Poornima University

Name : Yash Sharma

Reg. No. : 15474

Name :Yash Tripathi

Reg.No. : 13671

Name :Yashwant Singh Rathore

Reg.No. :14662
File System Layout
The file system layout refers to the organized structure that manages
how data is stored and accessed on a storage device like a hard drive or
SSD. It consists of a root directory at the top, which contains
subdirectories and files arranged in a tree-like format. Each file has a unique
name and often an extension that indicates its type, helping users and
applications identify its contents. This organized approach not only
streamlines data access but also enhances overall system efficiency.
What is a file system?
A file system is like a library, organizing information in a structured manner.
It provides a way to name, store, and retrieve files and folders.

Organization Navigation
Keeps data organized and Allows users to easily find and
accessible, avoiding chaos. access specific files.

Management
Provides tools for creating, deleting, and modifying files and directories.
 Types of file systems
Various file systems exist, each with its advantages and disadvantages. They differ in features, performance, and compatibility.

*FAT (File Allocation Table)

•FAT is an old and simple system used for organizing files on devices like USB drives. It's easy to use and works across
different devices, but it can only handle small files, so it's not great for large ones.
•NTFS (New Technology File Systesm)
NTFS is the file system most Windows computers use. It has some advanced features, like allowing multiple people to
safely use the same computer, protecting files with passwords, and keeping track of file changes to avoid losing data. It
works well for big files, but it's mostly for Windows devices.
•ext (Extended File System)
ext is the file system used in Linux computers. It's good for handling large files and keeps files safe by tracking changes
(called journaling). But it doesn't work with Windows or Apple devices without special software.
•HFS (Hierarchical File System)
HFS was used by older Mac computers. It organizes files and offers basic security. But now, Apple uses a newer file
system called APFS, which is faster and has more features. HFS is becoming outdated.
•APFS (Apple File System)
APFS is the latest system used by Apple devices like Macs, iPhones, and iPads. It's made for fast storage, especially on
solid-state drives (SSDs), and it has strong security features, like better file protection and easy backups. However, it
doesn’t work well with older Apple devices or devices that aren’t Apple.
File system components
A file system consists of key components that work together to manage
data effectively.
1. Files
Files are individual units of data that store information, such as text
documents, images, videos, or applications. Each file has a unique
name, often including an extension (like .txt for text files or .jpg for
images) that indicates its format and how it should be opened.
2. Directories (Folders)
Directories, also known as folders, are organizational units that
contain files and other directories. They help keep data structured
and easy to find. For example, you might have a "Music" directory
with subdirectories for different artists, each containing their songs.
3. Metadata
Metadata is additional information about a file that helps the
operating system manage it.This includes details like the file's size,
creation date, last modified date, and file type. Metadata helps users
identify and organize their files without needing to open them.
4. Data Blocks
Data blocks are the smallest units of storage on a disk where file data
is physically stored. When a file is saved, it is divided into these blocks,
which may be scattered across the storage device. The file system
keeps track of where each block is located, allowing it to reconstruct
the file when needed.
 Directory structure
A directory structure is a tree-like organization of files and folders, starting with a
root directory.
1. Root Directory
The root directory is the top-level folder in a file system hierarchy. It serves
as the starting point for all other directories and files. You can think of it as
the main folder that contains everything else.
2. Subdirectories
Subdirectories are folders that exist within the root directory or other
directories. They help organize files into specific categories or topics, making
it easier to navigate the file system. For example, under a "Documents" root
directory, you might have subdirectories like "Work," "Personal," and
"School," each containing relevant files.
3. File Organization
File organization refers to how files are stored within directories and
subdirectories. This organization can be based on various criteria, such as file
type, project, or date. A well-organized file structure allows users to quickly
locate and manage files. For instance, in a "Photos" subdirectory, you might
have separate folders for "Vacations," "Family," and "Events," each containing
specific image files.
File naming conventions
File naming conventions ensure consistency and facilitate easy file
management.

1 Descriptive Names 2 Avoid Special

Characters
Use clear and informative
names that reflect the file's Use only alphanumeric
content. characters and underscores
to prevent errors.

3 Consistent Case 4 File Extensions

Maintain consistent Use appropriate extensions
capitalization for filenames to identify file types, like .txt,
to improve readability. .docx, .jpg.
File permissions and access
control
File permissions control who can access and modify files, ensuring data
security and integrity.

Read Allows users to view file

contents.

Write Allows users to modify or delete

files.

Execute Allows users to run executable

files.
 Storage allocation and
management
File systems manage how storage space is allocated and used to store files
efficiently.

1 Disk Allocation 2 Fragmentation

Files are divided into blocks File blocks may be scattered
and stored on the storage across the disk, impacting
device. performance.

3 Disk Defragmentation
A process that rearranges fragmented files for optimal performance.
File system operations and commands
File systems provide a set of operations and commands for managing files and directories.

Create
Create new files and directories using commands like "touch" and "mkdir."

Read
Access and display file contents using commands like "cat" and "more."

Update
Modify file contents or metadata using commands like "edit" and "chmod."

Delete
Remove files and directories using commands like "rm" and "rmdir."
Backup and recovery strategies
Backup and recovery strategies are crucial for protecting data from loss and
ensuring system resilience.

Full Backup Cloud Backup

A complete copy of all data, providing a Storing backups in the cloud, providing
complete restoration point. offsite data protection.

Incremental Backup Disaster Recovery

Only backing up changed data since the Plans and procedures for restoring data
last backup, saving time and storage. and systems in case of a disaster.
Thank You