Part-A: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

MANUAL

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY::P.KOTHAKOTA
NEAR PAKALA, CHITTOOR-517112
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)

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 Part-A: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

Name:__________________________________

H.T.No:_________________________________

Year/Semester:__________________________

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY::P.KOTHAKOTA

NEAR PAKALA, CHITTOOR-517112

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)

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 Part-A: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)

Subject
Name and CO id Course Outcomes Level
Code

Analyze simple electric circuits with DC excitation

C121.1 and also analyze single phase AC circuits consisting L4
of series RL -RC -RLC combinations

Basic C121.2 Explain operation of transformer and induction motor L2

Electrical &
Electronics C121.3 Explain the types of Distribution systems L2
Engineering
Make use of diodes and transistors in simple, typical
C121.4 L3
(19A02201T) circuit applications

ME and CE Analyze various combinational circuits such as

C121.5 L4
adders, multiplexers and decoders

Explain need for modulation and different modulation

C121.6 L2
techniques

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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

B.Tech – II Sem L T P C
0 0 3 1.5
(19A02201P)Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab
(Civil, Mechanical, CSE, CSSE, IT and Food Technology)

Part A: Electrical Engineering Lab

Course Objectives:
1. To Verify Kirchoff’s laws
2. To verify Superposition theorem.
3. To learn performance characteristics of DC Machines.
4. To perform open circuit & Short Circuit test on 1- Phase Transformer.
5. To Study the I – V Characteristics of Solar PV Cell

List of experiments: -
1. Verification of Kirchhoff laws.
2. Verification of Superposition Theorem.
3. Open circuit characteristics of a DC Shunt Generator.
4. Speed control of DC Shunt Motor.
5. OC & SC test of 1 – Phase Transformer.
6. Brake test on 3 - Phase Induction Motor.
7. I – V Characteristics of Solar PV cell
8. Brake test on DC Shunt Motor.

Course Outcomes: Able to

1. Verify Kirchoff’s Laws & Superposition theorem.
2. Perform testing on AC and DC Machines.
3. Study I – V Characteristics of PV Cell
.

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CONTENTS

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

PART-A ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

S.NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO.

1 Verification of Kirchhoff laws. 2-5

2 Verification of Superposition Theorem. 6-11

Open circuit characteristics of a DC Shunt

3 12-16
Generator.

4 Speed control of DC Shunt Motor. 17-22

5 OC & SC test of 1 – Phase Transformer. 23-31

6 Brake test on 3 - Phase Induction Motor. 32-38

7 I – V Characteristics of Solar PV cell 39-41

8 Brake Test on DC Shunt Motor. 42-46

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS

9 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 47-52

Analysis Of RL & RC Circuits For Pulse

10 Excitation 53-58

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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY CLASSES

DO‘S

1. Without Prior permission do not enter into the Laboratory.

2. While entering into the LAB students should wear their ID cards.

3. The Students should come with proper uniform.

4. Students should sign in the LOGIN REGISTER before entering into the laboratory.

5. Students should come with observation and record note book to the laboratory.

6. Students should maintain silence inside the laboratory.

7. Circuit connections must be checked by the lab-in charge before switching the supply

DONT‘S

8. Students bringing the bags inside the laboratory..

9. Students wearing slippers/shoes insides the laboratory.

10. Students scribbling on the desk and mishandling the chairs.

11. Students using mobile phones inside the laboratory.

12. Students making noise inside the laboratory.

13. Students mishandle the devices.

14. Students write anything on the devices

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SCHEME OF EVALUATION

Marks Awarded
Total
S.No Experiment name Date Record Observation VivaVoce Attendance
30(M)
(10M) (10M) (5M) (5M)

1 Verification of Kirchhoff laws.

2 Verification of Superposition
Theorem.
3 Open circuit characteristics of a
DC Shunt Generator.
4 Speed control of DC Shunt
Motor.
5 OC & SC test of 1 – Phase
Transformer.
6 Brake test on 3 - Phase
Induction Motor.
7 I – V Characteristics of Solar
PV cell
8 Brake test on DC Shunt Motor.

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS

9 Maximum Power Transfer

Theorem

Analysis Of RL & RC Circuits

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For Pulse Excitation

Signature of Lab In-charge

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 BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB
CONTENTS
(19A02201P) BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

(Common to Civil, Mechanical, CSE)

PART-A ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

S.NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO.

1 Verification of Kirchhoff laws. 2-5

2 Verification of Superposition Theorem. 6-11

3 Open circuit characteristics of a DC Shunt 12-16

Generator.
4 Speed control of DC Shunt Motor. 17-22

5 OC & SC test of 1 – Phase Transformer. 23-31

6 32-38
Brake test on 3 - Phase Induction Motor.
7 39-41
I – V Characteristics of Solar PV cell
8 42-46
Brake Test on DC Shunt Motor.
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS

9 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 47-52

Analysis Of RL & RC Circuits For Pulse

10 53-58
Excitation

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Kirchho 's Voltage Law (KVL):

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) :

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EXP.NO: DATE:

Verification of Kirchhoff laws

Aim:
To verify Kirchhoff’s Laws by comparing voltages obtained from a real circuit to those
predicted by Kirchhoff’s Laws.
Apparatus:
1. Proto-board
2. Resistors: (R1=68kΩ, R2=47kΩ, R3=15kΩ, R4=1000kΩ)
3. Digital multi-meter
4. Variable power supply
5. Wire leads and alligator clips
Theory:
A simple circuit is one that can be reduced to an equivalent circuit containing a single
resistance and a single voltage source. Many circuits are not simple and require the use of
Kirchhoff’s Laws to determine voltage, current, or resistance values. Kirchhoff’s Laws for
current and voltage are given by equations 1 and 2.

In this experiment, we will construct two circuits with 4 resistors and a voltage source. These
circuits will not be simple, thus Kirchhoff’s Laws will be required to determine the current in
each resistor. We will then use a digital multi-meter to obtain an experimental value for the
voltage across each resistor in the circuits. Kirchhoff’s Laws will then be applied to the circuits
to obtain theoretical values for the current in each resistor. By applying Ohm’s Law, we can
then obtain a theoretical value for the voltage across each resistor. The experimental and
theoretical voltages can then be compared by means of % error.
Procedure:
Part 1:

1. Using the proto-board, the 4 resistors, the variable power supply, and the wire leads and
alligator clips; construct the circuit shown in Figure 2.
2. Turn on the power supply. Connect the multi-meter across the power supply and adjust
the voltage to 8.0 volts.
3. Connect the multi-meter across each of the 4 resistors. Record these 4 values of voltage
in the data table.
4. Turn the power supply off and disconnect the circuit.

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Procedure:
Part 2:
1. Add a second power supply to the circuit as shown in Figure 3.
2. Turn on the power supplies. Adjust the voltages V0 and V1 to 4.0 volts.
3. Connect the multi-meter across each of the 4 resistors. Record these 4 values of voltage
in the data table.
4. Turn the power supply off and disconnect the circuit.

Analysis:

1. For the first circuit, use equations 1 and 2 to write a system of linear equations that may
be solved for the current in each branch of the circuit. Then, solve the system to obtain
a theoretical value for each current. Show your work!
2. Using the currents obtained in step 1 of the analysis; apply Ohm’s Law to determine the
theoretical voltage across each resistor.
3. Compare the theoretical voltages obtained in step 2 of the analysis to those measured in
the actual circuit.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 for the second circuit.
5. Record the theoretical voltages, the experimental voltages, and the % errors in the
results table.
Tabular columns:

KVL V THEORITICAL V PRACTICAL % ERROR

R1

R2

R3

KCL V THEORITICAL V PRACTICAL % ERROR

R1

R2

R3

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RESULT:

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Circuit Diagram:

Case I: Vs1 acting alone

Case I: Vs2 acting alone

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EXP.NO: DATE

VERIFICATION OF SUPER POSITION THEOREM

AIM: Verification of Superposition theorem

APPARATUS:

S.No. Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1. RPS (0-30)V .. 1
2 Bread Board .. .. 1
3 Resistors
5 Ammeter (0-100)mA MC 1
6 Connecting Wires .. .. ..

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM STATEMENT

In any linear bilateral network containing two or more energy sources the response
at any element is equivalent to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by the individual
sources.

i.e. While considering the effect of individual sources, the other ideal voltage
sources and ideal current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open
circuit across the terminals. This theorem is valid only for linear systems.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1)

2. Current through load resistor is noted as IX by applying both the voltages V1 and
V2 through RPS.
3. Make the supply voltage V2 short circuited and apply V1 as shown in fig (2) and
note down the current through load resistor as IY
4. Make the supply voltageV1 short circuited and apply V2 as shown in fig (3) and note
down the current through load resistor as IZ.
5. Now verify that IX = IY + IZ theoretically and practically which proves
Superposition Theorem.

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THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:-

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TABULAR COLUMN:-

WHEN BOTH SOURCES ARE ACTIN FIG (1):

THEORETICAL
VS1 VS2 PRACTICAL Ix
Ix

WHEN V1 SOURCE ALONE IS ACTING FIG (2):

THEORETICAL
VS1 VS2 PRACTICAL Ix
Ix

WHEN V1 SOURCE ALONE IS ACTING FIG (3):

THEORETICAL
VS1 VS2 PRACTICAL Ix
Ix

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

1) What are the Statements of superposition theorem?

2) What is a linear network?

3) Where the above theorems are used practically?

4) What are the practical applications of the above theorems?

5) What is a bilateral network? Give examples.

6) What are the limitations of above theorems?

Result:

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Circuit Diagram:

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EXP.NO: DATE
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF A D.C GENERATOR
Aim:
To find critical field resistance of a separately excited D.C generator from its open circuit
characteristics.

Apparatus:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1
400Ω/1.7A Wire Wound 1
3 Rheostat
500Ω/2A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name Plate Details:

Precautions:
1. Motor field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. Potential Divider must be kept in maximum resistance position.
3. Starter arm must be in OFF position.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the Motor Generator set with the help of starter.
4. Adjust the speed of the Motor Generator Set to rated speed value by adjusting motor field
rheostat.
5. Increase the excitation of the generator in steps by adjusting the potential divider and note
down the corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings.
6. Take the readings up to a value little higher than the rated voltage of the generator.
7. Again decrease the excitation in the same steps till field current is zero by adjusting the
potential divider noting down the corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings.
8. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

Tabular Column:
Eg (V) Eg (V)
S. No. If (A)
Increasing Decreasing

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1

Model Graph:

VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:

1) Why the magnetization curve is a non linear curve?

2) What is critical Speed and Critical Resistance?

3) What are conditions to failure the self excitation?

4) What are the different methods of excitations?

5) Magnetization curves are also known as?

6) What are the characteristics of a dc generator?

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7) What is Residual magnetism?

8) What is meant by magnetic saturation?

9) What is meant by the field flashing method?

10) What is meant by the residual voltage?

11) Why saturation curve for DC generator does not start with zero?

12) What is Open Circuit Characteristics of DC generator?

13) What are the different types of DC generators?

14) What are the characteristics of DC generators?

Result:

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Circuit Diagram:

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EXP.NO. DATE
SPEED CONTROL OF A D.C SHUNT MOTOR
Aim:
To obtain the speed characteristics of D.C Shunt Motor by
1. Armature Controlled Method.
2. Field Controlled Method.

Apparatus:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
(0-2)A MC 1
2 Ammeter
(0-5)A MC 1
400Ω/1.7A Wire Wound 1
3 Rheostat
100 Ω/5A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name Plate Details:-

Precautions:

1. Field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.

2. Armature rheostat must be kept in maximum resistance position.
3. Starter arm must be in OFF position.

Procedure:

Armature Controlled Method:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Observing the precautions switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the motor with the help of starter.
4. By adjusting the field rheostat set the field current to a constant value.
5. By adjusting the armature rheostat for an armature voltage note down the speed and voltmeter
readings.
6. Repeat step 5 for another constant field current.

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Field Controlled Method:

1. By adjusting the armature rheostat set the voltage to a constant value.

2. By adjusting the field rheostat for a field current note down the speed and armature current
readings.
3. Repeat the above step for another constant armature voltage.

Tabular Columns:

Armature Controlled Method:

Field
Field Current=0.6A
Current=0.8A
Speed
Va (V) Va (V) Speed (rpm)
(rpm)

Field Controlled Method:

Armature Voltage=160V Armature Voltage=200V
If (A) Speed (rpm) If (A) Speed (rpm)

Model Graphs:
Armature Controlled Method Field Controlled Method

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VIVA VOICE:

1) What is speed equation of DC shunt motor?

2) What is the no load speed of DC shunt motor?

3) What are the various speed control techniques of a dc motor?

4) Why DC shunt motor is called Constant speed motor?

5) What happens when the field of dc shunt motor gets open circuited during running

condition?

6) Why field rheostat is kept minimum position at starting condition?

7) Which method we can obtain speed of motor is above its rated speed?

8) Which method we can obtain speed of motor is below its rated speed?

9) What versus us can draw speed curve field controlled method?

10) What versus us can draw speed curve armature controlled method?

RESULT:

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Circuit Diagram:
O.C Test:

S.C Test:

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Exp. No.: Date:

O.C & S.C TESTS ON 1-Ø TRANSFORMER

Aim:
a) To determine the efficiency and regulation of 1- Ø transformer by conducting no-load
and S.C Test.

b) To draw the equivalent circuit of 1- Ø transformer referred to L.V side as well as H.V
side.

Apparatus:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 1- Ø Variac 230V/(0-270)V, 10A - 1
2 1- Ø Transformer 115V/230V, 2kVA Core 1
(0-10)A MI 1
3 Ammeter
(0-2)A MI 1
(0-150)V MI 1
4 Voltmeter
(0-30)V MI 1
150V/2A LPF 1
5 Wattmeter
75V/10A UPF 1
6 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name plate Details:-

Precautions:

1. Connections should be made tight.

2. 1- Ø Variac should be in minimum position.

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Procedure:
O.C Test :

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram for O.C test.

2. Observing the precautions switch ON 1- Ø A.C supply and by using the 1-Ф variac apply
the rated voltage of the primary of the transformer.

3. Note down all the meter readings. Here wattmeter reading gives iron loss.

4. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

S.C Test :

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram for S.C test.

2. Observing the precautions switch ON 1- Ø A.C supply and by using the 1-Ф variac apply
the rated current to the transformer. (Rated power of the transformer/Voltage of primary
of transformer)
3. Note down all the meter readings, here wattmeter reading gives full-load copper loss.

4. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

Tabular Columns:

O.C Test: S.C Test:

Vo Io Wo = W X M.F VSC ISC WSC = W X M.F
(V) (A) (W) (V) (A) (W)

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Efficiencies at different loads and power factor:

cosθ = 0.6 cosθ = 0.8

Cu Output Input Efficiency Cu Output Input Efficiency
Loss power power (%η) Loss (W) (W) (%η)
(W) (W) (W) (W)

Lagging Power Factor Leading Power Factor

Power % Regulation Power % Regulation
Factor Factor

Model Calculations:

Let the transformer be the step-down transformer (O.C Test)

Primary is H.V side and secondary is L.V side
Ro=V1/Iw (Ω) where Iw=IocosФo
Xo=V1/Iµ (Ω) where Iw=IocosФo
Ro1=WSC/ISC2 (Ω)
ZO1=VSC/ISC
Xo1=√( ZO12 - Ro12)
Ro2=K2 Ro1
Xo2=K2 Xo1
where,
K=V2/V1=Transformation Ratio

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Calculations to find efficiency:

For example, at 1/4th full load,
Copper Losses=WSC x (1/4)2 (w)
where, WSC=Full Load Copper Losses
Constant Losses=Wo (W)
Output=(1/4) X VA X cosФ (cosФ may be assumed)
Input=Output + Copper Loss + Constant Loss

Efficiency (%η) = (Output/Input) X 100

Theoretical calculations:

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MODEL GRAPHS:

Viva Voce Questions:

1. Define transformer.
2. Distinguish the statically induced EMF and dynamically induced EMF.
3. Which losses can be determined from the O.C Test and S.C Test.
4. What is the main AIM’s to conduct the O.C and S.C tests?
5. Define efficiency and voltage regulation of the transformer.
6. Why the O.C Test is conduct on L.V side.
7. Why the S.C Test is conducted on H.V side.
8. What is the difference between U.P.F and L.P.F wattcmeters?
9. No load power factor angle of transformer is around………
10. For which type of load negative voltage regulation occurs.
11. For which type of load maximum voltage regulation occurs.

Result:

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Circuit Diagram:

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Exp. No.: Date:
BRAKE TEST ON 3-Ø INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim:
To conduct brake test on the given 3-Φ induction motor and to plot its performance
characteristics.

Apparatus:
S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 3- Ø Variac 415V/(0-470)V - 1
2 Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
3 Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
4 Wattmeter 600V/10A UPF 2
5 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
6 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name Plate Details:

Precautions:

1. 3-Ø Variac should be in minimum position.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the TPST Switch and switch ON 440V A.C supply.
3. Apply the rated voltage to the stator windings of 3-Ø Induction Motor with the help of
3-Φ Auto-transformer.
4. Note down the readings of wattmeter, ammeter and voltmeter on no-load.
5. Load the Induction Motor in steps using the brake-drum arrangement. At each step note
down the readings of all meters, speed and spring balance readings till full load current.
6. Gradually releasing the load and stop the motor.
7. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

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Tabular Column:

Wattmeter
Spring Balance
Readings
S. VL IL N Reading Power Torque Output ŋ
(W) %Slip
No. (V) (A) (rpm) Factor (N-m) (W) (%)

W1 W2
S1 S2 S1~S2
(W) (W)

Formulae:
 Torque, Tsh = 9.81 (S1 ~ S2) R N-m
 Input Power, Winp = W1 + W2 W
 Output Power, Wout = (2 π NTsh)/60 W
 %Slip = Ns – N X 100
Ns


COSØ = Wout
√3 VL IL
 Efficiency = %ŋ = (Output/Input) X 100

Model Graph:

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Theoretical Calculations:

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Viva Voce Questions :

1. What is meant by direct loading and indirect loading?
2. What are the limitations of direct loading?
3. What are the different types of induction motors?
4. Which type of induction motor has high starting torque?
5. Define slip.
6. Define the rated speed.
7. What are the applications of the S.C.I.M and S.R.I.M?
8. How the torque is developed in an induction motor.
9. How the torque and speed are related and draw the torque -slip characteristics.
10. Define synchronous speed.
11. Define synchronous watt.

Result:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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EXP.NO: DATE:
I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR PV CELL
AIM:Find the current and voltage response under illumination depending on the magnitude of the
variable resistance.
APPARATUS:
1- Source
2- Variable resistance
3- Slid board
4- Voltmeters

PROCEDURE:
1. In this measurement we want to record with high accuracy the voltage versus current
dependence on our device.
2. While the previous measurement allowed us to see the response of the device to
different colors of light we did not get any accurate information as to the magnitude of
the response. 3. It’s important when reporting the performance of a solar cell to report the
efficiency of the response to a solar light source we will now allow bright white light to
excite the solar cell .
4.we will record the current and voltage response under this illumination depending on
the magnitude of variable resistance.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO VARIABLE VOLATGE CURRENT POWER
RESISTANCE

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MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

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Circuit Diagram:

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Exp. No.: Date:

BRAKE TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR

Aim:
To obtain the performance characteristics of D.C Shunt Motor by direct loading.

Apparatus:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
3 Rheostat 360Ω/1.2A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name plate details:

Precautions:
1. Motor field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.

2. Starter arm must be in OFF position.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Observing the precautions switch ON 220V D.C supply.

3. Start the motor with the help of the starter.

4. By adjusting the motor field rheostat bring the motor to its rated speed.

5. Now load the motor in steps to its full load and note down all the meter readings.

6. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

Tabular Column:

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Supply Line Spring Balance

Speed Input Output Efficiency
S. voltage current Torque
N Reading power Power ŋ
No. VL IL (N-m)
(rpm) (kW) (kW) (%)
(V) (A)
S1 S2 S1-S2
1

Formulae:

Torque = 9.81 X (S1-S2) X R N-m

Input = VL IL kW
Output = 2∏NT/60 kW
Efficiency = ŋ % = (Output/Input) X 100

Model Graph:

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Theoretical calculations:

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VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:

1) What is the principle operation of DC motor?

2) What is the Range of Shunt field Resistance?

3) What is no load current of Dc shunt motor?

4) How the Direction of a motor can be reversed?

5) What is Back EMF or counter EMF?

6) Why the Shunt motor is called a constant speed motor?

7) What are the applications of DC shunt motor?

8) What is purpose of starter?

9) What meant by the DPDTS?

10) What is the output power the dc motor?

11) What is speed regulation of DC motor?

12) Explain principle of operation of DC motor?

13) Why shunt motor field winding has more no of turns?

14) What happens when DC motor is connected across AC supply?

Result:

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Circuit Diagram:

Practical Circuits:

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EXP.NO: DATE:

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

AIM: To verify maximum power transfer theorem theoretically and practically.

APPARATUS:

S.No. Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1. RPS (0-30)V .. 1
2 Bread Board .. .. 1
3 Resistors
4 Ammeter (0-500)mA MC 1
5 Voltmeter (0-30)V MC 1
6 DRB (0-1)M ohm .. 1
7 Connecting Wires .. .. ..

Statement for maximum power transfer theorem:

It states that the maximum power is transferred from the source to the load, when the
load resistance is equal to the source resistance.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in fig (1).
2. By varying RL in steps, note down the reading of ammeter IL in each step.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2), measure the effective resistance Rth.with the
help of digital multi meter.
4. Calculate power delivered to load PL in each step.
5. Draw a graph PL Vs RL and find the RL corresponding to maximum power from it.
6. Verify that RL corresponding to maximum power from the graph is equal to the Rth(
which is nothing but source resistance RS).

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Tabular Column

RL = VL (Ω)
S.No. VS (V) VL (V) IL (A) P = VL IL (W)
IL

Theoretical Calculations:

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Result:

VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1) What is the Statement of Maximum Power Transfer theorem?

2) What is a non linear network?

3) What is a unilateral network?

4) What are the applications of the above theorem?

5) What are the advantages & disadvantages of the above theorem?

6) State the maximum power transfer theorem for AC network?

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Circuit Diagram:

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EXP.NO: DATE:

ANALYSIS OF RL & RC CIRCUITS FOR PULSE EXCITATION

AIM:- To draw the time response of first order R-L & R-C Networks for periodic non
sinusoidal functions and determination of time constant.

APPARATUS:

S.No. Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Function Generator (0-1)MHz .. 1

2 Bread Board .. .. 1

3 DRB .. .. 1

4 DLB .. .. 1

5 DCB .. .. 1

6 CRO .. .. 1

7 Connecting Wires .. .. ..

PROCEDURE:-
1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Give 2V Peak to peak square wave supply through function generator with
suitable frequency.
3. Take out put across inductor in RL Circuit, across capacitor in RC Circuits.

4. Calculate the time constant from CRO.

5. For deferent values of T and V Calculate corresponding (L/R) Values.

6. Compare the time constant theoretically and practically.

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Model Waveform:
(a) For RL circuit:

(b) For RC circuit:

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Theoretical Calculations:

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Result:

VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1) Define impedance?

2) Define suseptance?

3) What is the Impedance of series RL circuit?

4) What is the Impedance of series RC circuit?

5) What is the Time constant of series RL circuit?

6) What is the Time constant of series RC circuit?

7) What happen if DC supply applied to inductor?

8) What happen if DC supply applied to capacitor?

DEPT.OF.E.E.E Page 59