FACULTY OF BIOENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

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EXPERIMENT 1 : INTRODUCTION TO SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

LABORATORY

GROUP 12

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ACADEMIC SESSION 2024/2025

SEB 4

EME 4223 MATERIALS AND FABRICATION OF

SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS

NAME MATRIC NUMBER

AIMAN NAJMI BIN ROSLANHILI J21A0992

AKHMAL KHAIRIE BIN SHARUDIN J21A0994

ALBERT LAI HUI LONG J21A0995

UMMAR BIN ABD RAHIM J21A0975

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Semiconductor technology constitutes a pivotal technological advancement of the 20th

century, fundamentally altering contemporary electronics and computing. This extensive study
examines the identification and theoretical comprehension of semiconductor components and
their ancillary elements, which collectively constitute the basis of contemporary electronic
systems.

The primary components being analyzed include both active and passive elements. Diodes and
transistors are fundamental components of semiconductor technology, functioning as the
essential building blocks for electronic control and amplification. These devices utilize the
distinctive attributes of semiconductor materials, primarily silicon, which can be meticulously
tailored via doping techniques to attain particular electrical properties (Sedra & Smith, 2020).

The supporting infrastructure comprises several essential components. Resistors control current
flow and set appropriate biasing conditions, whereas capacitors are vital for signal filtering and
energy storage. Transformers facilitate voltage conversion and offer electrical isolation between
circuit stages. The breadboard is an essential prototyping platform that enables swift circuit
assembly and modification for experimental objectives (Horowitz & Hill, 2015).

Diodes, as the most fundamental semiconductor devices, exhibit essential P-N junction behavior,
which is vital for comprehending more intricate semiconductor functions. According to Neamen
(2012), the P-N junction is fundamental for comprehending carrier transport and the formation of
the depletion region. Transistors, comprising bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field-effect
transistors (FETs), leverage these principles to deliver amplification and switching
functionalities, representing a notable progression in electrical signal regulation.

Power supply considerations are managed via batteries, which deliver the requisite DC voltage
for optimal semiconductor device functionality. This reliable power source is crucial for
sustaining uniform operating conditions and ensuring consistent circuit performance, as
highlighted in contemporary electronic design methodologies (Boylestad & Nashelsky, 2021).
The theoretical framework includes several fundamental concepts.

● Band theory and energy band gaps in semiconductor materials

● Mechanisms of carrier transport and junction characteristics; effects of doping and
concentrations of charge carriers.
● Characteristics of current-voltage relationships and operational domains
● Biasing specifications and thermal considerations

2.0 OBJECTIVE
To recognize various semiconductor components described in the lecture to comprehend the
principles of semiconductor devices.

3.0 EQUIPMENT
● Resistors 1
● Breadboard 1
● Capacitor 1
● Diode 1
● Transistors 1
● Transformer 1
● Battery 4
● Crocodile clip 2
● Battery holder 1,2,3,4
 3. 1 RESISTOR

Resistors in semiconductor applications are essential passive electronic components that

regulate and restrict current flow inside circuits. In semiconductor devices, resistors are essential
for biasing transistors, regulating voltage levels, and determining appropriate operating points for
diodes and integrated circuits. They are crucial for voltage division, current limitation for
sensitive semiconductor components, and the establishment of pull-up or pull-down topologies in
digital circuits. Contemporary semiconductor circuits often include both discrete resistors and
integrated resistors manufactured directly on silicon chips, with exact values ranging from a few
ohms to several megaohms, facilitating precise regulation of current flow and voltage dips across
semiconductor junctions.
 3.2 BREADBOARD

A breadboard is a fundamental prototyping platform that permits the temporary

construction and testing of circuits without permanent connections or soldering. This reusable
design tool comprises a grid of electrically connected holes arranged in specific patterns, with
power rails along the sides and terminal strips in the center. It enables engineers and students to
swiftly assemble, test, and modify semiconductor circuits by inserting components such as
transistors, diodes, resistors, and integrated circuits into the holes. The systematic layout of the
breadboard ensures proper component placement, voltage distribution, and signal routing,
rendering it indispensable for experimenting with semiconductor device configurations and
validating circuit designs prior to final implementation.

3.3 CAPACITOR
 Capacitors in semiconductor applications are essential passive components that store and
release electrical energy via an electric field between two conductive plates separated by a
dielectric material. In semiconductor circuits, they perform several critical functions, including
power supply filtering, signal coupling and decoupling, timing control, and noise suppression.
They are particularly important for blocking DC while permitting AC signals to pass, providing
voltage stabilization in power supplies, and creating time delays in timing circuits. In integrated
circuits, capacitors also have significant roles in memory storage (as in DRAM), frequency
compensation in amplifiers, and smoothing voltage fluctuations to ensure stable operation of
sensitive semiconductor devices.

3.4 DIODE

A diode is a fundamental two-terminal semiconductor device that exhibits asymmetric

conductivity, allowing current to flow predominantly in one direction while blocking it in the
reverse direction. This behavior is achieved through a p-n junction, where p-type (hole-rich) and
n-type (electron-rich) semiconductor materials interface. When forward-biased, majority carriers
overcome the depletion region's potential barrier, enabling current flow; conversely, under
reverse bias, the depletion region widens, effectively blocking current except for minimal
leakage. Modern diodes incorporate sophisticated designs like heterojunctions, Schottky barriers,
and tunneling mechanisms, enabling applications in rectification, signal modulation,
photodetection, light emission (LEDs), and voltage regulation, making them indispensable in
modern electronics.

3.5 LED

A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a complex semiconductor device that transforms electrical
energy into electromagnetic radiation via electroluminescence at a p-n junction. When electrons from the
n-type region recombine with holes in the p-type region under forward bias, they emit energy as photons,
with the wavelength (color) dictated by the bandgap energy of the semiconductor materials employed.
Contemporary LEDs incorporate advanced quantum well structures, multiple heterojunctions, and
engineered materials such as GaN, InGaN, and AlGaAs to attain high quantum efficiency, precise
wavelength regulation, and enhanced luminosity. These attributes, along with their low power
consumption, extended lifespan, and rapid switching capabilities, render LEDs essential in displays,
lighting, optical communications, and photonic applications.

3.6 TRANSFORMER

A semiconductor transformer is a sophisticated integrated electronic component that

transfers electrical energy between circuits via electromagnetic coupling, utilizing semiconductor
materials and microfabrication technologies. In contrast to conventional iron-core transformers,
these devices employ integrated inductors, typically constructed with metallic traces on
semiconductor substrates, often featuring advanced materials such as GaN or SiC for
high-frequency performance. They incorporate intricate designs, including planar windings,
air-core structures, and magnetic thin films, to achieve miniaturization while ensuring high
efficiency. Contemporary semiconductor transformers utilize advanced topologies like
piezoelectric transformers and integrated magnetics, facilitating applications in power
conversion, isolation, impedance matching, and signal coupling within compact electronic
systems operating at frequencies in the MHz-GHz range.

3.7 BATTERY

A semiconductor battery, specifically a solid-state battery that utilizes semiconductor

materials, exemplifies advanced energy storage technology by employing solid electrolytes and
electrodes rather than conventional liquid electrolytes. These systems incorporate innovative
materials such as lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON), garnet-type ceramics, or
sulfide-based semiconductors, which provide exceptional ionic conductivity and electrochemical
stability. The semiconductor design promotes rapid ion transport, enhances safety by removing
flammable liquids, increases energy density, and extends cycle life. Contemporary configurations
feature nanoscale engineering, heterojunction interfaces, and intricate ion-conducting channels,
making them suitable for use in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and integrated power
systems, while also presenting opportunities for direct integration with semiconductor devices on
a single chip.
3.8 CROCODILE CLIP

A crocodile clip in semiconductor applications is a precision-engineered temporary

connection device characterized by spring-loaded, serrated jaws with specialized coatings (gold,
nickel, or platinum) to enhance conductivity and reduce contact resistance. These clips enable
rapid and secure connections during semiconductor testing, debugging, and prototyping, while
maintaining signal integrity and safeguarding sensitive components from damage.

3.8 BATTERY HOLDER

A semiconductor battery holder is an integrated circuit component that interfaces with

energy storage devices and includes power management and protection features. The holders
employ semiconductor circuitry, incorporating MOSFETs, voltage regulators, and temperature
sensors to monitor and regulate battery performance. Contemporary designs integrate
sophisticated features such as overcurrent protection, thermal management systems, smart
charging protocols, and accurate voltage/current sensing via integrated semiconductor devices.
The architecture typically incorporates microcontrollers for monitoring battery health, advanced
contact designs to enhance electrical connectivity, and innovative materials for effective thermal
dissipation. The holders facilitate communication with host systems via I2C or SPI interfaces,
allowing for real-time monitoring of battery status and adaptive power management in electronic
devices.

4.0 Questions

Everyone writes the conclusion for this topic. Write your name and matrix
number with your conclusions.

AKHMAL KHAIRIE BIN SHARUDIN J21A0994

In conclusion, this laboratory session offered vital hands-on experience with basic
semiconductor components and their associated elements, acting as an important link between
theoretical understanding and practical application. Students acquired practical understanding of
the fundamental components of semiconductor technology through the systematic examination
of various devices, including diodes, LEDs, transistors, and passive components such as resistors
and capacitors. The laboratory highlighted the significance of accurate component identification,
their characteristics, and the specific functions they serve in electronic circuits.

The use of breadboards facilitated safe and efficient prototyping, while additional components
like battery holders and crocodile clips illustrated the practical elements of circuit assembly and
testing. Each component examined, ranging from basic resistors to more complex semiconductor
devices, enhanced the comprehension of the interconnected nature of electronic systems. The
incorporation of solid-state technology, especially in components such as semiconductor
transformers and contemporary battery systems, underscores the sophistication of modern
electronic devices.

This introduction to semiconductor components provides a solid foundation for comprehending

more complex electronic systems and reinforces theoretical concepts discussed in lectures. The
practical experience acquired is essential for future endeavors in semiconductor device
fabrication and electronic circuit design. This essential information enables students and
engineers to recognize, construct, and enhance diverse circuits, paving the way for creative
applications in many domains. With this understanding, semiconductor components may be
interconnected to create advanced and efficient electronic systems.

UMMAR BIN ABD RAHIM

To sum up, a semiconductor lab that specializes in circuit boards, diodes, and batteries is
essential to the advancement of the technology underlying contemporary electronic products.
Precision diode fabrication and testing allows for the creation of dependable, effective parts that
are necessary for signal processing, power systems, and lighting solutions. By pushing the limits
of performance and compactness, these labs not only improve the characteristics of diodes but
also increase their uses. As diode technologies advance, they help create electronic gadgets that
are smaller and use less energy, meeting the demands of a world that is becoming more and more
tech-driven.

Enhancements in device autonomy, durability, and energy management are being driven
by developments in semiconductor laboratories' research on batteries and circuit boards. These
laboratories improve the lifespan and power efficiency of electronic equipment, ranging from
consumer electronics to large-scale power systems, by refining circuit board designs and battery
chemistries. Next-generation electronics that are safer, more environmentally friendly, and more
capable of meeting the demands of future applications are made possible by the extensive testing
and research taking place in semiconductor labs. Developments in circuit boards, diodes, and
batteries work together to serve industries including telecommunications, renewable energy, and
transportation in addition to the electronics sector.

ALBERT LAI HUI LONG (J21A0995)

In conclusion, a thorough grasp of the essential elements and their roles in the field of
semiconductor technology has been given by the first lab of the Introduction to Semiconductor
Devices course. We investigated the operations of resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors,
transformers, and batteries through practical investigation. We made sure to look into the
capabilities of each of these parts because they are crucial to the functioning of electronic
circuits. This laboratory was able to close the gap between classroom instruction and real-world
applications by supporting the development of practical skills in addition to reinforcing
theoretical notions. By engaging with these crucial elements, we have made sure that we are
appropriately equipped to tackle increasingly challenging problems and make creative
contributions to this quickly expanding sector, which has given us the chance to build a solid
foundation for upcoming developments in electronics.

AIMAN NAJMI BIN ROSLANHILI J21A0992

This laboratory session offered crucial practical experience with basic semiconductor
components, emphasizing both active and passive parts. By systematically examining and
identifying numerous components such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, LEDs, transformers, and
batteries, along with auxiliary elements like breadboards and crocodile clips, we acquired
practical knowledge of modern electrical systems.
The laboratory underscored the essential function of each element, ranging from fundamental
current regulation in resistors to intricate electroluminescence in LEDs and advanced power
management in battery holders. Practical investigation improved comprehension of
semiconductor fundamentals, especially for P-N junctions, carrier transport, and energy band
gaps. This thorough introduction provided a solid basis for comprehending semiconductor device
concepts, their interrelated functions in electronic circuits, and their practical application in
contemporary electronics, connecting theoretical knowledge with real-world use.

Students and engineers may build and improve circuits for purposes ranging from consumer
electronics to industrial equipment by comprehending how these fundamental components
interact to create anything from simple power regulators to intricate computer systems.

5.0 REFERRENCES

Horowitz, P., Hill, W., Institute, R., & Harvard, A. (2015). THE ART OF ELECTRONICS
Third Edition.
https://artofelectronics.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/AoE_3e_table-of-contents.p
df
Neamen, D. (2012). SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS AND DEVICES BASIC PRINCIPLES.
https://experimentationlab.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/SHE/References/09-Semic
onductors.pdf
Sedra, A., Smith, K., Chan Carusone, T., & Gaudet, V. (2019). Microelectronic Circuits 8 th
Edition Spice Examples for Appendix B.
Zeghbroeck, B. (2008). Principles of Semiconductor Devices Principles of Semiconductor
Devices Principles of Semiconductor Devices Principles of Semiconductor Devices.
https://truenano.com/PSD20/contents/table%20of%20contents.pdf