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GIS Definitions

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18 views2 pages

GIS Definitions

Uploaded by

asif.laiba1123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Latitude and Longitude

Latitude and longitude are a system of lines used to describe the location of any place on Earth. Lines
of latitude run in an north-south direction across Earth. Lines of longitude run in a east-west direction.
Although these are only imaginary lines, they appear on maps and globes as if they actually existed.
Latitude is the Y-axis, longitude is the X-axis.

LATITUDE is known as Parallels. LONGITUDE is known as Meridians.

Co-Ordinate System:
A coordinate system is a method for identifying the location of a point on the earth . Most coordinate
systems use two numbers, a coordinate, to identify the location of a point. Each of these numbers
indicates the distance between the point and some fixed reference point, called the origin.

All spatial data is created in a coordinate system, whether it is points, lines, polygons, rasters, or
annotation. The coordinates can be specified in many different ways, such as decimal degrees, feet,
meters, or kilometers; any form of measurement can be used as a coordinate system.

Projected Co-Ordinate System:


A projected coordinate system is a flat, two-dimensional representation of the Earth. It is based on a
sphere or spheroid geographic coordinate system, but it uses linear units of measure for coordinates, so
that calculations of distance and area are easily done in terms of those same units.
Geographic Co-Ordinate System:
A geographic coordinate system (GCS) uses a three-dimensional spherical surface to define locations
on the earth. A GCS is often incorrectly called a datum, but a datum is only one part of a GCS. A GCS
includes an angular unit of measure, a prime meridian, and a datum (based on a spheroid).
Difference between Geographic co-ordinate system and projected co-ordinate
system:
Geographic Co-Ordinate System Projected CO-Ordinate System
 Stores data in Latitude and longitude form.  Stores data in the form of decimal and
degree.
 Find direction between two points but do  Find distance between two points but do
not find distance. not find direction.
 Earth is like a ball. Data in 3D Form.  Earth is like a flat paper. Find length,
area, and perimeter.
 Units are : lat and long  Units are: km, m, inches, and feet.

Shape File:
A shape file is an Esri vector data storage format for storing the location, shape, and attributes of
geographic features. It is stored as a set of related files and contains one feature class. A shape file is a
simple, non-topological format for storing the geometric location and attribute information of
geographic features. Geographic features in a shape file can be represented by points, lines, or polygons
(areas).

UTM :
UTM stands for Universal Transverse Mercator. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate
system is a grid-based method of specifying locations on the surface of the Earth that is a practical
application of a 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. It is used to identify locations on the earth,
but differs from the traditional method of latitude and longitude in several respects. The UTM system is
not a single map projection. The system instead employs a series of sixty zones, each being a six-degree
band of longitude, and is based on a specifically defined secant transverse Mercator projection. These
zones are wedge shaped on a globe.

Merge:
In GIS, merge is a process in which input features from multiple input sources (of the same data type)
combined into a single, new, output feature class. The input data sources may be point, line,
or polygon feature classes or tables. This operation differs from aggregation in that it maintains the
level of dimensionality of the original data (point-to-point, line-to-line, polygon-to-polygon).

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