Functions of Art

1. Bul-ul – are carved Anito figures of the Ifugaos: these represent their ancestral spirit and granary gods. Seated
Ifugao “bulul” at the conclusion of the annual Ifugao harvest ritual “bululs” placed in rice granaries are
considered guardians of harvest.
2. Palayok
3. Sarimanok – The figure represents a fowl with wings, feathered tail, and a head decorated with ornaments of
scrolled and painted motif of leaves, spirals, and feather-like forms. It usually stands on a fish and another
one hangs from its beak. The wooden figure usually perched on the top of bamboo pole, stands among
decorative flags during weddings and other festive occasions.
4. Manunggul Jar – Ang tapayan ng Manunggul ay isang banga na ginamit sa paglilibing ng tao sa Palawan
noong 890-710 BK. Ang banga ay ukol sa sekondaryang paglilibing kaya mga buto lamang ng yumao ang
laman nito. Itinuturing itong pambansang kayamanan ng pilipinas at makikita rin sa likod ng 1000 na salapi.
TEXTILES – HABI OR WEAVING

•Enhances people’s interaction with the natural surroundings and social life.
•Its production and practice are a rooted tradition.
•Weaving in the Philippines has different forms, functions, and materials.
•They also vary in design and techniques used and function.
•Most of the common forms of weaving in the Philippines are in the form of hats, mats, bags, baskets,
and textiles.
A. Hat Weaving
➢ Examples include Tausug hat, Maguindanao hat, and the Yakan hat of Basilan.
B. Basketry
➢ Carrying, storage, and trapping baskets.
C. Mat Weaving
➢ All regions of the Philippines have a tradition of mat weaving since mats are used all over the country
as bedding material. It is primarily seen as woman’s work.
➢ Most mats are made of leaves of pandan or the buri palm. They are often decorated with strips of one
or two colors, creating simple linear patterns.
➢ The quality of a mat is judged from the softness of its material, the fineness of its weave, and the
beauty of its design patterns.
TATTOOS

• The pintados (painted ones), inhabitants of the Visayan islands as described by the first Spaniards to set
eyes upon them, would use sharp metal instruments previously heated by fire.
SILUP

• The tattooing imitated the upper garment worn by the men of north Kalinga. The women of south Kalinga
painted their faces bright red.

Gaddang and Kulintang

FUNCTIONS OF ART

• Art plays an important role in the society.

• There is difficulty in quantifying functions of arts in the history of human being because almost all
creations of man had its own unique purpose. One of the significant functions of art deals with religion.
• At the beginning of civilization, art was the impelling force of any religionby different countries and
different communities.
• All art exists for a reason.
• Every art form has definite functions since it satisfies particular needs.
• To find meaning in art, it must have or serve a utilitarian purpose and be capable of serving the purpose
for which it was designed.
 • Art has a great number of different functions throughout the history. Different artforms had its unique
functions and different reasons being created.
ART FORMS
1. Architecture – is directly and almost entirely functional because buildings and other structures are always
built for some special purpose.
2. Music & Dance – were used for ritual and worship of the gods or social activities, festives and celebration,
entertainment, therapy and meditation, and others.
3. Painting/Sculpture – used to narrate events, to portray people or events, to instruct (as in case of Christian
art), to commemorate individuals or historical events and to serve as vehicles personal expression of a
vision of nature and its beauty.
4. Applied Arts – are entirely functional. Metal works such as gates, grills, lamps, etc. are among the many
types of arts or crafts. Each of the examples is made for some definite and specific use.
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS OF ART

1. Personal or Individual function

❖ Artists have their personal reason as he tries to express himself. An artist may create out of a need for self-
expression, or gratification. She/he might have wanted to communicate a thought or point to the viewer.
❖ Example: Fernando Amorsolo painted “Mango Pickers, 1936” to showcase the life and real experience of
Filipinos.
❖ Example: OPM Singers renders concert for free because of their passion for music and because of their
generosity.
2. Social function
❖ As a social being, man associates with those around him. Art is an avenue to extend his sense of
belongingness and connection with people.
❖ Art gathers man as one family and community through celebration like festives.
❖ Example: Church are built for communal worship.
❖ Example: Jose Rizal’s novels were written to arouse social consciousness.
3. Economic function
❖ Any art production will definitely involve money.
❖ Example: J.K. Rowling, the author of the best-selling Harry Potter series, became one of the most highly
paid women in British history.
❖ Example: Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson raked millions for their best-selling records.
4. Political function
❖ Using visual images that portrays political change was the defining functions of art in the 20 th century.
❖ Promote their political programs and status.
❖ Example: Cultural Center of the Philippines by Arch. Leandro V. Locsin, 1969.
❖ Examples: Philippine International Convention Center by Arch.
5. Historical function
❖ Paintings, sculptures, architectural works, or other art forms serve to record historical figures and events.
❖ It commemorates great people in the history, almost all parks in the country had the statue of Rizal and
murals erected in it.
❖ History is available anywhere and is not just limited in history books or literary arts alone.
6. Cultural function
❖ Tangible representation of one culture like architectural structures like buildings and furniture, and
intangible representation like music, dance, and language or literary pieces form part of the nation’s
culture.
❖ Serves as a channel to share and transmit from generation to generation.
7. Religious function
❖ Art forms like architecture, music, dance, and sculpture plays an important role in one cultural spirituality.
❖ People from the past worship their gods through sculpture with music and dance.
❖ Nowadays, people were gathered in an architectural structure like churches, arenas, and other venues to
worship and incorporate music and dance.
8. Physical function
 ❖ Our health is our priority, architectural structure like hospitals, physical therapy center, and laboratories
are there to assist us for health care.
❖ Music and dance perform an important role when our bodies need to rejuvenate and revitalize, one
example is zumba dance and reflective music for yoga.
9. Aesthetic function
❖ Beautification adds appeal and excitement like displays of paintings in an empty area on a wall.
❖ Interior design in the newly renovate National Museum was a breathtaking experience of beauty. Fashion
always aims for beauty that is appealing to the eye.
❖ Artworks serve to beautify.
❖ Set designs, costumes, and props, make dramas, dance performances, and song renditions.

Personal (Utilitarian, Public Social (used for public

Physical (Utilitarian)
display, expression) display and celebration)
Architecture (Direct Architecture (Direct
Painting
Functional) Functional)
Sculpture Music (songs) Dance
Music (songs) Dance Music (songs)
Dance Literature Literature (therapy)
Literature Performing arts Performing arts (exercise)
Performing arts Sculpture Sculpture (therapy)
Architecture (Direct
Painting Painting (therapy)
Functional)

PHILOSPHICAL IMPORTANCE OF ART

• Philosophy is a search for truth (universal truth)

o It started when human persons became curious of the things around him
o It is an “activity” that attempts to understand the general principles and ideas that lie behind various
aspects of life
o As perennial search. The human person is continuously searching for the meaning of his/her life
• Classical Period
o Plato and Aristotle
• Plato’s Theory of Imitation
o “Art as Mimesis”
o “The right function of art is to put before the soul the images what intrinsically great and beautiful” –
Plato
▪ He was a great critic of literature
▪ A fine literary stylist and great storyteller
▪ Introduced the theory of imitation
o The nature is only true and other materials are imitation or copy of truth
▪ So, literature and poetry are not true, it is imitation of nature
▪ Mimesis = imitation
▪ The arts deal with illusion or they are imitation of an imitation
▪ All arts are imitative or mimetic in nature.
▪ “Ideas are the ultimate reality”
▪ Things are conceived as ideas before they take practical shapes.
▪ Idea is original and the thing is the copy of the idea
o Art is twice removed from reality. Thus artist/poet takes man away from reality rather than towards it.
Thus, artist deals in illusion
o Literature is harmful to the society and misguide the people of country and spoil the youth
▪ As a moralist, Plato disapproves of poetry because it is immoral, as a philosopher he
disapproves of it because it is based in falsehood
▪ Philosophy is better than poetry because philosopher deals with idea/truth, whereas poet deals
with what appears to him/illusion.
 ▪ He believed that the truth of philosophy was more important than the pleasure of poetry
o Platonic Idealism
▪ Idea of a chair – ideal = concept
▪ A real chair – reality = nature/phenomena
▪ Representation of a chair – representation = artwork
• Aristotle
o “Art as Representation”
o “The aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance of things but the inward significance” –
Aristotle
o Aristotle was a great disciple of Plato, but his views are somewhat different than his master regarding
poetry
▪ Greek philosopher who studies the art of persuasion
▪ A great scientist
▪ Tutor Alexander the Great
▪ Founded Lyceum
o Art as Representation
▪ There is natural pleasure in imitation, which is in-born instinct in men
▪ Pleasure in imitation enables the child to learn his earliest lessons in speech and conduct from
those around him, because there is a pleasure in doing so
▪ Does not agree with Plato in function of poetry. For him, catharsis is ennobling and humbles
human being
▪ Aristotle believed that the end of poetry is to please; however, teaching may be given. Such
pleasing is superior to the other pleasure because it teaches civic morality
▪ We don’t watch or read tragedy because we enjoy tears, rage, and maniac emotions. The
pleasure we take in tragedy is aesthetic
▪ Tragic literature arouses a very specific set of emotions-pity and fear brings about healthy and
pleasurable experience called “catharsis”
o Catharsis
▪ Purgation
▪ Clarification
▪ ‘Moderating’ of the passion
o Aristotle’s method
▪ The object: symbol being represented
▪ Manner: way the symbol is represented
▪ Means: material used to represent it
• Immanuel Kant
o “Art for art’s sake”
o One of the most influential philosophers in the history of western philosophy
o Aestheticism (art movement)
▪ Laid in the 18th century by Kant who postulated the autonomy of aesthetic standards, setting
them apart from considerations of morality, utility, or pleasure
▪ It was popularized in France, and the philosopher Victor Cousin, who coined the phrase “l’art
pour l’art” in 1818
o Art for art’s sake
▪ In his “crtique of judgement” Kant recognized that the judgement og beauty can be universal
despite its subjectivity
o Beauty
▪ Powerful
▪ Connects us with the ultimate mystery of being
▪ Democratic way of compelling us to make better
▪ Form and dignity – relationship with the truth – bounded by order and harmony
o Art should be separated from other considerations like morality, function, and pleasure
o Argues judgement should not be made based on how well work serves external purposes
o Early 19th century philosophers said that the role of art could be nothing less than to create beauty
 o Art should stand independently and should be free from all scurnity of other advantages, rather art it
stands for beauty alone
o True beauty is disinterested pleasure; it seeks nothing from the object, it has no hidden agendas, and
it makes no demands
o Art should be divorced from moral or utilitarian purpose
▪ For its own essence and beauty
▪ Needs no justification, no purpose, but beauty is enough
CLASSIFICATION AND SUBJECT OF ART

Classification of Arts
1. Visual arts – deals with any creation of an artist which are primarily visual in nature.
A. Painting
• “pingere” meaning to paint
• Involves the application of paint, pigment, color, or other medium to a surface
• Support such as walls, paper, canvas, wood, concrete glass, cloth, or cardboard
B. Sculpture
• “sculpere” which means to cut or removing pieces from a stone
• The art of carving, modelling, casting, assembling, and constructing materials into
figures of forms to achieve three-dimensional piece
C. Architecture
• Art of designing and constructing buildings and other non-building structures
D. Plastic arts
• Has three-dimensional forms
• Examples are architectural design
2. Performing arts – theatre, play, dance, and music. Involves movement, speaking, and gestures.
A. Dance
• Involves movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music
• Performed in many different cultures and used as a form of expression, social interaction,
and exercise
• Form of non-verbal communication between humans
• Ballroom, ballet, modern, hip-hop, folk dance, and others
B. Music
• Art of combining sounds of varying pitches to produce a coherent composition
• Melodius, harmonious, intelligible, and expressive of ideas and emotions
• Vocal, instrumental, opera, musical comedy, play, and others
C. Theater
• Play or drama that is being recreated by an actor or actress to form a dramatic art form
D. Film
• Motion picture
• Art of moving images
• A visual medium that tells stories and exposes reality
• Manipulation of reality through images and sounds
3. Literary Arts – written materials such as poetry, novels, poems, drama, and others. Highly expressive in
nature with the choice of words and emotional images.
4. Digital arts – has two-flat dimensional surface such as painting, drawing, photography, and other products
of printing industry with the aid of computer and other electronic devices.
5. Popular arts or pop arts – characterize as gay and lively. Includes film, newspaper, magazines, radio, and
television.
6. Gustatory arts of the cuisine – involves skill in food preparation or food art.
7. Decorative arts – are visual objects produces for beautifying houses, offices, cars, and other structures.
Subject of Arts
- Heart and soul of an artwork
- Usually anything that is represented in the artwork. It may be a person, object, scene, or event
- Not all arts have subjects. Those arts without subject are called “non-objective” as they do not represent
anything
- They are what they are without reference to anything in the natural world
1. Representational or Objective arts
➢ Artworks that depict something that can easily be recognized
➢ Ex: painting, sculpture, graphic arts, literature, and theater arts
➢ Sources of subject
❖ Portraiture
❖ Animals & plants
❖ Still life
❖ Country life
❖ Landscape
❖ Seascape
❖ Cotyscape
❖ Events
❖ Religious items
❖ Mythological, fictional, and cartoon characters
2. Non-representational or non-objective arts
➢ Artworks that have no resemblance to any real subject or objects or anything from nature. It does
not represent anything in this world
3. Abstract
➢ Indicates a departure from reality in depiction of imagery in art. This departure from accurate
representation can be slight, partial, or complete
- Abstract art, non-figurative art, non-objective art, and non-representational art are loosely related terms. They
are similar but not of identical meaning.
METHODS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT
- Every artist has his individual style of doing his artworks. This style is almost always governed by his choice
of the methods of presenting his subject.
1. Realism
Introduced by a french man named Gustave Courbet in 19th century
Attempt to represent things as it is with accuracy and precision
Also known as naturalism
Fernando amorsolo is the father of Philippine Realism
Mirrors reality
Realist painters from Renaissance period; Michaelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo Da Vincci, and Rafael
Sanzio
2. Surrealism
“Super naturalism” or “beyond realism”
Represent subjects which were the result of dreams and fantasies
Used to emphasize the unconscious creative activity of the mind
Influenced by Segmund Freud, father of Psychologist
3. Cubism
Popularized by Georges Brague and Pablo Picasso
Presenting the subjects with the use of cubes and other geometric figures
Shows the flatness of the picture and rejects traditional perspectives and modeling
Cubists want to alienate themselves from the conventional tradition of realism
New vision that will appear fragmented objects from different vantage point of the viewer
4. Expressionism
Emotional realism which solely expresses or presents the real-life subject based on subjective
perspective
Emotions like despair, chaos, fear, violence, defeat, and illness
Modern way of painting that was introduced in Germany (Central Europe)
Expressionists puts stress on intense color, agitated brush strokes, and violent imagery to express
painful emotion, anxiety, and hallucinatory states
5. Impressionism
Is a realism based on the artist’s impression or perception particularly the effects of light on objects
Rejects the traditional way or the unnatural result of studio painting
19th century style which puts stress on capturing the fleeting effects of light
Painters in this genre; Claude Monet, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas, Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro,
and Vincent Van Gogh
6. Symbolism
Presenting the subject symbolically, that is, the artist shows subject as it appears in real life, but he
intends to let it represent something
Hidden in the rendition of symbols through forms, shapes, lines, and even color
Guillermo Tolentino’s “oblation” is symbolic academic freedom
7. Pointillism
Result of a study regarding science of colors and optics by George Seurant and Paul Signac
This method has something to do with colors and the whole composition, not focusing on the subject
matter.
Pointillists artists use fine and distinct dots of color forming a figure and it has an item of “luminosity”
and create impression of a wide selection of other colors and blending.
Vincent Van Gogh had his own pointillism artwork in his self-portrait in 1887
8. Futurism
Originated in Italy in the early 20th century
Machine and motions are the main subject of this technique which tries to show movement and speed
Rejected the traditional perspectives and attempted to glorify a new life. Futurism is realism in the
future
9. Minimalism
Is a modern art which emphasizes the importance of shapes and space
 Used geometric shapes and reduce it to outmost simplicity
Minimalists break away from the usual methods of presenting the subject which focuses on a more
decorative and dynamic displays of forms and figures
Are known for its advancement from the rest of the methods because of the simplified form of abstract
art as possible
Minimalism artists; Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Donald Judd, and Elsworth Kelly. In the Philippines,
Arturo Luz pioneered the minimalist style through his abstract painting
10. Fauvism
First movement in the modern period in which color ruled supreme
Flourished in 1990 through the leadership of Henri Matisse and Andre Derain
Created an optimistic realm, using bright and extreme colors that suggest comfort, joy, pleasure, and
other positive character in representing figures and objects

11. Dadaism
Dadaism or dada is considered shocking realism
Rooted from the group of artists who hate the outworn tradition in art and even the evils they saw in
social, political, and cultural aspects of that time
Dadaists wants to shock and provoke the viewers with their paintings, writings, poetry, and art
exhibitions
Most of the artworks are playful and highly experimental
Dada is a french word meaning “hobby horse” which means nonsense
12. Pure Abstractionism
Abstract means “drawing away from reality” or “to move away”
The principle of departure from the real life makes abstractionism stand out
A realist artist represent subject as is in his artworks, but an abstractionist ignores the exact form of a
real-life object
Challenge the minds of the viewer to look deeper, creating impressions, and give more importance
into the intertwining elements and principles of art in the masterpiece more than the exact form of an
object being represented
Can be also presented in other ways, distortion, elongation, mangling, cubism, and abstract
expressionism

ELEMENTS OF ARTS
1. Color
• Most expressive element of visual arts
• Can be easily recognized in any visual experience
• Primary source of colors came from light
• Because of reflection and absorption of light
• Psychology of colors
➢ Death, despair, gloom, sorrow, mourning, and darkness
➢ Infinity, freedom, calmness, serenity, sadness, peace, and masculinity
➢ Humility, earth, spiritual death, renunciation of the world
➢ Nature, freshness, prosperity, hope, money, life, good health, and well being
➢ Sweetness, cheerfulness, energy, food, cravings
➢ Femininity and love
➢ Bravery, energy, passion, war, warm
➢ Royalty, dull
➢ Purity, clarity, simplicity, virginity, peace, surrender, meekness, godness, and mourning
➢ Joyful, life, vibrant, sunshine, happiness
• Color wheel
➢
 ➢ Spectrum bent into a circle. Useful for organizing colors.
➢ Describe the relationship between colors
• Primary colors
➢ Red, blue, and yellow
➢ Hues which can be mixed to create all other colors
➢ Are basic and cannot be mixed from other elements
• Secondary colors
➢ Green, orange, and violet
➢ Hues between the primary hues in the color wheel
➢ Created by mixing two primary hues
➢ Red + yellow = orange
➢ Red + blue = violet
➢ Blue + yellow = green
• Complementary colors
➢ Violet and yellow. Blue and orange. Red and green
➢ Across from each other on the wheel
➢ Color opposites. They contrast each other in the most extreme way possible. Also help to
make each other more active
• Intermediate colors
➢ Red orange
➢ Red violet
➢ Blue violet
➢ Blue green
➢ Yellow green
➢ Yellow orange
➢ Created by mixing a secondary color with primary color
• Tertiary colors
➢ Created by mixing two colors that are opposite from each other in the color wheel
➢ Orange + green = citron (yellowish gray)
➢ Orange + violet = russet (reddish gray)
➢ Green + violet = buff (bluish gray)
• Properties of colors
➢ Hue – is the name of color which distinguishes one color to another
➢ Value – is the lightness or darkness of a color. the value of a hue can be changed by adding
black or white
➢ Intensity – is the brightness or dullness of a hue. Pure hues are high-intensity colors. Dull
hues are low-intensity colors

• Warm colors
➢ Express warmth: they are red, yellow, and orange
➢ Vivid and energetic, and tend to advance in space
➢ Based on yellows, oranges, browns, yellowish greens, orangish reds, and the like
➢ A warm pink is a peachy pink
➢ A warm green is a yellowish green
• Cool colors
 ➢ Have the feel of being cold or cool; they are blue, violet, and green
➢ Impression of calm, and create a soothing impression
➢ Based on blues, greens, pinks, purples, blue-greens, magentas, and blue-based reds
➢ A cool pink would be purplish pink
➢ A cool green would be more blue
• Tints, shades, and tones
➢ If a color is made lighter by white, the result is called a tint
➢ If black is added, the darker version is called the shade
➢ And if gray is added, the result is a different tone
• Color harmony
➢ Harmony can be defined as a pleasing arrangement of colors
➢ Delivers visual interest and a sense of order
➢ Harmony is something that is pleasing to the eye
➢ Engages the viewer and it creates an inner sense of order, a balance in the visual experience
➢ When something is not harmonious, it’s either boring or chaotic
➢ Human brain will reject under-stimulating information
• Color scheme
➢ It is the choice of colors used to create style and appeal
➢ A basic color scheme will use two colors that look appealling together
➢ More advanced color schemes involve several colors in combination, usually based around
a single color
▪ Complementary color scheme
Colors that are opposite to each other on the color wheel
Are tricky to use in large doses, but work well when you want something to
stand out
High contrast creates a vibrant look especially when used in full saturation
▪ Analogous color scheme
Colors next to each other
Match well and create serene and comfortable designs
Are often found in nature and pleasing to the eye
Make sure to have enough contrast when choosing an analogous color scheme
▪ Triadic color scheme
Colors that are evenly spaced in the color wheel
Tends to be quite vibrant, even when using pale or unsaturated hues
The colors should be balanced – one color dominates and two for accent
▪ Split complementary color scheme
Variation of the complementary color scheme. In addition to the base color, it
uses two colors adjacent to its complement
Same strong visual contrast as the complementary color scheme, but has less
tension
Often a good choice for beginners
▪ Rectangle (tetratic) color scheme
Uses four colors arranged into two complementary pairs
Works best when letting one color to be dominant
Balance between warm and cool colors
▪ Square color scheme
All four colors are spaced evenly around the circle
Works best when letting one color to be dominant
Balance between warm and cool colors
2. Line
• Strongest, most important, and influential
• Powerful tools that can be used smartly to lead the viewers eyes towards the point of interest in a
photograph or painting
 • 1- or 2-dimensional art that indicates direction, orientation, movement, and energy. It is considered as
the oldest, simplest, universal element
• Functions of line
➢ Outline and form
➢ Movement and emphasis
➢ Pattern and texture
➢ Shading and modeling
• Kinds of line
➢ Vertical line
▪ Basic framework of all forms, power & delimination, strength, stability, simplicity, and
efficiency
▪ Show height or stature, poise, balance, force, and dynamism
▪ Some monuments of heroes with vertical lines suggest honor and dignity
▪ Also motivates certain emotion or even sentiments, a deeper sense of adoration and
praise in some architectural monuments
➢ Horizontal line
▪ Impression of serenity and perfect stability. Indicate rest, repose, calmness, quietness,
and inaction
▪ Landscape often imparts a feeling of tranquility because of supremacy of horizontal
line
➢ Diagonal line
▪ Shows movement and instability. Portrays movement action
▪ Suggests impulse, will power, aspiration, passion, and emotion
➢ Curved line
▪ Considered as “line of grace” and “line of beauty”
▪ Associated with smooth movements like a graceful dance, simple smile, a graceful
belly dancer, and flowing hair
➢ Jog line
▪ Is associated with pointed and sharp object that signifies difficulty and discomfort. Also
shows violence, torture, confusion, and conflict
3. Shape
• An enclosed area defined and determined by other art elements; 2-dimensional
• When a line crosses itself or intersects with other lines to enclose a space it creates shape
• 2-dimensional it has heights and width but with no depth
• Principal element of identification
• Geometric shapes – came from mathematical perspective. Includes circle, square, rectangle, triangle,
and others.
• Organic shapes – oftentimes we see them in nature and with characteristics that are free flowing,
informal, irregular.
4. Form
• A 3-dimensional object, or something in a 2-dimensional artwork that appears to be 3-dimensional
• Applies to overall design of a work of art
• Describes the structure of shape and object from different perspective
• Directs the movement of the eyes
• Consists of size, volume, it signifies visual weight
5. Space
• The distance or area between, around, above, below, or within things.
• Foreground, middleground, and background creates depth
• Positive (filled with something), negative (empty space)
6. Texture
• Surface quality or “feel” of an object, its smoothness, roughness, softness, etc. textures may be actual
or implied
• Categories of texture
 ➢ Real/Actual texture
▪ Is the actual texture of an object
▪ To give it visual interest or evoke a feeling
➢ Implied/Simulated texture
▪ Is the imitation of real texture or real objects.
▪ Obtained through visual effects
▪ Visual texture is an illusion of texture created by the artist
7. Value
• The lightness or darkness of color
• Can suggest emotional and dramatic impression by using lightness and darkness in a composition
• Sometimes called as chiaroscuro – italian word chiaro “clear” and oscoro “dark”
• Created by a light source that shines on an object
• Illuminates the local or actual color of the subject
• Creates depth within a picture making the object look 3-dimensional with highlights and shadows
PRINCIPLES OF ART
1. Emphasis
• The focal point of an image, or when one area or thing stand out the most
2. Balance
• The way the elements are arranged to create a feeling of stability in a work
• It has something to do with visual weight
• Use other elements like value, color, and texture to create visual weight and balance
• Illusion of stability with the proper use of certain elements is necessary
• Weight should be equally distributed on each side of the center of fulcrum
• Symmetrical/formal balance
➢ The parts of an image are organized so that one side mirrors other
• Asymmetrical/informal balance
➢ Achieved when one side of the composition does not reflect the design of the other but
visually balanced
➢ Can be obtained by using large object on the other side and distribute the size of the bigger
part to form smaller sizes on the other side
➢ Visually equal without being identical
• Radial balance
➢ Elements and objects have a central point
➢ There is a circular distribution of elements and objects in a composition
3. Harmony
• Is essential to beauty
• Achieved in a body of work by using similar elements or establishing a pleasing relationship between
the various elements throughout the work
• Gives an uncomplicated look to your work, therefore there must be unity
4. Variety
• The use of differences and change to increase the visual interest of the work
• When the artist creates something that looks different from the rest of the artwork
• Can be achieved using different shapes, textures, colors, and values in a work
5. Movement
• Adds excitement to your work by showing action and directing the viewers’ eye throughout the picture
plane
6. Rhythm
• Regular repitition of elements to produce the look and feel of movement
• Creates visual rhythm by repeating art elements and creating patterns
• Alternating lights and darks also give a sense of rhythm
7. Proportion
• The comparative relationship of one part to another with respect to size, quantity, or degree
 • Gives a sense of size seen as relationship of objects such as smallness or largeness
8. Unity
• When all the elements and principles work together to create a pleasing image
• Is seen in a painting or drawing when all the parts equal a whole
9. Contrast
• Large difference between two things to create interest and tension

ART HISTORY TIMELINE

• “People without knowledge of their history is like a tree without root”.
• Through art, you find the soul of one’s culture
• Art history
o Primary visual source
o Evolutionary phases of art – improvemet
o Role of art & artist – role on civilization
o Factors (political, cultural, economical, geographical, religious) – issues, reasons
o Process (tool, techniques, medium, style) – theme, elements, and principles
• Pre-historic era
o Paleolitic period
▪ Most popular painting, cave painting (Lascaux France)
▪ Minerals and pigments ang mga materials na ginamit
▪ Extraordinary techniques (hinahaluan ng dugo/gumagamit ng fats ng animals)
▪ More on animals ang subject
▪ Venus of Willenndorf – portable art
▪ Cave paintings – stationary art
• Mesolithic era
o Middle stone age
▪ Pointed na mga bato yung tools
▪ Utilitarian ang paintings
▪ Innovations and realistic ng slight
• Neolithic era
o New stone age
▪ Developed weapons
▪ Stonehenge
• Egyptian
o Interested in architecture and sculpture
▪ Mainly focused on decorating walls, interior designs
• Ancient Greek and Roman Art
o Greek Art
▪ Laging binabalik-balikan ng mga artists
▪ Hindi masyadong exposed
▪ Most influencive
▪ Strong idealism
▪ Nadevelop din ang vases
▪ Most remembered artist in Greek art
 o Roman art
▪ Strong desire for realism
▪ Architecture and sculpture
▪ Hellenistic art
▪ Murals in cities
• Asian art
o Chinese, japanese, indian
o Paintings, sculptures
o Ceramic factories
o Silk
o Great sculpture of Buddha, Hanging Temple
• Medieval Art
o Like Roman
• Christian Art
o Christianity
o All about christ
o Interior and exterior decorations
• Byzantine Art
o Eastern orthodox
o Kailangan di maging realism ang faces ng images
• Roman Christian
o West
• Second Byzantine
o Perpetual help
• Middle age and Gothic Art
o Dark ages
o Christianity
o Associated with churches
o Mayayaman lang nakakaafford
o Naturalism
o Elaborated na stained glass
o Symmetry and balance
o Pinta sa dingding or kisame, panel painting, illuminated manuscript
o Sa mga retablo makikita ang gothic
o Finest art is offered to God
• Italian Renaissance
o Gods and goddess
o Konting religious
o Departure from medieval to modern
o Western values
o Renaissance = rebirth
o Ninja turtles
o Rebirth ng classical tradition
o Super balance and harmony
o Naturalism + 3d
o Greater precision
o Anatomy, human emotion
o Perspective technique
o Early, renaissance, high, mannerism – 4 period of renaissance
o Mona lisa – perfection ng charoscuro
o Sfumato – blurring sa gilid
o Mannerism – pinakahigh end ng renaissance
▪ Nakabreak ng rules
▪ Elongated ang images