®

Volume 24 Number 3 - March 2024

 29 39 53

CONTENTS
WORLD PIPELINES | VOLUME 24 | NUMBER 03 | MARCH 2024

03. Editor's comment

05. Pipeline news 39. Heavy Equipment focus
With updates on Mountain Valley pipeline, TMX, and offshore contract news. World Pipelines' annual heavy equipment
focus, featuring Proline, BAUMA, Suxxesion,
and Laurini.
KEYNOTE: CYBER SAFETY
08. Building cyber resilience
Shaun Reardon, Principal Cyber Security Consultant, DNV, makes the case for
treating cyber security as seriously as safety in the oil and gas industry, drawing
on DNV’s latest research into the changing attitudes towards cyber threats. PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
50. Covering a lot of ground
UAVOS, USA.

PIG LAUNCHERS AND TRAPS

53. Pushing pig designs into the future
Shaun Reardon, Principal Cyber Security
Dave Forster, Propipe, UK.
Consultant, DNV, makes the case for

Building
treating cyber security as seriously as

PIPELINE INTEGRITY TECHNOLOGY

safety in the oil and gas industry, drawing
on DNV’s latest research into the changing
attitudes towards cyber threats.

P 59. It's all about the process

ipeline security is high on the agenda globally, as attacks
on critical energy infrastructure have increased in recent
years. In Europe, the strategic Balticconnector gas pipeline
between Finland and Estonia is still offline following

cyber
damage in October of last year. The year before, in September
2022, Danish and Swedish authorities reported a number

Dr. Chris Alexander, PE, President and Founder of ADV Integrity, Inc., USA.
of explosions at pipes A and B of the Nord Stream 1 pipeline and
pipe A of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline.
However, it’s not just physical attacks that threaten critical
infrastructure. A cyber-attack in May 2021 caused the temporary

64. Taking action on methane

resilience Mark Naples, Umicore Coatings Services, UK.

PAGE
8 9
08

HYDROGEN PIPELINES
15. Transition trends in hydrogen
Steve Biagiotti, Jr. P.E., Chief Engineer and Gary P. Yoho, P.E., Principal Consultant,
Dynamic Risk.
22. Europe's highway to hydrogen
Kimberly Sari and Simon Roth, ILF Consulting Engineers, Germany.
A
cross the vast network of methane leaks is only growing sight underground, failing welds and the equivalent of 67 million running sheer scale of land that must be
of pipelines in place in worse. other damage can be easy to ignore cars.2 Combined, the global energy checked renders handheld sensors

REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

the oil and gas sector, In the US alone, 2.6 million until it is too late. sector was responsible for an ineffective at best, and alternatives
methane leaks are too miles of pipelines carry natural gas This ageing network is already estimated 135 million t of methane such as satellite monitoring are
Mark Naples, Umicore often out of sight, out of mind. As and petroleum products to their having serious consequences for emissions that year, upholding its impractical for most businesses. As
Coatings Services, UK,

PAGE
governments worldwide grapple destinations each year.1 Many of the planet. Worldwide, more than role as one of the largest sources of a result, the true extent of methane
discusses using data to with the climate crisis, energy these are approaching retirement 1000 ‘super-emitting’ events were greenhouse gas emissions.3 emissions from the energy sector

29. Flexible forward thinking

tackle methane leaks in suppliers face their own challenge. age; more than half are over 50 identified in 2022, each leaking at Tackling these leaks requires a remains obscured.
The sector collectively operates a years old, and some were installed least a ton of methane into the clear understanding of where they Without a clear picture of
the oil and gas sector. vast pipeline infrastructure, and as in the 1960s or even earlier. But with atmosphere every hour – with the are occurring. Unfortunately, this where leaks are occurring, the oil
these networks age, the problem most of this network buried out of largest recorded event releasing can feel impossible to achieve. The and gas sector cannot begin taking

Håvard Høydalsvik, Head of Business Unit O&G, Rädlinger Primus Line, Germany. 64 65
64
INTEGRITY AND INSPECTION
33. Advancing integrity through NDT PIPELINE MATERIALS
Brent Moulton, ASNT. 68. Raising the bar for onshore pipelines
Jeff Shorter, Portfolio Director, Eugene Boakye-Firempong, Product Manager
and Ronald Panti, Operations Manager, Baker Hughes.

ON THIS MONTH'S COVER

Volume 24 Number 3 - March 2024

Reader enquiries [www.worldpipelines.com]

SCAIP pipelayer SPX-460RC working in Argentina. SCAIP is an Italian

headquartered company that designs and manufactures a large variety of
ISSN 1472-7390

pipeline equipment. In the past our products were branded as SUPERIOR, but
more recently are all gathered under our company name SCAIP.

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Copyright© Palladian Publications Ltd 2024. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
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EDITOR’S COMMENT
O
n TikTok in February there was a
CONTACT INFORMATION trend where women pranked their
MANAGING EDITOR families by calling to announce they
James Little had landed high paying jobs working
james.little@palladianpublications.com in the oil and gas sector. Videos were called things
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT like: ‘Telling my little brother (who’s a pipeline
Isabel Stagg welder) I got an underwater welding position with
isabel.stagg@palladianpublications.com ExxonMobil’, or ‘Telling my dad I got an offshore
SALES DIRECTOR drilling job for the summer’. Typically, the women
Rod Hardy call their dad, or brother, and play dumb about
rod.hardy@palladianpublications.com what the jobs would realistically entail. As the New
SALES MANAGER York Post explained it: “It usually begins with the
SENIOR EDITOR Elizabeth Corner woman asking her mark if they know of the energy
Chris Lethbridge elizabeth.corner@palladianpublications.com
chris.lethbridge@palladianpublications.com giant ExxonMobil, then explaining she applied for
SALES EXECUTIVE and received an apprenticeship as underwater welder — for which she’ll be paid a six figure
Daniel Farr salary.”1
daniel.farr@palladianpublications.com The male relatives in the videos express disbelief that the (mostly young) women could
PRODUCTION DESIGNER fulfil the requirements of an offshore job: “That’s not anything you’d want to do”, one dad
Kate Wilkerson responds after a shocked, six-second pause. “Did they tell you what you’d be doing?”2
kate.wilkerson@palladianpublications.com Another response goes: “You’re out in the middle of the ocean, the wind is blowing,
EVENTS MANAGER it’s probably one of the most dangerous jobs in the world,” a dad says in response to the
Louise Cameron prank, pointing out his daughter “may die” in the role. The same dad calls the idea that the
louise.cameron@palladianpublications.com company would hire his daughter “insanity”.
DIGITAL EVENTS COORDINATOR The TikToks are tongue-in-cheek, and it’s funny because the viewer recognises that these
Merili Jurivete calls home are a prank. The women making the videos have jobs or qualifications in unrelated
merili.jurivete@palladianpublications.com fields, and their relatives are probably rightfully concerned and perplexed about their new
DIGITAL CONTENT ASSISTANT career choice.
Kristian Ilasko But it does make me think about what assumptions the general public makes about
kristian.ilasko@palladianpublications.com working in oil and gas. As evidenced in the trending TikTok videos, I’d say that the average
DIGITAL ADMINISTRATOR person on the street sees oil and gas jobs as: well-paid and highly skilled, but also dangerous
Nicole Harman-Smith and hard to obtain.
nicole.harman-smith@palladianpublications.com Showcasing what it’s actually like to work in the sector is a 20 year old oil rig apprentice
ADMINISTRATION MANAGER from Norway. Thea Uglum Håland (@theauglum) is an apprentice offshore material
Laura White coordinator for Aker BP, who chronicles her daily life offshore on TikTok. She posts videos
laura.white@palladianpublications.com showing the everyday tasks of working offshore, and her feed is a mixture of the sublime and
the mundane. Håland documents the darkness of the sea at night and stunning views from
Palladian Publications Ltd, the helipad, alongside details of her 12 - 16 hour work days, the safety gear she bundles into,
15 South Street, Farnham, Surrey,
GU9 7QU, UK the glamour of laundry day, and the cramped conditions of her cabin. Her followers seem to
Tel: +44 (0) 1252 718 999 appreciate the full picture she offers of life offshore. She’s enthusiastic and passionate about
Website: www.worldpipelines.com her burgeoning career and all that it entails.
Email: enquiries@worldpipelines.com
In its May 2023 report, ‘Creating the workforce for an oil and gas industry in transition’,
Annual subscription £60 UK including postage/£75 Bain & Company addresses the challenge of recruiting and keeping talent in the sector. The
overseas (postage airmail). Special two year discounted
rate: £96 UK including postage/£120 overseas (postage report states that “Progress will require company-level actions such as strategy-informed
airmail). Claims for non receipt of issues must be made
within three months of publication of the issue or they will workforce planning and radical transparency, as well as industrywide coalitions to change
not be honoured without charge. perceptions and drive progress.”3 The report continues: “Individual companies will need to
Applicable only to USA & Canada:
World Pipelines (ISSN No: 1472-7390, USPS No:
make meaningful investments in shaping their cultures toward greater inclusion, redesigning
020-988) is published monthly by Palladian Publications employee value propositions, and creating equitable career paths”. Employee advocacy (when
Ltd, GBR and distributed in the USA by Asendia USA,
701C Ashland Avenue, Folcroft, PA 19032. Periodicals a company employee acts as a spokesperson or advocate for their employer’s brand) is part
postage paid at Philadelphia, PA & additional mailing
offices. POSTMASTER: send address changes to World of that picture, and I’d say that Håland, and others like her, perform a valuable service to the
Pipelines, 701C Ashland Avenue, Folcroft, PA 19032. industry by interpreting the reality of oil and gas jobs to millions of young people online.
1. https://nypost.com/2024/02/24/lifestyle/tiktok-trend-women-tell-families-theyre-offshore-oil-rig-workers
2. https://cheezburger.com/494599/18-year-old-oil-rig-apprentice-goes-viral-for-sharing-her-day-to-day-life-in-the-middle-
of-the-ocean
3. https://www.bain.com/insights/creating-the-workforce-for-an-oil-and-gas-industry-in-transition
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Americas Europe Middle East Africa Asia Pacific

WORLD NEWS
Equitrans delays Mountain Valley pipeline to 2Q24
US energy firm Equitrans Midstream, has delayed the estimated the President and help from the Supreme Court before it could
completion of its Mountain Valley natural gas pipeline from restart construction.
West Virginia to Virginia to the second quarter from the first In its earnings release, Equitrans CEO Diana Charletta said
quarter, due in part to adverse weather in January, according to “construction crews encountered adverse weather conditions,
Reuters. including precipitation well above 20 year averages.”
The company also boosted the projected cost to complete “These conditions were far worse and longer in duration
the project to around US$7.57 billion - US$7.63 billion, up from than anticipated, imposing a significant impact on productivity,
a prior estimate of about US$7.2 billion. Equitrans spoke about which, in turn, impeded our ability to reduce construction
Mountain Valley in its fourth earnings report, which beat headcount,” Charletta said.
estimates. When Mountain Valley started construction in February
Mountain Valley is the only big gas pipeline under 2018, Equitrans estimated the 2.0 billion ft3/d project would
construction in the US Northeast. It has encountered cost about US$3.5 billion and enter service by late 2018.
numerous regulatory and court fights that have stopped work The 303 mile (488 km) Mountain Valley project is owned by
several times since construction began in 2018. units of Equitrans, the lead partner building the pipe with a
The pipe, which is key to unlocking gas supplies from roughly 49% interest, NextEra Energy, Consolidated Edison,
Appalachia, the nation’s biggest shale gas-producing region, AltaGas and RGC Resources. Equitrans will operate the
needed a bill from the US Congress that was signed into law by pipeline.

Occidental explores US$20 billion+ sale of Western Midstream

Occidental Petroleum is exploring a sale of Western Midstream US$54 billion purchase of peer Anadarko Petroleum.
Partners, a US natural gas-focused pipeline operator that has a Western Midstream shares closed 5.7% higher at US$30.81
market value of close to US$20 billion, including debt, according on the news, their highest finish since July 2019. Occidental
to people familiar with the matter (Reuters reports). shares dropped 1.6% to US$59.56, along with broad declines
The divestment would help Occidental, which is backed by among energy producers.
Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway, slash the US$18.5 billion Occidental owns 49% of Western Midstream and controls
debt pile it has accumulated because of acquisitions. the company’s operations by also owning its general partner.
Occidental signed a deal in December 2023 to acquire oil Western Midstream is structured as a tax-advantaged master
and gas producer CrownRock for US$12 billion, an acquisition limited partnership, and a general partner is its controlling
which would add further borrowing, four years after its entity.

Bernhard Capital to buy natural gas assets from CenterPoint for US$1.2 billion
Services and infrastructure-focused private equity manager serving approximately 380 000 metered customers.
Bernhard Capital Partners is acquiring US$1.2 billion (€1.1 billion) Jeff Jenkins, Founder and Partner at Bernhard Capital
Louisiana and Mississippi natural gas assets from US utility Partners, said the acquisition builds upon the firm’s recent
CenterPoint Energy. announcement to acquire Entergy’s New Orleans and Baton
Bernhard Capital’s portfolio company Delta Utilities has Rouge natural gas distribution businesses, adding that “once
agreed to buy CenterPoint Energy’s Louisiana and Mississippi both transactions are complete, Delta Utilities will be a leading
natural gas local distribution businesses which include around natural gas utility in Louisiana and Mississippi and among the
12 000 miles of main pipeline in Louisiana and Mississippi top 40 providers in the US”.

Enbridge: pipeline congestion may continue even once TMX starts

Growing Canadian oil production means shipper volumes may period of delay, supply has structurally and permanently grown,”
still be rationed on the Enbridge Inc. Mainline pipeline system Gruending told an earnings call.
even once the Trans Mountain Expansion (TMX) project is He said those delays were a “slight tailwind” for the Mainline,
operating, an Enbridge executive said in February. which ships the bulk of Canada’s crude exports to the US.
Calgary-based Enbridge shipped a record 3.2 million bpd of “We may still have apportionment once TMX comes in,
crude on the Mainline in 4Q23, helping it report quarterly profits depending on the month or day or crude slate,” Gruending
of CAN$1.73 billion, compared to a loss of CAN$1.07 billion a year added.
earlier. Apportionment refers to rationing how much crude each
Last year Enbridge warned the start-up of the 590 000 bpd shipper can move on a pipeline, and high apportionment tends
TMX project would likely cause Mainline volumes to fall, but that to weigh heavily on Canadian crude prices.
notion has become a “bit of a stale concept”, said Colin Gruending estimated Canadian producers would add around
Gruending, Executive Vice President of liquids pipelines. 750 000 bpd of supply in a four year period up to the end of
“(TMX) has been delayed materially and in that multi-year 2025.

MARCH 2024 / World Pipelines 5

 CONTRACT NEWS
EVENTS DIARY ASCO secures contract with bp for its Trinidad and Tobago operations
3 - 7 March 2024 Material management and logistics provider standards.
AMPP Annual Conference + Expo ASCO has secured a five year contract with Deborah Benjamin, Managing Director
2024 bp Trinidad and Tobago (bpTT). of Trinidad & Tobago, said: “Securing this
New Orleans, USA Under the contract, which came into contract, from the largest operator in the
www.ampp.org effect at the start of the year, ASCO will region is a huge achievement for the team
provide supply base and pipeyard and will be a strong foundation to further
management services for the Operator expand ASCO’s presence in the Caribbean
8 - 11 April 2024 across all 16 offshore locations in Trinidad. region.
Pipeline Technology Conference (ptc)
2024
bpTT has operated in Trinidad and “Following this award, we have made
Tobago since 1961, and is the country’s substantive, seven figure (US$) investment
Berlin, Germany
largest hydrocarbon producer, accounting to position us to deliver exceptional
www.pipeline-conference.com
for more than half of the nation’s gas service standards to bp. Not only do we
production. comply with all international standards, but
15 - 19 April 2024 The award cements ASCO’s presence in we are also committed participants to the
TUBE Düsseldorf 2024 the region, with its in-country headcount Trinidad and Tobago Safe to Work (STOW)
Düsseldorf, Germany set to grow by 30%. The company is also accreditation standard. Safety Excellence is
www.tube-tradefair.com
making a significant investment in a fundamental obsession for ASCO globally
equipment and infrastructure to deliver and our Trinidad operations fully embrace
this work to the highest international this.”
6 - 9 May 2024
Offshore Technology Conference
ROVOP announces long term
(OTC) 2024
Houston, USA
global partnership with Boskalis
Subsea Services
ON OUR
www.2024.otcnet.org
ROVOP, a global supplier of ROV services, and
the Aberdeen-based Boskalis subsidiary
WEBSITE
11 - 13 June 2024
• Pioneering Spirit completes
Subsea Services, a leading subsea provider of
Global Energy Show 2024
IRM, construction and decommissioning GTA infield pipelay scope
Calgary, Canada services, have announced a global partnership.
www.globalenergyshow.com The partnership provides five diving • ABL completes German
support vessels (DSV) and one construction subsea pipeline installation
support vessel (CSV) of the Boskalis fleet,
26 - 29 August 2024
with dedicated ROV services to maximise project
ONS 2024
service delivery, efficiency, flexibility and
Stavanger, Norway
capability. • US regulators approve
www.ons.no
The partnership will see the placement of Saguaro connector pipeline
seven ROVOP ROV systems across these DSVs
9 - 13 September 2024 and CSV for a minimum three year period on • Henkel signs agreement
IPLOCA convention an international basis. ROVOP will also
mobilise additional ROV systems on an ad hoc
to acquire Seal for Life
Sorrento, Italy
www.iploca.com/events/annual-convention
basis as required. Industries
ROVOP’s diverse fleet of vehicles allows
for varying configurations onboard the • Bilfinger secures contract
Boskalis Subsea Services fleet depending on
17 - 20 September 2024
Gastech 2024 the end client requirements. This partnership
from INEOS
Houston, USA is an extension of an existing relationship,
which sees significant cooperation between
• Sonatrach to supply
www.gastechevent.com
both companies both on and offshore. Germany with pipeline gas
Driven by increased demand and limited for the first time
24 - 26 September 2024 supply in the subsea market, this agreement
International Pipeline Conference & enhances supply chain reliability. Being Follow us on LinkedIn to read more about the
Expo (IPE) 2024 enabled with the right ROV, operated by the articles
Calgary, Canada right skilled offshore personnel, is key in linkedin.com/showcase/worldpipelines
www.internationalpipelineexposition.com delivering efficiency and consistency across
projects.

6 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

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Building
cyber
resilience
8
Shaun Reardon, Principal Cyber Security
Consultant, DNV, makes the case for
treating cyber security as seriously as
safety in the oil and gas industry, drawing
on DNV’s latest research into the changing
attitudes towards cyber threats.

P
ipeline security is high on the agenda globally, as attacks
on critical energy infrastructure have increased in recent
years. In Europe, the strategic Balticconnector gas pipeline
between Finland and Estonia is still offline following
damage in October of last year. The year before, in September
2022, Danish and Swedish authorities reported a number
of explosions at pipes A and B of the Nord Stream 1 pipeline and
pipe A of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline.
However, it’s not just physical attacks that threaten critical
infrastructure. A cyber-attack in May 2021 caused the temporary
shutdown of the Colonial Pipeline in the US, disrupting the flow
of oil and leading the US Government to declare a state of
emergency.
DNV’s latest Cyber Priority research looked at the changing
attitudes to cyber security in industrial sectors. It finds that
pipeline operators and the wider oil and gas industry are
increasingly aware of the risk from cyber threats, and the sector is
becoming more mature in its response as it builds cyber resilience.

9
 Among the oil and gas professionals which responded
to DNV’s Cyber Priority research, three quarters said that
their organisation takes cyber security as seriously as
they do physical health and safety. This is a welcome sign
of awareness of the threat and that the industry is taking
action to address it, but more work is still required before
energy companies can confidently say they treat cyber
as seriously as safety. If you walked onto an oil and gas
site without the relevant safety equipment, you would
be stopped from working immediately. The question is
whether a business would react the same if it identified
a vulnerable application affecting OT. Despite increasing
awareness, the answer is often ‘no’.
Figure 1. The view from energy professionals on cyber security When compared with physical safety risks, we can
investment.
look to the development of safety standards following
Piper Alpha and Seacrest incidents. Before such incidents
forced leaders to adopt standard protocols in the late
20th century, energy operators took an inconsistent
approach to health and safety. Businesses should avoid
a similar ‘wait and see’ approach to their cyber security,
especially with respect to OT. It should not take a safety-
compromising cyber-attack for energy companies to
prioritise security protocols and standards.
Many oil and gas companies appear to be taking
the risk seriously. More than six in ten oil and gas
professionals say that cyber security has become a
regular fixture on their organisation’s boardroom agenda,
and three quarters report that cyber security is treated as
a business risk within their organisations. Our study also
showed that a majority (62%) of oil and gas professionals
Figure 2. Levels of energy industry concern about threat actors. say their organisation invested more in cyber security
in 2023 compared with the previous 12 months. This
is positive overall, but it also suggests that a sizeable
minority of the industry may still be taking a wait and see
approach.

Cyber security is essential to the energy

transition
Oil and gas decarbonisation and the energy transition
rely on digitally connected assets, many of which are
being connected to the internet for the first time, having
not been designed with interconnectivity in mind. This
has the potential to reduce costs, increase efficiencies,
as well as support transitions such as from natural gas to
hydrogen in pipelines.
Oil and gas professionals overwhelmingly (91%)
Figure 3. Views on supply chain oversight and security-by-design across believe cyber security is a pre-requisite for the digital
the energy industry. transformation initiatives that are making the future of
the energy industry possible. Among digitally advanced
Cyber security: The safety risk of the decade? companies in the wider energy industry, some 79% say that
Oil and gas companies have been tackling IT security for digital technologies are enabling the energy transition for
decades but securing operational technology (OT) – the their organisation.
control systems that manage, monitor, automate and control
industrial operations – is an increasingly urgent challenge. The Investment is key to building defences in the face
modern hacker can do more than just steal data. They could of a changing game
take control or physically sabotage a pipeline or oil and gas While digital interconnectivity presents new opportunities, it
platform. In industrial sectors cyber security risks are safety also brings new risks for asset owners. Two thirds (69%) of oil
risks. Life, property, and the environment are at stake. and gas professionals globally worry that their organisation is

10 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

 more vulnerable than ever to cyber-attacks on their assets In the EU, for example, organisations providing essential
and infrastructure. services, including in the oil and gas sector, face tougher
Only half (52%) of oil and gas professionals believe their regulation in the form of the revised Directive on Security
company is investing enough in building the cyber resilience of Network and Information Systems (NIS2), set to be
of operational technology of assets and infrastructure. This transposed into national laws in 2024.
is higher than for professionals in the power and renewables As well as widening the scope of organisations covered
sector (47%) and companies providing services across the by regulation, this Directive increases the required standards
energy industry (38%), but it still leaves half of the oil and gas of executive oversight and imposes new reporting
industry believing they need to invest more in cyber security. requirements.
In the US, the Department of Energy is continuing to
Geopolitics driving awareness work on the National Cyber-Informed Engineering Strategy,
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 marked a notable step and there is focus – including an executive order – driving
change in cyber-attacks in the energy sphere, as prominent vendors to provide a software bill of materials – which
attacks on the sector began soon after the start of the itemises the components in software and enables better
invasion. The most prominent early example affected the third-party assurance.
renewables sector. A Russian cyber-attack on satellite
internet operator ViaSat in early 2022 affected customers in Building a supply chain for the future
Ukraine, but it also deactivated thousands of wind turbines in Supply chain security is a growing priority for the oil and
Germany when their satellite-dependent monitoring systems gas industry and across industrial sectors more broadly. Oil
were taken offline. This is on top of the physical attacks on and gas professionals rate inadequate oversight of supply
pipelines in the Baltic Sea following the invasion. chain partners’ vulnerabilities as the greatest challenge to
The oil and gas industry is paying attention. Some 79% of enhancing OT cyber security, followed by disruption to
oil and gas professionals say geopolitical uncertainty has made ongoing operations while strengthening cyber security.
their organisation more aware of the potential vulnerabilities Across the wider energy industry, lack of in-house cyber skills
in its operational technology. And two thirds (69%) say that is perceived the greatest challenge, followed by oversight
their organisation’s focus on cyber security has intensified as a of their own vulnerabilities and the cost of investing in new
result of geopolitical tensions. solutions.
Our research also shows how the profile of cyber- This suggests potential greater maturity in supply chain
attackers in the energy industry has changed since early cyber security in the oil and gas industry, as the sector places
2022. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the perceived greater focus on the challenge. But there is still some way
threat posed by all forms of threat actors increased in the to go, as more than a third of oil and gas professionals say
two weeks following the invasion in February 2022. Our their organisation does not have good oversight of supply
research found that a year later, executives across the energy chain vulnerabilities. Indeed, each year a huge number of
industry were still paying significant attention to the threat vulnerabilities are discovered in products supplied to oil and
of hacktivists and hostile states, but had returned to previous gas operators.
levels of concern about criminal gangs and malicious insiders. In contrast, oil and gas professionals report that the
We should not forget insider threats and physical sector lags the wider energy industry in incorporating
sabotage. And while OT is a newer challenge with potentially cyber security in the early phases of infrastructure projects,
greater risk to life, property, and the environment, it is still oil following what is known as security by design. This places
and gas companies’ IT networks that face most attacks. cyber security at the centre of newbuild projects and has
The industry should continue to take an integral approach been slowly gaining ground in the past decade.
to security – including both cyber and physical, and both IT One must think about the physical processes and
and OT. mechanisms we have for safety in the oil and gas industry.
More broadly, recent geopolitical developments have They are embedded in projects and practice from the design
brought energy security – not just cyber security – into sharp stage. The same should be the case for cyber security. For
focus with the disruption of energy supplies and price shocks the oil and gas industry, this is perhaps more of a challenge
for energy importers. than in the wider energy industry as it operates a large
For the first time in DNV’s power sector forecasts, for amount of legacy infrastructure and assets, more than the
example, we now factor in the willingness of governments renewables sector, for example. Compensating controls
to pay a premium of between 6% and 15% for locally sourced should be introduced as soon as possible to counter this,
energy to ensure security. This hints at the advantage that as security should always be the standard. The oil and gas
oil and gas companies could gain from greater cyber security industry is slowly moving in this direction.
resilience.
Manage risk, but also view cyber security as an
Regulation driving investment enabler
Regulatory requirements are the greatest driver for the oil and The oil and gas industry often considers five key areas of risk
gas industry to invest in cyber security, ahead even of a cyber related to cyber-attacks:
incident or near miss. ) Financial.

12 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

 ) Reputational. Building resilience as an ongoing process
Oil and gas companies should know their assets well. But do
) Impact on people and safety. they know exactly what they are connected to, what digital
technologies are present, and what the attack surface looks
) Damage to assets. like from a cyber security perspective? This sort of internal
questioning is essential to prioritise activities to build cyber
) Effects on the environment. resilience.
Oil and gas companies should evaluate how they are
Operational excellence is key to organisations working in measuring the strength of their defences and recovery plans
the sector and every day that passes without incident and and how they are benchmarking performance. Have they
impact on these risks is a successful one. While criminals may identified the improvements they need to make? Once they
find success with easy targets, companies with robust cyber have systematically identified the gaps in their defences, they
arrangements are able to enjoy the many benefits of safe, can put plans in place to close them.
secure and continuous operations. Taking a proactive approach to cyber security can increase
Companies should remain vigilant and continually evaluate competitiveness, and this can be a persuasive argument in
what impact an attack could have on their operations and budgetary conversations. Cyber security is essential to reap
primary business processes. Would an attack shutdown the benefits of digitalisation and to deploy the technologies
production? Would customers, clients and partners be needed to decarbonise the world’s energy system, better
inconvenienced or harmed? Would there be a trickle-down positioning companies that invest in cyber security to secure
effect on the consumer? And even what happens if critical their future in the energy transition.
infrastructure is shut and the pipeline providing much of a Energy firms need to invest to ensure compliance with
country’s gas supply is shutdown? tightening regulation. This requires not just greater budget,
When so much is at stake, it’s good practice to regularly but also the right mindset, company culture, and access
focus on raising standards and evaluating readiness. Having to skills to ensure regulation-driven investment translates
an approach that prepares for the worst while hoping for into greater cyber resilience. Oil and gas companies should
the best will produce operational excellence that will allow go further than what is stipulated in regulation, focusing
a company to resume operations as quickly and smoothly as on resilience alongside compliance, and looking for new
possible. And companies will be judged all the better for it by opportunities that may arise from managing cyber security
their customers, suppliers, staff and other stakeholders. effectively.

2024
IPLOCA
Awards

Submit your entries by April 2024

Awards will be presented during the IPLOCA Annual Convention

www.iploca.com/awards TOGETHER - DELIVERING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE

 TRANSITION
TRENDS IN
HYDROGEN
Steve Biagiotti, Jr. P.E., Chief Engineer and Gary P. Yoho, P.E., Principal Consultant,
Dynamic Risk, discuss the evolution of hydrogen adoption in the pipeline industry and
the role it will play in reaching global net-zero goals.

T
he deadline to achieve the 50% reduction target Meeting ambitious climate goals will require substantial
set by the UN Climate Change Committee is rapidly and aggressive investments in infrastructure, technology
approaching. It’s only six years away. Targets will development, and regulatory frameworks to ensure efficient
not be achieved without substantial infrastructure and sustainable production, distribution, and utilisation.
changes. Europe is much further ahead than most of the Greenhouse gas emission (GHG) targets of +40% below
195 partner nations that have voluntarily approved the 2005 levels by 2030 and net-zero emissions by 2050 will be
Paris Agreement. 1 virtually unattainable without incorporating hydrogen as an

15
 Figure 1. Industry reaction to hydrogen adoption.

element in the global energy strategy. Hydrogen, especially early 2020s, the momentum for hydrogen targets further
when produced through low-carbon methods, offers a accelerated. Several countries announced ambitious
versatile and clean alternative to fossil fuels. strategies and commitments, emphasising hydrogen as a
The broader society accepts that climate change is crucial element in achieving carbon neutrality goals. These
occurring and that something needs to be done to slow the targets were often aligned with international climate
rate of change. Governments appear to be struggling with agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, reflecting a global
how to integrate hydrogen into CO2 reduction targets within push toward sustainable and low-carbon energy solutions.2
their broader energy and environmental policies. More In parallel, collaborations and partnerships between
specifically, the acceptable form of hydrogen generation countries and international organisations aimed at advancing
continues to be a stumbling block. This pace in adopting hydrogen technologies gained prominence. These efforts
hydrogen strategies is too slow to meet even the minimum contributed to the sharing of best practices, research
emissions targets: more prompt and determined action is findings, and the establishment of global standards.
necessary. Overall, the setting of hydrogen targets by governments
has evolved over the past two decades, mirroring the
Trends in hydrogen adoption increasing recognition of hydrogen’s role in addressing
In the early 2000s, some forward-thinking countries, climate change, enhancing energy security, and fostering a
particularly those with a focus on renewable energy more sustainable energy landscape. The specific timing and
and sustainability, began considering hydrogen as a key nature of these targets depend on each country’s unique
component of their energy transition strategies. Initial energy policy priorities and commitments to environmental
discussions and exploratory studies on hydrogen as a stewardship.
clean energy carrier took place during this period. By the
mid-2000s, several governments started to formalise their Meeting the challenge
commitment to hydrogen by including it in their energy The path to lowering CO2 emissions requires replacement
policy frameworks.1, 3 Countries with a strong emphasis of fossil fuels with renewable energy sources and carbon
on reducing carbon emissions and diversifying their capture. This transformative transition will require
energy mix began setting preliminary targets for hydrogen innovation and investment. These changes require the
development. retirement and replacement of equipment, modifications
The 2010s witnessed a significant increase in the to processes to maintain safety levels, and public
number of governments worldwide setting explicit targets education on the global benefits. However, change takes
and incorporating hydrogen into their long-term energy time.
plans. Targets often included specific goals for hydrogen To meet the voluntary initiative the US Greenhouse Gas
production, infrastructure development, and integration Emissions targets are 50 - 52% reduction below 2005 levels
into various sectors, such as transportation and industrial by 2030 and net-zero emissions by 2050.14 Canadian targets
processes. Towards the end of the 2010s and into the are 40 - 45% reduction below 2005 levels by 2030 and

16 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

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 net-zero by 2050.13 The European Union targets are based Setting industry standards
on 55% reduction below 1990 levels.15 More governments Hand in hand with educated stakeholders are the industry
must support and establish policies soon if the world is to controls and best practices needed to ensure that
meet the Paris Agreement goals. Industry Think Tanks5 are operations limit impact to the public and the environment.
suggesting that hydrogen must make up at least 15% of the As mentioned earlier, the transportation of 100% hydrogen
global energy mix by 2050 to meet the goal. is a more mature application and standards such as ASME
However, the adoption of hydrogen into the gas B31.12 and CGA 5.6 include notably conservative design
delivery mixture has been slow. Companies are still requirements for conventional storage and pipeline
evaluating projects to better understand the nuances of transportation, which can limit options and increase costs.7, 8
transporting and delivering hydrogen utilising existing However, many pipeline transportation and distribution
infrastructure. Key technical questions to answer include: operators are considering blending hydrogen into natural
• What is the ‘sweet spot’ with respect to the level gas, at concentrations up to 30%. Low levels of blended
of hydrogen that can be blended and transported hydrogen are not currently addressed in most North
with natural gas? American pipeline integrity management guidelines. The
• What is the demand for transportation of a 100% Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Z662-23 standard
stream of hydrogen? has a newly developed section dedicated to the design of
pipeline systems to transport hydrogen.9
Educating stakeholders
It is a logical desire to want hydrogen included in What’s driving implementation?
the energy network. Some assume that since it is One significant change in the pipeline transmission
a combustible gas, like natural gas, it can be easily industry is the increased awareness of incorporating
blended and transported in the existing transmission hydrogen-compatible materials and technologies in
and distribution pipeline network. Although this belief the design and construction of pipelines. Procedural
is partially correct, hydrogen introduces different safety, adjustments have become imperative to accommodate
operational, tariff, liquified storage, and pipeline integrity the distinct characteristics associated with transporting
concerns. Unlike the long successful history the industry hydrogen. This encompasses modifications in inspection
has with natural gas, only a few specialised operations technologies, assessment techniques, maintenance
(e.g. feedstock into petrochemical processes, fertiliser practices, and risk assessment methodologies.
production) have been working historically with hydrogen The regulatory landscape has also evolved to
gas. However, the transportation of hydrogen in steel address the challenges and opportunities presented by
pipelines has had a long and successful history over the the transport of hydrogen in pipelines. Regulators are
last century, albeit with limited mileage. This means there demonstrating a willingness to adopt revised standards,
is a need to educate a large population of engineers and such as NFPA 2 and CSA Z662, to provide enhanced
pipeline technicians. frameworks for the safe transport and utilisation of
The industry has responded with webinars, short hydrogen in pipeline systems.6,9
courses, workshops, and conferences to help share Costs vary based on the mode of production (i.e.
experience and knowledge gaps. The rise in industry green, blue, purple, grey), the availability of water and low-
events that include hydrogen-related topics and symposia cost electricity, plus the cost of equipment/infrastructure.
noticeably peaked around 2022. It is unclear whether The question of ‘decarbonisation at what cost?’ is raised
recent activities by AGA2 and others are meaningfully to address the holistic evaluation of costs and benefits.
reducing the operational and integrity concerns of A 2022 estimate of US$200 billion was made with only
transporting blended hydrogen. Contrary to the general US$35 billion announced for investment in transportation
increase in hydrogen-related seminars, it appears that and distribution.12
pipeline company operations related to pilot projects have Advances in research and development to make the
been delayed or slowed somewhat. technology more affordable and efficient will lead to
An informal survey of companies at a recent industry greater adoption and lower hydrogen production costs.
event revealed that only a limited number of pipeline However, these improvements will have to come at a much
companies have established dedicated teams to focus faster pace to meet the global targets.
on hydrogen projects. These are the larger operators,
who typically are early adopters of new technologies and Regulations and subsidies
processes. Concerns are that North American operators are Another barrier to rapid hydrogen adoption has been
still taking a ‘wait and see’ approach. assurance of commercial demand. Producers may be willing
In addition to educating the workforce, educating the to generate hydrogen when they have plentiful resources,
public and local regulators will be critical. Regulators and but they may not have access to a distribution market.
the public are requesting risk assessments for projects Similarly, pipeline operators may be willing to accept
to demonstrate any change associated with the new (i.e., hydrogen into the network but need reliable demand from
hydrogen blended) gas composition. Regulators and the consumers willing to receive the differential in gas price
public are seeking lower risk exposures. and BTU value.

18 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

 ultrasonic technologies aimed at identifying anomalies that
could be susceptible to hydrogen impact. Gas pipelines have
fewer options.
Operators are also considering the use of ‘carrier fluids’
such as anhydrous ammonia (NH3) to move hydrogen
molecules to production facilities where the hydrogen
would be extracted. Chemically, ammonia is 82% nitrogen
(N) and 18% hydrogen (H). However, even these methods are
not without integrity concerns.

Conclusion
Making the industry goal of net-zero by 2050 will require
Figure 2. Data Variability used in the Engineering Assessment. acceleration of current programme efforts. The pipeline
transmission industry requires modifications that extend
How government regulations respond to these across infrastructure, material selection, procedural
challenges is influencing adoption. Subsidies and investment considerations, and regulatory framework changes. Actions
backing in hydrogen production facilities are being observed will need to be addressed in parallel and in a prioritised
in Europe and the US. The lack of subsidies appears to be manner to maintain the safe and efficient integration of
stalling projects moving from concept or pilot stages to hydrogen into the energy mix that stakeholders expect, and
commercial in Canada. that the industry has proudly demonstrated for decades.
The US has gone one step further by introducing But the pace needs to improve which may include:
‘Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs’, or regional pipeline ) Governments must drive funding support (i.e., backed
networks that will gather, transport, and deliver blended loans, incentives and reduced regulatory permitting
hydrogen to the market.10 These hubs are expected to barriers).
provide the stability the market seeks so that when
hydrogen is produced, there will be a carrier to transport ) Rapid industry consensus through standards
and deliver to consumers. development to guide the technical and consistent
means to address blending hydrogen.
Engineering assessments
As production methodologies and locations evolve and the ) Increase stakeholder training and certification
need for pipeline infrastructure develops further, pipeline programmes for working with hydrogen.
operators will likely turn to standards such as CSA Z662:23
to guide the engineering assessments (EAs) required to ) Increase the pace of technology development
demonstrate the reliability of pipeline systems. A Gas (equipment, materials, inspection and risk analysis) to
Technology Institute initiative, the Net Zero Infrastructure support hydrogen transport.
Programme (NZIP), used statistics from the US Pipeline and
Hazardous Materials Safety Administration that indicated ) Set Engineering Assessment criteria to drive safe
more than 50% of the natural gas transmission pipe in the operations for the benefit of the public and
US were installed before 1970.11 This vintage pipe typically environment.
has lower toughness that could be exacerbated by the
introduction of atomic hydrogen into the pipeline steel References
under certain conditions and needs evaluation. 1. US Dept of Energy, Hydrogen Posture Plan: An Integrated Research,
Development and Demonstration Plan, December 2026.
EAs must satisfy stakeholders by addressing: 2. Paris Agreement, UN Climate Change Conference (COP21), Paris, France, 12
) Project threats and risks. December 2015.
3. American Gas Association, Impacts of Hydrogen Blending on Gas Piping
Materials, June 2023.
) Dissociation rates of molecular hydrogen (H2) during 4. IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Impacts of Hydrogen Blending on Gas
transport. Piping Materials, Report PH4/24, October 2003.
5. PARKES, R., ‘World “won’t hit Paris climate goals” without policies to speed
hydrogen take-up’: DNV, Recharge News, 14 June 2022.
) The effect of atomic hydrogen (H+) on existing 6. NFPA 2, Hydrogen Technologies Code, 2020.
7. B31.12, Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines, ASME, 2023.
anomalies within pipelines that are otherwise acceptable 8. CGA 5.6, Hydrogen Pipeline Systems, Compressed Gas Association, Chantilly,
for continued operation. VA, EIGA Doc. 121/04.
9. CSA Z662, Oil and gas pipeline systems, CSA Group, 2023.
10. Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs, US Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations
) Methodologies for determining the suitability of in situ (OCED).
toughness values for existing pipelines. 11. Net Zero Infrastructure Program (NZIP), GTI.
12. Five Charts on Hydrogen’s Role in a Net-Zero Future, 25 October 2022,
McKinsey Sustainability.
Material verification activities will be crucial to 13. Canadian Government Website.
14. The Long-Term Strategy Of The United States: Pathways to Net-Zero
determining if pipeline assets are suitable for hydrogen Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2050 US Government website.
transportation. Liquid pipelines lend themselves to 15. European Commission 2030 climate targets.

20 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

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 Kimberly Sari and Simon Roth, ILF
Consulting Engineers, Germany, discuss
navigating the future of sustainable green
molecule bulk transport, offering some
analysis of transport options from the
MENA region to Europe.

I
n the coming decades, a transformative shift awaits the global
energy market, transitioning from its current state to an
emission-free landscape. The European Union’s (EU) ambitious
objective of achieving climate neutrality by 2050 is anticipated
to advance the continent in achieving secure, emission-free, lowest
cost energy supply with local benefits, however the path to reach
the objective is still evolving. In the White Paper titled “Bulk
Transport Options for Green Molecules”,1 prepared by ILF Beratende
Ingenieure GmbH (ILF) in collaboration with Dii Desert Energy, a
comprehensive analysis of the transportation avenues available for
green molecules from the Middle East North Africa (MENA) region
to Europe was conducted.
Industry stakeholders are proactively anticipating this transition,
working to align their operations with the EU’s objectives
by adopting their own decarbonisation targets. Noteworthy
enthusiasm is evident among industry stakeholders, with the
development of green molecule supply projects; meticulous
consideration being given to transportation routes for optimal
efficiency; comprehensive discussions on distribution instruments;
and a commitment to ensuring that the demand for green
molecules is met with a commensurate supply, all amongst a
gradually evolving EU-wide policy and regulatory landscape.
The intricacies of a vast value chain comprising supply, demand,
transport, storage, and conversions must harmonise for the
successful execution of strategic green molecule initiatives both in
Europe and globally.
While the overarching vision of a climate-neutral European
continent is well-defined, the identification of specific pathways
to achieve these objectives remains a complex task. Consequently,
stakeholders are concentrating on their respective target objectives,
strategically positioning themselves to adapt to the evolving
landscape. Facilitating the development of this market could be
enhanced by the establishment of a comprehensive framework led
by the EU, offering a transformative opportunity for accelerated
progress.
The development of the market should substantially consider
the concentration of physical conditions of the commodity,

22
23
 ensuring a robust and scalable economy. Simultaneously, the Finance challenges
absence of a unified global context for energy trading poses Historically, the financing of oil and gas pipelines was instigated
a significant challenge, as the majority of countries currently by major players in the oil and gas industry, recognising pipelines
lack carbon trading mechanisms and impose no restrictions on as a crucial means to bring their commodities to market
carbon emissions. to satisfy a substantial demand. In the current landscape,
In the context of energy transportation from MENA to developers of green molecules seeking to build a business case
Europe, ILF’s experts identified three distinct possibilities in their for their product perceive an uncharted market, heightening the
report. These include pipelines, designed for the direct transport risk associated with an already costly infrastructure development.
of hydrogen in molecule form; offshore transport of ammonia This contrasts with the past scenario in the mature oil and gas
as a hydrogen carrier via ship; and electron-based subsea cable market, where a substantial market value and fossil-fuel financial
transport of electricity. subsidies made project financing less risky for developers and
Each option is characterised by unique transport capacities banks.
and associated costs. For a more in-depth exploration of these Despite common challenges, the enthusiasm and interest
alternatives, please refer to the report.1 of green molecule developers, remain palpable. Their
During ILF’s discussions with prominent developers in innovative expertise, coupled with a strong commitment
the field, including ACWA Power, AMEA Power, CWP Global, to decarbonisation, propels them to address the challenges
and Masdar, it is evident that their commitment to delivering through novel approaches. This involves, amongst others, close
green molecules to Europe is not only robust but also clearly collaboration with value chain stakeholders, and engaging in
expressed. These developers, recognised as established energy discussions with financial institutions and experienced equity
providers, exhibit active involvement throughout the MENA partners, potentially spanning major sectors such as oil and gas,
region. Despite common challenges in securing funds for steel, and shipping.
capital-intensive and long-term infrastructure projects to bring
commodities to Europe, they leverage their extensive experience Developing resilient transport infrastructure
and engage in collaborative efforts with stakeholders across the Robust network infrastructure is essential for establishing a
value chain, in addition to governments and ministries, partners, thriving hydrogen market. Insights gained from the interviews
and others to successfully achieve project milestones by ILF held with stakeholders in the transport and distribution
developing equity partnerships. infrastructure, including SNAM, Westenergie and Baker Hughes,

Existing Gas Pipelines with Repurposing Plans

Existing Gas Pipelines

Planned Pipelines

Hassi R'Mel Gas Field

European Hydrogen Backbone 2030

Figure 1. Cross-continent pipelines.1

24 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

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 Morocco Algeria Jordan Saudi Arabia Bahrain Qatar covers 25 EU member states
6 2 1 3 2 1 1
plus Norway, the UK, and
Hydrogen: 0.03 Mtpa Hydrogen: 1.2 Mtpa
Switzerland. Furthermore,
N/A N/A N/A N/A
Ammonia: 0.18 Mtpa Ammonia: 1.2 Mtpa the significance of import
security is underscored
by the application for the
‘Southern Import Corridor’,
a project of common
interest (PCI), highlighting
the strategic importance of
ensuring a reliable and secure
supply chain within the
context of the broader EHB
initiative.
Mauritania Tunisia Egypt UAE Oman
Given the expansive
territory, questions arise
4 2 21 10 1 10 1
surrounding resource
Hydrogen: 8 Mtpa Hydrogen: 2.2 Mtpa Hydrogen: 1.2 Mtpa Hydrogen: 1.2 Mtpa
Ammonia: 10 Mtpa N/A Ammonia: 3 Mtpa Ammonia: 1.2 Mtpa Ammonia: 1.2 Mtpa allocation, guarantees of
origin (GoO) for renewable
Green H
2
Projects
2Blue H
Projects
Production
Capacity
(green) energy, and carbon
credits or carbon content
Figure 2. Hydrogen project announcements in the MENA region.1,2 information comprising
virtual attributes of the green
highlight a growing industry commitment to developing resilient molecules within the establishment of a hydrogen backbone.
transport and distribution infrastructure equipment. This Additionally, the level at which power transmission system
dedication plays a pivotal role in ensuring the smooth evolution operators (TSOs) and natural gas TSOs will cooperate in aligning
of interconnected infrastructure. While transport system both sets of infrastructure is to be determined.
operators – together with technical design and certification ILF’s report displays that currently, the reliability of
bodies – are working on harmonised standards and regulations transport and distribution infrastructure relies on strategic
for a hydrogen transport grid, industry players like Baker Hughes investments, often funded through research and development
demonstrate notable technological advancements in gas (R&D) projects. Stakeholders, especially TSOs and distribution
compression technology. In the realm of hydrogen compressors, system operators (DSOs), anticipate that regulatory frameworks
Baker Hughes has introduced a groundbreaking solution with will eventually recognise and endorse their investments as a
the high-pressure ratio compressor (HPRC). This centrifugal means for future cost recovery.
compressor, featuring a stacked rotor design architecture, The absence of harmonisation in EU-level regulations
can achieve a higher tip speed in the future. This innovation presents a challenge to the seamless integration of the EHB
facilitates the efficient transport of substantial quantities of infrastructure’s advancement. It is evident that the future
hydrogen. green molecule market will be policy-driven, necessitating
governmental intervention to undertake substantial
Repurposing pipelines groundwork before a commercial market can materialise. A
In exploring the transition from natural gas to hydrogen in coordinated initiative to align regulatory frameworks is crucial
both onshore and offshore pipelines, the technical feasibility for the effective deployment of developed infrastructure
and potential advantages of repurposing existing infrastructure within the emerging industry.
become evident, as highlighted by SNAM’s considerations of
pipeline compatibility, standards, and the potential for high Supply and demand
repurposing rates. Offtakers, such as EnBW, have demonstrated commitments
in producing and procuring green molecules, accompanied by
The importance of a clear regulatory framework efforts in infrastructure preparations. Despite these strides,
A consistent theme echoes among emerging infrastructure uncertainties persist regarding the specific availability of
project developers: the imperative need for clear, EU-level molecules at potential offtake sites, particularly in scenarios
regulations that foster investments in the supply chain and where high-flexibility demands, crucial for power plants,
facilitate the development of both new and retrofitted transport become prominent. To ensure supply security, a swift
infrastructure. Additionally, a clear understanding of the scaling up and down of power is imperative, mirroring the
expected demand for green molecules in Europe by 2030 and functionality observed in underground gas storage, which
2040 is crucial for determining viable transportation routes. This currently fall short of meeting the required demand. In
is especially pertinent for meeting import targets throughout contrast, industries with relatively flat and less variable energy
the European Hydrogen Backbone (EHB) initiative, encompassing profiles exhibit less pronounced imperative for flexibility.
33 European transmission system operators whose infrastructure Addressing nuanced flexibility requirements for diverse offtake

26 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

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 scenarios, especially in contexts where high-flexibility is global attention. Presently, national interests exert a significant
imperative, becomes paramount for optimising the deployment influence on the trajectory of development. This divergence
of green molecules across varied industries. is evident in the varying perspectives on red hydrogen: it is
a non-issue in France, where nuclear power production is
Creating a competitive environment predominant, but as of April 2023, it has been phased out in
Advocating for an EU-wide approach is considered optimal Germany.
for creating a competitive environment. However, interviews
conducted for ILF’s report indicate that infrastructure planning Conclusion
encounters obstacles due to the absence of a holistic view A foundational target is the initiation of the hydrogen market
across the supply chain. development with a primary focus on carbon reduction.
For example, the current focus on transport routes should This approach accelerates the timeline to achieve economies
expand to encompass flexibility instruments, aligning with of scale. However, refining this objective is equally crucial,
the nature of power production profiles. When stakeholders evolving towards the overarching goal of attaining a net-zero
– including TSOs concentrating exclusively on their grids, carbon footprint. This progressive approach not only addresses
and storage system operators individually exploring the new immediate environmental concerns but also aligns with long-
frontier of hydrogen storage – transition from this isolated term sustainability objectives. It showcases a comprehensive
approach to a coordinated and collective strategy, it would and adaptable strategy for the evolution of green molecule
reveal aspects pertinent to each value chain participant. This technologies across diverse national contexts.
shift contributes to a more cohesive and efficient transition “Through interviews with various stakeholders within the
into this emerging market and the future EHB. green molecule sector, a clear observation emerged, that
While supporting the ambitious EHB development, each participant is impacted by the constraints of other
the need for enhanced coordination is paramount. The parties involved. It became evident that a unified approach
current focus on transport routes should expand to include to realise the overarching strategy is lacking, one that would
flexibility instruments, also considering the nature of power articulate the requirements and challenges faced by each
production profiles. Many questions remain unanswered, such sector member” says Simon Roth, Business Area Director, ILF
as the locations of major import and production sites, off- Beratende Ingenieure GmbH.
take centres, and the timeline and nature of developments. “To underscore the challenges confronting the sector
Achieving clarity on these critical aspects is essential for members and facilitate a collaborative effort to overcoming
promoting a harmonised and efficient industry transition, constraints, Dii and ILF have embarked on preparing an
particularly in the context of advancing the green molecule additional report. This report aims to delve deeper into the
market in Europe. perspectives of a broader spectrum of companies within the
burgeoning green molecule sector, serving as a mutual aid
Strategy by articulating each company’s perspective. By providing a
In 2020, the EU articulated an ambitious hydrogen strategy comprehensive understanding of these perspectives, the report
through the European Commission’s, ‘A hydrogen strategy intends to foster a collective approach in addressing challenges
for a climate-neutral Europe’.3 The EU is actively developing in a mutually beneficial manner.”
a hydrogen and decarbonised gas market package to help
curb greenhouse gas emissions in the EU in line with plans References
1. ILF Beratende Ingenieure GmbH/Dii Desert Energy, Bulk Transport Options for
for climate and internal energy market objectives. Rules that
Green Molecules | Focus Area: Europe and MENA Region, January 2024.
ensure sufficient cross-border capacity, fostering the creation 2. Dii Desert Energy/Roland Berger, Hydrogen Project Tracker, November 2023.
of an integrated European hydrogen market and facilitating the 3. European Commission, A hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe, July
2020 .
unimpeded movement of hydrogen across borders, are also
being negotiated. Notes
These coordination efforts, among others, mark significant With thanks to Paul Van Son, President, Dii Desert Energy; Dr.
progress. However to substantiate the green molecule market Jan Frederik Braun, Head of Hydrogen Cooperation (MENA
in Europe and meet 2030 targets, there is a pressing need for an Region) Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Integrated Energy
approved comprehensive policy. This policy must encompass Systems CINES; Gustavo Beneitez, Executive Manager Business
the specific requirements of each value chain member, Development, ACWA Power; Hussein Matar, Sr. Director
spanning the expansive territory of the EU. It should articulate Business Development, AMEA Power; Giulia Maria Branzi, Head
clear demand projections for 2030 and 2040, accounting for of Climate Policies & Decarbonization Market Design, SNAM;
the intricacies of power and electricity consumption and Riccardo Bernabei, Director Hydrogen Project Development,
restrictions within each country. SNAM; Richard Streitboerger, Trading Green Molecules Senior
Despite strides made, the lack of synchronised regulations Originator, EnBW; Florian Lindner, Business Development,
hampers the rapid transition to the green molecule economy Westenergie; and Mark Crandall, CEO CWP Global.
in Europe. The imperative regulations necessary to facilitate The full study Bulk Transport Options for Green Molecules,
and finance the transition to green molecules have yet to which takes a look at global hydrogen trade, cross-continental
achieve synchronisation, prompting stakeholders throughout pipelines and the economy and features selected interviews, is
the value chain to recognise this as a pivotal issue necessitating available for download.

28 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

Håvard Høydalsvik, Head of Business Unit O&G, Rädlinger Primus Line, Germany,
discusses the material and cost benefits of composite pipe solutions and introduces
two flexible pipe systems, one for trenchless rehabilitation and the other for above-
ground installation.

W
hen ageing established to secure safe and reliable hazardous fluids. The text also explains
pipelines reach operation. In addition, a volatile oil why the manufacturer relies on high-
the end of their and gas price environment has made quality materials for safety and quality
service life, the engineers more open to implementing aspects.
operators traditionally tend to replace new technologies.
them with new steel pipes that require Such innovative composite pipe The Primus Line® flexible pipe –
open trenches. The situation is similar solutions offer several material and structure and products
for the above-ground transport cost benefits to pipeline operators. This
of potentially hazardous fluids: article provides an overview of these Composition
conventional high-density polyethylene benefits as well as an introduction to The Primus Line flexible pipe for
(HDPE) pipe is used. But more and more two products made in Germany. While both rehabilitation and above-ground
pipeline operators are thinking outside Primus Line® Rehab is designed for the installation consists of a liner and a
the box. Flexible, fabric-reinforced trenchless rehabilitation of pressure connection technology developed
pipes increasingly find market pipelines, Primus Line® Overland specifically for this system. The liner
acceptance as well as international Piping is suitable for the temporary itself is composed of three layers. The
standards and guidelines have been above-ground transport of potentially inner layer is adapted to the respective

29
 medium to be transported and, like the outer layer, is made The outer layer protects the fabric in the middle from external
of abrasion-resistant polyethylene (PE) or thermoplastic influences during transportation and installation. For above-
polyurethane (TPU). The latter has a high chemical resistance ground applications, TPU provides maximum protection from
that withstands contact with highly corrosive hydrocarbon UV light and abrasion, as well as the flexibility required for
compounds which is important for surface applications. repeated installations and rewinding of the reusable system.
The middle layer, the reinforcement, is a seamless woven
aramid fabric. For pipeline rehabilitations, this layer absorbs all
tensile forces and operating pressures without relying on the
existing host pipe. For above-ground installations, it allows
complete stand-alone absorption of even very high operating
pressures. For higher pressure levels in the medium- and high-
pressure range of rehabilitations, only Kevlar® is used. The low-
pressure system consists of an aramid/polyester hybrid fabric
for a cost-benefit optimised and economical rehabilitation
solution. All types are both strong and flexible.
To complete the Primus Line flexible pipe and provide a
pull-tight connection, purely mechanical and resin-tightened
connectors are available, either flanged or welded. For above-
ground applications, there are also specialised quick couplers
compatible with Victaulic notches. These are used to connect
several flexible pipelines. They can also be connected to pumps
or other piping equipment.

Primus Line Rehab

The Primus Line system was originally developed as an
innovative technology for the trenchless rehabilitation of
pressure pipelines for various media such as water, gas and oil.
Figure 1. Primus Line®’s three layered composition.
Now called Primus Line Rehab, it is suitable for the transport
of different fluids and is also approved for drinking water in
many countries like the US, Canada, Australia, Spain, France or
Germany.
Primus Line Rehab has ideal flow characteristics due to the
extremely smooth inner coating. The system is optimised for
high-, medium- and low-pressure requirements. It is available
in diameters from DN 150 to DN 500 and can pass bends up to
90°.
Preferred fields of application are, for example, pipelines
for the transport of drinking water, fire water, industrial water,
process water, crude oil, refined petroleum products, diesel,
natural or coke gas and more.

Primus Line Overland Piping

This product, available in diameters from DN 150 to DN 350, is
specifically designed to create leak-free above-ground pipelines
for demanding and potentially hazardous media such as raw
water, process water, flowback water, fire water, industrial or
treated wastewater.
The fact that it is a spoolable and reusable solution that
can be deployed up to 500 times not only simplifies its
installation, but also makes it an environmentally friendly
solution compared to commonly used alternatives such as
trucking and HDPE piping. In addition, Primus Line Overland
Piping can be installed quickly.

Benefits of both flexible pipe systems

The three-layer structure of the pipe is the basis for both its
Figure 2. All-terrain: due to its flexibility, Primus Line Overland strength and its flexibility, resulting in the following benefits for
Piping naturally adapts to the ground.
the operator:

30 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

Safety
The flexible pipe is reinforced with seamless woven Kevlar
fabric. This synthetic fibre is up to ten times stronger than steel
and twice as strong as glass fibre or nylon. This para-aramid
core gives the pipe a very high factor of safety (FoS), leading
to a burst pressure at least 2.5 times the allowable working
pressure, depending on the medium being transported.
The installation teams do not have to work with hazardous
materials on site: standard machinery equipment is used for
assembly. Another advantage for above-ground applications
is that there is no need for hot work such as welding or butt
fusion. Instead, the aforementioned connectors or quick
couplers are used.
A further safety aspect is that the entire production
process is closely monitored. In addition, a sample of every
Figure 3. Primus Line Rehab can also be used for subsea
pipe produced is pressure-tested in-house before delivery to pipelines. Here the flexible pipe is coming ashore.
the construction site.
rehabilitation with Primus Line extends the service life of the
Cost advantage pipeline by at least 50 years.
In contrast to an open trench rehabilitation, Primus Line In the case of temporary above-ground transport
Rehab saves time in terms of implementation time and applications, the Primus Line flexible pipe scores with low
installation speed: up to 10 m/min. and up to 2500 metres per storage space requirements: depending on the diameter, up
pull reduce installation time to a minimum, allow for quick to 4 km of the pipe can be transported on a single transport
re-commissioning and only short service interruptions. The reel. Therefore, on-site storage space is reduced to one tenth
standard equipment used for installation is not only reducing of that required for HDPE pipes. In addition, the flexible pipe
the footprint at the construction site, but also secures a is fully reusable which has been proven in long-term bending
low up-front investment for installation companies. And the tests.
 Line Rehab. It does hardly affect daily life, its small pits and
reduced road work avoid major closures or diversions.

Quality
Starting with the procurement of raw materials, Rädlinger
primus line GmbH sets high standards and works exclusively
with renowned manufacturers. All incoming goods are
carefully checked for quality. To obtain safe and reliable
products, Rädlinger Primus Line trusts in the following raw
materials, selected for their specific properties, to obtain an
optimal end product with the desired features of strength and
flexibility:
) Kevlar is a high-strength, lightweight para-aramid synthetic
fibre known for its exceptional tensile strength and
Figure 4. Welding not necessary: the assembly team mounts the durability. Its ability to withstand mechanical stress,
connectors on site with hand-held tools.
resist abrasion and adapt to changing terrain makes it
the perfect reinforcement material for flexible pipes.
Primus Line customers are convinced of using the non- Kevlar’s thermal stability makes it ideal for a variety of
metallic piping solutions to decrease their total cost of environments.
ownership (TCO). In addition to capital expenditure (CapEx)
savings, they relate to significant operating expenditure ) Polyethylene (PE) is an ideal material for the inner and
(OpEx) reductions due to the elimination of ILI pigging costs, outer pipe layers. It offers exceptional flexibility, high
chemical cleaning costs, and production losses associated with abrasion resistance, bonding ability and workability. PE
required maintenance downtimes. As a result, clients report provides durability and protection for the pipeline.
TCO reductions of up to 60%, depending on the project
characteristics. ) Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is the optimal polymer
for the inner and outer layers of the flexible pipes. It offers
Efficiency exceptional flexibility, impact resistance, high abrasion
A trenchless method makes pipeline rehabilitation almost resistance, chemical compatibility, excellent resistance to
independent of weather conditions during installation. Thanks UV radiation, moisture, extreme temperatures, bonding
to its composition, Primus Line Rehab is also independent of capability and processability. TPU ensures durability,
the host pipe, absorbs the pressure itself and allows operating protection and reliable performance of the pipeline in
pressures up to 82 bar and burst pressures up to 206 bar. above-ground environments. Laboratory tests have shown
It resists thermal expansion of the host pipe and ground TPU to be up to five times more abrasion resistant than
movement. No curing, steaming or bonding is required in the HDPE.
field which contributes to shorter installation time as well.
1000 metres and more are available as continuous The products themselves are subject to continuous quality
lengths for above-ground applications with Primus Line control using optoelectronic measuring instruments. These
Overland Piping. These long lengths limit the number of record all process parameters and allow a continuous control
connections and therefore weak points. This also results in of the consistency and wall thickness of each layer of the
fast deployments of up to 6 km/d. This is up to 12 times pipe. In addition, each production batch is given an ID for
faster than HDPE installation, as confirmed by customers. unambiguous traceability and is exposed to a burst pressure
Furthermore, Primus Line Overland Piping conforms naturally test that reliably confirms the maximum operating pressure.
to the surface, can handle large volumes of fluid up to Connectors undergo a thorough visual and mechanical
500 l/sec. and is very lightweight at 2.5 - 6.1 kg/m. inspection. Customers receive technical documentation
summarising all results.
Environmentally orientated
Both Primus Line flexible pipe products can be installed with Bottom line
reduced use of machinery: only a winch, mini-excavator or a The unique safety, cost, efficiency and environmental benefits
truck with the coiled pipe on a reel is necessary. This results of the Kevlar-reinforced flexible pipe, combined with its
in a significant reduction of the on-site carbon footprint, in chemical resistance, flexibility, strength and bendability
case of rehabilitations up to 90% compared to dig-and-lay. For make it suitable for a wide range of applications across
above-ground applications, the CO2 emissions associated with the hydrocarbon value chain. From trenchless pipeline
trucking fluids during operation are completely eliminated. rehabilitation in hard-to-access areas to temporary above-
Primus Line Overland Piping reduces waste because it is ground water transfer systems used for water supply during
reusable and it can be installed through bushland, nature parks fracture operations or as emergency bypasses in refinery
or waterways without damaging the environment. The minimal environments: Primus Line is a safe, reliable and sustainable
impact on the environment is also an advantage of Primus solution for oil and gas operators.

32 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

Integrated
Welding
Solutions

In everything we do, we maintain

the highest standards. Or as we
call it: The Qapqa promise.

• Increase productivity
• Increase quality
• Lower repair rates
• High level of support
 WELD
DONE

Together, we create the most In everything we do, we maintain the

distinctive and integrated welding highest standards. Or as we call it:
solutions for the construction of The Qapqa promise.
reliable and sustainable pipelines.

As a family business, we think long

term. Dedicated and continuously
improving, we always challenge
ourselves to go the extra mile.

• Increase productivity
• Increase quality
• Lower repair rates
• High level of support
www.qapqa.com
Advancing
integrity
through NDT
Brent Moulton, ASNT, discusses
the importance of NDT methods,
particularly ultrasonic testing and
eddy current, whilst drawing on a
case study from the Trans Alaska
Pipeline System.

A
s structures that very often are out of
sight, pipelines are rarely out of mind.
Their construction and planning generate
significant controversy even when it
is well understood how vital they are for the
transport of essential commodities such as crude

33
 the debate over pipeline construction and operation is
the extraordinary steps taken to ensure their upkeep and
operational integrity.
To ensure the durability and safety of these structures,
comprehensive inspections are conducted on a consistent
and rigorous schedule. Key to these inspections is
nondestructive testing (NDT) well tested and thorough
procedures for maintaining pipeline infrastructure, while
also minimising the potential environmental and safety
hazards resulting from various forms of failure. NDT tools
and methodologies allow for detailed examination of
pipeline composition and condition, ensuring continued
operational efficiency and safety, all while preserving
the integrity of these facilities without operational
Figure 1. Moulton standing along a cross country pipeline in
Alaska. interruption.
As well understood and applied as NDT is, no
technology stands still. NDT tools and methods are
becoming significantly advanced. So, it is necessary and
timely to examine NDT and consider what can be done
to ensure the latest generation of these procedures are
expertly applied. Doing so may even help to quell concerns
about pipeline safety overall.

A case study in NDT excellence

Stretching over 800 miles through a particularly harsh
landscape, the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) is
widely regarded a marvel of engineering. It also faces
unique challenges due to the extreme environment and
scale of its operation.
While the size of TAPS is staggering, its true marvel
lies in the meticulous NDT methods that maintain its
integrity. This often unnoticed yet powerful discipline
safeguards the reliability and longevity of the pipeline.
NDT techniques are critical for detecting potential flaws
that could lead to operational disruptions at the least, or
environmental catastrophes at the worst.
Transporting crude oil through pipelines such as TAPS
comes with a daunting set of risks. An obvious example is
the potential for leaks and spills, which can contaminate
soil and groundwater, impacting ecosystems and human
health. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes and floods,
pose further threats. Additionally, the flammable nature of
crude oil means that a breach anywhere along TAPS’ route
could lead to fires or explosions.
Over time, the components that make up TAPS and
other pipeline systems can suffer from corrosion and
wear, making them more susceptible to failures. All of this
necessitates rigorous maintenance and regular inspections
to ensure pipeline integrity and prevent accidents.
Figure 2. Moulton performing straight beam ultrasonics,
Moreover, the environmental implications of transporting
inspecting the internal structure of the pipeline. crude oil are significant as pipeline construction and
maintenance can disrupt natural habitats and landscapes.
oil, natural gas and chemicals. Much of the controversy Addressing these challenges requires a multi-faceted
revolves around safety and the perception that pipelines approach, including stringent regulatory compliance,
may be inherently unsafe for the public and the qualified inspection personnel, and advanced evaluation
environment. Given that pipeline routes occasionally cover methods to minimise the risks associated with transporting
some of the most challenging terrains on earth, concerns crude oil through pipelines. Foremost among these
are not entirely unfounded. What is missed in much of methods is NDT.

34 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

The frontline of pipeline inspection these current flows, detectable through a secondary coil or
NDT is a suite of techniques that allows for the detailed by observing changes in the primary coil’s characteristics.
examination of structures, materials, and components This method is primarily employed for detecting surface
without causing any damage. Applied to TAPS and similar and near-surface defects but is also useful for thickness
pipelines, this approach enables the system to remain in measurements and conductivity assessments. Its high
service even as it is being examined internally and externally sensitivity to small surface cracks and adaptability for
for defects. NDT can detect flaws, assess structural integrity, inspecting materials of various shapes and sizes make ECT
and predict potential failures throughout the entire length invaluable for detecting surface anomalies in pipelines.
of a pipeline, such as TAPS. It can go where humans cannot. This is especially pertinent for TAPS, which meanders
Recent innovations in technology can even inform forecasts through challenging thermal and seismic environments,
on when significant improvements will be needed. crosses numerous streams and rivers, and navigates drastic
TAPS’ integrity is maintained largely through the regular elevation changes such as the 4739 ft elevation at Atigun
application of NDT methods,
particularly ultrasonic testing (UT)
and eddy current testing (ECT), to
detect potential weaknesses or
damage in the pipeline.

N
UT is a foundational inspection

EW
method in pipeline inspection.
It uses high-frequency sound
waves to detect flaws in materials.
Its effectiveness is particularly
High voltage Holiday Detector
noteworthy in the context of
pipelines, where it is used to Detects holidays, pinholes, and other
detect corrosion, cracks, and discontinuities using continuous DC
weld defects. UT is particularly
valued for its accuracy and ability n Lightweight, one-piece ergonomic design provides comfortable all-day use

to provide real-time feedback, n One wand covers the entire voltage range from 0.5 to 30 kV

making it indispensable in ongoing n Up to 16 hours of battery life—powerful Li-ion batteries fit neatly within the

maintenance routines. The compact wand handle eliminating the need for a separate battery box
n Built-in Certified Voltmeter and Voltage Calculator feature
advantages of UT include its deep
n Industry standard connectors and adaptors provide compatibility with
material penetration capability, high
sensitivity to small defects, and its nearly all existing electrodes
ability to provide immediate, precise
results including the location and size
of the detected flaws. With pipelines
that can stretch numerous miles, such
as the 800 miles of TAPS, quick and
effective test methods like this are
needed to examine the full length of Also available
the structure. Its efficacy, however, No shoulder
can be compromised on rough or bag required!
with Pulsed DC
irregular surfaces, thus requiring
skilled operators for accurate
application and interpretation.
ECT offers a complementary High voltage Holiday Detector
approach to UT, proving particularly
beneficial in detecting surface-level
flaws, which is crucial considering
the diverse challenges posed by
large-scale structures like TAPS.
ECT operates on the principles of
electromagnetic induction to inspect
conductive materials. In this method, Stick-type with
a coil carrying an alternating electric Pulsed DC
current is positioned near the test Wand-style with
Continuous DC
material, creating wave-like or eddy
currents. Flaws in the material alter

DeFelsko Corporation l Ogdensburg, New York USA

Tel: +1-315-393-4450 l www.defelsko.com
 Pass and the steep 145% grade at Thompson Pass in the transformation. For expansive and critical infrastructures
Chugach Mountains. These geographical variations present such as TAPS, automated systems offer the opportunity to
unique challenges for NDT personnel, making ECT’s ability conduct more frequent and consistent inspections, a vital
to inspect without direct contact and handle complex factor in ensuring the pipeline’s continuous operation and
geometries incredibly beneficial. safety. AI integration takes this a step further by providing
ECT’s limitations to conductive materials and sophisticated data analysis capabilities. Implementing
effectiveness primarily for surface or near-surface defects AI algorithms can lead to more nuanced and accurate
are balanced by its advantages of immediate feedback and interpretations of inspection data, identifying potential
the capability to inspect complex geometries without direct issues that might escape manual analysis. This integration
contact. In pipeline inspections, particularly for TAPS with of automation and AI into NDT not only streamlines the
its diverse geographical and locational challenges, ECT is a inspection process, but enhances its overall effectiveness,
vital supplementary tool to UT, offering an additional layer marking a significant leap forward in pipeline maintenance.
of assessment in areas where UT may face limitations. The implications of innovations in automation and AI
are profound, particularly in enhancing NDT accuracy and
Standardisation in NDT practices ensuring more comprehensive coverage in inspections.
The standardisation of NDT methods such as UT and ECT Accuracy is crucial in the inspection of vast pipeline
ensures uniformity and consistency in the assessment of networks such as TAPS, where even infinitesimal flaws can
pipeline integrity, a critical aspect for upholding safety escalate into significant issues. Automated systems, with
requirements across the industry. By adhering to standards, their precision and consistency, mitigate the risk of human
the industry ensures that the evaluation and maintenance error, a critical factor in maintaining the safety and integrity
of pipelines is carried out with the same level of rigour and of pipelines. Moreover, the comprehensive coverage
precision regardless of location or project. This uniformity provided by these advanced NDT systems ensures a more
helps to mitigate risks associated with pipeline operations. thorough assessment of the full pipeline’s condition. The
The pipeline industry benefits from standardised NDT ability to analyse and monitor vast stretches of pipeline
practices as they ensure consistent safety and integrity with enhanced accuracy and reduced risk of mistakes is
checks. Standardised practices also facilitate training invaluable in preemptive maintenance strategies. Innovations
and skill development among NDT professionals, as they in automation and AI not only bolster the safety and
provide a clear, consistent framework for understanding reliability of pipelines such as TAPS, but also signal a new
and applying NDT techniques. But standards and regulations era in pipeline maintenance, where technology and tradition
do not remain static. A set of universally accepted converge to meet the challenges of the modern world and
procedures, rules, and best practices consistently develops perhaps help to ameliorate associated controversies.
as technology evolves to guide NDT professionals in
conducting inspections and evaluations. Efforts to Blending traditional and innovative methods
modernise NDT practices not only bolster the safety and While standardised practices provide a foundation of
reliability of pipeline infrastructure like TAPS, but also foster reliability and safety, the dynamic nature of both the
a culture of excellence and shared responsibility within the pipeline and NDT industries demands an adaptive and
NDT community. forward-thinking approach. Integrating traditional NDT
methods with cutting-edge techniques such as AI-driven
Coming opportunities and challenges analysis, advanced sensor technologies, and automated
The pipeline industry, exemplified by massive projects like inspection systems can significantly enhance the efficacy
TAPS, is undergoing rapid evolution, driven by the advent of and scope of inspections. This blend of NDT tactics
new materials and innovative construction methods. These allows for a more robust, comprehensive approach to
modern materials and techniques offer enhanced efficiency pipeline integrity, combining the proven reliability of
and durability, but also introduce new complexities in conventional methods with the precision and efficiency
maintaining pipeline integrity. As such, there is an escalating of modern innovations. New methodologies, however,
need for NDT methods that can adapt to these novel impose the need for new requirements. NDT professionals
challenges. The introduction of advanced composites and must be equipped to tackle current demands while also
alloys, used in constructing sections of TAPS, for instance, being prepared for future challenges. To accomplish this,
demands NDT techniques that can effectively assess these technical education programmes and companies must
materials without compromising their structural integrity. implement proactive strategies that underscore the
This new dimension of the pipeline industry necessitates importance of continuous learning and adaptation in
a shift in the NDT industry’s approaches, pushing the the field, ensuring that NDT remains at the forefront of
boundaries of traditional methods to ensure applicability in industrial safety and reliability.
the face of these changes.
In response to these emerging needs, technological The importance of advanced learning and
advancements are rapidly reshaping the landscape of mentorship
NDT. Automated inspection systems and the integration Despite the significant advancements in NDT technology,
of artificial intelligence (AI) are at the forefront of this there remains a notable gap in specialised training. As

36 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

 We are running
out of space...

Our inventory in sales & rental in pipeline equipment is out of this world.
We have a huge amount of machines from all the big brands that are
ready for worldwide delivery, or even further if you want...

You can build on BAUMA!

Vermiet- und Handels GmbH BAUMA-PIPELINE.COM

 NDT methods become more nuanced, awareness and The future of NDT
understanding of these methods must also become more Advancements in NDT technology highlight a pressing
widespread. Educational and training curricula often trail need for advanced career training and specialised
behind these rapid innovations, leading to a scarcity of certification. Addressing this requirement is essential
programmes that cater to high-level NDT proficiency. This for the continuous development of the field and the
gap not only limits the potential for current professionals cultivation of the next generation of NDT experts.
to advance in their careers, but also hinders the industry’s Coupled with mentorship, such improvements will
overall progress. As such, there is a growing demand for guarantee that NDT professionals are equipped not
specialised training programmes and certifications that are just to address the challenges of today, but also have
in sync with the latest developments in NDT technology, the critical thinking skills to innovate and adapt to the
ensuring that professionals are not just competent in unforeseen demands of the future. This commitment to
fundamental practices, but also adept at handling the advancement and education will cement NDT’s role as a
complexities of modern NDT methods. custodian of industrial safety and reliability in the years
Addressing the gap in advanced NDT training and career to come.
development, organisations like the American Society Ensuring the integrity of vital pipeline infrastructures
for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) and initiatives such such as TAPS depends on the collective effort of the
as The National Inspection Academy play a pivotal role. industry and the entities that develop and implement
ASNT offers a range of educational resources, certification standards that advance NDT practices, keeping pace with
programmes, and continuous learning opportunities the dynamic landscape of the pipeline industry. With its
tailored to the evolving needs of NDT professionals. Its vast expanse and unique environmental challenges, TAPS
efforts in developing comprehensive training materials, exemplifies the necessity of cutting-edge NDT practices
conducting workshops, and hosting conferences keep in ensuring pipeline integrity and safety. The ongoing
practitioners current in the latest innovations and best efforts by organisations like ASNT and The National
practices in the field. Similarly, The National Inspection Inspection Academy in advancing NDT education
Academy, with its focus on practical, hands-on training, and training cannot be overlooked in ensuring NDT
supplements these efforts. It provides specialised personnel are equipped to maintain such infrastructures.
programmes that delve into the advanced aspects of NDT, As TAPS continues to operate in its demanding
offering an immersive learning experience. Here, trainees conditions, it serves as a reminder of the relentless need
not only gain technical proficiency but also develop a for innovation, skill development, and mentorship in
well-informed understanding of real-world NDT challenges NDT.
under the mentorship of experienced professionals. As the industry rapidly evolves with new materials
An integral part of the NDT learning and certification and construction techniques, NDT must also adapt,
process must be access to mentors. Mentorship in NDT is embracing a blend of traditional methods and innovative
not just about imparting technical knowledge, it’s about technologies. The integration of automated systems
seasoned professionals guiding apprentices through the and AI into NDT is redefining the landscape of pipeline
nuanced realities of NDT applications. This transfer of maintenance, enhancing accuracy, reducing human error,
knowledge goes beyond textbook learning, encompassing and providing comprehensive coverage in inspections.
the sharing of hands-on experiences, problem-solving This shift not only safeguards the sprawling networks of
strategies, and insights into the subtleties of advanced pipelines such as TAPS, but also represents a significant
NDT techniques. Mentorship helps bridge the gap between step toward a future where pipeline integrity is more
theoretical learning and practical application, fostering a widely assured. Enhanced confidence in inspections,
deeper understanding of the field. It also plays a crucial technology and professional skill may be the key to
role in inspiring and motivating new NDT professionals, decreased resistance and controversy.
helping them navigate their career paths within this
specialised field. About the author
Experienced professionals passing down their Brent Moulton began his career in 2016 working across
knowledge and expertise are fundamental to the growth the Midwest as an assistant where he performed UT
and development of the NDT field. As veterans in the inspection on various components at ethanol plants.
field share their experiences, tips, and tricks of the trade, Once the pandemic hit in 2020, Brent took a two year
they cultivate a new generation of NDT professionals who sabbatical to work at an NDT training school, where he
are well-equipped to tackle the challenges the modern was able to share his knowledge of NDT. As an American
pipeline industry faces. This cyclical process of learning Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) Level III in
and teaching is what keeps the field dynamic, ensuring UT and Magnetic Particle Testing, he now spends much
that NDT continues to evolve and adapt in line with of his time in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, working on pipelines.
technological advancements and pipeline industry needs. He also advocates for the industry as a Face of NDT for
The continuous development of NDT expertise hinges ASNT and is a Cofounder and Instructor at The National
on this vital exchange between seasoned experts and Inspection Academy, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit that specialises
emerging professionals in the field. in NDT training.

38 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

Heavy
equipment
focus
In World Pipelines’ annual heavy equipment focus,
four companies present a selection of heavy
equipment for oil and gas pipeline construction
projects. Showcasing pipelayers, pipe rollers, pipe
handling equipment and more, the companies
offer details on the product specifications and
capabilities of large-scale heavy equipment
designed to tackle the biggest of production, site
and environmental needs.

39
BAUMA, GERMANY

B
AUMA Germany has a tradition spanning three Case study
generations for trading in construction machinery. At this moment, BAUMA is
BAUMA buys and sells mainly wheel loaders, bulldozers supplying over 20 LIEBHERR
and articulated dump trucks, as well as skid loaders, pipelayers and paywelders for a
mobile excavators, industrial and crawler excavators. All Turkish 48 in. pipeline, which are
machines are from well-known manufacturers such as VOLVO, serviced and repaired locally. The
CAT, Komatsu, LIEBHERR, Hitachi, Bomag and HAMM. BAUMA is project ‘Western Black Sea Phase-2
a regional dealer for Volvo and Hamm compact class machines and Phase-3 Natural Gas Pipeline
(up to 10 t) and holds dealerships of several other equipment Project Construction Work‘ by the
manufacturers. Joint Venture AHM ENERGY and TALU
Presently, the company owns approximately 90 pipelayers CONSTRUCTION is particularly challenging
and welding tractors for manual and automatic welding. With as the contractor faces inclinations of about
its fleet of equipment, BAUMA can bridge the temporary need 40° which requires a lot from the machines and
for pipeline equipment for pipeline construction companies a careful operation of all equipment.
worldwide. Apart from the machines for oil and gas, BAUMA On this project, BAUMA’s paywelders, the
owns an inventory of around 300 other machines in its rental LIEBHERR SR714LGP, work together with the CRC-
fleet, mostly for the domestic market and neighbouring Evans Internal Welding Machine (IWM) and P-625 dual
countries. torch technology for the back-end units. While BAUMA
BAUMA is not focusing on one particular brand of supplies the welding tractors with onboard generators,
pipelayers, since local markets have different preferences. according to agreed specifications, CRC-Evans installs its
BAUMA has an equipment hub in Edmonton, Canada to automatic welding equipment on them. This is a proven
provide CAT pipelayers for North America and Canada. Local procedure for realising a high number of field joints per day.
maintenance and repair is a must as downtime on the jobsite
has to be avoided. Ahm Engineering Energy Construction San.
BAUMA is a member of IPLOCA and PLCAC and tries to Ltd.
maintain the spirit of a family business with limited overhead, AHM ENERGY was established in Eskişehir in 2007 and
be most flexible for their customers, and follow an attractive operates in the oil and gas, energy and construction sectors.
approach offering added value. BAUMA is open to discuss Industrial facilities, infrastructure and superstructure projects,
flexible solutions with customers, such as straight sale, rental a wide range of projects in the field of energy (pipelines,
only, rental with purchase option, or sale with buyback. This gas distribution stations construction etc.), construction and
flexibility is appreciated by contractors as they are often unsure contracting works constitute its main field of activity. The
whether or not they need the machines for future projects. Quality System, which is constantly improved with new

Figure 1. Lowering-in on inclinations.

40 Heavy equipment focus

THE MOST
SOPHISTICATED
DECOUPLER
IN THE WORLD

Dairyland’s PCRX is a solid-state, maintenance-free device designed to simultaneously

provide DC decoupling and AC continuity/grounding when used with cathodically
protected structures. Unlike traditional decouplers, PCRX’s camouflage technology
renders it virtually invisible to interrupted survey testing, making it easier than ever for
you to protect and maintain your CP system. Commonly used to decouple electrical
equipment from grounding systems, for AC mitigation projects, or other isolation and
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projects, has made the company a reputable organisation with experience and
reliability and effectiveness. modern technology.

TALU Construction Industry and Trade Inc. The project

TALU CONSTRUCTION was established in 2019 by Civil Phase-2 of the ‘Western
Engineer Gönül Talu, one of the doyens of the sector, with the Black Sea Phase-2 and Phase-3
aim of continuing to serve the sector with more than 60 years Natural Gas Pipeline Project
of experience and knowledge gained from 100 construction Construction Work’ project
projects with a total value of US$30 billion, which were includes the construction of
successfully completed in the state and private sector, at home approximately 89 223 m long, 48 in.
and abroad. Working with the principle of ‘completing the diameter natural gas steel pipeline
project with the best quality’, TALU CONSTRUCTION focuses system, including two line valve stations,
on carrying out all kinds of superstructure and infrastructure two take-off valve stations, one pig
constructions, buildings, roads, highways, bridges, dams, coastal receiver, one pig thrower station and one
and port constructions, improvement and environmental line valve.
projects at home and abroad. It has an effective workforce, Phase-3 consists of the construction works
of approximately 86 156 m, including two
line valve stations, one pig receiver station,
one hot-tap valve and one line valve.
Phase-1 line end covers the distance
between Zonguldak Kardeşler line valve
connection station and Sakarya province Dağdibi
pig station.
The geographical area where the Western Black
Sea natural gas pipeline is located is a region with
difficult conditions (rainfall and land cover). Considering
the difficult terrain conditions where the project is
located, LIEBHERR machines were preferred because they
are strong, durable and have the potential to facilitate
difficult conditions. The fact that LIEBHERR equipment is
frequently used in such large projects due to its working
potential and that it has a wide equipment range has also
proven the correctness of the decision with the study
of LIEBHERR equipment. Protection at the forefront is
offered with fast, dedicated, friendly technical support
and service opportunities. In future projects, working
with LIEBHERR equipment will be preferred and
Figure 2. Lowering-in 48 in. pipe.
recommended by the contractor.

Figure 3. Unloading pipe from a pipe carrier.

42 Heavy equipment focus

 LAURINI, ITALY

T
his article will discuss Here are ten reasons to choose the SansOne Pipelayer:
a pipelayer called ) Technology: it uses the most recent technology and,
SanSone (also known consequently, has the best and latest technology
as ‘sideboom’ among compared to all other pipelayers on the market.
industry insiders), but first let’s
introduce the company behind this ) Stability: it has the best stability thanks to a very low
project. centre of gravity – 90 cm/35 in. – and the best weight/
Laurini, a company founded in 1955 load capacity ratio, therefore it is very useful on steep
slopes.
and based in a small town near Parma
(northern Italy), is considered a market ) Intuitive use and visibility: the two joysticks are very sensitive
leader of padding and screening machines. and act proportionally on the command of all functions.
However, its hallmark has always been its Also, it has extraordinary front and rear visibility because the
willingness to innovate and that is why today engine bonnet is designed with the nose lowered (thanks to
the company can count dozens of patents the radiator being positioned laterally), while the fuel tank
suitable for pipeline construction, and also more behind the seat has been embedded in the frame to give the
recently for the maintenance of motorway tunnels. best rear visibility.
SanSone is Laurini’s latest project in the pipeline
) Comfort: it has a swivel seat for excellent operator comfort.
industry: a ‘New Generation Pipelayer’ entirely designed
The operator’s seat can rotate to the left up to 90° in 15°
and made in Italy.
intervals, at the operator’s choice. Together with the seat,
The Laurini team has been working a lot on this
all the controls and the display rotate, incorporated in the
project, taking into account feedback collected from
armrests (of our production). The operator doesn’t need to
customers and machine operators from all over the world, continuously twist their neck to the left, giving advantages
over decades of presence on jobsites. SansOne is the result of health, comfort, safety and visibility. Also, it can be
of years of research, development, great effort and an eye for equipped with a full visibility cabin with heating and air
detail. conditioning.
SansOne is designed to satisfy the needs of the customers
from both sides: the contractor and the operator. This is ) Lifting capacity: there are three models with an effective
something that Laurini always aims to do. lifting capacity of 45, 70 or 100 t. The latter model has the
highest lifting capacity at 4 m distance.

Figure 1. SansOne 45’s working in team (SNAM project in Italy).

Heavy
Heavy equipment
equipment focusfocus 43
) Transportability: SansOne 100 can be disassembled to ) Safety: it is
facilitate transport and easily reassembled on site in equipped with the
four hours; more specifically there is the possibility of latest anti-tipping
disassembling the two tracks by means of hydraulic pins system integrated
and being able to transport the machines disassembled in with load control that
containers, saving more than 70% in shipping cost. The pins always works based
are coaxial with the hydraulic cylinders that control them on the extension of the
to ensure maximum thrust during insertion and extraction. counterweight and signals
One machine can be transported in three containers the instantaneous condition
(two 40 ft and one 20 ft), while two machines can be to all the operators of the
transported in five containers (four 40 ft and one 20 ft). laying team.

) Easy maintenance: the

engine is turned the
other way around, with the
hydraulic pumps in front, for
easy access for maintenance.

) Versatility: it can be supplied

with electronic or hydraulic servos
thanks to the two different Danfoss
control technology. On demand, it can
be equipped with an articulated and
patented arm that helps offset the steep
slopes.

) Reliability: because SansOne is a well-

designed and solid product, with low
maintenance needed, Laurini decided to give
the possibility to the customer to extend the
guarantee from 24 - 36 months.

These are only ten reasons why this

traditional, but at the same time revolutionary,
machine is the most innovative pipelayer on the
market, suitable for every pipeline jobsite around
Figure 2. SansOne 100 disassembled and put in containers for shipment. the world.

Figure 3. SansOne 45 in a sloping jobsite.

44 Heavy equipment focus

 Exhibiting at
19TH PIPELINE
TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE
8-11 APRIL 2024, BERLIN

HALL 4 / C30

PROTEGOL®
COATING
SYSTEMS

WE
PROTECT
ASSETS

TIB Chemicals AG
+49 621 8901-0
protegol@tib-chemicals.com
www.tib-chemicals.com
PROLINE PIPE EQUIPMENT, CANADA

I
f you’re in the pipeline construction business, you ) Wide footprints for
understand the importance of having the right stability and safety.
equipment to help you get the job done. One piece of ) Heavier models include
equipment that can significantly improve your efficiency lifting hooks.
and safety is a horizontal pipe roller.
River and road crossings can be a difficult undertaking ) Urethane rollers help protect a
when building a pipeline. Stringing the pipe through a bore multitude of coatings.
comes with several challenges and issues. Protecting the pipes
coating is integral for the longevity of the pipe. Improving pipeline project
Proline Pipe Equipment is proud to be a leading efficiency
international supplier of pipeline solutions for the pipeline Our design team is always hard at work
industry. Based in Edmonton (Canada), Proline offers an coming up with the best products for our
extensive inventory of high-quality products designed to customers. They always take into account
meet the needs of our customers worldwide. Since 1967, our what field application would look like and
dedication to innovation, uncompromising craftsmanship, and design around that premise. That’s why we are
unbeatable customer service have helped us earn a reputation very excited to announce a new ground-breaking
for excellence. product to our pipe roller lineup.

Proline’s horizontal pipe rollers Hourglass rollers

Designed and manufactured by Proline Pipe Equipment The horizontal pipe roller or hourglass roller, is a smaller
our horizontal pipe rollers have been used throughout the roller with a 2000 lb (907 kg) capacity. The stand itself
industry for years. We take great pride in the quality of our weighs 75 lb (34 kg). You can fit 15 rollers on a standard
rollers and thoroughly inspect each unit before it leaves our pallet which makes it ideal for shipping and storage.
shop. The rollers come in a number of sizes to accommodate The wide footprint of the stand’s base gives the stand
almost every project. stability on softer ground. This stand will handle pipe from
2 - 24 in.
Benefits y Weight: 75 lb/34 kg.
) Multiple sizes and ranges for different pipe diameters with
y Capacity: 2000 lb/907 kg.
one roller.
y Footprint: 24 in. x 16 in. x 9 in. H/61 cm x 41 x 23 H.
) Heavy duty options for tougher jobs.
The big brother to the 2 - 24 in. roller is the hourglass
) Stackable up to three high on larger models.
roller for up to 48 in. pipe. The stand weighs 140 lb
) Capacity up to 50 000 lb. (63.5 kg). You can get 10 rollers on a standard pallet.

Figure 1. Proline’s Rolli Cradles lower pipe on to the 2 - 48 in. heavy duty horizontal rollers.

46 Heavy equipment focus

 GIRARD INDUSTRIES Toll Free: 800.231.2861
6531 N. Eldridge Pkwy Phone: 713.466.3100
Houston, TX 77041-3507, USA Fax: 713.466.8050
sales@girardind.com www.GirardIndustries.com

Unmatched Performance and Proven Results

Untitled-5 1 8/1/10 09:40:36

The NEW counterweight mounted

M100W recovery winch is
Midwestern’s latest innovation in
excavator attachments. This system
replaces the original counterweight,
making productive use of what was
literally dead weight. Advantages
over mounting a winch on the track
frame include greater ground
clearance, and higher pull location
to lift and pull at the same time.
Other features include light and
camera mounts, ladder and locking
swing-out doors, and additional
storage. 100,000 lb
Line Pull
Make the most out of your
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As with its smaller brother, HD bearings, a urethane coated makes it stable, and
roller with shaft and a flat wide plate for stability, this roller the deep ‘V’ pocket
can accommodate pipe from 2 in. up to 48 in. It is both secures the pipe for
economical and sturdy for the larger jobs. maximum safety.
y Weight: 140 lb/63.5 kg.
Proline’s 2 - 30 in. HD
y Capacity: 4000 lb/1814 kg.
Roller
y Footprint: 30 in. x 18 in. x 12 in. H/76 cm x 46 x 31 H. y Weight: 655 lb/297 kg.

y Capacity: 12 000 lb/5443 kg.

Heavy duty capacity rollers
The HD urethane rollers help to protect coatings on larger y Footprint: 52 in. x 32 in. x 25 in.
diameter pipe during river or road crossing installations. They H/132cm x 82 x 64 H.
have been designed so with transportation purposes in mind.
There are angled iron pockets for easy stacking to three Proline’s 2 - 48 in. HD Roller
high to transport and four high for storage. There are forklift y Weight: 1300 lb/590 kg.
pockets for positioning the roller under pipe and for loading
y Capacity: 15 000 lb/6804 kg.
on a flat deck. It also has two lifting eyes. The wide footprint
y Footprint: 70 in. x 50 in. x 30 in. H/178cm
x 127 x 76 H.

Proline’s 16 - 48 in. TANDEM

adjustable roller
The HD urethane rollers are angled iron pockets for
easy stacking to four high for transportation and storage.
There are forklift pockets for positioning the roller under
pipe and for loading on a flat deck. It also has two lifting
eyes. This pipe roller has a lower profile, and the rollers
are adjustable for the different size of pipe from 16 in.
and up. The wide footprint makes it stable for maximum
safety.
y Weight: 1605 lb/728 kg.

y Capacity: 50 000 lb/22 680 kg.

y Footprint: 70 in. x 38 in. x 27 in. H/176 cm x 95 x

67 H.

To calculate the external pullback force, there is an

Figure 2. Proline’s 2 - 30 in. heavy duty horizontal rollers stacked four high
for storage. easy formula (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Calculating external pullback forces on the surface vs. rollers.

48 Heavy equipment focus

 SUXXESION, NETHERLANDS

H
uman life is multi-tools, the loading time of trucks was reduced to a
demanding energy minimum. With a one-man operation the work became safer
all over the planet and pipe damage due to handling was almost zero.
and pipelines As stipulated pipelines are the veins of the world and have
are the veins of the world. We, proven to be very reliable for transportation of large volumes
Suxxesion, have been participating of mainly hydrocarbons over long distances. If humankind
in important pipeline projects from will be able to make the energy transition, pipelines for
the Gulf of Mexico to Malasia and hydrocarbons will be upgraded for hydrogen transport or
India. sweet water. Sweet water is needed to irrigate land which
Our biggest performance, however, became too dry due to the disappearance of the local
is Nord Stream 1 and 2. All 440 000 pipes habitat. So, pipeline projects will not stop and pipelines will
were handled using our equipment at least contribute to bringing prosperity to all living beings on the
five times per pipe before being loaded into planet. Suxxesion hopes to contribute to these future projects
the supply boats to the pipelaying vessels. by building more sophisticated pipe handling equipment for
The pipe and sheet handling took place in mutual interest.
Germany and Russia at the pipe producers and
coaters. Due to the political circumstances, both
pipelines are not in use for the time being.
Based on lessons learnt, Suxxesion is constantly
improving its products for the benefit of its clients
to improve life time, reduce cost of ownership and,
thus, reliability of the equipment, wherever in the
world it is in operation. This means not only the
handling and storage of pipes along the stretch, but
also in the fore field at the pipe mills and coating
yards. To upgrade the logistics CPW awarded orders
for the supply of our Suxxesion multi-tool to handle
pipes at the stock yard, but also in the factory to
handle pipes going from one production line to
another. We have equipped two material handlers
and one reach truck to handle maximum four or
five pipes at a time. With our equipment almost
all telecranes became obsolete. By using Suxxesion
Figure 1. Suxxesion DEHK 600 double pipespreader 60 t lifting capacity.

Figure 2. Suxxesion multitool type 180 HS integrated in material handler to handle max four pipes in one go
(lifting capacity 18 000 kg).

Heavy
Heavy equipment
equipment focusfocus 49
 World Pipelines asks
UAVOS, USA, about
automated scanning
and area surveying
solutions for pipeline
construction.

50
How has your automated ) Ability to operate without GPS signals. It is the process of measuring real-life
scanning and area surveying distances from overlapping photos that
solution specifically benefitted Borey fixed-wing UAV has been take into account all different angles and
a pipeline construction used for aerial photography tasks. It is perspectives. The process done with a
project? considerably more efficient for such drone allows a degree of accuracy that is
Used across an area of around 150 km, missions as it is much cheaper than an very difficult for traditional surveying to
UAVOS’ drones covered the area 20 unmanned helicopter. Moreover, it is able match.
times faster than it would have been to operate at a low altitude if necessary. In a single surveying flight, drone data
possible to on the ground, as well The unique mobility of this system allows processed with a surveying software can
as being three times cheaper than quick transportation and deployment in produce a full map of the surveyed site
traditional methods involving ground minutes. with accurate measurements of distances,
teams. surfaces, elevations, volumes, and provide
Therefore, the oil and gas company What are the key features or GPS points represented in either two or
has saved around US$400 000 through technologies that enable your three dimensions.
gathered data accuracy. Moreover, this solution to be successful? UAVOS’ methods provide accurate
technology means geological prospecting Proprietary UAVOS’ software speeds measurements such as horizontal
can be undertaken at the most up the analysis process and reduces the distances and surfaces for large areas for
inaccessible areas, at any time of year. analysis costs. GIS import:
AI-based data processing enables ) High-definition images (resolution:
What type of drones do digitalisation of the whole pipeline area on 2 cm/pixel accuracy: up to 5 cm).
you utilise for the magnetic a large scale:
mapping process, and why ) Autonomous data collection and ) Data visualisation through a
are they suitable for oil/gas automated drone post-flight data geographic information system (GIS).
pipeline construction? analysis.
Having been sufficiently manoeuvrable to ) Drone images are corrected for image
fly at the required altitudes, ranging from ) Big data platform processing. distortion and stitched together
50 – 100 m, an unmanned helicopter for during post-processing to create a
beyond visual line-of-sight with a robust ) Digital twin for maintenance. highly-accurate orthomosaic.
gasoline-powered engine UVH-170 has
the benefit of: ) Artificial neural networks (ANNs): What are the specific data
) Increased performance with carrying classification, object detection, and outputs and deliverables
capacity, flying range and extended image segmentation. that can be obtained from
temperature range (from -30°C to your scanning and surveying
+40°C). Moreover, all UAVOS’ drones offer solution?
high-quality cameras capable of achieving Following each drone inspection, our
) Better engine cooling especially survey-grade results, accurate to within a clients receive a detailed report and
designed to perform in a tropical fraction of an in. UAVOS’ GSG 201 Gyro- deliverables including:
climate, or in a hot and moist stabilised 2-axis gimbal with a day and ) High-definition images and video
environment. thermal camera and Laser Rangefinder are (GEO tagged for use in GIS software).
specifically designed for inspections and
) Not requiring any additional take surveillance missions. Both hardware and ) Orthomosaic images for large areas
off or recovery equipment (does software are developed and manufactured for import into GIS.   
not require a runway), which makes in-house.
it perfect for operations in hard-to- The pipeline inspections efficiency ) Digital surface model (DSM), digital
reach areas. ensures magnetic mapping surveys. This terrain model (DTM) or DEM files.
is a geological prospecting technique
) Can fly forwards and backwards, and allowing initial information on rock ) RGB imagery.
hover in the air for some time. formation and structure to be obtained
by measuring the geomagnetic field at the ) Digital infrastructure objects in
) The UVH-170 is equipped with surface. shapefiles.
satellite communication data link,
which supports Beyond Visual Line of How accurate and reliable How does your solution
Sight (BVLOS) flight. is your solution in capturing handle the challenging terrains
data and generating survey or difficult weather conditions
) Ability to operate in hover flight. results for oil/gas pipeline commonly encountered in oil/
construction? gas pipeline construction?
) Ability to operate in windy conditions The process of data collecting with drone Automated scanning and area surveying
with gusts more than 14 m/sec. surveying is called drone photogrammetry. has been carried out by the UAVOS’

51
 UVH-170 gasoline powered unmanned helicopter which
is able to operate in harsh environments such as windy
conditions with up to 14 mps and temperatures from -30°C
to +40°C. Moreover, the UVH-170 does not require a runway,
which makes it perfect for operations in hard-to-reach areas.

Are there any integration capabilities with

other software or systems commonly used in
pipeline construction, such as GIS or project
management tools?
UAVOS’ team of pilots, mapping professionals, and GIS
experts use modern mapping technologies, such as GIS
and GPS, to map, collect, and analyse geographic data. This
Figure 1. Drone operator launching the Borey unmanned aircraft. method contributes to improved communication and
efficiency, as well as better management and decision
making.  

How does your solution address any

regulatory or compliance requirements related
to pipeline construction and surveying?
The pipeline industry often goes above and beyond
minimum regulations through standards and best practices
developed by company or in coordination with state
partners.
UAVOS’ team works closely together with customers
to keep the project safe following their rules and regulatory
Figure 2. The UVH-170 unmanned helicopter is ready to operate. requirements.

AGRULINE
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ONE-STOP SHOPPING
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T. +43 7258 7900 | office@agru.at | www.agru.at | @agruworld |
PUSHING PIG DESIGNS
INTO THE FUTURE Dave Forster, Propipe, UK,
describes taking an open
approach to developing new
pipeline pig designs and types.

F
or many years pipeline pigs have remained virtually
unchanged from their ‘modern’ layout. Although there
have been significant improvements in elastomeric
materials (such as polyurethane used for sealing discs,
guiding discs and conical cups) which have resulted in pigs
that have extended wear life and resilience, the basic design

53
 parameters adopted during pig design remain unchanged. industry has taken a relatively risk-adverse approach, being
Foam pigs, cup pigs and bi-directional disc pigs have been content to use these well-proven designs.
the mainstay of most pigging campaigns, and the pipeline Changes in subsea completions and the need to find
cost and time-savings has introduced an appetite for change
and led to the need for more creative pig design thinking.
Risk of blockages and the associated costs of repair have
also led to increased product testing, which has in-turn
allowed the introduction of new designs of pipeline pig.

New design development

Propipe is developing new pipeline pig designs that take
their cues from the ‘modern’ layout but also push pig
designs into the future. These designs are being proven
at Propipe’s In-House Test Facility and then field-proven
on projects worldwide. This work is helping to unlock the
‘dark art’ of pig design and allowing pigs to be developed
to meet even the most exacting of demands, as well as
allowing clients the opportunity to see pigs in action and
to both learn and contribute to the pig design and testing
process. This open approach enables clients to gain valuable
knowledge and an understanding of how the pigs will
perform and (more importantly) what to expect if, or when,
things change offshore.
With the increasing need for pigs to pass through multi-
diameter pipelines this has also forced the development
of new pig types. Where traditional multi-diameter
pipelines have diameters that have stepped around 50 mm
from minimum to maximum bore (such as 8 in. x 10 in. or
18 in. x 20 in.), now diameter changes up to 100 - 200 mm,
with lines such as 16 in. x 20 in. or 32 in. x 24 in. are
becoming more prevalent.
Figure 1. 24 in. x 32 in. wheeled-support pig. Propipe wheeled-support pigs were developed
specifically for multi-diameter pipelines where good
centralisation is required to maintain a constant seal through
all ID’s and features. The pigs use a series of wheel mounted
arms mounted to a central suspension system. This allows
the suspension arms to move as a collective unit and
provide constant support and centralisation. This action
ensures that the pig does not drop its centreline below the
pipeline centreline, which in turn means that the sealing
discs are always centrally held within the pipeline, giving
100% seal efficiency.
Conventional pipeline pigs use rigid polyurethane
guide discs to support the weight of the pig and guide
it through the pipeline, but these guide discs can suffer
from compression set or slow recovery (when used for
large diameter changes), which can mean a loss of seal.
Sealing discs that are held centrally within the pipeline
provide maximum sealing ability, which ensures maximum
dewatering ability.
In many cases, piggability trials and offshore operations
have confirmed that wheeled-support pigs can be run
with a small number of seals and provide extremely high
dewatering performance. The low running DP also helps to
ensure that the pig is allowed to perform at its optimum
without any speed-affected loss in performance. Pigs
can carry brush modules, bypass jetting units plus both
Figure 2. Foam pigs.
standard gauge and/or Trident SMART gauge systems.

54 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

 The system was to be dewatered from Onshore
Terminal to Offshore Wellhead Platform, with the
518 mm reduced ID connector being the last feature
that the pig would pass as it entered the receiver.
In the above scenario, the dewatering pig train
would pass through the system and at each point
where the ID reduced, the train would effectively
stop until sufficient pressure built up to push the
pigs into the smaller ID. As the smallest ID’s were at
the end of the line, it would require the complete
system pressure to be raised in order to finally drive
the pigs into the receiver. The estimated cost for
the air compressor spread necessary to charge the
pipeline was in the order of US$2 - 3 million.
Although the ID range from 572 mm - 518 mm is
well within the capabilities of conventional disc-type
pigs, in order to minimise the required pressure to
pass through the reduce ID sections, Propipe wheel-
Figure 3. Test rig with riser tower. support pigs were chosen for the operation.

Test to develop the best

To optimise and prove the capability of the
wheel supported pig design, a series of tests were
undertaken at the Propipe test facility in Hartlepool,
UK, during July 2020.
For the testing programme a test rig was
manufactured to simulate the critical pipeline
features. The test rig included the system IDs, system
bends, 3D and 5D and two fabricated check valves
to replicate the system check valves. Initial testing of
the pig design with water identified a potential clash
point in the check valves. After some changes to the
initial base case design, the pig was re-introduced
and performed well when being driven with
water. Having proven the pig design when driven
with water, testing focused on actual dewatering
(compressed air driven) testing. The pig repeatedly
passed successfully through the test rig when driven
Figure 4. Wheeled-support pig.
with compressed air.
Running pressure in the pipeline and larger
Although the primary aim of the wheeled-support pig sections of the subsea structures was around 0.2 bar.
is to allow dual or multi-diameter pigging, by utilising a In the smaller sections (including the smallest 518 mm
rolling support system and removing the guide/support ID connector), the pressure increased to 1.4 bar. With a
discs required by conventional bi-di pigs, running pressures conventional bi-di pig, in the same situation, it would not
through the pipeline system also reduce significantly. This be unreasonable to expect a pigging pressure of around
lowering of the running pressure can offer significant cost 2.5 bar through the smaller ID section. The cost to raise
savings when considering liquids removal operations, such pipeline pressure over 70 km from 1.4 to 2.5 bar would be
as pipeline dewatering. significant.
Alongside the reduced drive pressure, the pig was
Wheeled-support pigs for dewatering required to, using an air compressor spread onshore,
A 24 in. x 70 km pipeline system running from shore to dewater the pipeline system to a residual water film of
offshore, offshore Africa comprised a main line ID of 0.1 mm or better. For a bi-di pig this can be challenging
572 mm, with subsea structure and topside pipework with as making the guides/supports flexible enough to pass
at 558 mm and 533 mm. through the smaller ID, often results in poor centralisation
At the end of the system there was also a localised in the larger ID, hence increasing the potential for the seals
restriction (connector) of 518 mm, plus two adjacent check to allow residual water to be deposited in the line behind
valves along with 5D and 3D bends (the 3D having an ID of the pig. As the wheel pig relies on a variable mechanical
533 mm). support system it keeps the sealing discs in full contact with

56 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

 Project pigs were run offshore in 2021 and
performed exactly according to expectations.
Significant savings were made due to reduced air
compressor spread and vessel time. The additional
engineering and testing time taken to prove the
suitability of the wheeled-support pigs can be
entirely justified with the savings made during
offshore operations.

Future designs under development

Foam pigs are cylindrical bullet-shaped pigs,
Figure 5. Foam disc pig. usually used for short pipeline runs or progressive
cleaning campaigns. They are generally seen as
throw-away items with poor wear resistance and
strength. Their advantage is their ability to pass significant
restrictions without big pressure increase or risk of blockage.
Conversely, bi-di or disc pigs use metal bodies, onto which
polyurethane elastomer sealing discs and guide discs
are fixed. The bi-di pig is the workhorse of the offshore
pipeline industry and is considered reliable, robust, and very
adaptable.
Propipe foam disc pigs are a further development of
these two pipelines pig types, taking the flexibility and
compressibility of polyurethane foam and mimicking the
performance advantages of metal-bodied disc or cup pigs.
Foam disc pigs are designed to be used in any pipeline
application where metal-bodied pigs are not suited or where
the changes in internal bore are considered too large. The
non-metallic construction of the foam disc pigs allows safe
use in coated pipeline and pipelines using exotic materials
such as stainless steel or inconel cladding. Foam disc pigs are
constructed around a core body of polyurethane elastomer.
This provides strength for the pig, preventing excessive flex
or nose-diving under load. The discs of the pig are cast
from medium density polyurethane foam. The resulting pig
provides a superb design for multi-diameter pipelines.
A development of this design has allowed a
24 in. x 45 km pipeline feeding into a 34 in. x 305 km
pipeline to be successfully pigged. An existing production
pig uses petal-flaps to help flush the pig from the 34 in.
line, but now the client wished to develop a pig that could
clean in both diameters, pass wyes and also provide a safe
non-metallic design. Propipe has designed, tested and
supplied the pig, which was able to run as expected and
also collected 350 kg of debris.

What next?
Taking into account the diameter changing abilities of
Figure 6. Foam wheeled-support pig. wheeled-support pigs and the flexibility of foam disc pigs, it
seemed a natural step to combine the two:
the pipewall, so the seals are 100% efficient and low residual ) For a project in South-East Asia, pigs were developed for
water values can be achieved. 10 in. x 12 in. and also 8 in x 12 in. dewatering operations.
Based on an industry standard for dewatering of carbon
steel pipes, a residual water film thickness of 0.1 mm was ) The proposed pigs were tested by Propipe and
used as a base line for acceptance. In the results obtained functioned correctly without change. Dewatering
during testing, the achieved equivalent residual water film performance was good, removing more liquid than
thickness was 0.061 mm and 0.078 mm which is significantly industry expectations based on an equivalent water film
better than the industry standard of 0.1 mm. thickness of 0.1 mm.

58 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

IT’S ALL ABOUT

THE
PROCESS
E
Dr. Chris Alexander, PE, President and nsuring the continued safe operation of high-pressure
Founder of ADV Integrity, Inc., USA, transmission pipelines requires the use of advanced
technologies. It involves the development, integration,
offers a framework for accelerating the and application of technologies that meet specific
adoption of advanced technologies for needs associated with the operation of ageing assets. In the
pipeline integrity. context of pipeline integrity, applicable technologies include

59
 inline inspection (ILI) tools, in-the-ditch NDE inspection Technology adoption framework
equipment, in-situ monitoring devices, high-strength liners and In the pipeline industry there are multiple elements and players
spoolable pipes, and repair methods like composite reinforcing involved in bringing technologies to market. This is illustrated
systems. Unfortunately, technologies in the pipeline industry in Figure 1, where the key elements are identified (technology,
are often slow to be adopted and are not deployed at the rate regulatory, operational, and commercial). As illustrated in this
required to maintain the ageing infrastructure. There are several graphic, successful technology deployments can only occur
reasons for the slow adoption, including overly restrictive when there is a beneficial convergence of these four elements.
regulations, failure of technology companies to demonstrate The key stakeholders who contribute to this convergence
validated performance, cost, and risk aversion on the part of include technology companies, pipeline operators, regulatory
pipeline companies. agencies, investors, research organisations, and consultants.
Although technology adoption starts as a technically driven Although it is important to identify the elements and
matter, adoption is eventually driven by commercialisation stakeholders, recognition is not enough. A process is required
and implementation. It is often these latter stages where to help stakeholders shepherd the process of advancing
technologies ‘fail to launch’ that can eventually lead to technology adoption.
technology companies going out of business. Deploying Provided in Figure 2 is a framework that illustrates the
technologies is important for maintaining the integrity of process by which a technology can traverse from a concept
pipelines, but there are other reasons as well. First, even though at the basic technology research level to full acceptance
pipelines are the safest means for transporting oil and gas, there and usage associated with the deployment and scale level.
continues to be widespread opposition to their use, including This entire framework is identified as the technology
existing and newly constructed pipelines. The use of advanced adoption process (TAP). Listed below are four phases of the
technologies communicates to the broader public that the TAP, each having been ascribed a relative scale, to provide
pipeline industry is committed to safe operation. Secondly, key stakeholders with a means for assessing the level of
for the pipeline industry to continue providing energy that advancement associated with each phase. The four phases of
is necessary for our economy it is essential that we attract the TAP include the following:
talented personnel. Thirdly, the use of advanced technologies ) Technology readiness level (TRL): The use of TRLs during
is attractive to investors, who will provide much needed capital the ‘development’ phase has gained wide acceptance across
for new projects and continued technology development. many industries and has recently gained traction in the
This article provides a framework that can be used to pipeline industry. Although TRLs are critically important,
accelerate technology adoption and offers commercial adoption of technologies requires far more than ensuring
guidance for how a technology can be deployed before its a technology works properly and is sound from a technical
capabilities are fully realised. The goal is to assist technology perspective.
companies, regulatory agencies, and pipeline operators to
position technologies to maximise their impact on the safe and ) Regulatory acceptance levels (RAL): Many industries do not
reliable operation of pipeline systems. have the level of regulatory oversight as does the pipeline
industry and perhaps do not require this consideration;
however, technology companies who are not cognisant
of the need to address regulatory oversight do so at their
own peril. Engaging regulators early in the technology
development process is strongly encouraged. It has been
the author’s observation that regulatory agencies in North
America support technology innovation, with many
modern regulatory codes fostering performance rather than
prescriptive guidance when it comes to technology usage.

) Commercial readiness index (CRI): In addition to TRLs

and RALs, technology companies and pipeline operator
‘champions’ should consider how the technology will
be commercialised once some level of basic technology
research has been completed. This does not require that
a purchase of the technology be made, but consideration
for market potential and pricing is warranted early in the
process.

) Operational readiness level (ORL): The final stage is

actual deployment of the technology within the pipeline
company, identified as operational engagement. As noted
in Figure 2, the five ORL steps start with the field trial and
Figure 1. Framework for the technology adoption process.
end with deployment and scale. Once the latter step is

60 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

 Celebrating 70 Years of Canadian Pipeline Excellence

PIPE LINE CONTRACTORS

ASSOCIATION OF CANADA
WOMEN OF STEEL

• Building Canada’s infrastructure for 70 years

• Advocating for the unionized pipeline
construction industry with government through
labour relations, policy review, pipeline standard
codes and more

• Supporting worker safety, recruitment,

training and leadership development
programs for members
• Fostering a Canadian-based workforce with
specialized technical, trade and craft skills
for pipeline construction and maintenance

SAFETY  SKILLS  SOCIAL LICENSE  STANDARDS  SERVICE

 reached, both technology company and operator can reap ) Identify industry gaps.
benefits from the arduous process that is often required
to get a given technology to this point. It is not unusual ) Connect people, companies, and technologies.
that a period spanning 5 - 7 years is required before the full
deployment of a technology is achieved. ) Expectations for the future.

As technology companies and pipeline operators seek to Identify industry gaps

advance technologies, the TAP framework provides a series The best businesses are built in the gaps. These gaps can
of steps that can be referenced and utilised to establish roles include the introduction of new technologies, enhancement
and responsibilities for key stakeholders (including technology of processes, or improvements in customer service. Robert
companies, operators, regulators, and investors). The ‘unsung Herjavek from the Shark Tank TV show stated, “Don’t start
heroes’ among this group are often the champions within a business. Find a problem. Solve a problem. The business
pipeline companies who advocate for technology adoption. comes second.” It’s critically important for both start-ups and
Without their contributions and willingness to take risks existing businesses to be vigilant about customer needs and
associated with championing technology adoption among their make sure the goods, services, and technologies they offer the
peers, technology adoption often stalls and fails to get the marketplace are needed. Companies that meet customer needs
traction required for deployment and widespread use. that no one else can meet are ideally positioned for success.
The following section of this article provides guidance for Business owners and leaders must be strategic in identifying
how a technology can be commercialised by addressing three marketplace needs and pivoting as required to ensure the
specific activities, that start with identifying industry gaps goods, services, and technologies they offer are needed. With
and end with addressing future opportunities for technology our rapidly changing economy, the need for businesses to pivot
deployment. is critically important. Those that don’t might find themselves
out of business.
Commercial guidance for technology
advancement Connect people, companies, and technologies
According to the US Bureau of Labor statistics, 21% of Almost every aspect of life involves relationships, and running
businesses fail within the first year, 40% of businesses fail within a business and advancing technologies are no exception. Most
the first three years, 50% within five years, 66% within 10 years, technology companies employ well-trained and educated sales
73% within 15 years, and nearly 80% within 20 years.1 Over the teams who are responsible for communicating the capabilities
long run, 90% of all startups fail. Unfortunately, technology of the technology. Brand recognition is achieved through
companies in the pipeline industry are no exception. The effective social media campaigns. Research that validates the
significant failure rate of start-up businesses begs the question performance of technologies can be communicated to the
– is there anything that can be done to increase the likelihood industry through technical reports and conference articles.
that a business will not only survive, but thrive? While there Companies that are effective in establishing and maintaining
is no ‘silver bullet’ that guarantees a company’s success, there connections are the ones that grow the fastest and are the
are three elements that are worthy of careful consideration, most successful in terms of their ability to generate healthy
discussed in greater detail in the sections that follow. profits.

Figure 2. Key elements in the technology adoption process.

62 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

 Another critically important contributor to technology technologies are deployed to serve the people and companies
advancement are pipeline-focused conferences and exhibitions that need them most. When this happens, everyone wins
including the bi-annual International Pipeline Conference in including technology companies, regulatory agencies, pipeline
Calgary (IPC), the Pipeline Research Council International’s operators, and the public at large.
annual Research Exchange (REX), and the annual Pipeline Pigging
and Integrity Management (PPIM) conference in Houston. ADV References
1. Based on businesses that opened in 2002 (https://clarifycapital.com/)
Integrity, Inc. also launched the ADV Connect platform as a
means for advancing technologies and training next generation Acknowledgements
leaders in the pipeline industry. The author would like to thank Mr. Damodaran Raghu for his
contribution to the commercial readiness index and Mr. Russel
Expectations for the future Treat for his creation and contribution of the operational
What defines the leaders of great companies is their readiness index.
preoccupation with the future. In
looking towards tomorrow, great
companies are focused on increasing
revenue, growing profits, and reinvesting
a portion of their profits to increase
customer value. There is no doubt
that predicting the future is extremely
challenging; however, every company
has access to metrics that can be used
to estimate market trends and evaluate
customer responses. It is surprising how
few companies spend time evaluating
the future and utilising existing insights
to direct current activities. This is
especially important from a business
development perspective and knowing
when to ‘accelerate’ marketing and
sales activities. In the pipeline industry,
identifying and helping advance
technologies that can impact future
performance should be given special
consideration. Being aware of changing
regulations can also help technology
companies and pipeline operators
evaluate future activities and make the
necessary steps to take advantage of
any favourable rulings.

Closing remarks
Technology plays a central role in our
ability to safely transport oil and gas
products in pipelines. The focus in most
technology deployments involves an
assessment of technology readiness
and the ability of the technology to
perform as designed; however, equally
important are considerations associated
with regulations, commercialisation,
and operational engagement. The
need for advanced technologies is
even more important given our ageing
infrastructure, as the pipeline industry
continues operating assets that are in
some cases more than 70 years old.
A framework and process are needed
to maximise the likelihood that useful
 A
cross the vast network of methane leaks is only growing
of pipelines in place in worse.
the oil and gas sector, In the US alone, 2.6 million
methane leaks are too miles of pipelines carry natural gas
Mark Naples, Umicore often out of sight, out of mind. As and petroleum products to their
Coatings Services, UK, governments worldwide grapple destinations each year.1 Many of
discusses using data to with the climate crisis, energy these are approaching retirement
tackle methane leaks in suppliers face their own challenge. age; more than half are over 50
The sector collectively operates a years old, and some were installed
the oil and gas sector. vast pipeline infrastructure, and as in the 1960s or even earlier. But with
these networks age, the problem most of this network buried out of

64
sight underground, failing welds and the equivalent of 67 million running sheer scale of land that must be
other damage can be easy to ignore cars.2 Combined, the global energy checked renders handheld sensors
until it is too late. sector was responsible for an ineffective at best, and alternatives
This ageing network is already estimated 135 million t of methane such as satellite monitoring are
having serious consequences for emissions that year, upholding its impractical for most businesses. As
the planet. Worldwide, more than role as one of the largest sources of a result, the true extent of methane
1000 ‘super-emitting’ events were greenhouse gas emissions.3 emissions from the energy sector
identified in 2022, each leaking at Tackling these leaks requires a remains obscured.
least a ton of methane into the clear understanding of where they Without a clear picture of
atmosphere every hour – with the are occurring. Unfortunately, this where leaks are occurring, the oil
largest recorded event releasing can feel impossible to achieve. The and gas sector cannot begin taking

65
 this time it traps much more energy in the form of heat –
typically between 80 – 100 times more than the equivalent
quantity of CO2.
As a result, methane is often thought of as one of the
easiest targets in the fight against climate change. The fast
pace at which it degrades, combined with its high potential
to cause damage, means taking action on methane today can
have almost immediately visible effects on total greenhouse
gas emissions.

Pipes under pressure

Much of the responsibility for methane emissions rests on
the shoulders of the oil and gas sector. The International
Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that a third of all human-
related methane emissions emanate from the oil and
Figure 1. Modern sensing technology is highly scalable and gas industry, and leaks are a major contributor to this.
available in increasingly small form-factor devices thanks to
advances in laser absorption spectroscopy. According to one report, leaks from bolted joints contribute
170 million t of emissions each year.5 As infrastructure ages,
this problem will only get worse.
For decades, the sector has broadly recognised leaking
pipelines as a necessary cost of doing business. In part, this
is due to the landscape these businesses operate in. Often
presiding over thousands of miles of pipelines, the challenge
here is not just in fixing, but finding leaks in the first place.
Suppliers looking to accurately track methane leaks must
monitor an impossibly large area, often with little more than
hand-held infrared cameras or sensors, relying on engineering
models to fill in the gaps.
This technique often leads to leaks being missed as it
relies on being in the right place at the right time. Without
dedicated sensing equipment, emissions can be difficult to
quantify. The problem is that the exact scale of methane
emissions in oil and gas production is difficult to assess. There
Figure 2. Controlling and limiting the reflective properties of filter is currently a gulf between the information gathered by
lenses is crucial to sensor performance. researchers and that reported by official bodies, and until this
gap is closed by more accurate data, effective action against
effective action against methane emissions. But at the same methane will be impossible.
time that infrastructure is ageing, the technologies that can Although attempts are being made to monitor this
support it are developing rapidly. By exploiting the latest problem, the scale of activity is often insufficient. While
advancements in detection systems, it is becoming easier researchers may use satellite data to assess methane leaks,
than ever to identify problem sites and repair infrastructure the picture painted by official figures is far from accurate.
to limit their impact on the planet. Studies have repeatedly found that methane exists in the
air in much higher concentrations than data provided by
A clear and present danger the industry would suggest. In the US, methane pollution
Faced with an ageing pipeline network and emissions of this between 2010 and 2019 was revealed to be 70% higher than
scale, the energy sector finds itself racing against the clock. official estimates after the National Academy of Sciences
In terms of how it affects the climate, methane is something suggested that government methane detection systems were
of a ticking timebomb. Compared with other common inadequate.6
greenhouse gases found in industry, such as CO2, methane has The incentives for action here are not purely
around 28 times the global heating potential. Research has environmental. Methane emissions come with a significant
shown this gas is responsible for 30% of the rise in recorded cost, with around US$19 billion of natural gas being wasted
temperatures since the Industrial Revolution, and compared every year – potential profits that are literally vanishing into
with pre-industrial levels, methane concentrations in the air thin air. A more rigorous gas detection approach, supported
today are around two and a half times greater.4 by technology, could enable more gas to be captured and
This high heating potential is due to methane’s unique sold, and have a real impact on a business’s bottom line.
chemical characteristics; in particular, how well it absorbs The oil and gas industry has the most significant
and retains energy. Methane only lasts for around 12 years opportunity to reduce methane emissions and fight back
once released, compared with centuries for CO2, but during against rising emissions. But without understanding where the

66 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

problems are occurring, how can businesses hope to clamp down on them? There
are trillions of data points within arm’s reach describing everything from location to
cause of emissions all across the planet – all that is needed is the necessary tools to
OUR BALL VALVES
collect them. GO BEYOND THIS
Laser absorption spectroscopy DISPLAY
Technology for monitoring emissions has advanced by leaps and bounds in
recent years. From satellite instruments capable of tracking leaks from space to
transformational change in remote sensors, today’s oil and gas companies have
access to a wide range of systems that can help in this struggle.
Until now, many businesses have relied on handheld gas detectors to track their AND YOUR
EXPECTA-
emissions. But with increasing global regulation around methane emissions and
reporting, innovative technology incorporating CH4 narrow bandpass filters enable

TIONS!
measurements to be taken at a distance using a precision emitter and detector
system, that provides a capable solution to the gas detection challenges within
emissions monitoring. This process – known as laser absorption spectroscopy –
enables businesses to identify and monitor leaks and to build a complete emissions
profile.
Laser absorption spectroscopy is based on how light passes through a medium.
Beams of infrared (IR) light are passed through a sampling chamber containing a
filter, which prevents all but the required wavelengths from reaching the detector.
This ensures that only the wavelengths of light that are absorbed by the particles of 1/8’’ - 56 ‘‘
gas being monitored transmit. By changing the filter, operators can ensure different
wavelengths reach the detector, meaning the equipment can be used to detect a
range of gases and particles.
Compared with other sensors, laser absorption spectroscopy devices enable
fast response times and accurate results without the need for additional gases
CLASS 2500
to operate. These detectors are now capable of continuously monitoring for AND HIGHER
combustible gases and vapours within the lower explosive limit and notify users with
an alarm if required. This technology can be used within both oxygen-deficient and
enriched areas, and is immune to sensor poison, contamination, and corrosion.

Completing the picture OIL, GAS,

HYDROGEN,
Technology such as this makes achieving an accurate picture of leaks in the oil and DISTRICT ENERGY
gas industry a realistic proposition. Umicore works with OEMs to simplify its gas & VARIOUS
detection systems, focusing on functionality and cost, while also helping to drive APPLICATIONS
advances to open new opportunities for progress, using its devices in ways it had
never previously considered. With more than 35 years of experience in thin film
design and manufacture, its custom IR designs offer a range of tools that are ideal
for all kinds of gas detection and analysis.
Embracing data will be key to helping businesses take action on climate change.
By improving their understanding of where precisely emissions are occurring, oil and
gas suppliers will be able to take informed steps against methane leaks.
Although it will never be possible to prevent all methane emissions, it is
becoming more important than ever to act on those that can be controlled. Heavy
industries dealing with hydrocarbons and natural gas have a duty to do their part
– but first, they must be able to identify and understand where their efforts must
be targeted. Only when the picture is filled in will the sector be able to break its
reputation as a major polluter, and actively contribute to a healthier world.

References
1. https://www.statista.com/statistics/197932/us-pipeline-system-mileage-since-2004/
2. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/06/revealed-1000-super-emitting-methane-leaks-
risk-triggering-climate-tipping-points
3. https://www.iea.org/news/methane-emissions-remained-stubbornly-high-in-2022-even-as-soaring-
energy-prices-made-actions-to-reduce-them-cheaper-than-ever
4. https://www.iea.org/news/methane-emissions-remained-stubbornly-high-in-2022-even-as-soaring-
energy-prices-made-actions-to-reduce-them-cheaper-than-ever
5. https://cumulusds.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Cumulus-Environmental-Impact-of-Bolted-Joints.
pdf
6. https://www.iea.org/news/methane-emissions-from-the-energy-sector-are-70-higher-than-official-figures

www.boehmer.de
Jeff Shorter, Portfolio Director,
Eugene Boakye-Firempong, Product
Manager and Ronald Panti, Operations
Manager, Baker Hughes, detail the
benefits of RTP pipe performance
for onshore oil and gas pipelines,
referring to improved
corrosion resistance,
rapid deployment, low
maintenance, and a
smaller carbon
footprint.

68
 arbon steel pipelines are ubiquitous in oil and gas

C operations, delivering hydrocarbons to refineries

and petrochemical plants and transporting refined
products to end users. Although carbon steel has
become an accepted material for pipelines, it is not the
only option available, and in many applications, it is
not the best choice.
Pipeline owners have been dealing
with the same challenges associated
with carbon steel pipe for decades.
Originally adopted for oil and gas
transportation because of its
strength and affordability,
carbon steel became

69
 the go-to solution for pipeline owners in the sector despite its
shortcomings.
First and foremost, carbon steel is susceptible to
corrosion. According to data published by the US Department
of Transportation Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety
Administration (PHMSA), internal corrosion accounts for
approximately 60% of all pipeline corrosion incidents in
transmission and gathering pipelines. Exposure to corrosive
chemicals can lead to wall thinning and weakening and
eventually to leaks. Carbon steel is particularly vulnerable to Figure 1. RTPs experience reduced pressure drop compared to
steel pipe.
hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC)
when exposed to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Coatings, cathodic
protection, and corrosion-resistant linings can mitigate this In addition, RTP does not require corrosion inhibitors, which
issue, but they can be costly and require constant surveillance can weaken the protective iron oxide layer on the steel, and in
and maintenance to ensure their continued efficacy. Carbon the case of inhibitors that contain hydrogen sulfide scavengers,
steel also becomes brittle at low temperatures and suffers rapid can promote hydrogen absorption into the steel and lead to
cracking propagation failure. hydrogen embrittlement. RTP pipe is lighter than carbon steel,
Installation poses a host of additional challenges – some which impacts installation time and cost. A narrower right of way
of which are cost related, while others impact asset integrity. is required to install RTP pipe, and reduced trenching is required
Because carbon steel pipe is produced in 40 ft lengths, welding for pipe burial. Also, given that RTP pipe is flexible, it can be
is required to join the pipe. The reliability of the pipeline is installed with long sweeps/bends lowering energy loss during
determined by the quality of the welding. Inexpert welds and transmission compared to the 45˚ and 90˚ elbows typical on
improper designs can result in weaknesses that could lead to steels lines.
uncontrolled releases and failures. To avoid such events, the
welding process must follow stringent procedures, and welds Improvement by design
must be extensively tested to ensure their quality. This requires With the implementation of a new, proprietary manufacturing
skilled welders to perform the work, appropriate non-destructive process, it is now possible to produce spoolable RTP pipe up to
testing to verify the quality of the welds, and a considerable 8 in.
time investment, all of which impact project economics. The process begins with melting polymer pellets and feeding
There also are environmental concerns associated with the liquified polymer through an extrusion head to form the liner,
carbon steel. Leaks and spills pose obvious environmental risks, which is pulled to size through a vacuum tank. The material used
but the carbon-intense process of producing carbon steel is for the inner lining of the pipe depends on the performance
another serious consideration for pipeline owners who are characteristics required for end use:
working to reduce the carbon footprint of their operations. ) HDPE delivers four times the erosion resistant of regular steel
pipe.
The benefits of RTP
Reinforced thermoplastic pipe (RTP) is gaining ground as an ) Nylon provides gas permeating resistance and deters paraffin
alternative to carbon steel in applications below 3000 psi and deposition.
temperature below 230°F (110˚C). One compelling reason for
using RTP is its corrosion resistance. Thanks to its thermoplastic ) PPS delivers the greatest resistance to permeation and
liner, cover and non-metallic reinforcement material, there is performs well in corrosive environments.
no corrosion mechanism. That not only translates into a longer
service life with less maintenance, it also means RTP is ideal for A tiebond (aka adhesive) layer is next, followed by an HDPE
sour service because it is not vulnerable to hydrogen-induced or PERT layer for high-temperature strength. A coextrusion
cracking. process forms these three layers simultaneously into a single pipe,
RTP has better flow characteristics than carbon steel because minimising the possibility of delamination between layers.
the internal plastic lining is smoother than steel, providing greater The pipe is then fed through a controlled cooling chamber
throughput with the same inner diameter. So, less pumping is to ensure it is solidified before reinforcement. Tapes are wrapped
required to move product through an RTP pipeline, consuming helically around liner at a 55˚ lay angle. The reinforcement
less energy. materials used are:
There is no wax adherence to PPS or Nylon liners because ) Aramid fibre, which delivers the best tensile strength-to-
they are a natural repellent of wax. weight ratio.
RTPs also have much better thermal insulation properties
compared to carbon steel pipe. In steel pipe, bore fluid loses heat ) Glass fibre tape, which allows for sour service to pressures up
faster and allows wax crystallisation to occur. On the other hand, to 1500 psi and provides optimal weight-to-pressure resistance.
RTPs keep the bore fluid above wax crystallisation temperature
over a longer distance. Thus, less pigging and cleaning will be ) Steel wire tape, which offers pressure resistance up to 3000
required for removing wax. psi.

70 World Pipelines / MARCH 2024

 The final step in the process is to extrude a thermoplastic a 2000 ft section would take 175 - 200 hours to install, adding
cover layer, protecting the inner layer from the environment weeks to the process.
during installation and operation.
Rigorous testing proves the technology
The pipe material, manufacturing process, and the couplings
that introduce a ‘system’ for connecting lengths of pipe, must
all be qualified to the criteria set forth in API Specification
15S, which outlines requirements for the manufacturing and
qualification of spoolable reinforced plastic line pipe for use in
oilfield and energy applications.
The API 15S specification was introduced via a joint industry
project (JIP), Implementation of Reinforced Thermoplastic
Pipe in the Oil and Gas Industry, in 2002. A group of 30+ oil
companies, RTP manufactures, raw materials suppliers, testing
labs, and independent subject matter experts developed
the rules that would assure the reliable performance of
reinforced thermoplastic pipes. The current edition, issued in
2022, establishes stringent requirements for manufacturing in
addition to performance criteria for spoolable pipes.
API 15S specifies reinforced plastic line pipe qualification
based on the design and functional requirements – including
pipe deployment and operational loads – defined by end
users. The standard defines qualification requirements for raw
materials used in pipes and end fittings, covering chemical/
Figure 2. Various liner choices available to satisfy application ageing resistance, blistering resistance, permeation of liner
requirements.
material, mechanical properties of reinforcement material,
and weathering resistance of the jacket material. It delineates
the full-scale qualification testing required on pipe and end
fitting, cross referencing to other industry standards. Pressure
rating is qualified through a 10 000 hr regression test for pipe
using nonmetallic reinforcement and burst testing for pipes
using metallic reinforcement. End fittings are qualified with an
elevated temperature test and must survive 1.5x design pressure
at 30ºF to 45ºF above design temperature for durations ranging
from several hundred to thousand hours.
Figure 3. Pipe design can be customised to the needs of the Temperature cycling, operation MBR, lowest allowable
application. operating temperature, cyclic pressure, and RGD tests qualify
pipe and end fitting for critical operational loads, while
handling MBR, spooling, respooling, axial load capacity, impact,
Simplified installation delivers dividends external load tests address critical installation loads.
Spoolable RTP pipe is not only superior to steel in The extensive qualification requirements in API 15S make
performance, but also easier to install. Unlike carbon steel it one of the most comprehensive industry standards for
pipe, which generally is shipped in 40 ft lengths, 8 in. spoolable reinforced plastic line pipe.
RTP pipe can be delivered to the installation site in 400 ft To test the performance of the 8 in. spoolable RTP pipe,
continuous length on a reel. The simplicity of the unspooling designers looked to ADV Integrity, Inc., a third-party entity
process permits 2000 ft of 4 in. RTP to be deployed in that provides full-scale testing, numerical modelling, and failure
10 minutes. analysis.
The swaging process for end fitting and coupling is much
simpler, safer, and more economical than welding steel pipe. RTP at work
Using a round die, workers can connect lengths of pipe by On one installation in environmentally sensitive wetlands
pulling the die around the outside of a fitting to connect one areas in East Texas, approximately 25 000 ft of 6 in. pipe was
pipe to the next, incorporating a coupling on each end of an installed to transport produced water. Installation required
RTP pipe. Welding a 2000 ft section of 8 in. pipe would require ditches to be opened and closed the same day, so trenching
one joint every 40 ft, equating to 50 welds over the length had to be carried out, the pipe laid, and the trench filled
of the line. The time required for a single weld is affected by in before the end of each workday. Workers were able to
the climate and local workforce requirements, but assuming safely install 3000 ft of RTP pipe a day without need of heavy
two to three welders are working in favourable conditions, a equipment on the worksite and with fewer people. The need
fair estimate is 3.5 - 4 hours per weld. With welds every 40 ft, for less heavy equipment and fewer people on site resulted in

MARCH 2024 / World Pipelines 71

 a lower impact on the installation site and fewer safety risks

ADVERTISERS’ for workers.

DIRECTORY
Advertiser Page

AGRU 52

BAUMA 37

Böhmer GmbH 67
Figure 4. Lifecycle emissions comparison of non-metallic and
metallic pipes, kg CO2 eq. (Table taken from page 36 of the
Dairyland Electrical Industries 41 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) Life Cycle Assessment for
Comparing Non-Metallic vs Metallic Pipe Products Report).
DeFelsko 35

Denso GmbH 25 Reducing the carbon footprint of midstream

operations
DENSO Inc. 07 Internal evaluation to determine the cradle-to-grave lifecycle
emissions of nonmetallic pipe demonstrated up to a 75% lower
Deyuan Pipe OBC carbon footprint (CFP) than carbon steel.
Baker Hughes carried out a life cycle assessment (LCA)
Entegra Solutions IFC
following internationally accepted standards as outlined in ISO
14067, ISO 14040, and ISO 14044. They compared the CFP of
Girard Industries 47
traditionally used API X42 metallic pipes to a glass fibre reinforced
Intero Integrity Services 21
RTP alternative manufactured and installed by Baker Hughes. The
test scenario was a hypothetical field installation of 15 000 ft
IPLOCA 14 of non-metallic and metallic pipe connecting five wells to a
separator.
LNG Industry IBC Findings from the study show that within every life stage,
non-metallic pipe has a lower carbon footprint compared to
Maats b.v 19 metallic pipe. These results were reviewed and third party
certified by Aspire Sustainability.
Media Point Exhibitions 55
What’s next
Midwestern Manufacturing 47 There is a growing recognition that RTP delivers benefits that
stem not only from improved corrosion resistance, but also
Pigs Unlimited International LLC 31 from rapid deployment, low maintenance, and a smaller carbon
footprint.
Pipeline Technique Ltd t/a CRC Evans 04
Designers are focusing on innovations that will address the
challenges associated with economically manufacturing larger
PLCAC 61
diameter RTP lines, achieving higher temperature and pressure
Propipe 27
thresholds, and expanding fluid compatibility. And as they push
the boundaries of today’s performance, they will enable broader
Pipeline Inspection Company 63 use of RTP pipes for transporting oil and gas as well as hydrogen
and CO2 as the industry progresses towards the energy transition.
Qapqa Bound Insert Already, JIPs and government funded research projects are
assessing and qualifying RTPs in new clean-energy applications.
Scaip SpA OFC, 57 Within the API 15S subcommittee, an ad-hoc group was formed
in early 2023 to assess RTP for hydrogen, CO2, and ammonia
Seal for Life Industries 02 transportation. PHMSA has awarded funding for a research
project that will investigate integrity impacts of hydrogen gas on
Stark Solutions 13 composite/multi-layered pipe.
As even more capable designs are introduced, they will open
STATS Group 11 the door to using RTP products in a broader range of applications,
improving the safety and environmental impact of the energy
T.D. Williamson 17
industry and enabling cost, time, and operational savings.
TIB Chemicals 45
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