Contaminated Waters: Unveiling the Health Risks of Islamabad’s Water Quality Crisis by

Abeeha Atif
Abstract
This research investigates the degradation of water quality in Islamabad and its direct
impact on public health. Water samples collected from key locations, such as Rawal Dam and
different Islamabad neighborhoods, were analyzed for contamination levels, including turbidity,
coliform bacteria, and harmful trace elements. Findings revealed that several areas have water
quality far below acceptable standards, leading to widespread health issues such as hepatitis E.
This study aims to document and assess water quality in Islamabad. It also identifies significant
sources of pollution, including poor waste management and industrial discharge, and suggests
solutions to improve water safety in Islamabad.

Introduction
Pakistan, a nation marked by its complex geopolitical and environmental landscape, faces
significant challenges regarding water resources. Since gaining independence in 1947, the
country has struggled to manage its water supply effectively. One pivotal agreement governing
water resources in Pakistan is the Indus Water Treaty, signed with India in 1960. This treaty,
facilitated by the World Bank, aimed to equitably divide the use of the Indus River system
between the two countries, ensuring a stable water supply. However, while the treaty has
successfully prevented conflict over water resources, it has yet to address the internal water
quality issues plaguing Pakistan, particularly in urban centers.
Islamabad, the capital city, is a microcosm of the broader national water crisis. The city's
primary water sources include groundwater from tubewells and surface water from Rawal Dam.
Unfortunately, both sources have experienced significant contamination due to industrial runoff,
agricultural activities, and ineffective waste management systems. The deterioration of water
quality has led to severe public health consequences, including a notable rise in waterborne
diseases like hepatitis E, particularly among marginalized communities.
According to a report by the Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR),
in 2021 approximately 80% of Pakistan's water supply is estimated to be contaminated,
exacerbating health crises across the nation (PCRWR, 2021). This statistic highlights the urgency
of addressing water quality issues, especially in rapidly urbanizing cities like Islamabad, where
over 2 million residents depend on these compromised water sources (Pakistan Bureau of
Statistics, 2021). However, according to the PCRWR report, while water quality issues remain a
significant challenge in Pakistan today, considerable progress has been made in improving access
to clean water over the years. The report highlights noticeable improvements in water treatment
and infrastructure between the early 2000s and more recent years, reflecting efforts to reduce
contamination and provide safer drinking water. This progress demonstrates a positive shift,
though ongoing challenges still persist, particularly in urban areas like Islamabad.
 The situation in Islamabad is particularly concerning. The rapid urbanization of the city,
coupled with a lack of adequate infrastructure to manage waste and treat water, has resulted in
serious public health risks. Waterborne diseases are highly prevalent, and residents are often left
with little choice but to use contaminated water sources. The World Health Organization (WHO)
reports that unsafe drinking water contributes to the deaths of over 500,000 children under five
annually worldwide, a statistic that highlights the urgent need for improved water quality
management (WHO, 2022).
This research aims to investigate the factors contributing to the deterioration of water
quality in Islamabad, analyze water samples for pollutants, and explore the broader implications
for public health. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective interventions to
safeguard the health of Islamabad’s residents.

Methodology
The methodology employed in this research involved the systematic collection and
analysis of water samples from twelve different locations across Islamabad. These samples were
obtained from both surface water (e.g., Rawal Dam) and groundwater (e.g., tubewells in various
neighborhoods). The sample collection process adhered to the guidelines set forth by the
National Water Quality Monitoring Program, ensuring proper handling to avoid contamination.
Each sample was meticulously labeled with its source information, GPS coordinates, and
collection time to maintain an organized profile for testing. Please see the supplementary
information to see the form utilized during sampling events.
Sample collection was conducted following stringent protocols on 11th July, with 12
samples taken as they are representative of Islamabad’s key water sources. This number aligns
with the methodology used by PCRWR, which has conducted similar studies with a comparable
sample size to effectively capture the city's water quality variations. For surface water, samples
were taken from Rawal Dam, with upstream, midstream, and downstream points observed for
contamination levels. Tubewell water samples were drawn from key locations, such as G-5
Government Hostel and G-11/1 near Masjid, where tubewell water serves as a primary source.
Groundwater samples were allowed to run for ten minutes before sampling, ensuring an accurate
representation of the water quality
Testing parameters included microbiological analysis for total coliform, fecal coliform,
and E. coli detection to assess bacterial contamination; trace elements focusing on potentially
harmful elements like selenium; and physiochemical parameters testing for pH, turbidity, and
chlorine levels. The collection methods utilized were in line with PCRWR recommendations,
particularly regarding contamination prevention measures, such as avoiding rusted taps and
sanitizing with chlorine.
In addition to these parameters, the methodology also included the use of standard
laboratory techniques for analysis. For microbiological testing, samples were cultured on
selective media to identify and quantify the presence of coliform bacteria. Physiochemical tests
were conducted using calibrated equipment to ensure accuracy in measurements. All analyses
were carried out at the PCRWR (Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources) Laboratory
in Islamabad, ensuring compliance with established protocols. The results were then compared
against national and international standards for drinking water quality to assess their safety for
human consumption
Furthermore, qualitative data were gathered through surveys and interviews with
residents regarding their perceptions of water quality and health impacts. This information
provided valuable context to the quantitative findings and helped identify specific areas where
community engagement is necessary. Residents expressed concern over the availability of clean
drinking water and the prevalence of waterborne diseases, further emphasizing the need for
targeted interventions.

The sampling locations can be seen in the map provided below:

Map 1. Locations of Sampling

Results
The analysis of water samples revealed significant contamination across the tested
locations. In Rawal Dam, turbidity levels exceeded the acceptable limit of 5 Nephelometric
Turbidity Units (NTU), with readings of 74 NTU upstream and 46 NTU downstream. Turbidity,
a measure of water clarity affected by the presence of suspended particles, can hinder the
effectiveness of disinfection processes, making water treatment more challenging and increasing
health risks (WHO, 2017).
Total coliform levels were alarmingly high across all sampling points, with the highest
concentration found upstream, where coliform levels reached 74 MPN/100 mL—well above
acceptable standards. Most Probable Number (MPN) is a statistical estimate of the number of
organisms per unit volume of water. The unit MPN/100 mL represents the density of organisms
in 100 milliliters of water. The presence of fecal coliform, which was similarly concerning,
indicates inadequate sanitation practices in nearby residential areas. The presence of fecal
coliform in drinking water is a strong indicator of contamination with pathogens that can cause
severe gastrointestinal diseases (CDC, 2020).
In the groundwater samples taken from G-5 Government Hostel and G-11/1, selenium
concentrations were significantly above the safe threshold of 0.12 parts per billion (ppb), with
measurements reaching as high as 12.92 ppb. This poses a serious health risk, as prolonged
exposure to selenium can lead to chronic health issues, including neurological damage and
reproductive problems (WHO, 2019). The unit ppb refers to parts per billion, indicating the
concentration of a substance per billion units of volume, typically used to express extremely low
concentrations in water.
The results also highlighted differences in water quality between the sampled locations.
While some areas, such as G-5 Government Hostel, exhibited high levels of microbiological
contamination, others demonstrated more favorable results, albeit still below safe drinking water
standards. For instance, groundwater from some tubewells showed lower coliform counts,
suggesting varying levels of contamination based on location and proximity to waste sources.
This disparity underscores the need for localized assessments and targeted interventions.
The sampling also indicated variations in the effectiveness of local water treatment
facilities. In some areas, water was treated to acceptable standards; however, distribution issues
led to contamination post-treatment. Reports from the Pakistan Council of Research in Water
Resources (PCRWR) highlight the need for regular maintenance and monitoring of water
distribution systems to prevent post-treatment contamination (PCRWR, 2021).
Additionally, the presence of heavy metals in some samples raises further concerns. Lead
and arsenic levels were detected in certain areas, although they did not exceed the current
regulatory limits set by national and international standards. However, even small amounts of
these heavy metals, below enforceable standards, can still pose significant health risks over time.
Chronic exposure to lead, even at low levels, has been linked to developmental delays,
neurological disorders, and cognitive impairments, particularly in children (WHO, 2018).
Similarly, long-term exposure to arsenic, even at concentrations below regulatory limits, can
increase the risk of cancers and cardiovascular diseases. These metals are often introduced
through industrial activities and agricultural runoff, making vulnerable populations, such as
children and the elderly, particularly susceptible to their harmful effects.

The following tables show the parameters that exceeded the amounts required for
drinkable water:
Discussion
The results of this study indicate that the water quality in Islamabad is being
compromised by a combination of factors, including industrial runoff, poor waste management,
and inadequate water treatment infrastructure. The high levels of turbidity and bacterial
contamination in Rawal Dam suggest that surface water sources are particularly vulnerable to
pollution, exacerbated by urban expansion and industrial activity in surrounding areas.
The health impacts of water contamination in Islamabad are profound, with diseases like
hepatitis E being prevalent among populations reliant on untreated or poorly treated water
sources. Poor sanitation practices, combined with limited access to treated water, have created
conditions where waterborne diseases can thrive, particularly in informal settlements and densely
populated regions. According to the WHO, unsafe drinking water is linked to various diseases,
including cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fever, which continue to pose significant public health
challenges in Pakistan (WHO, 2022).
Moreover, the public health implications of these findings cannot be overstated. The
presence of coliform and fecal contamination in water sources poses immediate health risks,
leading to gastrointestinal illnesses and other waterborne diseases. Vulnerable populations,
including children and the elderly, are particularly at risk. A comprehensive approach to
improving water quality in Islamabad is crucial for safeguarding public health and enhancing the
quality of life for residents.

Socio-Economic Implications
Water quality issues not only pose health risks but also have broader socio-economic
implications. The economic burden of waterborne diseases on families and the healthcare system
can be substantial. Households may spend a significant portion of their income on medical
treatment for water-related illnesses, diverting funds from essential needs such as education and
food. Moreover, the loss of productivity due to illness can impact local economies, perpetuating
cycles of poverty. Studies have shown inadequate water quality and sanitation contribute to
lower educational attainment and reduced economic productivity (UNICEF, 2021).
The burden of water quality issues is not evenly distributed across populations.
Vulnerable communities, particularly those in low-income areas, are disproportionately affected.
This disparity exacerbates existing inequalities and limits opportunities for social and economic
mobility. Addressing these disparities requires targeted interventions that focus on the most
affected communities, ensuring they have access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.

Potential Solutions
Potential solutions to these issues must consider both immediate and long-term
approaches. Immediate actions could include the installation of water filtration systems in
high-risk areas and enhanced public awareness campaigns regarding safe water practices.
Long-term solutions may involve improving waste management infrastructure and implementing
stricter regulations on industrial discharges to protect water sources. Community engagement is
critical; residents should be involved in water management strategies to ensure that interventions
meet their needs.
Investment in infrastructure is essential. Upgrading sewage treatment facilities and
expanding access to clean water in underserved communities will help reduce contamination
levels. Furthermore, public-private partnerships can play a pivotal role in financing and
implementing these initiatives, ensuring sustainable water management practices are in place. A
comparative analysis of successful water management practices in other countries can also
provide valuable insights for Pakistan.
To improve the overall quality of water in Islamabad, it is vital to implement a
multi-faceted approach that involves collaboration among government agencies, local
communities, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Establishing a centralized water
quality monitoring system can help track contamination levels and ensure timely interventions.
Additionally, training programs for local communities on safe water handling practices can
empower residents to take control of their water supply.

Limitations
While this study provides valuable insights into the water quality issues in Islamabad,
several limitations should be acknowledged. One key limitation is the relatively small sample
size of 12 water sources, which, while representative of major water points, may not fully
capture the variability across the city’s diverse geographic and socio-economic regions. A larger
sample size, including additional sampling from peripheral areas and over multiple seasons,
would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the water contamination patterns.
Additionally, it would have been beneficial to conduct a more detailed analysis of industrial
discharge points in the vicinity of water sources to better understand the direct impact of
industrial pollution.
Another limitation lies in the reliance on spot samples, which provide a snapshot of the
water quality at a given time but may not reflect daily or seasonal variations in contamination
levels. Continuous monitoring systems could offer more comprehensive data on water quality
over time. Furthermore, expanding the scope to include socio-economic factors influencing
water access and contamination levels could make the study stronger. For instance, assessing the
financial and technical capacities of water treatment facilities would provide a clearer picture of
the infrastructure gaps that need to be addressed.
Lastly, while this study focused on chemical and microbiological contaminants, future
studies could also explore emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care
products, which are increasingly found in water supplies but remain under-researched in the
context of Pakistan. Addressing these limitations would contribute to a more thorough
understanding of Islamabad's water quality issues and help refine interventions to ensure
long-term public health improvements.
Conclusion
This study underscores the urgent need for action to improve water quality in Islamabad.
While industrial growth and urbanization contribute significantly to the problem, systemic
failures in water management and infrastructure maintenance must also be addressed.
Comprehensive strategies, including improved water treatment facilities, stricter pollution
controls, and public awareness campaigns, are essential for mitigating the ongoing contamination
crisis and protecting public health.
In conclusion, local authorities and government agencies must take decisive action to
address the water quality issues facing Islamabad. By prioritizing investments in infrastructure
and implementing effective regulatory measures, it is possible to create a healthier environment
for residents and ensure access to safe drinking water for all. Future research should focus on
evaluating the effectiveness of proposed interventions and exploring innovative technologies for
water treatment and management

Supplementary Information

● Raw Water Analysis Data from Lab

● Water Collection Sampling Profile

Acknowledgments
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Polygence for providing me with the
platform and resources to pursue this research. I am also deeply thankful to the Pakistan Council
of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) for their invaluable guidance and laboratory support
throughout this study. Most importantly, I am profoundly grateful to my mentor, John Paul
Angulo, MPH, whose expertise, encouragement, and unwavering support were instrumental in
the completion of this paper. His experience brought invaluable insight that greatly enriched this
research.
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