RHSA1

Red Hat System Administration I

COURSE MATERIALS

You can access the course materials via this link

https://goo.gl/ezCT7j

Made with by 4
DAY 3 CONTENTS
● Vi text editor
● Initialization Files.
● Environment Variables

Made with by 81
THE VI TEXT EDITOR
● Default editor in all UNIX operating systems.
● Usually the only editor available in emergencies.
● Relatively hard to learn, but really powerful
● vi in Linux is usually vim (vi improved)
● Syntax highlighting
● Arrow keys, Del, BS work in insert mode
● Mouse support

● VI editor is an interactive editor that you can use to create

and modify test files.
● It is used when the desktop environment window system is
not available.

Made with by 82
VI OPERATIONS
● VI has three basic modes
● Command mode
– Default mode
– Perform commands to delete, copy, …
● Edit mode
– Enter text into the file
● Last line mode
– Advanced editing commands
– To access it, enter a colon (:) while in the
command mode

Made with by 83
VI OPERATIONS
● Inserting and appending text
● i Inserts text before the cursor
● o Opens a new blank line below the cursor
● a Appends text after the cursor
● A append text at the end of the line
● I insert text at the beginning of the line
● O opens a new line above the cursor
● After editing Press esc to enter command mode

Made with by 84
VI OPERATIONS
● The syntax of vi command
● vi
● vi filename
● vi options filename
● To recover a file
● vi –r filename
● Viewing files in Read-only mode
● view filename
– Perform the :q command exit

Made with by 85
MANIPULATING FILES WITHIN VI
● Moving the cursor within the vi
● h, left arrow, or backspace: left one character
● j or down arrow: down one line
● k or up arrow: up one line
● l, right arrow or space: right one character

Made with by 86
MANIPULATING FILES WITHIN VI
● Moving the cursor within the vi (cont.)
● w forward one word
● b back one word
● e to the end of the current word
● 0 to the beginning of the line
● Enter: down to the beginning of the next line

Made with by 87
MANIPULATING FILES WITHIN VI
● Moving the cursor within the vi (cont.)
● G Goes to the last line of the file
● nG Goes to Line n
● :n Goes to Line n
● Control-F Pages forward one screen
● Control-B Pages back one screen
● Control-L refresh the screen

Made with by 88
MANIPULATING FILES WITHIN VI
● Substitute and delete text
● s Substitutes a string for a character at the
cursor.
● x Deletes a character at the cursor.
● dw Deletes a word or part of the word to the
right of the cursor.
● dd Deletes the line containing the cursor.
● D Deletes the line from the cursor to the right
end of the line.
● n,nd Deletes Lines n through n

Made with by 89
MANIPULATING FILES WITHIN VI
● Search and replace
● /string Searches forward for the string.
● ?string Searches backward for the string.
● n Searches for the next occurrence of the
string.
● N Searches for the previous occurrence of the
string.
● %s/old/new/g Searches for the old string and
replaces it with the new string globally.

Made with by 90
MANIPULATING FILES WITHIN VI
● Copy and paste
● yy Yank a copy of a line.
● p Put yanked text under the line containing the
cursor.
● P Put yanked text before the line containing
the cursor.
● n,n co n Copy Lines n though n and puts
them after Line n.
● n,n m n Move Lines n through n to Line n.

Made with by 91
MANIPULATING FILES WITHIN VI
● Save and quit
● :w save the file
● :w new_file save as new file
● :wq, :x, ZZ save and quit
● :q! quit without saving

Made with by 92
MANIPULATING FILES WITHIN VI
● Customizing vi session
● :set nu, :set nonu show and hide line
numbers
● :set ic, :set noic ignore or be case sensitive
● :set showmode, :set noshowmode display
or turn off mode

Made with by 93
EDITING FILES WITH GEDIT
● The gedit text editor is a graphical tool for editing text files.

● The gedit window is launched by selecting:

Search menu→ gedit

Made with by 94
GLOBAL INITIALIZATION FILES
• /etc/profile
• This file gets executed whenever a bash login shell is entered as
well as by DisplayManager when the desktop session loads.
• /etc/bash.bashrc
• This is the system-wide version of the ~/.bashrc file. By default
this file is executed whenever a user enters a shell or the desktop
environment.

Made with by 95
INITIALIZATION FILES
• ~/.profile
• It gets executed automatically by DisplayManager during startup
process desktop session as well as by the login shell when on logs-
in from the textual console.
• ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bash_login
• If one of these file exits, bash executes it rather than "~/.profile"
when it is started as a login shell. (Bash will prefer "~/.bash_profile"
to "~/.bash_login"). However, these files won't influence a graphical
session by default.

Only .profile works in the GUI but the others in the command line

Made with by 96
STARTUP FILES
• ~/.bashrc
• By default this file will be executed in each and every invocation of
bash as well as while logging in to the graphical environment.

Made with by 97
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
● $HOME
● Complete path of the user home directory
● Example
– mkdir $HOME/file1
● $PATH
● A colon-separated list of directories used by the
shell to look for executable program names
● Example
– echo $PATH
/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/java/bin

Made with by 98
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
● $PWD
● The user current working directory
● $SHELL
● Path name of the login shell
● $USER
● Currently logged in user
● $HOSTNAME
● Name of the computer

Made with by 99
VIEWING VARIABLE CONTENTS
● The shell assumes whatever follows the dollar sign ($) in
the command line is a variable and substitutes its value
● echo $HOME
/home/user
● To view the contents of all variables by running the set
command

Made with by 10
0
COMMAND ALIAS
alias l.='ls .* ‘
alias ll='ls -l ‘
alias ls='ls ‘
● Type alias at the terminal to see all set aliases
● Remove aliases
unalias command
● Bypass aliases
alias ls='ls -AF'
/usr/bin/ls
\ls
Made with by 10
1
COMMANDS HISTORY
• bash stores a history of commands you have entered so
that you can recall them later.
• The history is stored in the user's home directory and is
called .bash_history by default.
• You can recall commands by pressing the up arrow key
• !!
• Repeats the last command.
• !string
• Repeats the last command that started with string.
• !n
• Repeats a command by its number in history output.
• !-n
• Repeats a command entered n commands back.

Made with by 102

COMMANDS HISTORY
• ^old^new to repeat the last command with old changed to
new. For example,
• $ cp file1 /usr/local/src/project
• $ ^file1^file2

• You will get the output:

• $ cp file2 /usr/local/src/project

Made with by 103