(

12) cos 3 = co s3  1 − 3c tan 2  = 4 cos 3  − 3cos 

2 ) and cos3 x =
1
4
( 3cos x + cos 3x )
13) cos 4 = 8cos  − 8cos 2  + 1
4

14) tan 3 = 3tan − tan

3
1−3tan 
2

15) tan 4 = 4tan2−4tan 

3
1−6tan  + tan 4

III)

18) 1 + sin 2 = ( sin  + cos  )

2

19) 1 − sin 2 = ( sin  − cos  )

2

IV)

  
23) i) (1 − cot A ) 1 − cot  − A = 2
 4 
  
iii) ( 3 + tan x 

) 3 + tan  − x   = 4
6 

( )
iv) tan 450 +  − tan 450 −  = 2 tan 2 ( )

vi) tan  + cot  = 2cos ec 2 & cos ec + cot  = cot  
2
vii) cot  − tan  = 2 cot 2

1
(
24) sin  sin 60o −  sin 60o +  = ) ( ) 4
sin 3

1
(
25) co s  cos 60o −  cos 60o +  = ) ( ) 4
cos 3

( ) (
26) tan  tan 60o −  tan 60o +  = tan 3 )
tan  tan (120o −  ) tan (120 +  ) = tan 3
o

tan  tan ( 240o −  ) tan ( 240 +  ) = tan 3

o

3
(
27) co s 2  + cos 2 60o +  + cos 2 60o −  = ) ( ) 2

3
(
28) sin 2  + sin 2 60o +  + sin 2 60o −  = ) ( ) 2
 ( ) (
29) sin  + sin 60o −  − sin 60o +  = 0 ) (example: sin20 + sin50 – sin 70 = 0 )

3
( ) (
30) co s3  + cos3 120o +  + cos3 240o +  = ) 4
cos 3 ( if a + b + c = 0 then a 3
+ b3 + c 3 = 3abc )
−3
sin 3  + sin 3 (120o +  ) + sin 3 ( 240o +  ) = sin 3
4

( ) (
31) tan  + tan 60o +  − tan 60o −  = 3 tan 3 )
cot  + cot ( 60o +  ) − cot ( 60o −  ) = 3cot 3
cot  + cot ( 60o +  ) + cot (120o +  ) = 3cot 3

Trigonometry general

sin 4 x cos 4 x 1 sin 4 n x cos 4 n x 1

35a) If + = , then + 2 n −1 = (where n is a natural number) for all
(a + b)
2 n −1 2 n −1
a b a+b a b
x  ( −, −1  1,  )

Sum / Product of the trigonometry terms / sereies

sin 2n 
36a) cos  .cos 2 .cos 2 2  .cos 23 .......cos 2 n −1 =
2n sin 
  
sin 2n  n −1 
              2 
36b) cos  n −1  .cos  n − 2  .cos  n −3  .cos  n − 4  .......cos   .cos  =
2  2  2  2  2   
2n sin  n −1 
2 

2 
37) If  = , or then tan  tan 2 + tan 2 tan 4 + tan 4 tan  = −7
7 7
( Use cos ( A + B + C ) = cos A cos B cos C (1 − S 2 ) )
 2 + ( n − 1)    n 
sin   sin  
 2   2 
38a) sin  + sin ( +  ) + sin ( + 2 ) + ... + sin ( + ( n − 1)  ) =
 
sin  
2
 2 + ( n − 1)    n 
cos   sin  
 2   2 
38b) cos  + cos ( +  ) + cos ( + 2 ) + ... + cos ( + ( n − 1)  ) =
 
sin  
2

   2   3   (n − 1)  n
39a) sin   .sin   .sin   .......sin   . = n −1
n  n   n   n  2
    2  3  (n − 1)  1 − (−1)
n
 
39b) cos   .cos   .cos   .......cos  .= ,n 1
n  n   n   n  2n

40) cot 2n −1 − cot 2n  = cos ec 2n 

 n −1  A n −1 
 Example : cos ecA + cos ec 2 A + cos ec 2 A + ... + cos ec 2 A = cot  2  − cot 2 A 
2

   

8
41) tan 2  + cot 2  = −2
1 − cos 4
 2  2 3 7 
 Example : tan + tan 2 tan 2 + .... + tan 2 = 35 
 16 16 16 16 

42) cot 2n  − tan 2n  = 2 cot 2 n +1

( Example : tan  + 2 tan 2 + 2 2

tan 22  + ..... + 2n −1 tan 2 n −1 = cot  − 2 n cot 2 n  )

sin  1
43) = ( tan 3 − tan  )
cos 3 2
 1 
 sin  sec 3 + sin 3 sec 3  + sin 3  sec 3  + .... + sin 3  sec 3  = ( tan 3  − tan  ) 
2 2 3 n −1 n n

 2 

Equations:
 3 5
49) cos , cos
, cos are the roots of 8cos3 x − 4 cos 2 x − 4 cos x + 1 = 0 and hence
7 7 7
 3 5 1 2 4 6 −1
cos + cos + cos = and cos + cos + cos = .
7 7 7 2 7 7 7 2
3 =  − 4  sin 4 = sin 3  8cos3  − 4 cos 2  − 4 cos  + 1 = 0  .

Some standard results:

−3
53) If co s ( −  ) + cos (  −  ) + cos (  −  ) = , then
2
a) ( cos  + cos  + cos  ) + ( sin  + sin  + sin  ) = 0
2 2

b ii ) cos  + cos  + cos  = 0 and sin  + sin  + sin  = 0

54) The value of sin 2 x + sin ax can be equal to 2, if sin 2x and sinax both are equal to one but are not equal
to one for any common value of x.

15 18 22.5 30 36 45 54 60 67.5 72 75
Sin  3 −1 5 −1 1 1 5 +1 3 3 +1
2− 2 5− 5 2+ 2 5+ 5
2 2 4 2 2 8 2 4 2 2 8 2 2

cos  3 +1 3 5 +1 1 1 5 −1 3 −1
5+ 5 2+ 2 5− 5 2− 2
2 2 8 2 2 4 2 8 2 2 4 2 2

tan  2− 3 2+ 3

Maximum and minimum values:

56a) − a 2 + b 2  a cos   b sin   a 2 + b 2
56b) c − a 2 + b 2  a cos   b sin  + c  c + a 2 + b 2
57) Minimum value of a 2 tan 2  + b 2 cot 2  is 2ab for all  in its domain
58) If then a cos  − b sin  = c then a sin  + b cos  =  a 2 + b 2 − c 2
1 
61) Range of f ( x) = sin 6 x + cos 6 x is  , 1
4 
62) Range of f ( x) = sin x + cos x is 1, 2 
 

(
63. The range of cos  sin  + sin  + sin 
2 2
) is − 1 + sin  ,
2
1 + sin 2  

 
66a) If  ,    0.  and  +  =  (fixed) then the maximum value of each expression
 2
i) cos  cos 
ii) cos  + cos 

iii) sin  sin  occurs when  =  =
2
 
66b) If  ,    0.  and  +  =  (fixed) then the minimum value of each expression
 2
i) sec  + sec 
ii) tan  + tan 

iii) cos ec + cos ec occurs when  =  =
2

Results related to triangle:

In general

If A + B + C =  , then
1) sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C = 4sin A sin B sin C
 A B C
2) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos   cos   cos  
2 2 2
3) sin A + sin B − sin C = 2sin A sin B cos C
2 2 2

5) cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2C = −4 cos A cos B cos C − 1

  A  B C 
6) cos A + cos B + cos C = 4sin   sin   sin   + 1
2 2 2
7) cos A + cos B + cos C + 2 cos A cos B cos C = 1
2 2 2

If A + B + C = n , n  I
12) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C ,
13) tan ( x − y ) + tan ( y − z ) + tan ( z − x ) = tan ( x − y ) .tan ( y − z ) .tan ( z − x ) ,
 A B B C C  A
14) tan   tan   + tan   tan   + tan   tan   = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
 A B C
15) tan 2   + tan 2   + tan 2    1
2 2 2

17) cot A.cot B + cot B.cot C + cot C.cot A = 1

 A B C   A B C
18) cot   + cot   + cot   = cot   .cot   .cot  
2 2 2 2 2 2

Maximum and minimum values:

Ptolemy’s theorem: In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, AC.BD = AB.CD + BC.AF i.e., in a cyclic
quadrilateral the product of diagonals is equal to the sum of the product of the lengths of the
opposite sides,

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
  
1. If sin  = sin    = n + (−1) n  where    − , ,n I .
 2 2 
2. If cos  = cos    = 2n   where    0,   , n  I .
  
3. If tan  = tan    = n +  where    − , ,n  I .
 2 2
4. If sin 2  = sin 2    = n   , n  I
5. cos 2  = cos 2    = n   , n  I
6. tan 2  = tan 2    = n   , n  I [Note :  is called the principle angle]

7. TYPES OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS :

F) solving equations by a change of variable :

(i) Equations of the form of a.sin x + b.cos x + d = 0, where a, b &d are real numbers & a, b  0 can
be solved by changing sin x & cos x into their corresponding tangent of half the angle.
Example:
i) 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5.

G) Many equations can be solved by introducing a new variable.

Example:
 1
i) The equation sin 4 2 x + cos 4 2 x = sin 2 x.cos 2 x changes to 2( y + 1)  y −  = 0 by substituting,
 2
sin 2 x.cos 2 x = y .
H) Solving equations with the use of the Boundness of the functions sin x & cos x or by making two
perfect squares.
Examples
 x   x 
i) sin x  cos − 2sin x  + 1 + sin − 2cos x  .cos x = 0
 4   4 
4 11
ii) sin x + 2 tan x + tan x − sin x + = 0
2 2

3 12
8. TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUALATIES: There is no general rule to solve a Trigonometric
inequations and the same rules of algebra are valid except the domain and range of trigonometric
functions should be kept in mind.
 x  1
Consider the examples : log 2  sin   −1;sin x  cos x +   0; 5 − 2sin 2 x  6sin x − 1
 2  2