REP: Heat Transfer lab

15 April, 2024

EXP-HT 02

EXPERIMENT ON FORCED CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER

Arindam Salui (SC22B071), Payush Mahalik (SC22B072), Rahul Kumar (SC22B073),

Sayandeep Chowdhury (SC22B075), Nikhil Sahu (SC22B106), Adwaith Velukuzhi Sunil (SC22B161),
Krishan Kumar (SC22B161), Yash Rana (SC22B169)
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695547

ABSTRACT Ua Velocity of air in m/s

This report focuses on an experimental investigation into Ucorr Corrected air velocity in m/s
forced convection’s impact on heat transfer from a cylinder’s sur-
face, exploring varying air velocities and surface temperatures.
Additionally, it examines the determination of heat transfer co- 1 INTRODUCTION
efficients for different materials. It outlines the necessary data This experiment investigates the impact of forced convec-
collection process and subsequent calculations to elucidate the tion on heat transfer from a cylinder’s surface under varying air
correlation between temperature variations and corrected air ve- velocities and surface temperatures. Initially, we measured the
locities. Furthermore, the report presents computed values for surface temperature of a horizontally positioned cylinder expe-
the convection and radiation heat transfer rates using Nusselt and riencing heat loss due to both radiation and forced convection,
Prandtl numbers. then compared the findings with theoretical analysis results.
In natural convection, heat transfer from a surface is con-
strained by slight air movements resulting from density changes
as the air warms near the surface. Conversely, forced convec-
NOMENCLATURE tion enhances air movement through external mechanisms like
Qtot Total heat loss from the cylinder pumps or blowers, leading to improved heat transfer rates from
Q f Heat loss due to forced convection the surface.
Qr Heat loss due to radiation When a surface, warmer than its surroundings, encounters
A Heat transfer area moving air at the same temperature as the surroundings, heat
Hr Radiative heat transfer coefficient transfers from the surface to both the air and surroundings. This
H f Convective heat transfer coefficient heat transfer comprises forced convection to the air (where heat
Re Reynolds Number is transferred to the passing air) and radiation to the surround-
Pr Prandtl Number ings. Employing a horizontal cylinder simplifies heat transfer
Nu Nusselt Number calculations due to its straightforward geometry.
d Diameter of cylinder
V Voltage
I Current 2 THEORY
T9 Temperature of the air in oC The experiment focuses on investigating how fluid flow over
T10 Temperature of the base in oC a heated surface affects heat transfer rates. Theoretical under-

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standing suggests that the heat transfer coefficient is lower for
laminar flow compared to turbulent flow, implying that increased
speed leads to more effective mixing and higher heat transfer
rates. Initially, we observe heat transfer without the influence of
forced flow, indicating the occurrence of free convection. The
Nusselt number for free convection is given by

 2
1/6
0.387RaD
Nun,avg = 0.6 + (1)
 
h 9/16
i8/27 
1 + 0.559


Pr
FIGURE 1. Diagram of experimental set-up

and the corresponding average heat transfer coefficient is

 0.25
(Ts − Ta )
hn,avg = 1.32 (2)
D

The Nusselt number for forced convection is given by

 
" 0.625 #0.8
 0.62Re1/2 Pr1/3

Re
Nu f = 0.3 +  h i1/4 × 1 + 282000


2/3
1 + 0.4


Pr
(3)
The fluid properties are evaluated at the film temperature.
The velocity in the Reynolds number calculation is taken as cor-
FIGURE 2. Experimental set-up at the lab
rected velocity, taking into effects of roughness in the duct. Heat
transfer from the heated cylinder can be due to convection as well
as radiation. temperature of the cylindrical surface and the one at the interme-
diate section of the pipe measures the average temperature of the
Qr = Hr A (T10 − T9 ) (4) air.
The Anemometer consists of a fan directed along the axis of
the pipe such that the air flow is uniform throughout the radial
space of the pipe. The air velocity can be measured and con-
4 −T4 trolled by the Anemometer which is connected to the Heat Trans-
T10 9
Hr = ε.σ .F × (5) fer Service Unit. The velocity of the air flow and the temperature
T10 − T9 of the surface of the cylinder are controlled by the Service Unit
which forms an interface between them.
For this experiment, we consider the cylinder to be approx-
imated to as a black body with ε=0.95 and F=1. The extent of
heat transfer through forced and free convection is given by the 3.1 Procedure for conduct of experiment
nondimensional number called the Richardson number (Ri).The 1. Assemble the apparatus by connecting the thermo couples
Richardson number is the ration between buoyancy force and in- and the Anemometer to the Heat Transfer Source Box.
ertia force. 2. Switch on the Centrifugal Air Blower/ Fan.
3. Set the input voltage supply to 17V.
4. Set the initial velocity of air to zero in the Source Unit.
3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 5. Once the equipment reaches steady state record the air ve-
The set up consists of a Centrifugal Blower, Cylindrical locity, temperatures, voltage and current.
Pipe, the Cylindrical Heater and the Anemometer which are in- 6. Similarly conduct the experiment for subsequent velocities
tegrated together. Throats present at the cylinder measure the in steps of 1m/s until 7m/s and record the observations.

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4 EXPERIMENTAL DATA So, we can optimize the blower to obtain good performance
Table 1 shows the recorded data of T9 and T10 with changing and better efficiency.
air velocity.
Table 2 shows the calculations done for the heat loss.
Appendix A: Sample calculation

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The properties of the gas are evaluated at the film tempera-
ture (mean of Ts and Ta ) to calculate the Reynolds number using Ua = 1 m/s T10 = 327oC
corrected velocity and also get the Prandtl number. Nusselt num-
ber is calculated with the empirical correlation by Zukauskas for
circular cylinder.With increase in velocity (or Reynolds number),
the heat radiated from the surface Qr decreases and heat con-
vected Q f increases. This happens due to the increase in bulk T9 = 31.5oC‘ Pr = 0.7007
movement of air, which increases the convection heat transfer.
Therefore, more amount of heat is transferred from convection
with an increase in air velocity.

k = 0.0268715 W /m.K D = 0.01 m

Ucorr = 1.22 ×Ua = 1.22 m/s

Ucorr × D
Re = = 755.69871
ν

 
" 0.625 #0.8
0.62Re1/2 Pr1/3

Re
Nu f = 0.3+  h i1/4 × 1 + 282000  = 13.85056
 
0.4

2/3
FIGURE 3. Variation of Surface temperature with Air velocity 1+ Pr

k × Nu
6 CONCLUSION Hf = = 37.218555 W /m2 K
Many inferences can be observed during the experiment. We D
can show the dependencies of some fluid (air) properties with the
flow velocity (Reynolds number) as follows:
Surface temperature (in case of heat loss) decreases with in- 4 −T4
T10
crease in Re (flow velocity). Hr = ε.σ .F × 9
= 21.62902 W /m2 K
T10 − T9
Nusselt’s number (Nu) is observed to increase with
Reynold’s number (flow velocity).
Heat loss due to convection increases while that due to radia-
tion decreases with increase in Re (airflow velocity). We can
see that the rate of increase of Q f decreases with velocity. Q f = H f A (T10 − T9 ) = 24.18918 KW

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 TABLE 1. Recorded data
S.No V I T9 T10 Ua
1 17 2.76 31.2 415 0
2 17 2.75 31.5 327 1
3 17 2.76 32.2 287 2
4 17 2.76 32.5 248 3
5 17 2.77 32.7 222 4
6 17 2.77 32.6 205 5
7 17 2.76 32.8 189 6
8 17 2.78 32.9 178 7

TABLE 2. Calculated data of heat loss

S.No Ucorr Re Nu Pr K Hf Hr Qf Qr Qtot
1 0 0 0.3 0.70076 0.0268472 0.80541 29.65672 0.67987 25.03412 25.71400
2 1.22 755.69871 13.85056 0.7007 0.0268715 37.21855 21.62902 24.18918 14.05719 38.24637
3 2.44 1505.13225 19.62214 0.70056 0.0269282 52.83904 18.58828 29.61129 10.41700 40.02830
4 3.66 2253.69458 24.14292 0.7005 0.0269525 65.07120 15.92435 30.84184 7.54767 38.38952
5 4.88 3001.37768 28.01695 0.70046 0.0269687 75.55809 14.31521 31.45834 5.96009 37.41843
6 6.1 3753.93855 31.50475 0.70048 0.0269606 84.93870 13.32234 32.20676 5.05151 37.25828
7 7.32 4499.40991 34.66960 0.70044 0.0269768 93.52749 12.44872 32.13102 4.27671 36.40773
8 8.54 5246.21584 37.62246 0.70042 0.0269849 101.52388 11.87293 32.39960 3.78904 36.18865

given by ∆xi , then the error in calculation of F is given by:

s
Qr = Hr A (T10 − T9 ) = 14.05719 KW ∂f
∆F = ∑ i = 1n ( ∂ xi )2 ∆xi2 (6)

Error in Re:

Qtot = Qr + Q f = 38.24637 KW
∂ (Re)
URe,ucorr = ×Uucorr = 20.44
∂ ucorr
Appendix B: ERROR ANALYSIS
When a quantity F is function of n independent parameters
x1 , x2 , x3 , ..., xn as ∂ (Re)
URe,D = ×UD = 0.6238
∂D
F = f (x1 , x2 , x3 , ..., xn )

and if the error in each of these independent parameters is URe = 29.02

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Error in Nu:

∂ Qr
UQr ,Hr = ×UHr = 6.33
∂ (Nu) ∂ Hr
UNu,Re = ×URe = 0.4529
∂ (Re)

As there are no other parameters that are changing,

∂ Qr
UQr ,A = ×UA = 0.0128
∂A
UNu = 0.4529

Error in H f :
∂ Qr
UQr ,Ts = ×UTs = 0.0037
∂ Ts
∂ Hf
UH f ,Nu = ×UNu = 2.1
∂ (Nu)

UQr = 170.107

∂ Hf
UH f ,D = ×UD = 0.091 Error in Q f :
∂D

∂Qf
UQ f ,H f = ×UH f = 1.279
∂ Hf
UH f = 2.133

Error in Hr :
∂ Qr
UQr ,Ts = ×UTs = 0.04
∂ Ts
UHr = 0.1053

Error in A:
UQr = 1.3287

∂A
UA,D = ×UD = 0.33 × 10−5
∂D

∂A
UA,L = ×UL = 1.57 × 10−5
∂L

UA = 2.757 × 10−5

Error in Qr :

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