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Programmable
Logic
Controllers
Frank D.
Petruzella

Sixth Edition

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 Chapter 4
Fundamentals
of Logic

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 Section 4.1

The Binary Concept

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 The Binary Concept
Binary refers to the idea that many things can be
thought of as existing in only one of two states.

The binary states

are 1 and 0

The 1 and 0 can represent:

ON or OFF
Open or Closed
True or False
High or Low

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 Logic Gate
A logic gate is a circuit with several inputs but
only one output that is activated by particular
combinations of input conditions.
Logical AND Gate

The high beam light of an automobile is programmed

to be turned on only when the light switch AND the
high beam switch are closed.
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 The dome light of an automobile is programmed to
be turned on whenever the passenger door switch
OR the driver door switch is activated.

Logical OR Gate

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 Section 4.2

AND, OR, and NOT Functions

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 AND Function A
The AND Function
An AND gate is a
device with two or
more inputs and
one output.

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 AND Function B
The AND Function

• If all inputs are 1,

the output will be 1.

• If any input is 0, the

output will be 0.
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 AND Function C
The AND Function

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 OR Function A
The OR Function
An OR gate can have
any number of inputs
but only one output.

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 OR Function B
The OR Function

• If one or more inputs are

1, the output is 1.

• If all inputs are 0, the

output will be 0.
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 OR Function C
The OR Function

Truth table
SW- A SW- B Light
Open (0) Open (0) Off (0)
Open (0) Closed (1) On (1)
Closed (1) Open (0) On (1)
Closed (1) Closed (1) On (1)
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 NOT Function A
The NOT Function
The NOT function can
have only one input.

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 NOT Function B
The NOT Function

The result of the NOT operation is always

the inverse of the input, and the NOT
function is, therefore, called an inverter.
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 NOT Function C
The NOT Function

The NOT function can be

performed on a contact
input simply by using a
normally closed instead of a
normally open contact.

Truth table
Pushbutton Light
Not pressed (0) On (1)
Pressed (1) Off (0)

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 NOT Function D
The NOT Function
NOT function used in conjunction with an AND
gate on a low pressure indicator circuit.

Truth table
Pressure Pressure
switch Power indicator
0 1 1
1 1 0

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 The NAND Function

An AND gate with an

inverted output is
called a NAND gate.

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 The NOR Function

A OR gate with an
inverted output is
called a NOR gate.

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 The Exclusive-OR (XOR) Function

The exclusive-OR gate

is commonly used for
the comparison of two
binary numbers.
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 Section 4.3

Boolean Algebra

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 Boolean algebra
The mathematical study of the binary number
system and logic is called Boolean algebra.

Boolean algebra is used to write combinations of

logic statements that are used to solve PLC
programming problems.
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 Boolean algebra: AND, OR, NOT
Boolean algebra as related to AND, OR, and NOT
functions.

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 Logical statements
Logic operators used form logical statements.

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 Boolean equations

Logic
operators
used to
form
Boolean
equations.

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 Laws of Boolean algebra
Some laws of Boolean algebra are similar to
those of ordinary algebra.
COMMUTATIVE LAW
A+B=B+A
AB= B A

ASSOCIATIVE LAW
( A + B) + C = A + ( B + C )
(A  B )  C = A  ( B  C )

DISTRIBUTIVE LAW
This law holds true only A  ( B + C ) = ( A  B) + ( A  C )
in Boolean algebra A + ( B  C ) = ( A + B)  ( A + C )
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 Section 4.4

Developing Logic Gate

Circuits from Boolean
Expressions

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 Y=AB+C
Logic gate circuit developed from the
Boolean expression Y = AB + C.
Gates required:
1 - AND gate with input A and B
1 - OR gate with input C and output from previous
AND gate

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 Y=A(BC+D)
Logic gate circuit developed from the
Boolean expression Y = A (BC + D).
Gates required:
1 - AND gate with input B and C
1 - OR gate with inputs BC and D
1 - AND gate with inputs A and the output from
the OR gate

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 Section 4.5

Producing the Boolean

Equation for a Given Logic
Gate Circuit

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 Logic Circuit A
Determining
the logic circuit
Boolean
equation

The output of the OR gate is A + B

The output of the inverter is D

Based on the input combination applied to the

AND gate the Boolean equation for the circuit
is Y = C D ( A + B )
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 Logic Circuit B
Determining
the logic circuit
Boolean
equation

The output of AND gate 1 is AB

The output of AND gate 2 is AB

Based on the combination of inputs applied to the OR

gate the Boolean equation for the circuit is
Y = AB + AB
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 Section 4.6

Hardwired Logic versus

Programmed Logic

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 Hardwired logic
The term hardwired logic refers to logic control
functions that are determined by the way devices
are electrically interconnected.
Hardwired motor
control program.
Hardwired
logic is fixed
and changeable
only by altering
the way devices
are electrically
interconnected.
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 Programmable control
Programmable control is based on the basic
logic functions, which are programmable
and easily changed.
PLC programmed motor control program.

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 Ladder Logic
The most common PLC programming language
is ladder logic.

A ladder logic program consists of several rungs, each of

which controls an output.
Each rung is a combination of input conditions
(symbols) connected from left to right, with the symbol
that represents the output at the far right.
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 Schematic, program, and gate
Relationship between the relay ladder
schematic, the ladder logic program,
and the equivalent logic gate circuit.

Two limit switches connected in series and used to

control a solenoid valve.
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 Two limit switches connected in parallel
and used to control a solenoid valve.

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 Two limit switches connected in parallel with
each other and in series with a pressure
switch to control a pilot light.

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 Two limit switches connected in parallel with each
other and in series with two sets of flow switches
(in parallel), and used to control a pilot light.

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 Two limit switches connected in series with
each other and in parallel with a third limit
switch, and used to control a warning horn.

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 Two limit switches connected in series with each
other and in parallel with two other limit switches
(in series), and used to control a pilot light.

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 One limit switch connected in series with a
normally closed pushbutton and used to
control a solenoid valve.

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 The output lamp of this circuit is ON only when
pushbutton A or B is pressed, but not both.

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 When either start button is depressed, the
motor runs. Either stop button stops the motor
when it is depressed.

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 Section 4.7

Programming Word Level

Logic Instructions

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 Selecting Word Logic Instructions

. . . use this
If you want to . . . instruction.
Know when matching bits in two different AND
words are both ON
Know when one or both matching bits in two OR
different words are ON
Know when one or the other bit of matching XOR
bits in two different words is ON
Reverse the state of bits in a word NOT

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 Word-level
AND
instruction

This instruction tells the processor to perform an AND

operation on B3:5 and B3:7 and to store the result in
destination B3:10 when input device A is true.
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 Word-level
OR
instruction

This instruction ORs the data in Source A, bit by bit,

with the data in Source B and stores the result at the
destination address.
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 Word-level
XOR
instruction

Data from input I:1.0 are compared, bit by bit, with

data from input I:3.0. Any mismatches energize the
corresponding bit in word O:4.0.
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 Word-level
NOT
operation.

The bit pattern in B3:10 is the result of the

instruction being true and is the inverse of the bit
pattern in B3:9.
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