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Quiz 2 Section 5 Solution

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44 views3 pages

Quiz 2 Section 5 Solution

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lleschack
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Quiz 2, Fall 2024 Linear Algebra, Section 5 Name:

1. For each of the following functions between vector spaces:


• Prove that it is a linear transformation, by showing that it is compatible
with the vector space operations.
• Also write its matrix.

(1) T : R3 → R2 , T ((x1 , x2 , x3 )) = (x1 , x1 − x2 ).

Solution. To prove that T is a linear transformation, we need to check the


compatibility with both vector space operations.
Vector addition: For any two vectors (y1 , y2 , y3 ) and (z1 , z2 , z3 ) in R3 , we have
to check

T ((y1 , y2 , y3 ) + (z1 , z2 , z3 )) = T ((y1 , y2 , y3 )) + T ((z1 , z2 , z3 )).

(Caution: this should be true for ANY two vectors. Checking this for some
specific choices of vectors (by choosing your favorite numbers as values of
x1 , x2 , x3 ) does NOT qualify as a proof, because “being true for that particular
choice” does not guarantee “being true for all other choices”. When you try
to prove such statement, you must work with general expressions instead
of choosing specific values, so that your reasoning does not depend on the
choices of values.)
Using the given formula of T , we can compute both sides and compare them:
Left-hand side: T ((y1 , y2 , y3 ) + (z1 , z2 , z3 )) = T ((y1 + z1 , y2 + z2 , y3 + z3 )) =
(y1 + z1 , y1 + z1 − y2 − z2 ).
Right-hand side: T ((y1 , y2 , y3 )) + T ((z1 , z2 , z3 )) = (y1 , y1 − y2 ) + (z1 , z1 − z2 ) =
(y1 + z1 , y1 − y2 + z1 − z2 ).
Two sides are equal, so T is compatible with vector addition.
Scalar multiplication: for any vector (y1 , y2 , y3 ) ∈ R3 and for any scalar (real
number) c, we have to check

T (c(y1 , y2 , y3 )) = cT ((y1 , y2 , y3 )).

Left-hand side: T (c(y1 , y2 , y3 )) = T ((cy1 , cy2 , cy3 )) = (cy1 , cy1 − cy2 ).


Right-hand side: cT ((y1 , y2 , y3 )) = c(y1 , y1 − y2 ) = (cy1 , cy1 − cy2 ).
Two sides are equal, so T is compatible with scalar multiplication.
Therefore, T is compatible with both operations of vector spaces, so it is a
linear transformation.
The matrix of T is the matrix whose ith column is the image T (ei ) of the
standard basis vector ei = (0, . . . , 0, 1(at the ith position), 0, . . . , 0) of the
domain. The domain is R3 , so we need to look at three vectors: e1 = (1, 0, 0),
e2 = (0, 1, 0) and e3 = (0, 0, 1). If we plug these numbers in the formula of T ,
we get
 
1
T (e1 ) = T ((1, 0, 0)) = (1, 1) = ,
1
 
0
T (e2 ) = T ((0, 1, 0)) = (0, −1) = ,
−1
 
0
T (e3 ) = T ((0, 0, 1)) = (0, 0) = .
0
Therefore the matrix of T is
 
 1 0 0
T (e1 ) T (e2 ) T (e3 ) = .
1 −1 0

(Remark. Note that by computing the product


 
  x1    
1 0 0   1x1 + 0x2 + 0x3 x1
x2 = =
1 −1 0 1x1 + (−1)x2 + 0x3 x1 − x2
x3
we recover the given formula of T , as a column vector. So “applying a lin-
ear transformation to a vector v” and “multiplying the matrix of this linear
transformation with the column vector v on the right” is the same process,
just displayed in two different forms. This is why we care about the matrix of
linear transformation: every linear transformation can be viewed as just the
multiplication by a fixed matrix.)

(2) S : R2 → R4 , T ((x1 , x2 )) = (x2 , 2x1 + x2 , x1 , x1 − 3x2 ).


Solution. To prove that this is a linear transformation, follow the same process
as in part (1). In this case, the domain is R2 , so the standard basis vectors
are e1 = (1, 0) and e2 = (0, 1). Using them, we can compute the matrix of S:
 
0 1
2 1 
1 0  .
 

1 −3

2. The linear transformations T and S defined above can be composed in one


way. Determine which of T ◦ S and S ◦ T is defined, and write the matrix of
the composed linear transformation using matrix multiplication.

Solution. The domain of S and the codomain of T are the same, so you can
compose these functions in a way such that you apply T first to go from R3
T S
to R2 , then you apply S next to go from R2 to R4 . So S ◦ T : R3 −
→ R2 − → R4
is defined. The opposite direction, T ◦ S, is not defined, as the codomain of
S is R4 , which is not equal to the domain R3 of T .
The matrix of composition of two linear transformation is the same as the
product of the corresponding matrices in the same order, so it is:
 
0 1  
2 3  1 0 0
(matrix of S ◦ T ) = (matrix of S)(matrix of T ) =  
1 0  1 −1 0
1 −3
   
0×1+1×0 0 × 0 + 1 × (−1) 0×0+1×0 1 −1 0
 2×1+1×1 2 × 0 + 1 × (−1) 2×0+1×0   =  3 −1 0

=  1×1+0×1
.
1 × 0 + 0 × (−1) 1×0+0×0   1 0 0
1 × 1 + (−3) × 1 1 × 0 + (−3) × (−1) 1 × 0 + (−3) × 0 −2 3 0

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