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PHILOSOPHY

PHILO

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Cathlene Golpo
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PHILOSOPHY

PHILO

Uploaded by

Cathlene Golpo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

Philosophy is derived from the Greek words philos (love) and sophia (wisdom) meaning
“love of wisdom”

Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge,
values, reason, mind and language.

PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION
Refers to the careful examination of the life situation

Philosophers are people who engage in philosophy

Socrates is the most notable ancient Greek philosopher

Pythagoras - mathematician and scientist credited for formulating the Pythagorean


theorem

Heraclitus - everything that exists is based on a higher order or plan called logos

Democritus - study of the causes of natural phenomena

Diogenes of Sinope - advocate of living a simple and virtuous life

Epicurus - philosophy could enable a man to live a life of happiness

Socrates - foremost philosopher of ancient times who formulated the Socratic method

Plato - student of Socrates who is also a founder of the academy, an institution of higher
learning.

Aristotle - student of Plato who attended the academy. His studies in logic led to the
formulation of a formal process by which specific statements are analyzed to reach
conclusion or generalization.

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE AND PARTIAL POINT OF


VIEW

Holistic thinking came from the greek word “HOLOS” meaning everything whole
Described as the bigger picture when describing and analyzing a situation or problem

Partial thinking focuses on specific aspects of a situation. The individual focuses on


certain areas of the problem in order to understand it.
breaking down a larger system into its details

THE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY


Metaphysics
The study of basic structures and categories of what exists.
The foundation of Philosophy.
“What is the meaning of life? What is the purpose of life? Does God Exist?”

Cosmology
COMOS - The study of material universe.
Nature and origin of the universe

Ethics
Study of what is right and wrong in human behavior.
Explores the nature and moral virtue and evaluates human actions.
“What I ought to do?”
right or wrong

Aesthetics
The study of beauty and philosophy art.
Explain how people perceive and access the meaning, importance, and purpose of life.
“Is art subjective?”

Logic
The study of correct reasoning.
Concerned with analyzing ideas and arguments by using reason and rational thinking.

Axiology
The study of the nature of value.

THE PHILOSOPHERS
PRE-SOCRATIC PERIOD

Thales
● Mathematician and Astronomer
● Considered as FIRST PHILOSOPHER because he was the first to ask the
question “WHAT IS THE BASIC STUFF OF UNIVERSE”
● He claimed that everything comes from water.

Anaximander
● Lived in Miletus.
● Developed a systematic philosophical view of the world.
● Man is indeterminate boundless.

Anaximenes
● Best known for his doctrine that air is the source of all things.

Heraclitus
● Philosopher of Ephesus
● Best known for his doctrines that things are constantly changing and the fire is
the basic material of the world.

Pythagoras
● Known for his “Pythagorean Theorem” and known as the FATHER OF
NUMBERS
● He believed that everything must have comes from numbers
● There is a pattern for every action

Democritus
● A central figure in the development of the atomic theory of the universe.

Empedocles
● Best known for his belief that all matters was compared of four elements;
● Fire
● Air
● Water
● Earth

SOCRATIC PERIOD

Socrates
● A prominent teacher, born in Athens
● He is known as the FATHER OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
● He is known for his famous SOCRATIC METHOD (ELENCHUS)

Plato
● Student of Socrates
● Founded an academy in Athens
● Regarded as the FATHER OF IDEALISM
● Believes in the superiority of mind over matter.
● It holds that ideas are the only true and reality

Aristotle
● A philosopher who made an important contribution to Logic, Criticisms,
Metaphysics, Ethics, and politics
● Student of Plato for 20 years but he’s famous for rejecting Plato’s theory of forms
● He is known as the FATHER OF REALISM

TRUTH, OPINION, AND BELIEF


Truth
● A reasonable measure of the correctness of a statement, idea and belief.
● The actual state of the matter, an adherence to reality, or an indisputable fact

OPINION
● A subjective statement that expresses certain views and belief
● A personal belief or judgement that is not founded on proof or certainty.

BELIEF
● Is an attitude that something is the case, or that some proposition about the world
is true
● An acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists

2 TYPES OF REASONING

Inductive Reasoning
Is based from observations in order to make generalizations.
specific to general

Deductive Reasoning
Draws conclusion from one broad judgement or definition to a one more specific
assertion.

DOMAINS and THEORIES of TRUTH


DOMAINS OF TRUTH

Objective Domain
This refers to the truths that are established based on abstracted theories.
It includes scientific and mathematical theories that are currently used as fundamental
basis in establishing other theories.

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