UNIT-IE FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES ‘and Euler’s theorem - tial differentiation of two variables - Lagrange’s method differentiation Homogeneous functions tive - Change of variables - Jacobians - Pa eh functions ~ Taylor's series for functions ‘and minima of functions of two variables = ed multipliers. Function of two independent variables pol z which has a definite value for every pai ‘a function of two independent variables x and y and we z=f@,y) 0% &y) zis a function of three or moxe variables x, Yb ~ ir of values of x and write .. we represent on by writing 2 = fst). ch functions, no geometrical representation is possible. However, ada repion and neighbourhood can easly be extended to functions ‘more variables. ) Limits notion f(x, y) is said to tend to the limit / as x >a and y +, if the limit | is independent of the path followed by the point and y>b. lim fe, y) = xoa yob i of a circular neighbourhood, We have the following egion R, is said to tend to the limit rand y->, if and only if corresponding to a positive number €, another positive number & su6h that FG. 9-41 < € for P+y-by < 82 for every point (*, y) in R. a“ f(x, y) defined in a ¥ definition of3 of Several Variables N on 227 TOTAL DERIVATIVES - CHANGE Se 4 OF vari ’ paaTiAL DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS 7) Total derivative 2 ae fa f@,y) where x = % () andy = ¥ (0, then we can express js funcson of (alone by substituting the values of x and y in f(x, y) , @, 9 1 find the ordinary derivative @ i ss v0 eT Which is called the total derivative to distinguish it from the partial derivatives 24 ang 2H ax of ay find “ without stati Now, t0 find “iy ut actually substituting the values of x and y in dependent flesh ¥ establish the following formula du _ du de , au dy a” ax dt” ay dt Proof : We have u = f(x, y) Giving increment 3¢ to f, let the coresponding increments of x, y and u fe dx, dy and Su respectively. independent Theo, u+du = f@@+dx,ytdy) Pet dctene du= fetdx, yt Oy)—SE,Y) [Converge at t: [One point] Use ordinary derivative = seer dx, y+ dy) —f Oy + Oy) A Ey +4y) FE) du _ fae+dx, y+ dy) fey toy) Sx ag ox or 4 (ce, yt dy) —f sy) SY t éy or Malng mits as 3¢-» 0, dx and dy also —~ 0, we have ale Lt a x0 dy) -fe.y)| & sete } by70 7 Es, a + dx, yt dy) LO ag sy+o--E + (log + 108. = 1+ (logs + logy) ‘i Gira sty Soa siferentiating warto x, we Bet dy| vevgeabtd] > a sa _ tle +e 2 2ele* 2 @ey@ = CF =~ Oe du 4e** dta oF ale 2 (2) 08) - ee oF , oF \ ene ax *? 7 ay ( @F Vea)? | oF, @F oF +9 = 52) ax lareyiuoyox 35-8 ba) a2 [BFE a1ey Fr ae ay From (1) & (2), we get a Ts: Be es ou ayeoe eee a Example 2320, Prove that 3 + =. ie oro ore TAU. Jon, where xeucosa —Vsine, Proof : Given : z is a composite function of u and v. * Ta panda vand | il Simian ceesoaea 25 ~ cosa au az _ dz 0x | dz ay a2 - 820%, dzay du ax du” ay au av< axav” ayav ~ 53 (04) + 22 ina) ozs az a x (sina) + 5 (casa) = cosa 22 + sina 22 = (ose +sine 2) ae 3 : = a2, 2 aa Fi Sen eee oe i 3 : ars (coset sina 33) + ina (ome ax ay) eS _ ay bes me or &z Hl = cosa |eosa 2% 4 at 845 rgy| tana a r ) = az ‘fe i Ogg Sa emasrgy + sna cosa aye 2 re ee tad a) (az i x & _ 2) (az ; 3 7 (on) ( ) = (ieee ‘ a ») lav ( ox ines Fe Quo, = sina 2 sina 22 + ong) “ae ores a aes a z Qu2a thts eS eie20r +h (ax + hy + = Tet by th a Example 2.3.27. we =y", find Ge olution : Let f @%Y) = we Yom 1e Lf 2 yey losy ax Of = Slogx—-2. ay a. aye a 7h Yo - enon = “de Of af t= logx ay ai Example 2.3.28. If u = ¢ (x,y) and f (x,y) =0, prove a = Solution : f(z,y) = 0 > y is a function of x. “ u = (xy) and y is a function of x. From f(y) = 0, ie We get me Using in (1), de ee d= gy du a oo SheyI! a 2.56 ox od naeee =r[ cos? 6 + sin? A yp 26d» |3y ax] 18 O3¢,®) re a 1. 26,9) | ae. 20-5 = a@,y) We know that 3(r, 0) ae.» a¢, 9) _1 @ 2 a, 9)! wn 2G, y) itxeu(ity) and y=v (1 +4), find aGy) Example 242. = . ax ox [AU CBT Jay, p Life Ca | a ay ee ‘ 2G" = a Y Saation: 5,0) ~ Joe ae = ltuty ae, a@v) Benes h, r= + find 5) [A.U. Jan. 2010, Mg. aw) _ fax ay] _ a sani 5S fae oe] * Jaa ax ay 2 a $25 oy Example 244. If u=acoshx cosy, v=asinhxsiny, then show au av 1 = 2 | wa Fey 7 22 om ~ cos) Ba” | axis au aw ce 3 [ton Solution ; 20%) _ fax ay ee ‘ay * 4G, y) av ay a os uly rary = 2) = [pases a coshx sin’ 8) @coshxsiny sinh x cosy a = (sinh coe’y + cosh? sin?y) alga ~ @ fie 1+ cos 1 — cos i av ag TS) atts PS a @ 17 leosh 2x ~ 95 2y) = |y ~*~ 2 Bee2 cxample 2:45 wu=k, vee nad + ‘A iy TAU, May, 2001) TAU ‘Tvli, Jan, 2010) [AU, Nov. 2001) [A.U MJ 2 [AU. ‘Tvli, Jan, 2011) 35)" ra y = rsind E ay ty pico oy sind : ay, en rene | gg ~ roe cos@ | —rsin® rcos6x= u(y) Example 2.4.19, If p = 3x + 2y —z, q =x — 2y +z, 7 = (x + 2y —2z), prove 2P.H1) 9 YZ) 2p ap ap ax ay az dy.ar _ ag 4 aq Solution : qe ells eee ar or or ox ay dz! Pat 3 -2 1js-2]1 2°* <1 1 -w,y= 4, prove 262) 2 Example 2.4.20, If x =v, y i 2G,¥)" ts a Solution ; Given ; a Y= WW) IR) =a = vySolution : Let fy = x-P +6 = 0, Also, Example 2.425, If x ‘fi (ts¥4¥2.%942) = 0, § = 1, 2, 3 are three relations connecting 14 ¥,435)h2 we can regard u, v,w as functions of x,y,z, Then, ons. of S0veral Variables et vt 7 iG) aya ps 11 Derivatives using Jacoblans scslocele nny) = af ensy) = Ome OF agg BP ng ie lation i hen, considered as functions of x,y then, fe seo se ext VP vaay oy eH Fler en oes 20) a ieee O01. a 09, ) 3 pues Vas if pee yt 6 oe functionally related 4 au _ _ 2G vhyfs/0(¥") ax OCs fof) (sv, w) _ nfo fs)/2 (0,2) Gh LV Gy,2) ZY and v sta , EMR functinoally related. If se yet axty, andy ar 30 = 7, fina 27 : y= 218, fina 5, 5 9, x= sind VI =a? sin? fo eee 3G) uae ly i eal 3@, 9) v 2c. _.2 GERVSTETE IIR Sin21 ax OGph/0(, aA 2) 40) ZEAL 10. if u,v,w are the roots GPS in A, then find 2%» 26 _ _ Mifyaln) ae | a a Sa = = =2(& ~y) y -2) 2. G, = t-)0—m0 x 8. f/0 6,8) ie a 2° +0) CS “&=WO=WG EXERCISE 2.4 fs 5 TAYLOR’ 1 Irew-Ay = w, fing 00), TW po a (uy) fans. 4 2 +7) O VARIABLE 2. Find the Jacobi @x=u-2, TAU, Jan, 200 of the transformation ' Ttylor’s expansion fo ny aA "16: ») be a fare Gi) r= y=3, 22403 fans. 144uv'] We can a © iil) x = 6" cosy, y =o sin y fans, 281) ha, GC. Pande. i Cor So hegp y Sider FG bh emporarily con2.72 we have f(r +h, y +k) =s@yth a Pe she + hgelennh) tara I ea aa “Now, considering f(y +4) as a function of y only, we have Feay +h) =f) + RSG) + bore Yt ‘Differentiating (2) partially with respect to x, we have 2 3 Basen = Eientksestent hain +. "Differentiating (3) partially with respect to x, we have a fy) Es eee a) re Betas In equation (7), have, then \e *\araeaye! ® o) # Fs Substituting (2), (3), (4) ete. in (1), we have FE+hy+® = fo hE FQy + Foley) a 2 i gam & TMG SOD FRITS Le yh =e ae] a id ® is the expad 2/2, 2 lax ra * ape pp lO + Written = Sly) + (»3fnad) 5 syt ie * elya aR, 2 (: oe ee [-« tha + higher order terms © +h Gy) 1 + a Oh + = Sey) + thf, D4 Dhkhy Gy) +42 Gy] iions of Several Variables ied tye above result can be writen in symbolic form as i gains perhrt =169 + (rgeree| sey 7 a 2 aol) (has**ay) f@y) + 0) Equation (5) represents an expansion of f (+h, y+) in powers of and &. From this, we can obtain a form which closcly resembles the one dimensional form of Taylor's series. y In (5), replace (x, y) by (a, b) We have, f(a +h, b+k) = f(a, b) + [hf @, b) +kf, (@, bY) Ya + FUP hax (@, BY + 2h dehy (a, D) + Rhy (a, ) + higher order terms ~@ In equation (7), replace h by (¢—a) and k by (y —b). have, then Vien = b) +(e - a) fx @ 6) + — bh @ + FUG = aye (@ 0) +20 a) (- P)fiy 0) + 9 - by fy@b) 1+ (8) is the expansion of f(y) in a series in powers of @—a) and G-5). Tt is the Taylor series expansion of f(y) about the point (a,b). (8) can be written symbolically as st feo = f(a, + [«-og+-M ay] Jeb) Zz [x92 +05] : 2 Important Note : It can be proved that the expansion of f (x,y) by Taylor series (9) is unique. This means that if f(x, y) can be expanded as f(@, b) + : w= (9) Tey) = th @-a) +r29-Dtae—a + by any other method, which converges to f(x, y) near (a, b), it must be the same as the Taylor expansion of f(&, y)-Engineering ty, 08 ‘MS ‘BASED OF TAYLOR'S SERIES FOR yNCTIONS. oF TWO \ /ARIABLES. aunt Bxpand ef cosy about (0. | UH Hie ten cnsy In powers OF 5 nn Y'08 heed d degree: [AU, March 1996) [AU Trichy J/J 2009}1A.U, Hp [AU Dec. 2011, U.I Function Value at (0, 70/2) | Posy) = Xeosy feo 1 fe = e cosy fx = 0 y= fF fy = -esiny feat a + FP hal fe = € COSY fx = 0 7 et fe ( Senn), Seal 0 ae fy = ~e cosy fy = Tl Tou = oosy aon ; | fay = —&siny Yay = sel ne Soy = —e cosy foyeefl fyy = &siny By Taylor’s theorem $69) = f(@, 6) + Tif (@, b) +Kf, (@, By) + 1p, @0) 21 Sax (4, b) + 2hk fry (a,b) +P fy (@b)| + apes, 3 ax (dsb) + 3.4? fy (a,b) + BAK? fayy (2B) + Bly! ee @ a=05=% 2 homwx—a ox teyob= fog ]Engineering Mathamay 2.82 : Expa i s theorem in of x and y as fj cd e* siny by Taylor's theorem in powers re STs terms of third degree. (AU M/J 2013] Ans, [AU D15/J16 R-13] [AU N/D 2016, Re Expant a i rs of (x —1) and (= 1) y df (&y) = tan! (7x) im power ) mia degree a Hence, compute f(1.1, 0.9) approximately, Ui fans. f (1.1, 0.9) = 0.6857 1 fey) = F-71@-Y-O- DI) + He-y-0- 91 = Fle- +3 G-IP O-1) ~ 3 -D 0-17 - 0-1}, 26 (f) Stations .6 MAXIMA AND MINIMA FOR FUNCTIONS OF TWO] J” , junction f Ce VARIABLES a @ 2.6 (a) Maximum value Note : Every © f(a, ») is a maximum value of f (x, y), if there exists some nei Bot be am extt of the point (a,b) such that for every point (a+h, b+k) of Vi. PROBLEMS | neighbourhood, shames f@, b) > f@th,b +k) 2.6 (b) Minimum value 3 £(@, 6) is a minimum value of f (c, y), if there exists some neighbour of the point (@,b) such that for every point (@+h, b+k) of neighbourhood, f@,b) < fath,b+k) © 2 (c) Extremum value F(a, b) is said to be an extremum value of f6¢,) if 1 maximum or a mixmum, * 26 (d) Necessary conditions for a maximum or a minim fe @,b) = 0 and f, (@, 5) = 0 Pf PL FE a fy Notations : 2£ ey i a2 = fw Sray ~ fr of epee, ax ~ Se ay =2.84 The stationary points are (1, (1, 2) (, -2) G, ~y 7" 6>0 6>0 -6 <0 6 <9 a 0 0 0 0 2 =12 2 =2 ihe Bea m>o | -2<0 | -2<° R>0 o usion | minpoint | saddle point | saddle point po Maximum value of f(¢, y) is F(-1, -2) = (1° + (-2)°- 3 (1) = 12-2) + 20 po = -1-8+3424+20 F = 38 rs a Minimum value of f (x, y) is ke f@,2) = 0) +2) -3(4) - 122) +20 B ae c Example 2.6.2.(a) Find the extreme values of f(c, y) = xy? (1-x-y) Solution : Given : f(x, y) = Py ( y) [A.U Jan, 201 Li Pt alee sind Kes y) = 32y- 4b Paty) SyG,y) = 2y—28y — a3 A = fe @sy) = Gy? - 1222 — Gy? B= fy (ey) = 6?y— aby 9292 C = fy (9) = 23 — 24 — Gc To find the stationary points, ik 20 ay —ady? 323 Tg 2 y —aty —aey = 0 23 YY [3—de—3y] = 9 Py[2—- 2-3] = 0 “ LOt=9y = 0443 23 > hn eeEngineering Mathemat, ot! ion pe 2.86 einer ROAR cae values, 69 Example 2.6.2.(0) : {A.M 2008 PFI TAU. MI yp -G ) = ay 2-2-9) J. ea Solution + (6. a = wy A -#P ; = mxry- yey) = Bee ya Gy) = 2-2 Boh Gy) = Rey 89 a, © = fy bay) = 240 - 28 ae find the stationary points 3 wey — 2 y 38 = 0 xy [24 — 2x -3y] = 0 > x=0,y=0, e+ 3 = sey ay? a2? = 0 Py [36 - 4-3] = 0 = x=0,y=0, 4 +3) = 36 4c t3y 36 a -@ = Pr malt a “{ M2 @MO+3 = 36 =? Ww+3y = 36 ay A y=3-M=12 wya4 * The stationary points are (0, 0), (6, 4) Inconclusive2.87 A = (7) (6) (16) - a iy BY = © (6) (4) = 6912 — 6912 ~ B = (2) (6) @) - ie ei ~ 9(36) (16) = 10368 - 6912 ~ S184 = -1728 = 24 (216) — 2 (1296) ~ 6 (216) (4) = 5184 - 2592 - 5184 = ~ 2592 ac—B? = (~2304) (—2592) ~ (—1728)? = S9TI968 - 2985984 = 2095984 > 9 ‘Thus (6, 4) is a maximum point ‘Maximum value f(y) = f(6,4) = (6) (47 (12-6 -4) = (216) (16) (2) = 6912 263. Find a point within a triangle such that the sum of the of its distances from the three vertices is minimum, jon : Let (1,1), @2¥2)s (3.3) be the vertices of a triangle and 'y) be a point inside the triangle, ‘Sum of the squares of the distances from (x,y) to the three vertices is by = —x)+ — y+ © + Oy @ —29)*+ O - 99 ‘ow, fc = 21-11) + ©) + @—a)] = 0 ~@ f= 210 -y)+0-y2) + 0-ys)] = 9 ~ Q) (1) & (2), we get Kt +33 _ntntys 3. Sane 3 fre jf ='6, B ="fy =90°C = fy = 6 i tx, yityet. that at =. ntytys A>0 and AC-B? = 36 > 0 is minimum at “Gee 4278, nintn) which is the centroid of triangle, imple 2.6.4, In a plane triangle ABC, cos A cos B cos C. find the maximum value of Feey,2) = cosAcosBcosC +4 (A+B +C-)wysin x+y) = 0 0 (or) sin@2r +y) = 0 ‘y= 0,x,22,... (or) -y = 0,%, 230, - Solving (2) & (5), we get Qx22 4+y Engineering Matheratig, |_ a> orem aan oO ay | __sinxsin@e +2) = 0 J sinx = 0 (or) sin (x + 2y) =9 x= 0,9, 20, ... (or) x+2y=0,2,2z,.., [ x+%y=0 .@ > xtyan () x+2y = 22 ... (6) Solving (3) & (6), we get @)x2 > 4r+2y = 40 =0 Uy ()x1> x+y @x1> x+2 = (-) 2&-1=0 x oh @>y ae hex = y A= es 2 AC Da 4 is minimum a ie, the point ie, the point ( ; : “le 258 Ping the All other points are lies outside 0 0 bu ; xe Lae eee) e=2 (F)-=-vs je=2 (2) a =% OM oe Sy JB = sin (2x + 2y) s fu az = 12—7) + 4 ay + 4e— dy = 9 oy +2) ae > you pen a pew = 0228-9 = exa0 (0) 7-2 =0 Bs = 0 (or) x= #2 points are (0,0), (V2 -V2) Ge) at (0,0) la=—-4<0 at (—V2, v2) lc=—4 B=4 =0 Cannot be an extreme point y)= &e-y-2, Minimum of u (x,y) at (V2, -¥2) = (V2) + (V2)! 2 (12 + 4VD (V2) = 2(-V2Y = 4+4-4-8-4 “ta @,y) = 2, = -8 Minimum of u (x,y) at (-VZ, V2) 2 = (-V2)' + (2) 2 (vay? + 4(-vB) vB - 20) = 444-8 ger cee (2, ~ V2), (-V2, V2) are point of minimum value and the minimum value is —8, Example 2.6.9 Examine Fay) Values, ot =x ty) — 129 — 3y +20 for its Og [AU. N/D 20021 (4-0 Solution ; Given = #6) = S498 ~ 12x - 3y +20 a ayFind the maxima and minima of xy (a ~x~y) Example 2.6.13. Find the i ba Solution : Let f(y) = 39 (@ aaa fe = y—2y-y? ty = a -P dy > ta ae tbeoy gf gn 2 and CaF a AC ~B* = xy ~ (a — 2x - 2p? Solving, ay — dry —y? = 0 and axv—x2—2y = 0 i We have, y(a—2r—y) = 0 and x(@—x—2) = 0 #9 = 00-2 -y=0,x=0 or a—x— = oir Solving, stationary points are (0, 0), (@,0), (0,2) and ( rad the extreme pt At (0, 0), AC ~B? = negative value Al (4,0), AC ~ B? = negative value GUGRANGE'S NV At (0,), AC—B = negative value TIAGRAN * £659) does not have an extremum at these three points. MULTIPLIERS At (fa.4 2 4), AC~B?'= positive and A<0 it a>0 Suppose, we require F i pea at * £669) is maximum at (2a, 24 Pie) where x,y,z are st ifa>0 ee 2 8@y,z) = £05y) is minimum at this point a <0 4 Mie a function Maximum (or) minimum value = sf =£ EXERCISE 2.6 1. Find the extreme points of the following functions + © 29-5 — OP 4 de bay 4, tans [5 $] =0 macnn day a Ans. /(1,1) =3, minimum! (i) Pay sy? +t +t (AU Jan, ae 2015 RAs] (AU ND 2016 RAS fans, At | ' @) ] = 34, minim) 2 Bxamine the maxima or mj inima of the following functions. 18-3 ay [Ans, minimum at (1, 1))