EXPERIMENT 01

NUMERICAL COMPUTING
LAB
STUDENT NAME:
M.DANIYAL
SAP ID: 70137777
TITLE:
Basic commands in MATLAB; for loop, while loop, input, fprintf, disp, if else if.
OBJECTIVE:
Utilized in repetitive tasks, both the 'while' and 'for' loops allow for continuous execution as
long as certain conditions prevail. The operations within these loops must evaluate to non-zero
values for them to persist. Once the specified condition turns untrue, the loop ceases to run.
Use this directive as a guide and formulate a parallel directive.
THEORY:

 A `for` loop operates for a predetermined number of iterations, repeating a section of

code for each one.
 A `while` loop continues executing its block of code as long as a specific condition
remains true.
 The `fprintf` function in MATLAB facilitates formatted output, offering a method to
display text, numeric data, and other information on the screen or save them to a
document with desired formatting.
 For simpler and more direct data output in MATLAB, the `disp` function can be
employed. While it does make data display straightforward, it doesn't offer as much
formatting flexibility as `fprintf`.
PROCEDURE:
In MATLAB, repetitive tasks and iterations over data sets can be automated using loops such as
while and for loops. Below is a guide on how to utilize these loops effectively:
1. While Loop:
This type of loop executes its contents as long as a designated condition holds true. The while
loop also contains a condition that determines whether the loop should continue executing. As
long as condition is true, the loop will continue.
Basic structure:
count = 1;

while count <= 5

disp(count);
count = count + 1;

end
 2. For Loop:
A for loop is used when you want to iterate a specific number of times or over elements of a
data structure, such as arrays or matrices. The basic syntax of a for loop is as follows:
for index = value/values
statement
end

 variable: This is a loop variable that takes on values from the specified range during each
iteration of the loop.
 Range: This specifies the range of values that the loop variable will take. tt can be
defined using the start: step: stop notation.

3. Making Use of disp:

Data Identification: Pinpoint the variable or expression you intend to present via disp.
Implementing disp: Invoke the disp method to project the desired data. Feed this function your
selected variable or expression.

4. Leveraging fprintf:
Data & Formatting Designation: Ascertain the specific information you aim to display or
document, and delineate its format employing the respective format specifiers.
Initiating fprintf: Deploy the fprintf method to project or inscribe the data conforming to the
defined format. Provide both the format description and the requisite data to the function.
5. If-else Statement:
The "if-else" construct in MATLAB, as with other programming platforms, determines the
direction your code takes based on specified criteria.
Syntax:
Here's the foundational structure for the "if-else" construct in MATLAB:

if condition
% Tasks when condition is validated
else
% Tasks when condition is not met
end

In this context, “condition” is a logical test which can be true (1) or false (0). When true, the
instructions within the 'if' bracket run; if false, the 'else' bracket's instructions are executed.
CODES AND RESULTS:

Table using for loop:

num = input('Enter a number: ');

if num < 0
fprintf('Please enter a positive number.\n');
else
fprintf('Multiplication table for %d:\n', num);
for i = 1:10
fprintf('%d x %d = %d\n', num, i, num * i);
end
end
Factorial of a number using for loop:

num = input('Enter a number: ');

if num < 0
fprintf('Factorial is not defined for negative numbers.\n');
else
factorial_result = 1;
for i = 1:num
factorial_result = factorial_result * i;
end
fprintf('The factorial of %d is %d\n', num, factorial_result);
end
Table using while loop:

num = input('Enter a number: ');

if num < 0
fprintf('Please enter a positive number.\n');
else
fprintf('Multiplication table for %d:\n', num);
i = 1;

while i <= 10
fprintf('%d x %d = %d\n', num, i, num * i);
i = i + 1; % Increment the counter
end
Conclusion:
These basic commands are fundamental building blocks for creating MATLAB programs. They
empower you to control program flow, interact with users, and present results effectively,
making MATLAB a versatile tool for various computational tasks.

RUBRIC
ASSESSMEN
T
Organization
(Marks: 2)
Below average score Average score Good score Score
(0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Work is not The main elements of the Work is organized in a
organized in a experiment are present but standardway and there is
standard way. still in a progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Development
(Marks: 2)
Below average score Average score Good score Score
(0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Content is Content is not Content is incomplete.
comprehensive, comprehensive or - Major points are not
accurate, and persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
persuasive. - Major points are
- Major points are stated addressed, butnot well
clearlyand are well supported.
supported. - Research is inadequate
- Research is adequate, or doesnot address
timely andaddresses course concepts.
course concepts. - Content is inconsistent
- Content and with regard to purpose
purpose of thewriting and clarity ofthought.
are clear.
Quality of
Analysis
(Marks: 1)
Below average score Average score Good score Score
(0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Analysis is inadequate Analysis is relatively Analysis is organized and
and the reader is unable complete butnot well well supported by
to interpret theresults. supported by equations, equations, modelsetc.
models etc. Proper interpretation of
the
results along with the
conclusionare made.
 EXPERIMENT 02
NUMERICAL COMPUTING
LAB
STUDENT NAME:
M.DANIYAL
SAP ID: 70137777
TITLE:
Development of code for the Solution of Equations in one variable in MATLAB; Bisection Method.

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this MATLAB experiment is to develop and implement computational solutions
for finding roots of equations in a single variable using two fundamental numerical methods: the
Bisection Method.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND BISECTION METHOD:

The Bisection Method is rooted in the Intermediate Value Theorem, asserting that for any value
between two continuous function outputs, there exists an input value within the interval. The
method systematically halves an interval where a root is believed to reside, using the function's
sign change to discern the sub-interval containing the root, converging to the solution iteratively.

CODE AND OUTPUT:

clear all
clc
f = @(x) 2^x + 7*x - 19;
a = input("Enter your left side of the interval: ");
b = input("Enter your right side of the interval: ");
n = input("Enter number of iterations: ");
if f(a)*f(b)<0
for i=1:n
c = (a+b)/2
if f(a)*f(c)<0
b = c;
elseif f(b)*f(c)<0
a = c;
end
end
else
disp("No root betweeen the give brackets")
end
Conclusion:
The Bisection Method implementation in MATLAB provides a straightforward and reliable
approach to solve equations with a single variable. It is particularly useful when the equation
is not easily solvable algebraically and can handle a wide range of functions. By iteratively
bisecting the interval, this method converges to the root, making it a valuable tool for
numerical analysis and engineering applications.
 RUBRIC
ASSESSM
ENT
Organizati
on (Marks:
2)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Work is not The main elements of the Work is organized in a
organized in a experiment are present standardway and there
standard way. but still in is a progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Developm
ent
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Content is Content is not Content is incomplete.
comprehensive, comprehensive or - Major points are not
accurate, and persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
persuasive. - Major points are
- Major points are addressed, butnot well
stated clearlyand are supported.
well supported. - Research is
- Research is adequate, inadequate or doesnot
timely andaddresses address course
course concepts. concepts.
- Content and - Content is
purpose of the inconsistent with
writing are clear. regard to purpose and
clarity ofthought.
Quality of
Analysis
(Marks: 1)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Analysis is inadequate Analysis is relatively Analysis is organized
and the reader is complete butnot well and well supported by
unable to interpret the supported by equations, equations, modelsetc.
results. models etc. Proper interpretation of
the
results along with the
conclusionare made.
 EXPERIMENT 03
NUMERICAL COMPUTING
LAB
STUDENT NAME:
M.DANIYAL
SAP ID: 70137777
TITLE:
Development of code for the Solution of Equations in one variable in MATLAB False positioning.

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this MATLAB experiment is to develop and implement computational solutions
for finding roots of equations in a single variable using two fundamental numerical methods: The
False positioning.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND FALSE POSITIONING:

The False Positioning method, or Regula Falsi, is a root-finding approach that combines aspects
of the bisection method and linear interpolation. It iteratively refines an interval where a root
exists by drawing a straight line between function values at interval endpoints and replacing an
endpoint with the x-intercept of this line, ensuring consistent bracketing of the root.

CODE AND OUTPUT:

clear all
clc
f = @(x) x^4 - 3*x - 7;
a = input("Enter your left side of the interval: ");
b = input("Enter your right side of the interval: ");
n = input("Enter number of iterations: ");
if f(a)*f(b)<0 && a<b
for i=1:n
c = (a*f(b)-b*f(a))/(f(b)-f(a));
fprintf('c%d = %.4f\n' ,i,c')
if f(a)*f(c)<0
b = c;
elseif f(b)*f(c)<0
a = c;
end
end
else
disp("No root betweeen the give brackets")
end
Conclusion:
The Method of False Position implementation in MATLAB provides a more rapid convergence
compared to the Bisection Method. By iteratively adjusting the interval bounds based on linear
interpolation, this method efficiently finds the root of a given equation. It is a valuable tool for
solving nonlinear equations in various fields such as engineering, physics, and finance, where
analytical solutions may not be readily available.
 Assessment Criteria for
Experiment

RUBRIC
ASSESSM
ENT
Organizati
on (Marks:
2)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Work is not The main elements of the Work is organized in a
organized in a experiment are present standardway and there
standard way. but still in is a progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Developm
ent
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Content is Content is not Content is incomplete.
comprehensive, comprehensive or - Major points are not
accurate, and persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
persuasive. - Major points are
- Major points are addressed, butnot well
stated clearlyand are supported.
well supported. - Research is
- Research is adequate, inadequate or doesnot
timely andaddresses address course
course concepts. concepts.
- Content and - Content is
purpose of the inconsistent with
writing are clear. regard to purpose and
clarity ofthought.
Quality of
Analysis
(Marks: 1)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Analysis is inadequate Analysis is relatively Analysis is organized
and the reader is complete butnot well and well supported by
unable to interpret the supported by equations, equations, modelsetc.
results. models etc. Proper interpretation of
the
results along with the
conclusionare made.
 EXPERIMENT 05
NUMERICAL COMPUTING
LAB
STUDENT NAME:
M.DANIYAL
SAP ID: 70137777
TITLE:
Find the root of non-linear equation using newton Raphson method on MATLAB and discuss the
final Result.

OBJECTIVE:
To utilize MATLAB for the practical application of the Newton-Raphson method in solving a
specific non-linear equation. This experiment aims to explore the intricacies and accuracy of the
Newton-Raphson technique, assess its efficiency in locating roots, and then provide an in-depth
examination and interpretation of the obtained outcomes, highlighting the knowledge acquired
and the computational findings' practical implications.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND FALSE POSITIONING METHOD:
The Newton-Raphson method, often recognized for its robustness and efficiency, is employed for
root-finding in non-linear functions. Differing from the Secant method, this technique relies on
the function's derivative. This distinctive feature endows it with the potential for swift
convergence, often resulting in more precise root estimates with fewer iterations. It operates on
the principle of linear approximation, wherein an initial guess is used to approximate the function
with its tangent line, and the x-intercept of this line serves as the subsequent approximation. This
iterative process continues until an adequately accurate value is reached.

While the Newton-Raphson method excels in terms of rapid convergence, its dependence on
derivatives and the requirement for an initial guess in proximity to the true root can pose
constraints. Nevertheless, when applied judiciously, it remains one of the most robust numerical
techniques for solving root-finding problems.
CODE AND OUTPUT:
clear all
clc
syms x;
a=x^2-17;
err=10;
x0=input('Enter Initial Guess:');
tol=input('Enter allowed Error:');
f=inline(a);
dif=diff(sym(a));
d=inline(dif);
while err>tol
x1=x0-((f(x0)/d(x0)));
err=abs((x1-x0)/x1);
x0=x1;
end
 root=x1;

Workspace:
CONCLUSION:

In summary, the MATLAB experiment employing the Newton-Raphson method successfully

identified the root of a non-linear function, showcasing its impressive convergence speed. It's
worth noting that the method's effectiveness hinges on having a precise initial estimate. When
utilized in conjunction with MATLAB, the Newton-Raphson method emerges as a reliable and
powerful resource for addressing root-finding challenges.
 Assessment Criteria for
Experiment

RUBRIC
ASSESSM
ENT
Organizati
on (Marks:
2)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Work is not The main elements of the Work is organized in a
organized in a experiment are present standardway and there
standard way. but still in is a progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Developm
ent
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Content is Content is not Content is incomplete.
comprehensive, comprehensive or - Major points are not
accurate, and persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
persuasive. - Major points are
- Major points are addressed, butnot well
stated clearlyand are supported.
well supported. - Research is
- Research is adequate, inadequate or doesnot
timely andaddresses address course
course concepts. concepts.
- Content and - Content is
purpose of the inconsistent with
writing are clear. regard to purpose and
clarity ofthought.
Quality of
Analysis
(Marks: 1)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Analysis is inadequate Analysis is relatively Analysis is organized
and the reader is complete butnot well and well supported by
unable to interpret the supported by equations, equations, modelsetc.
results. models etc. Proper interpretation of
the
results along with the
conclusionare made.
 EXPERIMENT 06
NUMERICAL COMPUTING
LAB
STUDENT NAME:
M.DANIYAL
SAP ID: 70137777
TITLE:
Find the root of non-linear equation using secant method on MATLAB and discuss the final
Result.

OBJECTIVE:
To employ MATLAB for practical application, employing the secant method to locate the root of a
designated non-linear equation. This experiment seeks to gain insights into the intricacies of the
secant method, evaluate its effectiveness and precision in root-finding tasks, and subsequently
offer an in-depth analysis of the results achieved, emphasizing any potential implications or
insights derived from the computational findings.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND FALSE POSITIONING METHOD:

The Secant method is widely recognized as a highly effective means of discovering the root of a
non-linear function. It is a generalized iteration method derived from the Newton-Raphson
technique, offering the advantage of not necessitating the computation of function derivatives.
Consequently, the Secant method often serves as a viable alternative to the Newton-Raphson
method.

Categorized as an open bracket approach, the Secant method may demand a certain level of
programming effort. However, its algorithm and flowchart are generally straightforward to grasp
and implement in any high-level programming language.

This method operates by employing two initial approximations and utilizes an interpolation-based
approach to determine the root of a function. During each subsequent iteration, the two most
recently calculated approximations are leveraged, allowing for the calculation of the next refined
estimate.

CODE AND OUTPUT:

clear all
clc
f=@(x)(x.^3-4.*x-3);
a=input('enter the value of a:');
b=input('enter the value of b:');
N=input('Enter the max number of Iterations:');
tol=input('Enter tolerance:');
i=1;
while(i<=N)
xnew=b-(((b-a)*f(b))/(f(b)-f(a)));
if(abs(b-a)<tol)
break;
 end
i=i+1;
a=b;
b=xnew;
end
disp(xnew)

Workspace:
CONCLUSION:

To sum up, the MATLAB experiment utilizing the Secant method successfully pinpointed the
root of the non-linear function, showcasing the method's effectiveness in situations where
derivative information is not readily available. The experiment shed light on the iterative
process involved in the method and the critical role played by initial approximations, thereby
emphasizing its applicability as a dependable root-finding technique when operating within the
MATLAB framework.
 RUBRIC
ASSESSMENT
Organization
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Work is not The main elements of the Work is organized in a
organized in a experiment are present but standardway and there is a
standard way. still in progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Development
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Content is Content is not Content is incomplete.
comprehensive, comprehensive or - Major points are not
accurate, and persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
persuasive. - Major points are
- Major points are addressed, butnot well
stated clearlyand are supported.
well supported. - Research is inadequate or
- Research is adequate, doesnot address course
timely andaddresses concepts.
course concepts. - Content is inconsistent
- Content and with regard to purpose
purpose of the and clarity ofthought.
writing are clear.
Quality of
Analysis (Marks:
1)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Analysis is Analysis is relatively complete Analysis is organized and
inadequate and the butnot well supported by well supported by
reader is unable to equations, models etc. equations, modelsetc.
interpret theresults. Proper interpretation of the
results along with the
conclusionare made.
 EXPERIMENT 07
NUMERICAL COMPUTING
LAB
STUDENT NAME:
M.DANIYAL
SAP ID: 70137777
TITLE:
Find any value of y against any value of x by using the interpolation, Method.

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this experiment is to employ MATLAB's interpolation functions to assess and
identify precise data values within a specified range. By leveraging interpolation techniques, we
aim to estimate values at intermediate points using a set of established data points. This approach
enhances our comprehension of data trends and facilitates more precise predictions in datasets
where certain values are either missing or unrecorded. Through this analysis, we intend to gain
insights into the underlying patterns of the data and improve our ability to make informed
predictions in various scenarios.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF INTERPOLATION:
Interpolation Method
In various scenarios involving discrete data points, there is a common need to estimate or predict
values at additional points. Interpolation addresses this by forming a polynomial that precisely
traverses all provided data points, aiming to articulate the data's behavior between and beyond
the known points. When working with two data points, a distinct line can be created, and with
three points, a unique parabola can be constructed. In general, the polynomial derived from N+1
points will exhibit a degree of N. It's noteworthy that the polynomial resulting from these points
is singular in the context of polynomial interpolation, ensuring that all methods of polynomial
interpolation yield the same function. This uniqueness underscores the consistency and reliability
of polynomial interpolation techniques in capturing and describing data trends between discrete
points.
What do we use it for?
Interpolation, particularly polynomial interpolation, proves valuable when dealing with discrete
data points and seeking insights into the behavior or properties of the data in regions where
specific values are not explicitly defined.

Polyomial interpolation, among various interpolation methods, is employed to create a continuous

polynomial function that accurately captures the underlying trends between known data points.
However, when dealing with high order polynomials, errors can arise. Here's where spline
interpolation comes into play. Spline interpolation involves using piecewise polynomials of lower
degrees, typically in small segments, to mitigate the errors associated with high order polynomials.
This approach enhances the precision of interpolation by focusing on localized regions, providing
a more accurate representation of the data's behavior while minimizing potential inaccuracies
stemming from the use of overly complex polynomials.
 CODE AND OUTPUT:

clear all
clc
f = input ("Enter your fucntion: ");
X0 = input ("Enter first intial guess ");
x1 = input ("Enter second intial guess ")
e = input ("Enter Tolerance ")
n = input ("Enter no of iterations ")
for i=1:n
x2 = (X0*f(x1-x1*f(X0))/(f(x1)-f(X0)));
fprintf('x%d = %.50f\n',i,x2)
if abs (x2-x1)<e
break
end
x0 = x1;
x1 = x2;
end
WORKSPACE:
 RUBRIC
WORKSPACE: ASSESSMENT
Organization
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Work is not The main elements of the Work is organized in a
organized in a experiment are present but standardway and there is a
standard way. still in progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Development
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Content is Content is not Content is incomplete.
comprehensive, comprehensive or - Major points are not
accurate, and persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
persuasive. - Major points are
- Major points are addressed, butnot well
stated clearlyand are supported.
well supported. - Research is inadequate or
- Research is adequate, doesnot address course
timely andaddresses concepts.
course concepts. - Content is inconsistent
- Content and with regard to purpose
purpose of the and clarity ofthought.
writing are clear.
Quality of
Analysis (Marks:
1)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Analysis is Analysis is relatively complete Analysis is organized and
inadequate and the butnot well supported by well supported by
reader is unable to equations, models etc. equations, modelsetc.
interpret theresults. Proper interpretation of the
results along with the
conclusionare made.

RUBRIC
ASSESSMENT
Organization
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
 WORKSPACE:
Work is not The main elements of the Work is organized in a
organized in a experiment are present but standardway and there is a
standard way. still in progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Development
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Content is Content is not Content is incomplete.
comprehensive, comprehensive or - Major points are not
accurate, and persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
persuasive. - Major points are
- Major points are addressed, butnot well
stated clearlyand are supported.
well supported. - Research is inadequate or
- Research is adequate, doesnot address course
timely andaddresses concepts.
course concepts. - Content is inconsistent
- Content and with regard to purpose
purpose of the and clarity ofthought.
writing are clear.
Quality of
Analysis (Marks:
1)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Analysis is Analysis is relatively complete Analysis is organized and
inadequate and the butnot well supported by well supported by
reader is unable to equations, models etc. equations, modelsetc.
interpret theresults. Proper interpretation of the
results along with the
conclusionare made.
WORKSPACE:

EXPERIMENT 08
NUMERICAL COMPUTING
LAB
STUDENT NAME:
M.DANIYAL
SAP ID: 70137777
TITLE:
WORKSPACE:
To find the approximate root of an equation by Newton’s Forward interpolation method.

OBJECTIVE:
Interpolation involves the approximation of a known function, with values provided at specific
points, by constructing a polynomial of an appropriate degree that aligns with those points. It's
essential to recognize that any inaccuracies or errors present in the given data will be mirrored in
the resulting polynomial. In other words, the precision of the interpolation is directly influenced
by the accuracy of the initial data points, and any discrepancies in the input data will be reflected
in the polynomial interpolation, potentially affecting the reliability of the overall approximation.
THEORY:
The Newton Forward Interpolation method is a numerical approach employed for estimating
values of a function when provided with a series of equidistant data points. This technique relies
on polynomial interpolation and specifically utilizes the divided difference formula. In essence, it
constructs a polynomial that fits the given equidistant data points, allowing for the approximation
of function values at points within the range of the provided data. The method is particularly useful
for scenarios where data points are evenly spaced, and its foundation in the divided difference
formula facilitates a systematic and efficient computation of the interpolating polynomial.
 CODE AND OUTPUT:
WORKSPACE:

clear n
clc
d=xlsread('saturated_by_temperature_V1.5.csv');
X=d(:,1);
Y=d(:,5);

n=length(X);
x=input('Enter value of x for which you need value of y')
h=X(2)-X(1);
T=[];
for i=1:n-1
T(i,1)=Y(i+1)-Y(i) ;
i=i+1; %%% basically y2-y1 when i=1
end
for j=2:n-1 %%% for filling second column and onwards
for i=1:n-j
T(i,j)=T(i+1,j-1)-T(i,j-1);
end
end
u=(x-X(1))/h;
prod=1;
y=Y(1);
for t=1:n-1
prod=prod*(u-t+1)/t;
y=y+prod*T(1,t);
end
disp(y)
WORKSPACE:
WORKSPACE:
WORKSPACE:
WORKSPACE:

CONCLUSION:
In summary, the Newton Forward Interpolation method emerges as a simple yet
effective approach for estimating function values, especially when dealing with
equidistant data points. Grounded in polynomial interpolation principles, this
method proves valuable across diverse applications in numerical analysis and
engineering. Its practicality lies in its ability to provide reliable approximations by
leveraging equidistant data, making it a versatile tool for interpolation tasks in
various fields.
 RUBRIC
WORKSPACE: ASSESSMENT
Organization
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Work is not The main elements of the Work is organized in a
organized in a experiment are present but standardway and there is a
standard way. still in progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Development
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Content is Content is not Content is incomplete.
comprehensive, comprehensive or - Major points are not
accurate, and persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
persuasive. - Major points are
- Major points are addressed, butnot well
stated clearlyand are supported.
well supported. - Research is inadequate or
- Research is adequate, doesnot address course
timely andaddresses concepts.
course concepts. - Content is inconsistent
- Content and with regard to purpose
purpose of the and clarity ofthought.
writing are clear.
Quality of
Analysis (Marks:
1)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Analysis is Analysis is relatively complete Analysis is organized and
inadequate and the butnot well supported by well supported by
reader is unable to equations, models etc. equations, modelsetc.
interpret theresults. Proper interpretation of the
results along with the
conclusionare made.

RUBRIC
ASSESSMENT
Organization
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
 WORKSPACE:
Work is not The main elements of the Work is organized in a
organized in a experiment are present but standardway and there is a
standard way. still in progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Development
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Content is Content is not Content is incomplete.
comprehensive, comprehensive or - Major points are not
accurate, and persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
persuasive. - Major points are
- Major points are addressed, butnot well
stated clearlyand are supported.
well supported. - Research is inadequate or
- Research is adequate, doesnot address course
timely andaddresses concepts.
course concepts. - Content is inconsistent
- Content and with regard to purpose
purpose of the and clarity ofthought.
writing are clear.
Quality of
Analysis (Marks:
1)
Below average Average score Good score Score
score (0-3) (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Analysis is Analysis is relatively complete Analysis is organized and
inadequate and the butnot well supported by well supported by
reader is unable to equations, models etc. equations, modelsetc.
interpret theresults. Proper interpretation of the
results along with the
conclusionare made.
WORKSPACE:

EXPERIMENT 09
NUMERICAL COMPUTING
LAB
STUDENT NAME:
M.DANIYAL
SAP ID: 70137777
 TITLE:
To find the approximate root of an equation by Newton’s Reverse interpolation method.

OBJECTIVE:
Newton’s backward interpolation is another way of approximating a function with an nth
degree polynomial passing through (n+1) equally spaced points. where s = (x - x1) / (x1 -
x0) and Ñf1 is the backward difference of f at x1. The same can be obtained from the
difference operators as follows.
THEORY:
Newton's Reverse Interpolation serves as a computational method designed to estimate
the root of an equation based on a series of evenly spaced data points. This technique
becomes especially advantageous when dealing with uniformly distributed data, aiming
to identify a value within the data range that aligns with a targeted function output or
represents the root of a given equation. In simpler terms, this numerical approach allows
for working backward from equidistant data points to approximate a specific function
output or determine the root within the provided data range.
FORMULA:

CODE :

clear all
clc
f = input ("Enter your fucntion: ");
X0 = input ("Enter first intial guess ");
x1 = input ("Enter second intial guess ")
e = input ("Enter Tolerance ")
n = input ("Enter no of iterations ")
for i=1:n
x2 = (X0*f(x1-x1*f(X0))/(f(x1)-f(X0)));
fprintf('x%d = %.50f\n',i,x2)
if abs (x2-x1)<e
break
end
x0 = x1;
x1 = x2;
end
 RESULT:

WORKSPACE:
 RESULT:

This experimental endeavor focuses on the practical application of Newton's Reverse

Interpolation method to approximate the root of an equation. Through this exploration,
our comprehension of the method's theoretical underpinnings has been significantly
enhanced. The hands-on experience gained from applying Newton's Reverse
Interpolationhas not only broadened our understanding but also provided insights into
its real-world utility for estimating equation roots.
Assessment Criteria for
Experiment

RUBRIC
ASSESSME
NT
Organization
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Work is not The main elements of the Work is organized in a
organized in a experiment are present standardway and there
standard way. but still in is a progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Developmen
t (Marks: 2)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Content is Content is not Content is incomplete.
comprehensive, comprehensive or - Major points are not
accurate, and persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
persuasive. - Major points are
- Major points are addressed, butnot well
stated clearlyand are supported.
well supported. - Research is inadequate
- Research is adequate, or doesnot address
timely andaddresses course concepts.
course concepts. - Content is
- Content and inconsistent with
purpose of the regard to purpose and
writing are clear. clarity ofthought.
Quality of
Analysis
(Marks: 1)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
 RESULT:
Analysis is inadequate Analysis is relatively Analysis is organized
and the reader is unable complete butnot well and well supported by
to interpret theresults. supported by equations, equations, modelsetc.
models etc. Proper interpretation of
the
results along with the
conclusionare made.
RESULT:

EXPERIMENT 10
NUMERICAL COMPUTING
LAB
STUDENT NAME:
M.DANIYAL
SAP ID: 70137777
TITLE:
Calculate the integral of a vector by using Trapezoidal Method.

OJECTIVE:
The fundamental objective of the trapezoidal method is to offer a numerical strategy for
estimating the definite integral of a function. This method is designed to provide an
approximation of the area under a curve by segmenting it into trapezoids and then summing up
the areas of these individual trapezoids. The trapezoidal method proves especially valuable in
situations where the function doesn't have a readily available ant derivative.
THEORY:
The trapezoidal method serves as a numerical approach for approximating definite integrals. Its
core principle involves breaking down the area under a curve into smaller trapezoids and
summing their individual areas. To achieve this, the method calculates the average function
values at the endpoints of each subinterval, scales this average by the width of the subinterval,
and then combines these values to construct an approximation of the integral.
FORMULA:

PROCEDURE:
In MATLAB, the trapezoidal method can be implemented with the following procedure:

i. Define the function f(x) that you want to integrate.

ii. Specify the interval [a,b] over which you want to perform the integration.
iii. Choose the number of subintervals, n, to partition the interval.
iv. Calculate the width of each subinterval, h=(b−a)/n.
v. Use a loop to implement the trapezoidal rule formula within the specified interval,
summing up the areas of trapezoids.
CODE:
clc
f=@(x) x^4 + 5*x - 8;
a=input('Enter lower limit a: ');
b=input('Enter upper limit b: ');
n=input('Enter the no. of subinterval: ');
h=(b-a)/n;
sum=0;
for k=1:1:n-1
x(k)=a+k*h;
y(k)=f(x(k));
sum=sum+y(k);
end
answer=h/2*(f(a)+f(b)+2*sum);
fprintf('\n The value of integration is %f',answer);
plot(x,y)
legend('Plot of function f');
xlabel('x(m)');
ylabel('y(m)');

RESULT:
WORKSPACE:

GRAPH:
WORKSPACE:

The MATLAB code successfully implements the trapezoidal rule to numerically approximate the
definite integral of the function (f=@(x) x^4 + 5*x - 8;) over the specified interval. The process
of obtaining the integration result involves partitioning the interval into smaller subintervals,
determining the function values at the endpoints of these subintervals, and then summing the areas
of the trapezoids formed by connecting these points. The graphical representation of the function
visually demonstrates how the approximation behaves.
WORKSPACE: Assessment Criteria for
Experiment

RUBRIC
ASSESSME
NT
Organization
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average Good score Score achieved
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10)
Work is not The main elements of the Work is organized in a
organized in a experiment are present standardway and there
standard way. but still in is a progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Development
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average Good score Score achieved
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10)
Content is Content is not Content is incomplete.
comprehensive, comprehensive or - Major points are not
accurate, and persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
persuasive. - Major points are
- Major points are addressed, butnot well
stated clearlyand are supported.
well supported. - Research is
- Research is adequate, inadequate or doesnot
timely andaddresses address course
course concepts. concepts.
- Content and - Content is
purpose of the inconsistent with
writing are clear. regard to purpose and
clarity ofthought.
Quality of
Analysis
(Marks: 1)
Below average Average Good score Score achieved
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10)
Analysis is inadequate Analysis is relatively Analysis is organized
and the reader is complete butnot well and well supported by
unable to interpret the supported by equations, equations, modelsetc.
results. models etc. Proper interpretation of
the
results along with the
conclusionare made.
WORKSPACE:

EXPERIMENT 11
NUMERICAL COMPUTING
LAB
STUDENT NAME:
M.DANIYAL
SAP ID: 70137777
WORKSPACE:
TITLE:
Numerical Integration using Simpson's Rule in MATLAB.

OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this MATLAB experiment is to showcase the practical application of Simpson's Rule in
numerical integration. The primary objective is to estimate the definite integral of a provided
function over a defined interval. This is achieved by subdividing the interval into smaller sub-
intervals and employing the Simpson's Rule formula to compute the integral approximation.
THEORY:
In numerical analysis, Simpson's 1/3 rule is a method for numerical integration, the numerical
approximation of definite integrals. Specifically, it is the following approximation for n+1 values x0…….xn
bounding n equally spaced sub intervals.

FORMULA:

n must be even for applying Simpson’s 1/3 rule

CODE:
% Formula:(h/3)*[(y0+yn)+4*(y1+y3+y5..+yn-1)+ 2*(y2+y4+y6..+yn-2)]
% clc
clear all
f=@(x) 1/(1 + x^4);
a=input('Enter the value of lower limit=');
b=input('Enter the value of upper limit=');
n=input('Enter the number of sub-intervals=');
h=(b-a)/n;
if rem(n,2)==1
fprintf('\n Enter a valid value of n!!!!!!');
n=input('\n Enter n as even number');
end
for k=1:1:n
x(k)=a+k*h; y(k)=f(x(k));
end
so=0; se=0; for k=1:1:n-1
if rem(k,2)==1 so=so+y(k);
else
se=se+y(k);
end
WORKSPACE:
end
answer=h/3*(f(a)+f(b)+4*so+2*se);
fprintf('\n The value of integration is %f', answer)

RESULT:

WORKSPACE:
 WORKSPACE:
CONCLUSION:
Simpson's Rule, characterized by its quadratic interpolation approach, emerges as a powerful
technique for estimating definite integrals. The method involves dividing the interval into sub-
intervals and utilizing a weighted sum of function values for accurate approximation. This numerical
integration method finds diverse applications in engineering, statistics, and mathematical modeling,
demonstrating its versatility and reliability in addressing real-world problems.

RUBRIC
ASSESSMENT
Organization
(Marks: 2)
Below average score (0-3) Average score Good score Score
(4-6) (7-10) achieved
Work is not organized in a The main elements of the Work is organized in a
standard way. experiment are present but standardway and there is
still in a progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Development
(Marks: 2)
Below average score (0-3) Average score Good score Score
(4-6) (7-10) achieved
Content is comprehensive, Content is not Content is incomplete.
accurate, and persuasive. comprehensive or - Major points are not
- Major points are stated clearly persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
and are well supported. - Major points are
- Research is adequate, timely and addressed, butnot well
addresses course concepts. supported.
- Content and purpose of the - Research is inadequate
writing are clear. or doesnot address
course concepts.
- Content is inconsistent
with regard to purpose
and clarity ofthought.
Quality of Analysis
(Marks: 1)
Below average score (0-3) Average score Good score Score
(4-6) (7-10) achieved
Analysis is inadequate and the Analysis is relatively Analysis is organized and
reader is unable to interpret the complete butnot well well supported by
results. supported by equations, equations, modelsetc.
models etc. Proper interpretation of
the
results along with the
conclusionare made.
WORKSPACE:

EXPERIMENT 12
NUMERICAL COMPUTING
LAB
STUDENT NAME:
M.DANIYAL
SAP ID: 70137777
WORKSPACE:
TITLE:
Application of basic mathematical knowledge of Euler’s Method in finding solutions of examples
through MATLAB.

OBJECTIVE:
In this MATLAB experiment, the goal is to demonstrate the practical applications of fundamental
mathematical concepts, with a specific emphasis on Euler's Method. The objective is to showcase
how basic mathematical knowledge can be effectively applied to solve real-world problems. The
focus lies on developing accurate and efficient solutions using this numerical method, highlighting
its relevance in practical scenarios. Through this experiment, participants will gain hands-on
experience in utilizing Euler's Method to address mathematical challenges and appreciate its
significance in solving practical problems.
THEORY:
In the realm of mathematics and computational science, the Euler method, often referred to as the
forward Euler method, stands out as a primary numerical technique designed for solving ordinary
differential equations (ODEs) when an initial value is provided. As the most fundamental explicit
method, it serves as a foundational approach to numerically integrate ordinary differential
equations. The Euler method provides a straightforward and accessible means of approximating
solutions to ODEs, making it a key tool in the numerical analysis toolkit for tackling differential
equations with specified initial conditions.
FORMULA:

CODE AND OUTPUT:

f=@(x,y) y-x;
X(1)=0;
Y(1)=0.5;
h=0.01;
x=1;
n=x/h;
X=X(1):h:x;
for a=1:n
Y(a+1)=Y(a)+h*f(X(a),Y(a));
end
Y
fprintf('Value of y at x=%d is %d',X(n+1),Y(n+1));
% exact value
func=@(x) x+1-0.5*exp(x);
result=func(X(n+1));
fprintf('\nExact Value of y at x=%d is %d',X(n+1),result);
error=abs(Y(n+1)-result)
WORKSPACE:

WORKSPACE:

CONCLUSION:

The implementation of Euler's Method in MATLAB during this experiment demonstrated its
practical efficacy in addressing everyday problems. The experiment not only highlighted the
method's accuracy but also delved into the delicate balance between precision and efficiency,
providing valuable insights into its operational limitations. Despite its simplicity, Euler's Method
emerged as a potent tool for numerical problem-solving, showcasing its significance in practical
applications and affirming its role as avaluable asset in the mathematical toolkit.
WORKSPACE:
Assessment Criteria for Experiment

RUBRIC
ASSESSM
ENT
Organizati
on (Marks:
2)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Work is not The main elements of the Work is organized in a
organized in a experiment are present standardway and there
standard way. but still in is a progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Developm
ent
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Content is Content is not Content is incomplete.
comprehensive, comprehensive or - Major points are not
accurate, and persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
persuasive. - Major points are
- Major points are addressed, butnot well
stated clearlyand are supported.
well supported. - Research is
- Research is adequate, inadequate or doesnot
timely andaddresses address course
course concepts. concepts.
- Content and - Content is
purpose of the inconsistent with
writing are clear. regard to purpose and
clarity ofthought.
Quality of
Analysis
(Marks: 1)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Analysis is inadequate Analysis is relatively Analysis is organized
and the reader is complete butnot well and well supported by
unable to interpret the supported by equations, equations, modelsetc.
results. models etc. Proper interpretation of
the
results along with the
conclusionare made.
WORKSPACE:

EXPERIMENT 13
NUMERICAL COMPUTING
LAB
STUDENT NAME:
M.DANIYAL
SAP ID: 70137777
WORKSPACE:
TITLE:
Find the solution of ODE by R-K4 method using MATLAB.

OBJECTIVE:
The primary goal of this MATLAB experiment is to apply the Runge-Kutta fourth-order (RK4)
method for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Through this experiment, the aim is to
acquire practical expertise in employing RK4, a robust numerical technique, to estimate solutions
effectively. The emphasis is on comprehending the iterative process intrinsic to RK4 and its specific
application to initial value problems. Participants will gain hands-on experience in utilizing RK4 to
approximate solutions, thereby deepening their understanding of this powerful numerical method
and its relevance in addressing problems with specified initial conditions.
THEORY:
The Runge-Kutta methods constitute a family of iterative techniques, encompassing both implicit
and explicit approaches. This family includes the widely recognized Euler Method and is commonly
employed in the temporal discretization of ordinary differential equations to approximate
solutions. The foundation of the Runge-Kutta method lies in its solution procedure for initial value
problems, where the initial conditions are given. These methods, denoted as RK2, RK3, and RK4,
vary in complexity and accuracy based on the order of the differential equation being addressed.
Each variant of the Runge-Kutta method is tailored to handle different degrees of differential
equations, providing a flexible and versatile set of tools for numerical approximation in the context
of ODEs.

FORMULA:

CODE AND OUTPUT:

h=0.01;
X=1:h:1.4;
n=length (X);
Y=zeros(1,n);
Y(1)=0;
f=@(x,y) (2*x*y+exp(x))/(x*x+x*exp(x));
for i=1:n-1
WORKSPACE:
k1=h*f(X(i),Y(i));

k2=h*f(X(i)+h/2,Y(i)+k1/2);

k3=h*f(X(i)+h/2,Y(i)+k2/2);

k4=h*f(X(i)+h,Y(i)+k3);

k=(1/6)*(k1+2*k2+2*k3+k4);
Y(i+1)=Y(i)+k;
end
WORKSPACE:
WORKSPACE:

CONCLUSION:

Implementing the Runge-Kutta fourth-order (RK4) method in MATLAB for solving ordinary
differential equations offered hands-on experience with RK4's iterative characteristics and its
applicability to initial value problems. The results highlighted not only the accuracy but also the
efficiency of the method, emphasizing its capability to yield reliable and efficient solutions. The
practical application of RK4 underscored its effectiveness in providing accurate numerical
approximations, reinforcing its reputation as a powerful and reliable tool for solving ordinary
differential equations with specified initial conditions.
WORKSPACE: Assessment Criteria for
Experiment

RUBRIC
ASSESSM
ENT
Organizati
on (Marks:
2)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Work is not The main elements of the Work is organized in a
organized in a experiment are present standardway and there
standard way. but still in is a progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Developm
ent
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Content is Content is not Content is incomplete.
comprehensive, comprehensive or - Major points are not
accurate, and persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
persuasive. - Major points are
- Major points are addressed, butnot well
stated clearlyand are supported.
well supported. - Research is
- Research is adequate, inadequate or doesnot
timely andaddresses address course
course concepts. concepts.
- Content and - Content is
purpose of the inconsistent with
writing are clear. regard to purpose and
clarity ofthought.
Quality of
Analysis
(Marks: 1)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Analysis is inadequate Analysis is relatively Analysis is organized
and the reader is complete butnot well and well supported by
unable to interpret the supported by equations, equations, modelsetc.
results. models etc. Proper interpretation of
the
results along with the
conclusionare made.
WORKSPACE:

EXPERIMENT 14
NUMERICAL COMPUTING
LAB
STUDENT NAME:
M.DANIYAL
SAP ID: 70137777
WORKSPACE:

Title:
Use of MATLAB command; spline.
Objective:
The primary goal of spline interpolation in MATLAB is to construct a seamless and continuous curve
that smoothly passes through a given set of data points. This technique aims to offer a versatile and
aesthetically pleasing depiction of the data by creating a piecewise polynomial function that
effectively captures the local characteristics of the dataset. In MATLAB, the objective is to leverage
spline interpolation methods, including the built-in spline function, to produce a curve that faithfully
represents the inherent patterns in the data. Thisfacilitates more accurate analysis and visualization,
enhancing the precision of insights derived from the interpolated curve.

Theory:
Spline interpolation is a mathematical method employed to create a continuous and smooth curve
that passes through specified data points. In contrast to global methods utilizing a single polynomial
for the entire dataset, splines utilize piecewise polynomials—typically cubic—applied to small
intervals. This strategy ensures the curve's continuity and mitigates oscillations. The prevalent cubic
spline employs cubic polynomials to define each curve segment, imposing additional conditions like
continuity and smoothness at the connecting points. Splines, especially cubic ones, find extensive use
in diverse fields such as computer graphics, numerical analysis, and computer-aided design. Their
versatility lies in their capability to deliver accurate and visually appealing interpolations for intricate
datasets.
Procedure:
In MATLAB, spline interpolation is commonly executed using the spline function. The process entails
inputting data points and, if desired, specifying endpoint conditions. The spline function calculates
coefficients for cubic polynomials within each interval based on the provided data. The resulting
spline curve is then accessible for evaluation at any specified points using the ppval function. This
systematic approach guarantees the creation of a seamless and uninterrupted curve that precisely
captures the inherent patterns in the data. MATLAB alsooffers flexibility by allowing users to enforce
different boundary conditions, such as clamped or natural, providing additional customization
options for spline interpolation.
Discussion:
In summary, the use of spline interpolation in MATLAB offers a powerful technique for generating
seamless and uninterrupted curves based on a provided set of data points. The convenience of the
built-in spline function streamlines the process by automatically determining the coefficients of cubic
polynomials within intervals defined by the data. MATLAB's adaptability empowers users to tailor
spline interpolation by defining endpoint conditions and selecting various boundary options. This
methodology becomes invaluable for precisely representing intricate datasets, providing an
aesthetically pleasing and mathematically reliable tool for interpolation across diverse fields such as
computer graphics, numerical analysis, and engineering applications.
WORKSPACE:
Assessment Criteria for Experiment

RUBRIC
ASSESSM
ENT
Organizati
on (Marks:
2)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Work is not The main elements of the Work is organized in a
organized in a experiment are present standardway and there
standard way. but still in is a progressive
the non- standard form. flow of knowledge.
Content &
Developm
ent
(Marks: 2)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Content is Content is not Content is incomplete.
comprehensive, comprehensive or - Major points are not
accurate, and persuasive. clear orpersuasive.
persuasive. - Major points are
- Major points are addressed, butnot well
stated clearlyand are supported.
well supported. - Research is
- Research is adequate, inadequate or doesnot
timely andaddresses address course
course concepts. concepts.
- Content and - Content is
purpose of the inconsistent with
writing are clear. regard to purpose and
clarity ofthought.
Quality of
Analysis
(Marks: 1)
Below average Average Good score Score
score (0-3) score (4-6) (7-10) achieved
Analysis is inadequate Analysis is relatively Analysis is organized
and the reader is complete butnot well and well supported by
unable to interpret the supported by equations, equations, modelsetc.
results. models etc. Proper interpretation of
the
results along with the
conclusionare made.