theorem: Any polynomial and rational function is
continuous wherever it is defined.
● The following types of functions are continuous at every
number in their domains: Polynomials, Rational functions,
Root functions, Trigonometric functions.
Chapter 1:Lmits and Continuity C01-59
Continuity of a composite
function
● Theorem: If f is continuous at b and lim g  x =b then
xa
lim f  g  x= f b
xa
In other words,
lim f  g  x= f lim g  x
xa xa
● Theorem: If g is continuous at a and f is continuous at
g(a), then the composite function f○g given by (f ○ g)(x) =
f(g(x)) is continuous at a.

Chapter 1:Lmits and Continuity C01-60

Etf show that fix)= sin Cfx ) is continuous
on [ 0,0) .

Solution
SEIF on what intervals is each function continuous ?
"
1 . f- Cx ) =
✗
100
-
✗ + ¢5

Solution
 Ñ+2
2.
gcx ) =

solution
3. hcx ) F-
×¥
= + -

,
solution