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Heff 3

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10 views2 pages

Heff 3

Uploaded by

Amorntep Aiadphae
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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0

0 0.001 0.002 0.003


Total Fouling, hr-ftZ- 'F/Btu

Figure 1
CLEANLINESS FACTOR-TOTAL FOULING COMPARISON
3.3 Heat Exchanger Approach Temperature Inside Tubes
The Purchaser, by stipulating the design point,
specifies the heat exchanger approach temperature.
(1 Generally, as the approach temperature decreases,
I the required heat exchanger surface increases.
The selection of the approach temperature affects where: f = 0.0014 + 0.125(Re)-0.32
the hot and cold fluid flows which, in turn, affects
plant operating costs. Care should he taken to con-
sider capital costs versus operating costs.
When multipass arrangements are used, care
should be taken to ensure that the exchanger does Nozzle Losses
not operate in a thermally unstable region; that is,
the LMTD correction factor should not be subject
to large fluctuations with small changes in inlet
parameters.
3.4 Tube Velocity
The fluid velocity through the tubes a t the average
temperature for the design point should not exceed Tube Entrance, Exit and Turn Losses
the values contained in Table 2. These velocities are
applicable to water of boiler feed quality. Lower
velocities should be considered when erosive fluids
are present.
Total Pressure Loss
Table 2
Maximum Tube Velocity
Fluid NOTE: CONSTANTS SHOWN INCLUDE A 5%
Velocity SAFETY FACTOR.
Tube Material ftlsec
Stainless Steel, Nickel Alloys, Titanium 10.0
Copper-Nickel (70-30, 80-20, 90-10) 9.0 Definitions
(7 Admiralty, Copper, Aluminum-Brass 8.5
A P T ~ TTotal
= nozzle-to-nozzle tube side pressure
Carbon Steel 8.0
loss, psi
3.5 Pressure Loss APT = Pressure loss through tubes, psi
The allowable shell side and tube side pressure APNI = Pressure loss through channel inlet
losses shall be specified by the Purchaser. By nozzle, psi
specifying as high a shell side pressure loss as eco- APNO= Pressure loss through channel outlet
nomically justifiable, the Purchaser allows the nozzle, psi
designer to minimize the baffle pitch and thus,
minimize the unsupported tube length. By mini- APE = Tube entrance, exit, and turn losses, psi
mizing the unsupported tube length, the potential w = Tube side flow, lbm/hr
for detrimental tube vibration is reduced. Also, a p = Effective tube side density, lbm/ft3
shorter baffle pitch normally contributes to a high-
p. = Viscosity, cp
er cross-flow velocity on the shell side which
improves the heat transfer coefficient. Generally, L = Tube length per pass, ft
as the allowable shell side and tube side velocities = Flow area of tubes per pass, inz
increase, the heat exchanger surface and the poten- A,
tial for fouling decrease. d = Nominal inside diameter of tube,
see Appendix H or I
3.5.1 Tube Side Pressure Loss f = Friction factor
Below is a method of determining the tube side
pressure losses from and including the channel AN = Tube side nozzle area, in2
inlet and outlet nozzles (pressure losses are calcn- Note: For tapered nozzles use mean area.
lated for friction, nozzles, tube entrance, exit and Kt = Loss correction factor for tube
turning). This method is applicable to either configuration. For a single pass, Kt = 0.9.
straight or U-tubes. For multiple passes, see Figure 2.
This method is only applicable to clean smooth N = Number of tube passes
tubes with turbulent flow (Re>3,000) and no
r! change of phase. It is a condensed method to check
pressure losses in the evaluation of the equipment.
Re = Reynolds number

In the event of multiple tube gauges, the nominal


I.D. is the mean effective value.

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