Unit I&II

What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud computing has embarked a revolution in accessing, provisioning and consumption of the information and
computing in the ICT industry. It has emerged as a novel paradigm of high performance and largescale computing
that actuates relocation of computing and data from desktops and personal computers to big data centers. Cloud is a
construct (infrastructure) that allows to access application that actually resides at a remote location of another
internet connected device, most often, this will be a distant datacenter. Cloud computing takes the technology,
services, and applications that are similar to those on the Internet and turns them into a selfservice utility (Figure 1).
Cloud provides an abstraction based on the notion of pooling physical resources and presenting them as a virtual
resource. It is a new model for provisioning resources, for staging applications, and for platformindependent user
access to services.
“Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, ondemand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computer resources (networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction”

Cloud computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the applications online. It offers online data
storage, infrastructure and application and involves both a combination of software and hardware based computing
resources delivered as a network service. Example: Suppose we want to install MSWord in our organization’s
computer. We have to bought the CD/DVD of it an install it or can setup a S/W distribution server to automatically
install this application on your machine. Every time Microsoft issued a new version, we have to perform the same
task. If some other company hosts your application, that is, they handle the cost of servers and manage the software
updates. The customers are charged as per their utilization, that is, as per the usage. It reduces the cost of using that
software along with the reduction in the cost of installation of heavy servers. Additionally, cloud aids in reducing
the cost of electricity bills

Cloud Computing Collaboration

With the growth of the Internet, there was no need to limit group collaboration to a single enterprise’s network
environment. The users from multiple locations within a corporation, and from multiple organizations, desired to
collaborate on projects that crossed company and geographic boundaries.
Projects had to be housed in the “cloud” of the Internet, and accessed from any Internetenabled location.
The concept of cloudbased documents and services took wing with the development of large server farms,
such as those run by Google and other search companies. Cloudcollaboration is also termed as Internetbased group
collaboration.
Evolution of Cloud Computing
Growth of cloud computing is not an instantaneous task but has transited from several intermediate stages.
Beginning from an era of mainframe
computing where huge and powerful mainframe systems supported many users connected through dummy
terminals and running data management applications.
There exist five intermediary stages from mainframe computing to the use of personal standalone computers
running desktop applications deriving personal computing to
the influx of interconnected computers converging to networking computing.This stage saw the growth of local
networks connected to other networks creating a globally
interconnected network such as the Internet for utilizing remote applications and resources. The networked
computers usually functioned in autonomic fashion resulting
in autonomic computing or followed clientserver architectures resulting in clientserver computing. Figure lists the
evolution of cloud computing.
The development of grid computing followed by the rise of cloud computing and is characterized as:
•Development of grid computing offered sharing of computing power and resources spread across multiple
geographical domains.
•The recent stage involves rise of cloud computing where serviceoriented, marketbased computing applications are
predominant.

•Virtualization meets the Internet.

Essential Cloud Computing Concepts
“Cloud” refers to the two essential concepts:
Abstraction: Cloud computing abstracts the details of system implementation from users and developers.
Applications run on physical systems that aren't specified, data is stored in locations that are unknown,
administration of systems is outsourced to others, and access by users is ubiquitous (Present or found everywhere).
Virtualization: Cloud computing virtualizes systems by pooling and sharing resources. Systems and storage can be
provisioned as needed from a centralized infrastructure, costsare assessed on a metered basis, multitenancy is
enabled, and resources are scalable with agility.
Who Benefits from Cloud Computing?
Collaborators: If you often collaborate with others on group projects. The ability to share and edit documents in real
time between multiple users is one of the primary benefits of webbased applications. Example, that you’re in
charge of an upcoming presentation to the senior management of your company. You need to work with the heads
of your company’s various departments, which happen to be based in a halfdozen locations. Given everyone’s busy
schedules, it’s tough enough to schedule a group conference call. How in the world can all of you get together to
create a cohesive presentation? Just like Google Presentations!
Road Warriors: When you work at one office today, at home the next day, and in another city the next, it’s tough to
keep track of all your documents and applications. You may end up with one version of a document on your work
PC, another on your laptop, and a third on your home PC—and that’s if you remember to copy that document and
take it with you from one location to the next. When you’re in the office, you log in to your webbased app and
access your stored document. Even if you travel to another city and the same application and document are still
available to you.
CostConscious Users: Another group of users who should gravitate to cloud computing are those who are cost
conscious. With cloud computing you can save money on both your hardware and software. Hardwarewise, there’s
no need to invest in large hard disks or super fast CPUs. Because everything is stored and run from the web, you
can cut costs by buying a less fully.
CostConscious IT Departments: Many corporate IT departments are also becoming enamored of the cloud
computing model. Although they might appreciate the software savings we just discussed, for them bigger savings
result from having to buy fewer central servers.
Users with Increasing Needs: Hardwarebased cost savings also apply to individual computer users. Do you need
more harddisk space to store all your digital photos and MP3 files? You could purchase a new external hard drive,
or you could utilize lowercost (or free) cloud storage instead.
Types of Cloud Computing

Three types of cloud computing

Public
External
Clou
d
Hybrid
Public
External
Public Private
Internal

User

User

User

In the public cloud (or external cloud) computing resources are dynamically provisioned over the Internet via Web
applications or Web services from an offsite thirdparty provider. Public clouds are run by third parties, and
applications from different customers are likely to be mixed together on the cloud’s servers, storage systems, and
networks.
Private cloud (or internal cloud) refers to cloud computing on private networks. Private clouds are built for the
exclusive use of one client, providing full control over data, security, and quality of service. Private clouds can be
built and managed by a company’s own IT organization or by a cloud provider.
A hybrid cloud environment combines multiple public and private cloud models. Hybrid clouds introduce the
complexity of determining how to distribute applications across both a public and private cloud.

Advantages of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is an emerging technology that almost every company is being switched to from its onpremises
technologies. Whether it is public, private, or hybrid, cloud computing has become an essential factor for
companies to rise up to the competition. Let us find out why the cloud is so much preferred over the onpremises
technologies.
Cost Efficiency: The biggest reason behind companies shifting to cloud computing is that it takes considerably
lesser cost than any onpremise technology. Now, companies need not store data in disks anymore as the cloud
offers enormous storage space, saving money and resources. CapEx and OpEx costs are reduced because resources
are only acquired when needed and are only paid for when used.
High speed: Cloud computing lets us deploy the service quickly in fewer clicks. This quick deployment lets us get
the resources required for our system within minutes.
Excellent Accessibility: Storing information in the cloud allows us to access it anywhere and anytime regardless of
the machine making it a highly accessible and flexible technology of the present times.
Backup and Restore data: Once data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get its backup and recovery, which is quite
a time-consuming process in on-premise technology.
Manageability: Cloud computing eliminates the need for IT infrastructure updates and maintenance since the
service provider ensures timely, guaranteed, and seamless delivery of our services and also takes care of all the
maintenance and management of our IT services according to the service level agreement (SLA).
Sporadic Batch Processing: Cloud computing lets us add or subtract resources and services according to our needs.
So, if the workload is not 24/7, we need not worry about the resources and services getting wasted and we won’t
end up stuck with unused services.
Strategic Edge: Cloud computing provides a company with a competitive edge over its competitors when it comes
to accessing the latest and mission critical applications that it needs without having to invest its time and money on
their installations.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

Every technology has both positive and negative aspects that are highly important to be discussed before
implementing it.
Vulnerability to Attacks: Storing data in the cloud may pose serious challenges of information theft since in the
cloud every data of a company is online. Security breach is something that even the best organizations have
suffered from and it’s a potential risk in the cloud as well. Although advanced security measures are deployed on
the cloud, still storing confidential data in the cloud can be a risky affair.
Network Connectivity Dependency: Cloud computing is entirely dependent on the Internet. This direct tieup with
the Internet means that a company needs to have reliable and consistent Internet service as well as a fast connection
and bandwidth to reap the benefits of cloud computing.
Downtime: Downtime is considered as one of the biggest potential downsides of using cloud computing. The cloud
providers may sometimes face technical outages that can happen due to various reasons, such as loss of power, low
Internet connectivity, data centers going out of service for maintenance, etc. This can lead to a temporary downtime
in the cloud service.
Vendor LockIn: When in need to migrate from one cloud platform to another, a company might face some serious
challenges because of the differences between vendor platforms. Hosting and running the applications of the
current cloud platform on some other platform may cause support issues, configuration complexities, and additional
expenses. The company data might also be left vulnerable to security attacks due to compromises that might have
been made during migrations.
Limited Control: Cloud customers may face limited control over their deployments. Cloud services run on remote
servers that are completely owned and managed by service providers, which makes it hard for the companies to
have the level of control that they would want over their backend infrastructure.

Components of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing solution is made up of several elements and these elements make up the three components of a
cloud computing solution.
1. Clients
2. The data center, and
3. Distributed servers.
Fig. Cloud Computing Components

Clients: Devices that end users interact with to manage their information on cloud. There can be different types of
clients such as:
Mobile Clients: Includes PDAs or smartphones, like a Blackberry, Windows Mobile Smartphone, or an iPhone.
Thin Clients: Computers that do not have internal hard drives, but rather let the server do all the work, but then
display the information.
Thick Clients: Thick clients are regular computer, using a web browser like Firefox or Internet Explorer to
connect to the cloud.
A thin client is a computing device that's connected to a network. Unlike a typical PC or “fat client,” that has the
memory, storage and computing power to run applications and perform computing tasks on its own, a thin client
functions as a virtual desktop, using the computing power residing on the networked servers.
Advantages of Using Thin Clients
Thin clients are becoming an increasingly popular solution, because of their price and effect on the environment.
Lower hardware costs:Thin clients are cheaper than thick clients because they do not contain as much hardware.
They also last longer before they need to be upgraded or become obsolete.
Lower IT costs:Thin clients are managed at the server and there are fewer points of failure.
Security: Since the processing takes place on the server and there is no hard drive, there’s less chance of malware
invading the device. Also, since thin clients don’t work without a server, there’s less chance of them being
physically stolen.
Data security: Since data is stored on the server, there’s less chance for data to be lost if the client computer
crashes or is stolen.
Less power consumption:Thin clients consume less power than thick clients. This means you’ll pay less to power
them, and you’ll also pay less to aircondition the office.
Ease of repair or replacement: If a thin client dies, it’s easy to replace. The box is simply swapped out and the
user’s desktop returns exactly as it was before failure.
Less noise: Without a spinning hard drive, less heat is generated and quieter fans can be used on the thin client.
Datacenter: Datacenter has a collection of servers where the application to which you subscribe is housed. It is a
large room in the basement of your building or a room full of servers on the other side of the world that you access
via the Internet. There is a growing trend in the IT world of virtualizing servers. The software can be installed
allowing multiple instances of virtual servers to be used. There can be half a dozen virtual servers running on one
physical server.
Distributed Servers: The distributed servers are in geographically disparate locations. They give the service
provider more flexibility in options and security. For instance, Amazon has their cloud solution in servers all over
the world. If something were to happen at one site, causing a failure, the service would still be accessed through
another site.

Eucalyptus:

Eucalyptus is an opensource cloud computing platform designed to enable users to create and manage their own
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) environments. It allows organizations to set up private clouds that can operate
similarly to public cloud services like Amazon Web Services (AWS). Eucalyptus was initially developed by
researchers at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and has since evolved into a robust platform used for
cloud computing.

Key Features

1. Open Source:
Eucalyptus is opensource, meaning that organizations can freely access, modify, and distribute the software. This
allows for customization according to specific needs.

2. AWS Compatibility:
One of Eucalyptus’s standout features is its compatibility with Amazon Web Services APIs. This enables users
to leverage existing AWS tools and applications, facilitating easier migration to Eucalyptus for those familiar with
AWS.

3. Flexible Architecture:
Eucalyptus supports a flexible architecture that allows for the integration of various cloud resources, including
storage, computing, and networking.

4. MultiCloud Support:
It allows users to create hybrid cloud environments, enabling the combination of private and public cloud
resources.

5. Dynamic Resource Management:

Eucalyptus supports dynamic allocation of resources, allowing users to scale their infrastructure up or down
based on demand.

6. User Management:
It provides features for user authentication and authorization, ensuring secure access to cloud resources.

Components

Eucalyptus consists of several key components:

1. Cloud Controller (CLC):

The CLC is the central management component of Eucalyptus. It coordinates the cloud environment, manages
resources, and interfaces with other components.

2. Walrus:
Walrus is the storage component of Eucalyptus, similar to Amazon S3. It provides object storage capabilities,
allowing users to store and retrieve data.

3. Cluster Controller (CC):

The CC manages the computing resources within a cluster. It communicates with the CLC to manage the
lifecycle of virtual machines and other resources.

4. Node Controller (NC):

The NC is responsible for managing individual physical machines (nodes) within the cloud. It handles the
execution of virtual machines and manages local resources.

5. Elastic Block Store (EBS):

Similar to AWS's Elastic Block Store, EBS provides block storage for use with virtual machines.

Nimbus:-

1. Definition:
Nimbus is a term that can refer to several different concepts across various fields, including weather phenomena,
cloud computing, and even cultural or artistic references. Below are some of the most prominent meanings:

2. Meteorological Meaning:
In meteorology, "nimbus" refers to a type of cloud that is associated with precipitation. The term derives from
Latin, meaning "rain."

Types of Nimbus Clouds:

Nimbostratus: Thick, dark clouds that cover the sky and bring continuous, steady precipitation. They usually
appear as a uniform gray layer.
Cumulonimbus: Tall, towering clouds that can produce thunderstorms and severe weather, including heavy rain,
lightning, and sometimes hail or tornadoes. They have a characteristic anvilshaped top.

3. Cloud Computing:
In the realm of technology, "Nimbus" can refer to various cloud computing platforms and services, particularly
those that offer Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) or Software as a Service (SaaS).

Nimbus (Software): Some software solutions and platforms use the name "Nimbus" to suggest flexibility and
scalability, akin to the cloud itself. For example, Nimbus Note is a productivity app that helps users organize notes,
tasks, and information in a cloudbased environment.

4. Cultural References:
The term "nimbus" is also used in art and religion, particularly to describe a halo or glowing aura surrounding a
divine or holy figure. This representation signifies sanctity and otherworldliness.

OpenNebula:- is an open-source cloud computing platform designed to manage virtualized data centers and
enable the creation of private and public clouds. Below is a detailed overview of OpenNebula, covering its
architecture, features, use cases, and more.
Overview
What is OpenNebula? OpenNebula is an open-source software solution that enables the deployment and
management of virtualized infrastructures. It provides a complete cloud management stack, allowing organizations
to build their own private clouds or hybrid clouds by integrating with public cloud services.
Architecture
Key Components:
 Frontend: The central management component, providing a web interface and command-line tools for
managing resources.
 Data Stores: Repositories for storing images, templates, and other data required for virtual machines
(VMs).
 Virtualization Hosts: Physical servers or nodes that run virtual machines, which can be managed using
various virtualization technologies (e.g., KVM, VMware, LXC).
 Networking: Networking components allow the management of virtual networks, security groups, and IP
addressing.
Key Features of OpenNebula:
 Multi-Cloud Management: Ability to integrate with public clouds (e.g., AWS, Azure) and manage them
alongside on-premises resources.
 Elasticity: Support for scaling resources up or down based on demand, enabling efficient resource
utilization.
 Self-Service Portal: Provides a user-friendly web interface for end-users to manage their VMs, networks,
and storage without needing to interact directly with the administrators.
 Templates and Snapshots: Users can create reusable templates for VM deployments and take snapshots
for easy recovery.
 Monitoring and Reporting: Built-in tools for monitoring the performance and resource usage of the cloud
infrastructure.
 Security and Access Control: Role-based access control (RBAC) to ensure that users have the appropriate
permissions for managing resources.

CloudSim is a simulation framework designed for modeling and simulating cloud computing
environments. It is widely used in research and development to facilitate the study of cloud computing
resource management, scheduling, and other operational strategies. Below is a detailed overview of
CloudSim, including its architecture, features, use cases, and more.
Overview
What is CloudSim? CloudSim is an open-source toolkit developed primarily at the University of
Melbourne. It allows researchers and developers to create simulations of cloud computing environments,
enabling the analysis of various cloud services, resource management, and workload management
strategies.
Key Features
Main Features of CloudSim:
 Resource Management Simulation: CloudSim can simulate various cloud resources, including servers,
storage, and network capabilities.
 Dynamic Resource Provisioning: Users can model and evaluate the impact of different provisioning
strategies in a cloud environment.
 Customizable: It allows for customization of cloud data centers, virtual machines (VMs), and user
applications.
 Workload Modeling: Users can create various workload models to simulate different types of applications
and their resource requirements.
 Extensible: CloudSim's architecture is modular, allowing researchers to extend its capabilities with new
algorithms and components.
 Cloud Service Modeling: It supports the simulation of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and can be
adapted for Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS) models.
Advantages

1. CostEffective: Being opensource reduces licensing costs associated with proprietary cloud solutions.
2. Customization: Organizations can tailor the platform to their specific requirements.
3. Control and Security: A private cloud setup gives organizations greater control over their data and security
measures.
4. Familiarity with AWS: Compatibility with AWS APIs makes it easier for users familiar with AWS to transition
to Eucalyptus.

Disadvantages

1. Complexity: Setting up and managing an Eucalyptus cloud can be complex and may require specialized
knowledge.
2. Community Support: As an opensource platform, support may rely more on community forums than on
dedicated customer service.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing harnesses the power of the Internet to allow organizations to remain productive despite the
COVID19 pandemic and work from home arrangements. The technology helps businesses maximize their
resources because they don’t need to buy their physical servers. Everything is online. Everything is in the cloud.
Ondemand selfservice– A user can provision computing capabilities, such as server time and storage, as needed
without requiring human interaction.
Broader network access– Capabilities are available over a network and typically accessed by the users’ mobile
phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations.
Shared resource pooling– The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple users using a
multitenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and
reassigned according to consumer demand. Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, and
network bandwidth.
Rapid elasticity– Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases
automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward as needed. For the user, the capabilities
available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.
Measured service– Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering
capability appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). The
resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and user of
the service. It follows a “Pay as you grow” modelor for internal IT departments to provide IT chargeback
capabilities. The usage of cloud resources is measured and user is charged based on some metrics such as amount
of CPU cycles used, amount of storage space used, number of network I/O requests etc. are used to calculate the
usage charges for the cloud resources.
PerformanceDynamic allocation of resources as per the application workloads helps to easily scale up or down and
maintain performance.
Reduced costsCost benefits for applications as only as much computing and storage resources are required can be
provisioned dynamically and upfront investment in purchase of computing assets to cover worst case requirements
is avoided.
Outsourced ManagementCloud computing allows the users to outsource the IT infrastructure
requirements to external cloud providers and save upfront capital investments. This helps in
easiness of setting IT infrastructure and pay only for the operational expensesfor the cloud resources used.

Figure 7: ServiceOriented Architecture

Multitenancy: Multitenancy allows multiple users to make use of the same shared resources. Modern applications
such as Banking, Financial, Social networking, ecommerce, B2B etc. are deployed in cloud environments that
support multitenanted applications.
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA): SOAis essentially a collection of services which communicate with each
other.SOA provides a looselyintegrated suite of services that can be used within multiple business domains (Figure
7). The approach here is usually implemented by Web service model.

Issues of Cloud Computing

Security and Privacy:Security has indeed been a primary, and valid, concern from the start of cloud computing
technology: you are unable to see the exact location where your data is stored or being processed. This increases
the cloud computing risks that can arise during the implementation or management of the cloud.When we say
security and privacy, we are talking about the user data that is stored on Cloud Service Providers (CSP) data
centers. A CSP should abide by the rules of not sharing confidential data or any data that matters to the users. The
data centers must be secure and privacy of the data should be maintained by a CSP. There is always concern about
the actual location of your data, where it is stored and processed. Before onboarding, yourself on the cloud
computing platform one should always check the data security and data recovery (in case of disaster) policy of the
CSP.
Cost Management and Containment:Cloud computing can be expensive if you don’t know how to manage your
computing resources and take maximum advantage of them. Many times, the organizations dwell in a mindset of
payasyougo and spend more on cloud than they would have on onpremise infrastructure. One should always
optimize the cost by financial analytics and reporting the usage for better monitoring of cost.For the most part,
cloud computing can save businesses money. In the cloud, an organization can easily ramp up its processing
capabilities without making large investments in new hardware. Businesses can instead access extra processing
through payasyougo modelsfrom public cloud providers. However, the ondemand and scalable nature of cloud
computing services make it sometimes difficult to define and predict quantities and costs.
Lack of Resources/ Expertise:Cloud challenges companies and enterprises. As the usage of cloud technologies is
increasing, tools to manage it are getting sophisticated, finding experts on top of this in cloud computing is
becoming a bottleneck to many organizations. The organizations are increasingly placing more workloads in the
cloud while cloud technologies continue to rapidly advance. Due to these factors, organizations are having a tough
time keeping up with the tools. Also, the need for expertise continues to grow. Such challenges can be minimized
through additional training of IT and development staff.Many companies are adopting automated cloud
management technologies but it’s always better to train individuals to satisfy the need of time. Presently, DevOps
tools like Chef and Puppet are heavily used in the IT industry.
Governance/ Control:In cloud computing, infrastructure resources are under CSP’s control and endusers or
companies have to abide by the governance policies from CSP. The traditional IT teams have no control over how
and where their data is and processed. IT governance should assure how infrastructure assets from CSP are being
used. To overcome the downfalls and challenges, onboarding to Cloud, IT must adapt its orthodox way of
governance and process control to the induct cloud. Now, IT is playing an important role in benchmarking cloud
services requirements and policies. Thus, the proper IT governance should ensure IT assets are implemented and
used according to agreedupon policies and procedures; ensure that these assets are properly controlled and
maintained; and ensure that these assets are supporting your organization’s strategy and business goals.
Compliance:When organizations are moving their native data to a cloud, they need to comply with particular
general body policies if the data is from public sources. Although, finding a cloud provider who will comply with
these policies is difficult to find, or one needs to negotiate on that front.Many CSPs are coming with flexible
compliance policies for data acquisition and cloud infrastructure.An issue for anyone using backup services or
cloud storage. Every time a company moves data from the internal storage to a cloud, it is faced with being
compliant with industry regulations and laws.Depending on the industry and requirements, every organization must
ensure thesestandards are respected and carried out.This is one of the many challenges facing cloud computing, and
although the procedure can take a certain amount of time, the data must be properly stored.
Managing Multiple Clouds: The challenges facing cloud computing haven’t just been concentrated in one, single
cloud.The state of multicloud has grown exponentially in recent years. But managing multicloud infrastructure
contrary to a single cloud is very challenging given all the above datadriven challenges. The companies are shifting
or combining public and private clouds and, as mentioned earlier, tech giants like Alibaba and Amazon are leading
the way.Approximately, 81% of companies are having multicloud strategies and have a hybrid cloud structure
(public and private clouds). Companies are opting for a multicloud scenario because some of the services are cost-
effective in public and to manage cost-effectively this cloud model has been very successful in recent years.
However, managing such highly networked architecture is a difficult task.
Performance: When a business moves to the cloud it becomes dependent on the service providers. The next
prominent challenges of moving to cloud computing expand on this partnership. The performance of the
organization’s BI and other cloud based systems is also tied to the performance of the cloud provider when it
falters. When your provider is down, you are also down. Cloud computing is on demand compute service and
supports multitenancy, thus performance should not suffer over the acquisition of new users. The CSP should
maintain enough resources to serve all the users and any adhoc requests.
Building a Private Cloud:Creating an internal or private cloud will cause a significant benefit: having all the data
inhouse. But IT managers and departments will need to face building and gluing it all together by themselves,
which can cause one of the challenges of moving to cloud
computing extremely difficult.Many tasks such as grabbing an IP address cloud software layer, setting up a virtual
local area network (VLAN), load balancing, firewall rulesetting for the IP address, server software patch, arranging
nightly backup queue are quite complex associated tasks for a private cloud.Although building a private cloud isn’t
a top priority for many organizations, for those who are likely to implement such a solution, it quickly becomes one
of the main challenges facing cloud computing – private solutions should be carefully addressed.Many companies
are planning to do so because the cloud will onpremise and they will have all the data authority over shared cloud
resources.
Segmented Usage and Adoption: Most organizations did not have a robust cloud adoption strategy in place when
they started to move to the cloud. Instead, adhoc strategies sprouted, fueled by several components. One of them
was the speed of cloud adoption. Another one was the staggered expiration of data center contracts/equipment,
which led to intermittent cloud migration. Finally, there also were individual development teams using the public
cloud for specific applications or projects.
Migration: One of the main cloud computing industry challenges in recent years concentrates on migration. This
is a process of moving an application to a cloud. An although moving a new application is a straightforward
process, when it comes to moving an existing application to a cloud environment, many cloud challenges arise.

Challenges in Cloud Computing

Hosting and running the applications of the current cloud platform on some other platform may cause support
issues, configuration complexities, and additional expenses. The company data might also be left vulnerable to
security attacks due to compromises that might have been made during migrations. The various challenges being
faced include:
Service Quality: Service quality should be good and is a major concern of the enduser. The whole ecosystem of
cloud computing is presented in virtual environments and thus the CSP should give what is promised in terms of
service, be it compute resources or customer satisfaction.
Interoperability: CSP’s services should be flexible enough to integrate itself into other platforms and services
provided by other CSPs. The data pipeline should be easy to integrate and should drive improved performance.
There are a lot of challenges in cloud computing like Big data analysis, long hall transfer, transferring data
problems but still, it is the best computing resource available to date.
Availability and Reliability:Data and service from CSP should be available at all times irrespective of the
external condition or the ideal condition. Computing resources should be available for the users and their
operability should be reliable.
Portability:If the users want to migrate from one CSP to others, the vendor should not lockin customer data or
services and the migration should be ease. There are different laws over data in different countries.
Cloud Integration: Several companies, especially those with hybrid cloud environments report issues associated
with having their on-premise apps and tools and public cloud for working together. According to survey, 62% of
respondents said integration of legacy systems as their biggest challenge in multicloud. Although, combining new
cloud based apps and legacy systems needs resources, expertise, and time but still several companies are
considering that the perks of cloud computing dominate the backlogs of this technology.
Vendor Lockin:Entering a cloud computing agreement is easier than leaving it. “Vendor lockin” happens when
altering providers is either excessively expensive or just not possible.It could be that the service is nonstandard or
that there is no viable vendor substitute.It is important to guarantee the services you involve are typical and
transportable to other providers, and above all, understand the requirements.When in need to migrate from one
cloud platform to another, a company might face some serious challenges because of the differences between
vendor platforms.
Major Players in Cloud Computing
Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Overview: AWS is the largest and most widely adopted cloud platform in the world. It provides a vast array of
services that cater to different computing needs.
Key Features:
Services Offered: Includes computing power (EC2), storage (S3), databases (RDS), machine learning
(SageMaker), and more.
Global Reach: Operates in multiple geographic regions, providing lowlatency access worldwide.
Use Cases: Commonly used for web hosting, big data analytics, application development, and enterprise IT
infrastructure.

Microsoft Azure
Overview: Azure is a cloud computing platform created by Microsoft, offering a range of services that integrate
seamlessly with other Microsoft products.
Key Features:
Hybrid Capabilities: Strong support for hybrid cloud solutions, allowing businesses to integrate onpremises
resources with cloud services.
Wide Service Range: Offers services like Azure Virtual Machines, Azure Functions, and Azure SQL Database.
Use Cases: Ideal for businesses already using Microsoft software, supporting applications, data storage, and
DevOps processes.

Google Cloud Platform (GCP)

Overview: GCP is known for its advanced data analytics and machine learning capabilities, leveraging Google's
expertise in these areas.
Key Features:
Data Services: Offers BigQuery for data analysis, TensorFlow for machine learning, and Cloud Storage for
scalable storage solutions.
Global Infrastructure: Benefits from Google’s global network for high performance and reliability.
Use Cases: Popular among datacentric companies and startups focusing on machine learning, data analysis, and
application development.

IBM Cloud
Overview: IBM Cloud combines IaaS and PaaS offerings with a strong emphasis on enterprise solutions and
hybrid cloud environments.
Key Features:
AI Integration: Incorporates IBM Watson for AI services and analytics.
Enterprise Focus: Tailored for large organizations needing secure and compliant solutions.
Use Cases: Often used in industries like finance, healthcare, and manufacturing, where security and compliance
are critical.

5. Oracle Cloud
Overview: Oracle Cloud provides cloud infrastructure and applications, especially known for its database
offerings.
Key Features:
Database Services: Oracle Database as a Service (DBaaS) offers powerful database management in the cloud.
Enterprise Applications: Includes Oracle ERP, HCM, and other applications for business management.
Use Cases: Frequently chosen by enterprises for its robust database capabilities and applications.

6. Alibaba Cloud
Overview: Alibaba Cloud is the largest cloud service provider in Asia and has been expanding globally.
Key Features:
 Comprehensive Services: Offers a wide range of services including data storage, cloud security, and big data
solutions.
Focus on Asia: Tailored to meet the needs of businesses in the Asian market, with compliance and support for
local regulations.
Use Cases: Increasingly used by businesses operating in Asia, as well as global companies looking to expand in
the region.

7. Salesforce
Overview: Salesforce is primarily known for its customer relationship management (CRM) solutions, but also
offers a cloud platform for developers.
Key Features:
CRM Focus: Provides tools for sales, customer service, and marketing.
App Development: Offers the Salesforce Platform for building custom applications.
Use Cases: Widely adopted in sales and customer service sectors, enhancing customer engagement and
relationship management.

DigitalOcean
Overview: DigitalOcean is a cloud provider aimed at developers, offering simplicity and ease of use.
Key Features:
DeveloperFriendly: Provides straightforward interfaces and API access for easy management of cloud
resources.
CostEffective: Known for its competitive pricing, making it attractive for startups and small businesses.
Use Cases: Popular among individual developers and small teams for deploying applications and websites
quickly.

VMware
Overview: VMware specializes in virtualization and cloud infrastructure solutions, helping organizations manage
their IT environments.
Key Features:
Virtualization Technology: Offers powerful tools for managing virtual machines and data centers.
Hybrid Cloud Solutions: Supports hybrid cloud strategies to integrate onpremises and cloud resources.
Use Cases: Commonly used by enterprises looking to optimize their existing infrastructure while transitioning to
the cloud.

Rackspace
Overview: Rackspace provides managed cloud services, helping businesses manage their cloud environments
effectively.
Key Features:
Managed Support: Offers expert support for various cloud platforms, including AWS, Azure, and Google
Cloud.
Custom Solutions: Tailors cloud solutions to meet specific business needs.
Use Cases: Suitable for companies needing assistance with cloud management, migration, and optimization.

Applications of Cloud Computing

Cloud Service Providers (CSP) are providing many types of cloud services and now if we say that cloud computing
has touched every sector by providing various cloud applications. The sharing
and management of resources is easy in cloud computing that’s why it is one of the dominant fields of computing.
Many properties have made it an active component in different fields.
Online Data Storage: Cloud computing allows storing data like files, images, audios, and videos, etc. on
the cloud storage. The organization need not set physical storage systems to store a huge volume of business data
which costs so high nowadays. As they are growing technologically, data generation is also growing with respect to
time, and storing that becoming problem. In that situation, Cloud storage is providing this service to store and
access data any time as per requirement. Example: Google Drive, DropBox, iCloud etc.
Backup and Recovery: Cloud vendors provide security from their side by storing safe to the data as well
as providing a backup facility to the data. They offer various recovery application for retrieving the lost data. In the
traditional way, backup of data is a very complex problem and also it is very difficult sometimes impossible to
recover the lost data. But cloud computing has made backup and recovery applications very easy where there is no
fear of running out of backup media or loss of data.
Bigdata Analysis: We know the volume of big data is so high, such that, storing that in the traditional
data management system for an organization is impossible. Cloud computing has resolved that problem by
allowing the organizations to store their large volume of data in cloud storage without worrying about physical
storage. Next comes analyzing the raw data and finding out insights or useful information from it is a big challenge
as it requires highquality tools for data analytics. Cloud computing provides the biggest facility to organizations in
terms of storing and analyzing big data.
AntiVirus Applications: Previously, organizations were installing antivirus software within their system
even if we will see we personally also keep antivirus software in our system for safety from outside cyber threats.
But, nowadays, cloud computing provides cloud antivirus
software which means the software is stored in the cloud and monitors your
system/organization’s system remotely. This antivirus software identifies the security risks and fixes them.
Sometimes also they give a feature to download the software.
Ecommerce Application: Cloud based ecommerce allows responding quickly to the
opportunities which are emerging. Users respond quickly to the market opportunities as well as the traditional
ecommerce responds to the challenges quickly. Cloud based ecommerce gives a new approach to doing business
with the minimum amount as well as minimum time possible. Customer data, product data, and other operational
systems are managed in cloud environments.
Cloud computing in Education: Cloud computing in the education sector brings an unbelievable
change in learning by providing eLearning, online distance learning platforms, and student information portals to
the students. It is a new trend in education that provides an attractive
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Unit 01: Cloud Computing Introduction

environment for learning, teaching, experimenting, etc. to students, faculty members, and
researchers. Everyone associated with the field can connect to the cloud of their organization and
access data and information from there.
Technology enhanced Learning or Education as a Service (EaaS):There are the following
education applications offered by the cloud

Example:
Google Apps for Education: Google Apps for Education is the most widely used platform for free
webbased email, calendar, documents, and collaborative study.
Chromebooks for Education: Chromebook for Education is one of the most important Google's
projects. It is designed for the purpose that it enhances education innovation.
Tablets with Google Play for Education: It allows educators to quickly implement the latest
technology solutions into the classroom and make it available to their students.

Testing and development: Setting up the platform for development and finally performing
different types of testing to check the readiness of the product before delivery requires different types
of IT resources and infrastructure. But Cloud computing provides the easiest approach for
development as well as testing even if deployment by using their IT resources with minimal expenses.
Organizations find it more helpful as they got scalable and flexible cloud services for product
development, testing, and deployment.
EGovernance Applications: Cloud computing can provide its services to multiple activities
conducted by the government. It can support the government to move from the traditional ways of
management and service providers to an advanced way of everything by expanding the availability of
the environment, making the environment more scalable and customized. It can help the government
to reduce the unnecessary cost in managing, installing, and upgrading applications and doing all these
with help of could computing and utilizing that money public service.
Cloud Computing in Medical Fields: In the medical field also nowadays cloud computing is used for
storing and accessing the data as it allows to store data and access it through the internet
without worrying about any physical setup. It facilitates easier access and distribution of
information among the various medical professional and the individual patients. Similarly, with help
of cloud computing offsite buildings and treatment facilities like labs, doctors making emergency
house calls and ambulances information, etc can be easily accessed and updated remotely instead of
having to wait until they can access a hospital computer.

Example: Telehealth, MediCloud, Technologyenhanced Healthcare

Entertainment Applications: Many people get entertainment from the internet, in that case, cloud
computing is the perfect place for reaching to a varied consumer base. Therefore, different types of
entertainment industries reach near the target audience by adopting a multicloud strategy.Cloudbased
entertainment provides various entertainment applications such as online music/video, online games
and video conferencing, streaming services, etc and it can reach any device be it TV, mobile, settop
box, or any other form. It is a new form of entertainment called OnDemand Entertainment
(ODE).Entertainment industries use a multicloud strategy to interact with the target audience. Cloud
computing offers various entertainment applications such as online games and video conferencing.
Online games:Today, cloud gaming becomes one of the most important entertainment media. It offers
various online games that run remotely from the cloud. The best cloud gaming services are Shaow,
GeForce Now, Vortex, Project xCloud, and PlayStation Now.
Video conferencing apps:Video conferencing apps provides a simple and instant connected
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Unit 01: Cloud Computing Introduction

experience. It allows us to communicate with our business partners, friends, and relatives using a
cloudbased video conferencing. The benefits of using video conferencing are that it reduces cost,
increases efficiency, and removes interoperability.

Lab Exercise: Explore the different service providers of Cloud computing?

Summary
Cloud computing offers various cloud management tools which help admins to manage all types of
cloud activities, such as resource deployment, data integration, and disaster recovery.
Cloud computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the applications online.

Cloud computing virtualizes systems by pooling and sharing resources. Systems and storage can be
provisioned as needed from a centralized infrastructure, costs are assessed on a metered basis,
multitenancy is enabled, and resources are scalable with agility.
Cloud computing eliminates the need for IT infrastructure updates and maintenance since the service
provider ensures timely, guaranteed, and seamless delivery of our services and also takes care of all
the maintenance and management of our IT services according to the service level agreement (SLA).
Cloud computing can be expensive if you don’t know how to manage your computing resources and
take maximum advantage of them.
Cloud computing lets us deploy the service quickly in fewer clicks. This quick deployment lets us get
the resources required for our system within minutes.

Advantages

1. Cost Effective: Being opensource reduces licensing costs associated with proprietary cloud
solutions.
2. Customization: Organizations can tailor the platform to their specific requirements.
3. Control and Security: A private cloud setup gives organizations greater control over their data and
security measures.
4. Familiarity with AWS: Compatibility with AWS APIs makes it easier for users familiar with AWS
to transition to Eucalyptus.

Disadvantages

1. Complexity: Setting up and managing an Eucalyptus cloud can be complex and may require
specialized knowledge.
2. Community Support: As an opensource platform, support may rely more on community forums
than on dedicated customer service.

What are Iaas, Paas and Saas?

IaaS, PaaS and SaaS are the three most popular types
of cloud service offerings. They are sometimes referred to as cloud
service models or cloud computing service models.
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Unit 01: Cloud Computing Introduction

IaaS, PaaS and SaaS are the three most popular types of cloud service offerings. They are
sometimes referred to as cloud service models or cloud computing service models.

 IaaS, or infrastructure as a service, is on-demand access to cloud-hosted physical and

virtual servers, storage and networking—the backend IT infrastructure for running
applications and workloads in the cloud.

 PaaS, or platform as a service, is on-demand access to a complete, ready-to-use, cloud-

hosted platform for developing, running, maintaining and managing applications.

 SaaS, or software as a service, is on-demand access to ready-to-use, cloud-hosted

application software.

IaaS, PaaS and SaaS are not mutually exclusive. Many mid-sized businesses use more
than one, and most large enterprises use all three.

'As a service' refers to the way IT assets are consumed in these offering and to the
essential difference between cloud computing and traditional IT. In traditional IT, an
organization consumes IT assets—hardware, system software, development tools,
applications—by purchasing them, installing them, managing them and maintaining
them in its own on-premises data center.

In cloud computing, the cloud service provider owns, manages and maintains the assets;
the customer consumes them via an Internet connection, and pays for them on a
subscription or pay-as-you-go basis.

So the chief advantage of IaaS, PaaS, SaaS or any 'as a service' solution is economic: A
customer can access and scale the IT capabilities it needs for a predictable cost, without
the expense and overhead of purchasing and maintaining everything in its own data
center. But there are additional advantages specific to each of these solutions.
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IaaS

IaaS is on-demand access to cloud-hosted computing infrastructure—servers, storage

capacity and networking resources—that customers can provision, configure and use in
much the same way as they use on-premises hardware.

The difference is that the cloud service provider hosts, manages and maintains the
hardware and computing resources in its own data centers. IaaS customers use the
hardware via an internet connection, and pay for that use on a subscription or pay-as-
you-go basis.

Typically IaaS customers can choose between virtual machines (VMs) hosted on shared
physical hardware (the cloud service provider manages virtualization) or bare metal
servers on dedicated (unshared) physical hardware. Customers can provision, configure
and operate the servers and infrastructure resources via a graphical dashboard, or
programmatically through application programming interfaces (APIs).
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Unit 01: Cloud Computing Introduction

IaaS can be thought of as the original 'as a service' offering: Every

major cloud service provider—Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud, IBM Cloud,
Microsoft Azure—began by offering some form of IaaS.

Benefits of IaaS

Compared to traditional IT, IaaS gives customers more flexibility build out computing
resources as needed, and to scale them up or down in response to spikes or slow-downs
in traffic. IaaS lets customers avoid the up-front expense and overhead of purchasing
and maintaining its own on-premises data center. It also eliminates the constant
tradeoff between the waste of purchasing excess on-premises capacity to accommodate
spikes, versus the poor performance or outages that can result from not having enough
capacity for unanticipated traffic bursts or growth.

Other benefits of IaaS include:

 Higher availability: With IaaS a company can create redundant servers easily, and even
create them in other geographies to ensure availability during local power outages or
physical disasters.

 Lower latency, improved performance: Because IaaS providers typically operate data
centers in multiple geographies, IaaS customers can locate apps and services closer to
users to minimize latency and maximize performance.

 Improved responsiveness: Customers can provision resources in a matter of minutes,

test new ideas quickly and quickly roll out new ideas to more users.

 Comprehensive security: With a high level of security onsite, at data centers, and via
encryption, organizations can often take advantage of more advanced security and
protection they might provide if they hosted the cloud infrastructure in-house.

 Faster access to best-of-breed technology: Cloud providers compete with each

other by providing the latest technologies to their users, IaaS customers can take
advantage of these technologies much earlier (and at far less cost) than they can
implement them on premises.

IaaS use cases

Common uses of IaaS include:

 Disaster recovery: Instead of setting up redundant servers in multiple locations, IaaS

can deploy its disaster recovery solution to the cloud provider's existing geographically
dispersed infrastructure.

 Ecommerce: IaaS is an excellent option for online retailers that frequently see spikes in
traffic. The ability to scale up during periods of high demand and high-quality security
are essential in today’s 24-7 retail industry.

 Internet of Things (IoT), event processing, artificial intelligence (AI): IaaS makes it
easier to set up and scale up data storage and computing resources for these and other
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Unit 01: Cloud Computing Introduction

applications that work with huge volumes of data.

 Startups: Startups can't afford to sink capital into on-premises IT

infrastructure. IaaS gives them access to enterprise-class data center capabilities
without the up-front investment in hardware and management overhead.

 Software development: With IaaS, the infrastructure for testing and development
environments can be set up much more quickly than on-premises. (However, this use
case is better suited to PaaS, as you'll read in the next section.)
PaaS

PaaS provides a cloud-based platform for developing, running, managing applications.

The cloud services provider hosts manages and maintains all the hardware and
software included in the platform—servers (for development, testing and
deployment), operating system (OS) software, storage, networking,
databases, middleware, runtimes, frameworks, development tools—as well as related
services for security, operating system and software upgrades, backups and more.

Users access the PaaS through a graphical user interface (GUI), where development
or DevOps teams can collaborate on all their work across the entire application lifecycle
including coding, integration, testing, delivery, deployment and feedback.

Examples of PaaS solutions include AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Google App Engine,
Microsoft Windows Azure and Red Hat OpenShift on IBM Cloud.

Benefits of PaaS

The primary benefit of PaaS is that it allows customers to build, test, deploy run, update
and scale applications more quickly and cost-effectively than they might if they had to
build out and manage their own on-premises platform. Other benefits include:

 Faster time to market: PaaS enables development teams to spin-up development,

testing and production environments in minutes, rather than weeks or months.

 Low- to no-risk testing and adoption of new technologies: PaaS platforms typically
include access to a wide range of the latest resources up and down the application stack.
This allows companies to test new operating systems, languages and other tools without
having to make substantial investments in them, or in the infrastructure required to run
them.

 Simplified collaboration: As a cloud-based service, PaaS provides a shared software

development environment, giving development and operations teams access to all the
tools they need, from anywhere with an Internet connection.

 A more scalable approach: With PaaS, organizations can purchase extra capacity for
building, testing, staging and running applications whenever they need it.

 Less to manage: PaaS offloads infrastructure management, patches, updates and other
administrative tasks to the cloud service provider.

PaaS use cases

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Unit 01: Cloud Computing Introduction

PaaS can advance several development and IT initiatives including:

 API development and management: With its built-in frameworks, PaaS makes
it easier for teams to develop, run, manage and secure APIs for sharing data and
functionality between applications.

 Internet of Things (IoT): PaaS supports a range of programming languages

(Java, Python, Swift and more), tools and application environments used for IoT
application development and real-time processing of data from IoT devices.

 Agile development and DevOps: PaaS solutions typically cover all the
requirements of a DevOps toolchain, and provide built-in automation to
support continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD).

 Cloud-native development and hybrid cloud strategy: PaaS solutions

support cloud-native development technologies—
microservices, containers, Kubernetes, serverless computing—that enable
developers to build once, then deploy and manage consistently across private
cloud, public cloud and on-premises environments.
SaaS

SaaS (sometimes called cloud application services) is cloud-hosted, ready-to-use

application software. Users pay a monthly or annual fee to use a complete application
from within a web browser, desktop client or mobile app. The application and all of the
infrastructure required to deliver it—servers, storage, networking, middleware,
application software, data storage—are hosted and managed by the SaaS vendor.

The vendor manages all upgrades and patches to the software, usually invisibly to
customers. Typically, the vendor ensures a level of availability, performance and
security as part of a service level agreement (SLA). Customers can add more users
and data storage on demand at additional cost.

Today, anyone who uses a or mobile phone almost certainly uses some form of SaaS.
Email, social media and cloud file storage solutions (such as Dropbox or Box)
are examples of SaaS applications people use every day in their personal lives.

Popular business or enterprise SaaS solutions include Salesforce (customer relationship

management software), HubSpot (marketing software), Trello (workflow management),
Slack (collaboration and messaging) and Canva (graphics). Many applications designed
originally for the desktop (for example, Adobe Creative Suite) are now available
as SaaS (for example, Adobe Creative Cloud).

Benefits of SaaS

The main benefit of SaaS is that it offloads all infrastructure and application
management to the SaaS vendor. All the user has to do is create an account, pay the fee
and start using the application. The vendor handles everything else, from maintaining
the server hardware and software to managing user access and security, storing and
managing data, implementing upgrades and patches and more.
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Unit 01: Cloud Computing Introduction

Other benefits of SaaS include:

 Minimal risk: Many SaaS products offer a free trial period, or low monthly fees that let
customers try the software to see if it will meet their needs, with little or no financial
risk.

 Anytime/anywhere productivity: Users can work with SaaS apps on any device with a
browser and an internet connection.

 Easy scalability: Adding users is as simple as registering and paying for new seats—
customers can purchase more data storage for a nominal charge.

Some SaaS vendors even enable customization of their product by providing a

companion PaaS solution. One well-known example is Heroku,
a PaaS solution for Salesforce.

SaaS use cases

Today, just about any personal or employee productivity application is available

as SaaS—specific use cases are too numerous to mention (some are listed above). If a
user or organization can find a SaaS solution with the required functionality, in most
cases it will provide a significantly simpler, more scalable and more cost-
effective alternative to on-premises software.
SaaS vs. PaaS vs. IaaS: management ease vs. control

SaaS, Paas, IaaS are not mutually exclusive—most organizations use more than one, and
many larger organizations today use all three, often with traditional IT.

Obviously, the as-a-service solution a customer chooses depends first on

the functionality the customer requires, and the expertise it has on staff. For example,
an organization without the in-house IT expertise for configuring and operating remote
servers isn't well matched to IaaS. An organization without a development team has no
need for PaaS.

But in some cases, any of the three 'as-a-service' models will offer a viable solution. In
these cases, organizations typically compare the alternatives based on the management
ease they offer versus the control they give up.

For example, suppose that a large organization wants to deliver a customer relationship
management (CRM) application to its sales team. It might:

 Choose a SaaS CRM solution, offloading all day-to-day management to the third-party
vendor, but also giving up all control over features and functionality, data storage, user
access and security.

 Choose a PaaS solution and build a custom CRM application. In this case, the company
would offload management of infrastructure and application development resources to
the cloud service provider. The customer would retain complete control over
application features, but it would also assume responsibility for managing the
application and associated data.
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Unit 01: Cloud Computing Introduction

 Build out backend IT infrastructure on the cloud by using IaaS, and use it to build its own
development platform and application. The organization's IT team would have complete
control over operating systems and server configurations, but also bear the burden of
managing and maintaining them, along with the development platform and applications
that run on them.
IaaS, SaaS, PaaS and IBM Cloud

IBM has a broad menu of IaaS, PaaS and SaaS offerings to meet your company’s needs up
and down the stack. IBM’s rich and scalable PaaS solutions help organizations develop
cloud native applications from scratch, or modernize existing applications to benefit
from the flexibility and scalability of the cloud. IBM also offers a full IaaS layer of
virtualized compute, network and storage within our full-stack cloud platform, and
more than 150 SaaS business applications to help you innovate.

(Reference=https://www.ibm.com/topics/iaas-paas-saas)

Database as a Service (DBaaS)

DBaaS is a cloud computing service model that enables users to access and use database management
systems without the need to install, configure, or manage physical hardware. The service is hosted and
managed by a thirdparty provider, allowing businesses to focus on their core activities rather than on
database maintenance.

Provisioning: Users can quickly provision new databases through an easytouse interface, often with
just a few clicks.
Maintenance: The service provider handles routine maintenance tasks, such as patching, upgrades,
and backups, which are critical for database reliability and security.
Data Security: DBaaS providers typically offer builtin security measures, such as encryption and
access controls, ensuring data is protected from unauthorized access.
Performance Optimization: Providers often include tools for monitoring and optimizing database
performance, helping users achieve better application performance.

Monitoring as a Service (MaaS)

MaaS is a cloudbased service model that provides comprehensive monitoring solutions for IT
environments, applications, and systems. This service allows organizations to track performance
metrics, system health, and operational efficiency without investing in onpremises monitoring tools.
Key Components:
Data Collection: MaaS collects realtime data from various sources, including servers, applications,
networks, and user interactions.
Analysis and Reporting: The service analyzes collected data and generates reports that provide
insights into performance trends, bottlenecks, and anomalies.
Alerts and Incident Management: Users receive notifications about critical issues, enabling them to
take proactive measures to resolve problems before they impact users.
Customizable Dashboards: Users can create dashboards tailored to their specific needs, allowing
them to visualize the data that matters most to them.

Communication as a Service (CaaS)

CaaS is a cloud based communication service that provides a range of communication tools and
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Unit 01: Cloud Computing Introduction

functionalities, including voice calls, video conferencing, messaging, and collaboration platforms.
CaaS allows businesses to manage their communication needs through a single, integrated platform
without the complexity of traditional telephony systems.

Unified Interface: Users can access various communication methods (e.g., voice, video, messaging)
from a single platform, streamlining communication workflows.
Scalability: Organizations can easily scale their communication services up or down based on user
needs, making it suitable for businesses of all sizes.
Integration with Other Services: CaaS solutions often include APIs that allow organizations to
integrate communication features into their existing applications or workflows.
Mobility: Users can access communication tools from any device with internet access, facilitating
remote work and collaboration.

Introduction to MapReduce, GFS, HDFS, and the Hadoop Framework

 MapReduce
MapReduce is a powerful programming model designed for processing large data sets in a distributed
computing environment. It allows developers to write applications that can process vast amounts of
data across a cluster of machines. The core of the MapReduce model consists of two main functions:
the Map function and the Reduce function.

Map Function: This function takes input data, processes it, and outputs intermediate keyvalue pairs.
For example, in a word count application, the Map function would read a document and output pairs
such as (word, 1) for each word found.

Reduce Function: The Reduce function takes the intermediate keyvalue pairs produced by the Map
function, aggregates them, and produces the final output. Continuing with the word count example, it
would sum the counts for each word.

The overall process involves several steps: data is split into manageable chunks (splitting), processed
in parallel by the Map function (mapping), intermediate data is grouped by key (shuffling and
sorting), and finally, the Reduce function generates the output. This approach enables efficient
processing of large datasets, making it ideal for data analytics, log analysis, and machine learning
applications.

 Google File System (GFS)

GFS is a distributed file system developed by Google to manage large data sets across many machines
while ensuring fault tolerance and high availability. It is designed to handle petabytes of data and
thousands of machines effectively.

Scalability: GFS can scale out easily by adding more machines to the cluster, accommodating
increasing data loads.
Fault Tolerance: It automatically replicates data across multiple servers to prevent data loss in case of
hardware failures.
Large File Handling: GFS is optimized for large files, which are divided into chunks for storage and
management.
High Throughput: The system is designed for high data throughput, making it suitable for
dataintensive applications.
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Unit 01: Cloud Computing Introduction

GFS has influenced the design of other distributed file systems, including Hadoop's HDFS, making it
a foundational technology in big data processing.

 Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)

HDFS is the primary storage system of the Hadoop framework, designed to store large files across a
distributed network of machines efficiently. It is similar to GFS but tailored for the Hadoop
ecosystem.

Distributed Storage: Files are broken down into large blocks (default 128 MB or 256 MB) and stored
across multiple nodes, enabling parallel processing.
Data Replication: Each block is replicated (typically three times) across different nodes to ensure
durability and availability, which is crucial for fault tolerance.
High Throughput Access: HDFS is optimized for high throughput access to application data, making
it ideal for batch processing jobs.
Fault Tolerance: It automatically recovers from hardware failures, ensuring that data remains
accessible.

HDFS is widely used for storing large datasets, acting as a data lake for various data sources, and
facilitating big data analytics.

 Hadoop Framework
The Hadoop framework is an opensource software framework designed for the distributed storage and
processing of large datasets using simple programming models. It consists of several key components:

HDFS: As mentioned, it serves as the storage layer.

MapReduce: The processing engine that allows for parallel processing of data across the cluster.
YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator): YARN acts as the resource management layer,
scheduling and managing resources across the cluster to ensure efficient execution of tasks.
Hadoop Common: This includes libraries and utilities that support the other Hadoop modules.

Hadoop also boasts a rich ecosystem of tools and projects that enhance its capabilities, such as:

Apache Hive: A data warehousing tool that allows users to query and manage large datasets using a
SQLlike language.
Apache Pig: A highlevel platform for writing data processing programs, offering a more
straightforward interface compared to raw MapReduce.
Apache HBase: A NoSQL database built on top of HDFS, providing realtime access to large datasets.
Apache Spark: A fast data processing engine that can run on top of Hadoop for realtime data
analytics.

Hadoop is used across various industries for tasks such as largescale data processing, analytics, and
data storage, making it a cornerstone of big data technology.