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Outline of Week 11

PHARMACEUTICAL
III. Plant Physiology and Development
BOTANY WITH 4. Transport Processes
TAXONOMY a. Diffusion and active transport
b. Osmosis and Imbibition
(MIDTERM: WEEK 11) c. Long distance transport: Phloem
Prepared by: Melie Rose J. Guevarra
d. Long distance transport: Xylem

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THE PROCESS OF
Objectives: TRANSPORTATION
• At the end of the discussion student must be able to: • For vascular plants, the evolutionary
• Understand and differentiate the different transport processes journey onto land involved the
in plants. differentiation of the plant body
into roots, which absorb water and
• Understand and describe the principle of passive and active minerals from the soil, and shoots,
transports. which absorb light and atmospheric
• Differentiate imbibition and diffusion. CO2 for photosynthesis.
• Understand the long-distance transport in xylem and phloem of • This morphological solution created
plants. a new problem: the need to
transport materials between roots
and shoots.

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THE PROCESS OF THE PROCESS OF

TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION
• In plants, there are pipe-like vessels
through which water and minerals can
enter the plants. • Xylem
• These vessels are made up of • transports water and minerals
elongated cells and thick walls. from the roots to the shoots.
• A group of cells forms a tissue that • Phloem
performs a specialized function within
the organisms. • transports sugars from the site
• These are conducting tissues. of production to the regions
that need them for growth and
• TWO TYPES: metabolism.
• Xylem
• Phloem

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• Transport in plants occurs on three

levels:
• The uptake and loss of water and • Passive Transport
solutes by individual cells, such as
root hairs.
• Diffusion
TRANSPORT • Short-distance transport of MEANS OF • Simple Diffusion
PROCESS IN substances from cell to cell at the
TRANSPORT IN • Facilitated Diffusion
level of tissues or organs, such as
• Osmosis
PLANTS the loading of sugar from
photosynthetic leaf cells into the PLANTS • Active Transport
sieve tubes of phloem.
• Long-distance transport of sap • Imbibition
within xylem and phloem at the
level of the whole plant.

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• It is a very important process for

DIFFUSION
photosynthesis where carbon dioxide
from the stomata diffuses into the
leaves and finally into the cells.
PASSIVE • Also, during transpiration, the water Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion

TRANSPORT: and oxygen diffuse from the leaves into

the environment.
do not require the assistance of a carrier molecule
Slow in speed
Require the assistance from a carrier molecule
fast

DIFFUSION • It includes the movement of particles of

a medium from the region of its higher
Not solute specific
It cannot be inhibited by an inhibitor molecule
Always solute specific
Can be inhibited by specific inhibitor which binds to the
is the main pathway of concentration to the region of its lower carrier molecules
transportation in plants. concentration without the expenditure Always a passive process May be an active or passive process
of energy. Does not require energy from ATP May or may not require energy from ATP
• This process is slow and occurs mostly The molecules can pass only in the direction of The molecules can pass both in direction and opposite of
in gases and liquids. concentration gradient the concentration gradient.
Permits the passage of only small and non polar Permits the passage of large and polar molecules across
molecules across the plasma membrane the plasma membrane

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DIFFUSION
• It is a passive process and happens
without any expenditure of energy.
Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion
PASSIVE • It involves the movement of molecules
from a region of higher concentration to
TRANSPORT: lower concentration until the
concentrations become equal on either
OSMOSIS side of the membrane.
• It is a vital function to the growth and
stability of plant life.

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• Without osmosis, photosynthesis would

never occur and plants would wilt and
die.
• It distributes water through selectively
PASSIVE permeable membranes to maintain this

TRANSPORT:
proper volume and pressure of all plant PASSIVE
cells.

OSMOSIS • During osmosis, the guard cells swell TRANSPORT:

with water and the pressure triggers
the stomata to open. OSMOSIS
• The roots absorb water through
osmosis.

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• It uses stored energy to move the

particles against the concentration
gradient.
• In a plant cell, it takes place in the root
cells by absorbing water and minerals.
ACTIVE • It always leads to accumulation of ACTIVE
TRANSPORT molecules and ions towards one side of
the membrane. TRANSPORT
• It is carried out by membrane proteins a process that involves the
and transports the substance from the movement of molecules from a
lower concentration to higher region of lower concentration to a
concentration. region of higher concentration
against a gradient or an obstacle
with the use of external energy.”

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• It is the uptake or absorption of water by

solid substance without forming a solution.
• The substances absorbing water are
called imbibants. They do not dissolve in
water.
• It is the initial step in the germination of

IMBIBITION seeds, occurs first by seed coat, embryo and

then other plant parts.
IMBIBITION
• The first step in the absorption of water by
the roots is the imbibition of water by the
cell walls of the root hairs.
• The water moves in to the ovules which are
ripening into seeds by the process of
imbibition.

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IMBIBITION VS. DIFFUSION

Imbibition Diffusion
Involves movement of water or solvent from its higher Involves the absorption of solvent or water by a solid
LONG DISTANCE • Bulk flow functions in long-
chemical potential to lower chemical potential substance
distance transport.
Semi-permeable membrane is essential
Heat is not produced
Semi-permeable membrane is not essential
Heat is produced
TRANSPORT • Xylem and Phloem
Usually operates in solutions separated by semi- Does not produced a solution
permeable membrane
Develops a comparatively lower pressure known as Develop a comparatively higher pressure called
osmotic pressure. imbibition pressure.
Requires the presence of solute particles Requires the presence of colloidal particles.

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• In xylem
• Diffusion in a solution is fairly efficient for • it is actually tension (negative pressure)
transport over distances of cellular that drives long-distance transport.
dimensions (less than 100 microns). • Transpiration, the evaporation of water
• However, diffusion is much too slow for from a leaf, reduces pressure in the leaf
LONG DISTANCE long-distance transport within a plant, such LONG DISTANCE xylem.
as the movement of water and minerals from • This creates a tension that pulls xylem
TRANSPORT roots to leaves. TRANSPORT sap upward from the roots.
• Water and solutes move through xylem • In phloem:
vessels and sieve tubes by bulk flow, the • hydrostatic pressure generated at one
movement of a fluid driven by pressure. end of a sieve tube forces sap to the
opposite end of the tube.

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LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORT LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORT

Xylem Phloem Xylem Phloem

• The ascent of xylem sap depends mainly on transpiration • Phloem translocates its sap from sugar sources to sugar • Long-distance transport of water from roots to leaves • Phloem sap moves by bulk flow driven by pressure.
and the physical properties of water. sinks. occurs by bulk flow, the movement of fluid driven by a • Higher levels of sugar at the source lowers the water
• It ascends by solar-powered bulk flow • Pressure flow is the mechanism of translocation in pressure difference at opposite ends of a conduit, the potential and causes water to flow into the tube.
• Xylem sap flows upward to veins that branch throughout angiosperms xylem vessels or chains of tracheids. • Removal of sugar at the sink increases the water
each leaf, providing each with water. • In contrast to the unidirectional flow of xylem sap from • The pressure difference is generated at the leaf end potential and causes water to flow out of the tube.
• Plants loose an astonishing amount of water roots to leaves, the direction that phloem sap travels is by transpirational pull, which lowers pressure (increases • The difference in hydrostatic pressure drives phloem sap
by transpiration. variable. tension) at the “upstream” end of the xylem. from the source to the sink
• The flow of water transported up from the xylem • Sieve tubes carry food from a sugar source to a sugar • The absorption of sunlight drives transpiration by causing
replaces the water lost in transpiration and also carries sink. water to evaporate from the moist walls of mesophyll
minerals to the shoot system. • A sugar source is a plant organ (especially mature leaves) cells and by maintaining a high humidity in the air spaces
• The mechanism of transpiration depends on the in which sugar is being produced by either within a leaf.
generation of negative pressure (tension) in the leaf due photosynthesis or the breakdown of starch.
to unique physical properties of water. • A sugar sink is an organ (such as growing roots, shoots,
or fruit) that is a net consumer or storer of sugar.

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LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORT

Xylem Phloem

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