Exercise - 1 (Basics)

a) Displaying default value of all primitive data types

Aim: To write a JAVA program to display default value of all primitive data type of JAVA

Program:
class defaultdemo
{
static byte b;
static short s;
static int i;
static long l;
static float f;
static double d;
static char c;
static boolean bl;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("The default values of primitive data types are:");
System.out.println("Byte :"+b);
System.out.println("Short :"+s);
System.out.println("Int :"+i);
System.out.println("Long :"+l);
System.out.println("Float :"+f);
System.out.println("Double :"+d);
System.out.println("Char :"+c);
System.out.println("Boolean :"+bl);
}
}
Output:
The default values of primitive data types are:
Byte :0
Short :0
Int :0
Long :0
Float :0.0
Double :0.0
Char :
Boolean :false
 b) Roots of a quadratic equation

Aim: To write a java program that display the roots of a quadratic equation ax2+bx=0. Calculate the
discriminate D and basing on value of D, describe the nature of root.

Program:
import java.util.*;
class quadraticdemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a, b, c;
double r1, r2, D;
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Given quadratic equation:ax^2 + bx + c");
System.out.print("Enter a:");
a = s.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter b:");
b = s.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter c:");
c = s.nextInt();
D = b * b - 4 * a * c;
if(D > 0)
{
System.out.println("Roots are real and unequal");
r1 = ( - b + Math.sqrt(D))/(2*a);
r2 = (-b - Math.sqrt(D))/(2*a);
System.out.println("First root is:"+r1);
System.out.println("Second root is:"+r2);
}
else if(D == 0)
{
System.out.println("Roots are real and equal");
r1 = (-b+Math.sqrt(D))/(2*a);
System.out.println("Root:"+r1);
}
else
{
System.out.println("Roots are imaginary");
}
}
}
Output:
Given quadratic equation:ax^2 + bx + c
Enter a:2
Enter b:3
Enter c:1
Roots are real and unequal
First root is:-0.5
Second root is:-1.0
 c) Bike Race

Aim: Five Bikers Compete in a race such that they drive at a constant speed which may or may not
be the same as the other. To qualify the race, the speed of a racer must be more than the average
speed of all 5 racers. Take as input the speed of each racer and print back the speed of qualifying
racers.

Program:
import java.util.*;
class racedemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
float s1,s2,s3,s4,s5,average;
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter speed of first racer:");
s1 = s.nextFloat();
System.out.println("Enter speed of second racer:");
s2 = s.nextFloat();
System.out.println("Enter speed of third racer:");
s3 = s.nextFloat();
System.out.println("Enter speed of fourth racer:");
s4 = s.nextFloat();
System.out.println("Enter speed of fifth racer:");
s5 = s.nextFloat();
average=(s1+s2+s3+s4+s5)/5;
if(s1>average)
System.out.println("First racer is qualify racer:");
else if(s2>average)
System.out.println("Second racer is qualify racer:");
else if(s3>average)
System.out.println("Third racer is qualify racer:");
else if(s4>average)
System.out.println("Fourth racer is qualify racer:");
else if(s5>average)
System.out.println("Fifth racer is qualify racer:");
}
}

Output:
Enter speed of first racer:
4.5
Enter speed of second racer:
6.7
Enter speed of third racer:
3.8
Enter speed of fourth racer:
5.3
Enter speed of fifth racer:
4.9
Second racer is qualify racer:
 d) A case study
Aim: A case study on public static void main(250 words)

Case study:
➢ The program structure of a simple java program is given below with different steps
Step-1: Click start+run and then type notepad in run dialog box and click OK. It displays Notepad.
Step-2: In run dialogbox type cmd and click OK. It displays command prompt.
Step-3: Type the following program in the Notepad and save the program as “example.java” in a
current working directory.
class example
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(“Welcome”);
}
}
Step-4 (Compilation): To compile the program type the following in current working directory and
then click enter.
c:\xxxx >javac example.java
Step-5 (Execution): To run the program type the following in current working directory and then
click enter.
c:\xxxx>java example

Explanation:
➢ Generally the file name and class name should be same. If it is not same then the java file can
be compiled but it cannot be executed. That is when execution it gives the following error
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: ex
➢ In “public static void main(String args[])” statement
❖ public is an access specifier. If a class is visible to all classes then public is used
❖ main() must be declared as public since it must be called by outside of its class.
❖ The keyword static allows main() to be called without creating object of the class.
❖ The keyword void represents that main( ) does not return a value.
❖ The main method contains one parameter String args[].
❖ We can send some input values (arguments) at run time to the String args[] of the main
method . These arguments are called command line arguments. These command line
arguments are passed at the command prompt.
➢ In System.out.println("Welcome"); statement
❖ System is a predefined class that provides access to the system.
❖ out is the output stream.
❖ println() method display the output in different lines. If we use print() method it display the
output in the same line
 Exercise - 2 (Operations, Expressions, Control-flow, Strings)
a) Implementation of Binary search mechanism
Aim: To write a JAVA program to search for an element in a given list of elements using binary
search mechanism

Program:
import java.util.Scanner;
class binarysearchdemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int n, i, num,first, last, middle;
int a[ ]=new int[20];
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter total number of elements:");
n = s.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter elements in sorted order:");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
a[i] = s.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter the search value:");
num = s.nextInt();
first = 0;
last = n - 1;
middle = (first + last)/2;
while( first <= last )
{
if ( a[middle] < num )
first = middle + 1;
else if ( a[middle] == num )
{
System.out.println("number found");
break;
}
else
{
last = middle - 1;
}
middle = (first + last)/2;
}
if ( first > last )
System.out.println( " Number is not found");
}
}

Output:
Enter total number of elements:
5
Enter elements:
24689
Enter the search value:
8
number found
 b) Bubble sort
Aim: To write a JAVA program to sort for an element in a given list of elements using bubble sort

Program:
import java.util.Scanner;
class bubbledemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int n, i,j, temp;
int a[ ]=new int[20];
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter total number of elements:");
n = s.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter elements:");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
a[i] = s.nextInt();
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n-1;j++)
{
if(a[j]>a[j+1])
{
temp=a[j];
a[j]=a[j+1];
a[j+1]=temp;
}
}
}
System.out.println("The sorted elements are:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
System.out.print("\t"+a[i]);
}
}

Output:
Enter total number of elements:
10
Enter elements:
3257689140
The sorted elements are:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 c) Merge sort:
Aim: To write a JAVA program to sort for an element in a given list of elements using merge sort
Program:
import java.util.*;
class mergedemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int n1,n2,i,j,k;
int a[ ]=new int[20];
int b[ ]=new int[20];
int c[ ]=new int[20];
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter number of elements in first array:");
n1 = s.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter sorted elements of first array:");
for (i = 0; i < n1; i++)
a[i] = s.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter number of elements in second array:");
n2 = s.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter sorted elements of second array:");
for (j = 0; j < n2; j++)
b[j] = s.nextInt();
i = 0;
j = 0;
k = 0;
while((i < n1) && (j <n2))
{
if(a[i] > b[j])
c[k++] = b[j++];
else
c[k++] = a[i++];
}
while(i < n1)
c[k++] = a[i++];
while(j < n2)
c[k++] = b[j++];
System.out.println("After merging the elements are:\n");
for(i = 0; i < (n1 + n2); i++)
System.out.print("\t"+c[i]);
}
}
Output:
Enter number of elements in first array:
6
Enter elements of first array:
8 9 12 13 15 18
Enter number of elements in second array:
5
Enter elements of second array:
6 7 10 11 20
After merging the elements are:
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 18 20
 d) Implementing StringBuffer
Aim: To write a JAVA program using StringBuffer to delete, remove character

Program:
class stringbufferdemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("Hello World");
sb1.delete(0,6);
System.out.println(sb1);
StringBuffer sb2 = new StringBuffer("Some Content");
System.out.println(sb2);
sb2.delete(0, sb2.length());
System.out.println(sb2);
StringBuffer sb3 = new StringBuffer("Hello World");
sb3.deleteCharAt(0);
System.out.println(sb3);
}
}

Output:
World
Some Content

ello World
 Exercise - 3 (Class, Objects)
a) Implementing Class & Objects
Aim: To write a JAVA program to implement class mechanism. – Create a class, methods and invoke
them inside main method
Programs:
1. no return type and without parameter-list:
class A
{
int l=10,b=20;
void display()
{
System.out.println(l);
System.out.println(b);
}
}
class methoddemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a1=new A();
a1.display
}
}
Output:
10
20
 2. return type and without parameter-list
class A
{
int l=10,b=20;
no return type and with parameter-list:
class A
{
void display(int l,int b)
{
System.out.println(l);
System.out.println(b);
}
}
class methoddemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a1=new A();
a1.display(10,20);
}
}
Output:
10
20
3. return type and without parameter-list
class A
{
int l=10,b=20;
int area()
{
return l*b;
}
}
class methoddemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a1=new A();
int r=a1.area();
System.out.println("The area is: "+r);
}
}
Output:
The area is:200
4. return type and with parameter-list:
class A
{
int area(int l,int b)
{
return l*b;
}
}
class methoddemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a1=new A();
int r=a1.area(10,20);
System.out.println(“The area is:”+r);
}
}
Output:
The area is:200
 b) Implementing Constructor
Aim: To write a JAVA program to implement constructor
Programs:
(i) A constructor with no parameters:
class A
{
int l,b;
A()
{
l=10;
b=20;
}
int area()
{
return l*b;
}
}
class constructordemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a1=new A();
int r=a1.area();
System.out.println("The area is: "+r);

}
}
Output:
The area is:200
(ii) A constructor with parameters
class A
{
int l,b;
A(int u,int v)
{
l=u;
b=v;
}
int area()
{
return l*b;
}
}
class constructordemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a1=new A(10,20);
int r=a1.area();
System.out.println("The area is: "+r);
}
}
Output:
The area is:200
 Exercise - 4 (Methods)
a) Constructor Overloading
Aim: To write a JAVA program to implement constructor overloading

Program:

class A
{
int l,b;
A()
{
l=10;
b=20;
}
A(int u,int v)
{
l=u;
b=v;
}
int area()
{
return l*b;
}
}
class overconstructdemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a1=new A();
int r1=a1.area();
System.out.println("The area is: "+r1);
A a2=new A(30,40);
int r2=a2.area();
System.out.println("The area is: "+r2);
}
}

Output:
The area is: 200
The area is: 1200
 b) Method Overloading

Aim: To write a JAVA program implement method overloading

Program:

class A
{
int l=10,b=20;
int area()
{
return l*b;
}
int area(int l,int b)
{
return l*b;
}
}
class overmethoddemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a1=new A();
int r1=a1.area();
System.out.println("The area is: "+r1);
int r2=a1.area(5,20);
System.out.println("The area is: "+r2);
}
}

Output:
The area is: 200
The area is: 100
 Exercise - 5 (Inheritance)
a)Implementing Single Inheritance
Aim: To write a JAVA program to implement Single Inheritance

Program:

class A
{
A()
{
System.out.println("Inside A's Constructor");
}
}
class B extends A
{
B()
{
System.out.println("Inside B's Constructor");
}
}
class singledemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
B b1=new B();
}
}

Output:
Inside A's Constructor
Inside B's Constructor
 b) Multi level Inheritance

Aim: To write a JAVA program to implement multi level Inheritance

Program:

class A
{
A()
{
System.out.println("Inside A's Constructor");
}
}
class B extends A
{
B()
{
System.out.println("Inside B's Constructor");
}
}
class C extends B
{
C()
{
System.out.println("Inside C's Constructor");
}
}
class multidemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
C c1=new C();

}
}

Output:
Inside A's Constructor
Inside B's Constructor
Inside C's Constructor
 c) Abstract Class

Aim: To write a java program for abstract class to find areas of different shapes

Program:

abstract class shape

{
abstract double area();
}
class rectangle extends shape
{
double l=12.5,b=2.5;
double area()
{
return l*b;
}
}
class triangle extends shape
{
double b=4.2,h=6.5;
double area()
{
return 0.5*b*h;
}
}
class square extends shape
{
double s=6.5;
double area()
{
return 4*s;
}
}
class shapedemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
rectangle r1=new rectangle();
triangle t1=new triangle();
square s1=new square();
System.out.println("The area of rectangle is: "+r1.area());
System.out.println("The area of triangle is: "+t1.area());
System.out.println("The area of square is: "+s1.area());
}
}

Output:
The area of rectangle is: 31.25
The area of triangle is: 13.65
The area of square is: 26.0
 Exercise - 6 (Inheritance - Continued)
a) super keyword implementation
Aim: Write a JAVA program give example for “super” keyword

Programs:
(i) Using super to call super class constructor (Without parameters)

class A
{
int l,b;
A()
{
l=10;
b=20;
}
}
class B extends A
{
int h;
B()
{
super();
h=30;
}
int volume()
{
return l*b*h;
}
}
class superdemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
B b1=new B();
int r=b1.volume();
System.out.println("The vol. is: "+r);
}
}

Output:
The vol. is:6000
(ii) Using super to call super class constructor (With parameters)
class A
{
int l,b;
A(int u,int v)
{
l=u;
b=v;
}
}

class B extends A
{
int h;
B(int u,int v,int w)
{
super(u,v);
h=w;
}
int volume()
{
return l*b*h;
}
}
class superdemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
B b1=new B(30,20,30);
int r=b1.volume();
System.out.println("The vol. is: "+r);
}
}

Output:
The vol. is:18000
 b) Implementing interface
Aim: To write a JAVA program to implement Interface.
Programs:
(i) First form of interface implementation
interface A
{
void display();
}
class B implements A
{
public void display()
{
System.out.println("B's method");
}
}
class C extends B
{
public void callme()
{
System.out.println("C's method");
}
}
class interfacedemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
C c1=new C();
c1.display();
c1.callme();
}
}

Output:
B's method
C's method
(ii) Second form of interface implementation
interface D
{
void display();
}
interface E extends D
{
void show();
}
class A
{
void callme()
{
System.out.println("This is in callme method");
}
}
class B extends A implements E
{
public void display()
{
System.out.println("This is in display method");
}
public void show()
{
System.out.println("This is in show method");
}
}
class C extends B
{
void call()
{
System.out.println("This is in call method");
}
}
class interfacedemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
C c1=new C();
c1.display();
c1.show();
c1.callme();
c1.call();
}
}
Output:
This is in display method
This is in show method
This is in callme method
This is in call method
(iii) Third form of interface implementation
interface A
{
void display();
}
class B implements A
{
public void display()
{
System.out.println("This is in B's method");
}
}
class C implements A
{
public void display()
{
System.out.println("This is C's method");
}
}
class interfacedemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
B b1=new B();
C c1=new C();
b1.display();
c1.display();
}
}
Output:
This is in B's method
This is C's
(iv) Fourth form of interface implementation
interface A
{
void display();
}
interface B
{
void callme();
}
interface C extends A,B
{
void call();
}
class D implements C
{
public void display()
{
System.out.println("interface A");
}
public void callme()
{
System.out.println("interface B");
}
public void call()
{
System.out.println("interface C");
}
}
class interfacedemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
D d1=new D();
d1.display();
d1.callme();
d1.call();
}
}
Output:
interface A
interface B
interface C
 Exercise - 7 (Exception)
a) Exception handling mechanism
Aim: To write a JAVA program that describes exception handling mechanism

Program:
Usage of Exception Handling:

class trydemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
int a=10,b=0;
int c=a/b;
System.out.println(c);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
System.out.println("After the catch statement");
}
}

Output:
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
After the catch statement
 b) Illustrating multiple catch classes
Program:

Aim: To write a JAVA program Illustrating Multiple catch clauses

class multitrydemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
int a=10,b=5;
int c=a/b;
int d[]={0,1};
System.out.println(d[10]);
System.out.println(c);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
System.out.println("After the catch statement");
}
}

Output:
java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 10
After the catch statement
 Exercise – 8 (Runtime Polymorphism)
a)Runtime Polymorphism

Program:

Aim: To write a JAVA program that implements Runtime polymorphism

class A
{
void display()
{
System.out.println("Inside A class");
}
}
class B extends A
{
void display()
{
System.out.println("Inside B class");
}
}
class C extends A
{
void display()
{
System.out.println("Inside C class");
}
}
class runtimedemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a1=new A();
B b1=new B();
C c1=new C();
A ref;
ref=c1;
ref.display();
ref=b1;
ref.display();
ref=a1;
ref.display();
}
}

Output:

Inside C class
Inside B class
Inside A class
 b) Case study on Runtime Polymorphism
Aim: To write a Case study on run time polymorphism, inheritance that implements in above problem
Dynamic method dispatch is the mechanism by which a call to an overridden method is resolved at
run time, rather than compile time.

▪ When an overridden method is called through a superclass reference, Java determines which
version(superclass/subclasses) of that method is to be executed based upon the type of the
object being referred to at the time the call occurs. Thus, this determination is made at run time.
▪ At run-time, it depends on the type of the object being referred to (not the type of the reference
variable) that determines which version of an overridden method will be executed
▪ A superclass reference variable can refer to a subclass object. This is also known as upcasting.
Java uses this fact to resolve calls to overridden methods at run time.
Upcasting
SuperClass obj=new SubClass

SuperClass

extends

SubClass

Therefore, if a superclass contains a method that is overridden by a subclass, then when different
types of objects are referred to through a superclass reference variable, different versions of the
method are executed. Here is an example that illustrates dynamic method dispatch:

The example is given by

Consider a scenario, Bank is a class that provides method to get the rate of interest. But, rate of
interest may differ according to banks. For example, SBI, ICICI and AXIS banks are providing 8.4%,
7.3% and 9.7% rate of interest
Bank

getRateOfInterest():float

extends

SBI ICICI AXIS

getRateOfInterest():float getRateOfInterest():float getRateOfInterest():float

 Exercise – 9 (User defined Exception)
a) creation of illustrating throw

Program:

Aim: To write a JAVA program for creation of Illustrating throw

class throwdemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
throw new NullPointerException("demo");
}
catch(NullPointerException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

Output:

java.lang.NullPointerException: demo
 b) creation of illustrating finally
Aim: To write a JAVA program for creation of Illustrating finally
Program(i):
class finallydemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
int a=10,b=0;
int c=a/b;
System.out.println(c);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
finally
{
System.out.println("This is inside finally block");
}
}
}
Output:
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
This is inside finally block
Program(ii):
class finallydemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
int a=10,b=5;
int c=a/b;
System.out.println(c);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
finally
{
System.out.println("This is inside finally block");
}
}
}
Output:
2
This is inside finally block
 c) creation of Java Built-in-Exceptions

Aim: To write a JAVA program for creation of Java Built-in Exceptions

Programs:

(i) Arithmetic exception

class arithmeticdemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
int a = 10, b = 0;
int c = a/b;
System.out.println (c);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println (e);
}
}
}

Output:
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
(ii) NullPointer Exception
class nullpointerdemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
String a = null;
System.out.println(a.charAt(0));
}
catch(NullPointerException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
Output:
java.lang.NullPointerException
(iii) StringIndexOutOfBound Exception
class stringbounddemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
String a = "This is like chipping ";
char c = a.charAt(24);
System.out.println(c);
}
catch(StringIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

Output:
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: String index out of range: 24
(iv) FileNotFound Exception
import java.io.*;
class filenotfounddemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
File file = new File("E://file.txt");
FileReader fr = new FileReader(file);
}
catch (FileNotFoundException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
Output:
java.io.FileNotFoundException: E:\file.txt (The system cannot find the file specified)
(v) NumberFormat Exception

class numberformatdemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
int num = Integer.parseInt ("akki") ;
System.out.println(num);
}
catch(NumberFormatException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

Output:
java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "akki"
(vi) ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception

class arraybounddemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
int a[] = new int[5];
a[6] = 9;
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println (e);
}
}
}

Output:

java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 6
 d) creation of User Defined Exception

Aim: To write a JAVA program for creation of User Defined Exception

Program:

class A extends Exception

{
A(String s1)
{
super(s1);
}
}
class owndemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
throw new A("demo ");
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

Output:

A: demo
 Exercise – 10 (Threads)
a)Extending Thread class

Aim: To write a JAVA program that creates threads by extending Thread class .First thread display
“Good Morning “every 1 sec, the second thread displays “Hello “every 2 seconds and the third display
“Welcome” every 3 seconds ,(Repeat the same by implementing Runnable)

Programs:
(i) Creating multiple threads using Thread class
class A extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
try
{
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
sleep(1000);
System.out.println("good morning");
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
class B extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
try
{
for(int j=1;j<=10;j++)
{
sleep(2000);
System.out.println("hello");
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
class C extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
try
{
 for(int k=1;k<=10;k++)
{
sleep(3000);
System.out.println("welcome");
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
class threaddemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a1=new A();
B b1=new B();
C c1=new C();
a1.start();
b1.start();
c1.start();
}
}
Output:
good morning
hello
good morning
good morning
welcome
hello
good morning
good morning
hello
good morning
welcome
good morning
hello
good morning
good morning
welcome
hello
good morning
hello
welcome
hello
welcome
hello
hello
welcome
hello
welcome
welcome
welcome
welcome
(ii) Creating multiple threads using Runnable interface
class A implements Runnable
{
public void run()
{
try
{
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("good morning");
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
class B implements Runnable
{
public void run()
{
try
{
for(int j=1;j<=10;j++)
{
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("hello");
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
class C implements Runnable
{
public void run()
{
try
{
for(int k=1;k<=10;k++)
{
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("welcome");
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
 }
}
class runnabledemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a1=new A();
B b1=new B();
C c1=new C();
Thread t1=new Thread(a1);
Thread t2=new Thread(b1);
Thread t3=new Thread(c1);
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
}
}

Output:
good morning
good morning
hello
good morning
welcome
good morning
hello
good morning
good morning
welcome
hello
good morning
good morning
hello
good morning
welcome
good morning
hello
welcome
hello
hello
welcome
hello
welcome
hello
hello
welcome
welcome
welcome
welcome
 (b)Implementing isAlive() and join()
Aim: To write a program illustrating isAlive and join ()

Program:

class A extends Thread

{
public void run()
{
try
{
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
sleep(1000);
System.out.println("good morning");
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
class B extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
try
{
for(int j=1;j<=10;j++)
{
sleep(2000);
System.out.println("hello");
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
class C extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
try
{
for(int k=1;k<=10;k++)
{
sleep(3000);
System.out.println("welcome");
}
 }
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
class isalivedemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a1=new A();
B b1=new B();
C c1=new C();
a1.start();
b1.start();
c1.start();
System.out.println(a1.isAlive());
System.out.println(b1.isAlive());
System.out.println(c1.isAlive());
try
{
a1.join();
b1.join();
c1.join();
}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
System.out.println(a1.isAlive());
System.out.println(b1.isAlive());
System.out.println(c1.isAlive());
}
}
Output:
true good morning
true hello
true welcome
good morning hello
good morning hello
hello welcome
good morning hello
welcome welcome
good morning hello
hello hello
good morning welcome
good morning welcome
welcome welcome
hello welcome
good morning false
good morning false
hello false
good morning
welcome
 c) Implementation of Daemon Threads

Aim: To write a Program illustrating Daemon Threads

Program:

class A extends Thread

{
public void run()
{
if(Thread.currentThread().isDaemon())
System.out.println("daemon thread work");
else
System.out.println("user thread work");
}
}
class daemondemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a1=new A();
A a2=new A();
A a3=new A();
a1.setDaemon(true);
a1.start();
a2.start();
a3.start();
}
}

Output:
daemon thread work
user thread work
user thread work
 Exercise - 11 (Threads continuity)
a)Producer-Consumer problem
Aim: Write a JAVA program Producer Consumer Problem
Program:
class A
{
int n;
boolean b=false;
synchronized int get()
{
if(!b)
try
{
wait();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
System.out.println("Got:"+n);
b=false;
notify();
return n;
}
synchronized void put(int n)
{
if(b)
try
{
wait();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
this.n=n;
b=true;
System.out.println("Put:"+n);
notify();
}
}
class producer implements Runnable
{
A a1;
Thread t1;
producer(A a1)
{
this.a1=a1;
t1=new Thread(this);
t1.start();
}
public void run()
{
 for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
a1.put(i);
}
}
}

class consumer implements Runnable

{
A a1;
Thread t1;
consumer(A a1)
{
this.a1=a1;
t1=new Thread(this);
t1.start();
}
public void run()
{
for(int j=1;j<=10;j++)
{
a1.get();
}
}
}
class interdemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a1=new A();
producer p1=new producer(a1);
consumer c1=new consumer(a1);
}
}
Output:
Put:1
Got:1
Put:2
Got:2
Put:3
Got:3
Put:4
Got:4
Put:5
Got:5
Put:6
Got:6
Put:7
Got:7
Put:8
Got:8
Put:9
Got:9
Put:10
Got:10
 b)Case study on thread synchronization

Aim: To write a case study on thread Synchronization after solving the above producer consumer
problem

A case study on thread synchronization after solving producer consumer problem:

❖ We can use wait, notify and notifyAll methods to communicate between threads in Java.
❖ For example, if we have two threads running in your program e.g.Producer and Consumer then
producer thread can communicate to the consumer that it can start consuming now because there
are items to consume in the queue.
❖ Similarly, a consumer thread can tell the producer that it can also start putting items now because
there is some space in the queue, which is created as a result of consumption.
❖ A thread can use wait() method to pause and do nothing depending upon some condition.
❖ For example, in the producer-consumer problem, producer thread should wait if the queue is full
and consumer thread should wait if the queue is empty.
❖ If some thread is waiting for some condition to become true, we can use notify and notifyAll
methods to inform them that condition is now changed and they can wake up.
❖ Both notify() and notifyAll() method sends a notification but notify sends the notification to only one
of the waiting thread, no guarantee which thread will receive notification and notifyAll() sends the
notification to all threads.

Things to remember:

1. We can use wait() and notify() method to implement inter-thread communication in Java. Not just
one or two threads but multiple threads can communicate to each other by using these methods.
2. Always call wait(), notify() and notifyAll() methods from synchronized method or synchronized block
otherwise JVM will throw IllegalMonitorStateException.
3. Always call wait and notify method from a loop and never from if() block, because loop test waiting
condition before and after sleeping and handles notification even if waiting for the condition is not
changed.
4. Always call wait in shared object e.g. shared queue in this example.
5. Prefer notifyAll() over notify() method due to reasons given in this article
 Exercise – 12 (Packages)
a) Illustration of class path
Aim: To write a JAVA program illustrate class path

import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLClassLoader;
public class App
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ClassLoader sysClassLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
URL[] urls = ((URLClassLoader)sysClassLoader).getURLs();
for(int i=0; i< urls.length; i++)
{
System.out.println(urls[i].getFile());
}
}
}

Output:
E:/java%20work/
 b) A case study on including in class path in os environment
Aim: To write a case study on including in class path in your os environment of your package.

➢ The differences between path and classpath are given by.

(1) The PATH is an environment variable used to locate "java" or "javac" command, to run java
program and compile java source file. The CLASSPATH is an environment variable used to set
path for java classes.
(2) In order to set PATH in Java, we need to include bin directory in PATH environment while in
order to set CLASSPATH we need to include all directories where we have put either our .class file
or JAR file, which is required by our Java application.
(3) PATH environment variable is used by operating system while CLASSPATH is used by Java
ClassLoaders to load class files.
(4) Path refers to the system while classpath refers to the Developing Environment.
➢ By default the java run time system uses the current working directory.
➢ Normally to execute a java program in any directory we have to set the path by as follows
set path= c:\Program Files\java\jdk1.5.0_10\bin;

Setting environmental variable in windows xp:

Step-1:
➢ Select My computer on the desktop and right click the mouse and then select properties.
➢ It displays the following “System Properties” dialog.

Step-2:
➢ In System Properties click Advanced and then click Environment Variables.
➢ It displays the following “Environment Variables” dialog.

Environment Variables

System Variables

New

OK Cancel

Step-3:
➢ In Environment Variables click New in System variables.
➢ It displays the following “New System Variable” dialog box.
Step-4:
➢ Now type variable name as a path and then variable value as
c:\Program Files\java\jdk1.5.0_10\bin;

Step-5:
➢ Click OK
 c) Creating and importing a package
Aim: To write a JAVA program that import and use the defined your package in the previous
Problem

(i) Creating a package:

Steps:
1. First declare the name of the package using package keyword
Example: package mypack;
2. Type the following program under this package statement. In package : class ,data, methods
all are public
package mypack;
public class box
{
public int l=10,b=20;
public void display()
{
System.out.println(l);
System.out.println(b);
}
}
3. Create sub directory with a name same that of package name under the current working
directory by as follows. d:\>md mypack
4. Under this subdirectory store the above program with a file name “box.java”.
(ii) importing a package:
Steps:
1. packages can be accessed by using the import statement
General form: import pack1[.pack2].(classname/*);
Example: import java.io.*;
Here pack1 is name of top level package and pack2 is name of sub package
2. Type the following program under the current working directory and save the program with a
file name “example.java”.
import mypack.box;
class packagedemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
box b1=new box();
b1.display();
}
}
3. Now compile the above program in the current working directory d:\
javac packagedemo.java
4. Execute the above program in current working directory
java packagedemo

Output:
10
20
 Exercise - 13 (Applet)
a) Paint like Paint Brush in Applet
Aim: To write a JAVA program to paint like paint brush in applet.
Program:
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
//<applet code="paintdemo" width="800" height="500"></applet>
public class paintdemo extends Applet implements MouseMotionListener
{
int w, h;
Image i;
Graphics g1;
public void init()
{
w = getSize().width; h = getSize().height;
i = createImage( w, h );
g1 = i.getGraphics();
g1.setColor( Color.white ); g1.fillRect( 0, 0, w, h ); g1.setColor( Color.red );
i = createImage( w, h );
g1 = i.getGraphics();
g1.setColor( Color.white ); g1.fillRect( 0, 0, w, h ); g1.setColor( Color.blue );
addMouseMotionListener( this );
}
public void mouseMoved( MouseEvent e ) { }
public void mouseDragged( MouseEvent me )
{
int x = me.getX(); int y = me.getY();
g1.fillOval(x-10,y-10,20,20);
repaint();
me.consume();
}
public void update( Graphics g )
{
g.drawImage( i, 0, 0, this );
}
public void paint( Graphics g )
{
update(g);
}
}
Output:
 b) Display Analog Clock using Applet
Aim: To write a JAVA program to display analog clock using Applet.
Program:
import java.util.*;
import java.text.*;
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
//<applet code="clockdemo" width="550" height="250"></applet
public class clockdemo extends Applet implements Runnable
{
int h=0, m=0, s=0;
String str=""; int wt, ht; Thread thr=null; boolean b;
public void init()
{
wt=getSize().width; ht=getSize().height;
}
public void start()
{
if (thr==null)
{
thr=new Thread(this);
b=false;
thr.start();
}
else
{
if(b)
{
b=false;
synchronized(this)
{
notify();
}
}
}
}
public void stop()
{
b=true;
}
public void run()
{
try
{
while(true)
{
Calendar clndr=Calendar.getInstance();
h=clndr.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY);
if(h>12)h-=12;
m=clndr.get(Calendar.MINUTE); s=clndr.get(Calendar.SECOND);
SimpleDateFormat frmatter=new SimpleDateFormat("hh:mm:ss",
Locale.getDefault());
Date d=clndr.getTime(); str=frmatter.format(d);
if(b)
{
synchronized (this)
{
 while(b)
{
wait();
}
}
}
repaint();
thr.sleep(1000);
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
void drawHand(double angle, int radius, Graphics grp)
{
angle-=0.5*Math.PI;
int a=(int)(radius*Math.cos(angle)); int b=(int)(radius*Math.sin(angle));
grp.drawLine(wt/2,ht/2,wt/2+a,ht/2+b);
}
void drawWedge(double angle,int radius, Graphics grp)
{
angle-=0.5*Math.PI;
int a=(int)(radius*Math.cos(angle)); int b=(int)(radius*Math.sin(angle));
angle+=2*Math.PI/3;
int a2=(int)(5*Math.cos(angle)); int b2=(int)(5*Math.sin(angle));
angle+=2*Math.PI/3;
int a3=(int)(5*Math.cos(angle)); int b3=(int)(5*Math.sin(angle));
grp.drawLine(wt/2+a2, ht/2+b2,wt/2+a,ht/2+b);
grp.drawLine(wt/2+a3, ht/2+b3,wt/2+a,ht/2+b);
grp.drawLine(wt/2+a2, ht/2+b2,wt/2+a3,ht/2+b3);
}
public void paint(Graphics grp)
{
grp.setColor(Color.gray);
drawWedge(2*Math.PI*h/12,wt/5,grp); drawWedge(2*Math.PI*m/60,wt/3,grp);
drawHand(2*Math.PI*s/60,wt/2,grp);
}
}
Output:
 c) Display Analog Clock using Applet
Aim: To write a JAVA program to create different shapes and fill colors using Applet

Program:

import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
//<applet code="graphicsdemo" width="400" height="400"></applet>
public class graphicsdemo extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
int x[]={10,220,220};
int y[]={400,400,520};
int n=3;
g.drawLine(10,30,200,30);
g.setColor(Color.blue); g.drawRect(10,40,200,30);
g.setColor(Color.red); g.fillRect(10,80,200,30);
g.setColor(Color.orange); g.drawRoundRect(10,120,200,30,20,20);
g.setColor(Color.green); g.fillRoundRect(10,160,200,30,20,20);
g.setColor(Color.blue); g.drawOval(10,200,200,30);
g.setColor(Color.black); g.fillOval(10,240,40,40);
g.setColor(Color.yellow); g.drawArc(10,290,200,30,0,180);
g.setColor(Color.yellow); g.fillArc(10,330,200,30,0,180);
g.setColor(Color.pink); g.fillPolygon(x,y,n);
}
}

Output:
 Exercise - 14 (Event Handling)
a) Cursor movement using mouse
Aim: To write a JAVA program that display the x and y position of the cursor movement using
Mouse.
Program:
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
//<applet code="mouseevent" width=450 height=300></applet>
public class mouseevent extends Applet
implements MouseListener, MouseMotionListener
{
String s1=" ";
int x,y;
public void init()
{
addMouseListener(this);
addMouseMotionListener(this);
}
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me)
{
x=100;
y=100;
s1="Mouse clicked";
repaint();
}
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me)
{
x=100;
y=200;
s1="Mouse entered";
repaint();
}
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent me)
{
x=100;
y=300;
s1="Mouse exited";
repaint();
}
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent me)
{
x=me.getX();
y=me.getY();
s1="Mouse Pressed";
repaint();
}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent me)
{
x=me.getX();
y=me.getY();
s1="Mouse Realeased";
 repaint();
}
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me)
{
x=me.getX();
y=me.getY();
s1="Mouse Dragged";
repaint();
}
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent me)
{
x=me.getX();
y=me.getY();
s1="Mouse Moved";
repaint();
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString(s1,x,y);
}
}

Output:
 b) Key-up and Key-down event
Aim: To write a JAVA program that identifies key-up key-down event user entering text in a
Applet.
Program:
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
//<applet code="keyevent" width=450 height=300></applet>
public class keyevent extends Applet implements KeyListener
{
String s1=" ";
int x,y;
public void init()
{
addKeyListener(this);
requestFocus();
}
public void keyPressed(KeyEvent ke)
{
x=100;
y=200;
s1= "key pressed ";
repaint();
}
public void keyReleased(KeyEvent ke)
{
x=100;
y=400;
s1= "key Released ";
repaint();
}
public void keyTyped(KeyEvent ke)
{
s1=s1+ke.getKeyChar();
repaint();
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString(s1,x,y);
}
}
Outpu