OPTICS (45)

1. Prince’s rule is helpful in determining all of the following

except
a. amplitude of accommodation
b. near point of accommodation
c. far point of accommodation
d. accommodative convergence

2. A myope who pushes his spectacles closer to his face and tilts
them is
a. decreasing effectivity, increasing cylinder
b. decreasing effectivity, decreasing cylinder
c. increasing effectivity, decreasing cylinder
d. increasing effectivity, increasing cylinder

3. The Prentice position refers to

a. glass prism perpendicular to visual axis
b. glass prism in frontal plane
c. plastic prism perpendicular to visual axis
d. plastic prism in frontal plane

4. The purpose of Q-switching a laser is to

a. increase energy, increase power
b. decrease energy, increase power
c. decrease energy, decrease power
d. increase energy, decrease power

5. A 50-year-old woman with aphakic glasses wants a new pair

of spectacles to use when applying make-up. How much
power should be added to her distance correction so that she
can focus while sitting 50 cm in front of her mirror?
a. −2.00 D
b. −1.00 D
c. +1.00 D
d. +2.00 D
6. How far from a plano mirror must a 6-ft-tall man stand to
see his whole body?
a. 2 feet
b. 3 feet
c. 6 feet
d. 12 feet

7. A 33-year-old woman with a refraction of −9.00 +3.00 x 90

OD at vertex distance 10 mm and keratometry readings of
46.00 @ 90 / 43.00@ 180 is fit for a rigid gas-permeable
(RGP) contact lens 1 D steeper than flattest K. What power
lens is required?
a. −5.00 D
b. −6.00 D
c. −7.00 D
d. −8.00 D

8. What is the size of a 20/60 letter on a standard 20-ft Snellen

chart (tangent of 1 minute of arc =0.0003)?
a. 9 mm
b. 15 mm
c. 18 mm
d. 27 mm

9. A Galilean telescope with a +5 D objective and a −20 D

eyepiece produces an image with what magnification and
direction?
a. 4xX, erect
b. 4X, inverted
c. 100X, erect
d. 100X, inverted
10. An object is placed 33 cm in front of an eye. The image
formed by reflection from the front surface of the cornea
(radius of curvature equals 8 mm) is located
a. 4 mm in front of cornea
b. 4 mm behind cornea
c. 8 mm in front of cornea
d. 8 mm behind cornea

11. A convex mirror produces what type of image?

a. virtual, inverted, magnified
b. real, inverted, minified
c. real, erect, magnified
d. virtual, erect, minified
12. In general, the most bothersome problem associated with
bifocals is
a. image jump
b. image displacement
c. induced prism
d. anisophoria

13. A refraction with a stenopeic slit gives the following

measurements: +1.00 at 90° and −2.00 at 180°. The
corresponding spectacle prescription is
a. −2.00+1.00 X90
b. −2.00+1.00 X180
c. −2.00+3.00 X180
d. +1.00+3.00 X90

14. A point source of light is placed 1/3 of a meter to the left of

a +7 D lens. Where will its image come to focus?
a. 25 cm to the right of the lens
b. 25 cm to the left of the lens
c. 10 cm to the right of the lens
d. 10 cm to the left of the lens
15. What is the equivalent sphere of the following cross
cylinder: −3.00 X180 combined with +0.50 X90?
a. −1.00
b. −1.25
c. −1.50
d. −1.75

16. What is the size of a letter on a standard 20-ft Snellen chart

if it forms an image of ½ mm on a patient’s retina?
a. 59 cm
b. 30 cm
c. 25 cm
d. 18 cm

17. The image of a distant object is largest in which patient?

a. aphake with contact lens
b. hyperope with spectacles
c. emmetrope
d. myope with spectacles

18. What type of image is produced if an object is placed in

front of a convex lens within its focal length?
a. erect and real
b. erect and virtual
c. inverted and real
d. inverted and virtual

19. What is the correct glasses prescription if retinoscopy

performed at 50 cm shows neutralization with a plano lens?
a. −2.00
b. −1.50
c. plano
d. +2.00

20. An anisometropic patient experiences difficulty while

reading with bifocals. Which of the following is not helpful
for reducing the induced phoria?
 a. dissimilar segments
b. slab-off lens
c. progressive lenses
d. fresnel ‘press-on’ prisms

21. A Geneva lens clock is used to measure what?

a. thickness
b. power
c. index of refraction
d. base curve

22. What is the induced prism when a 67-year-old woman

reads 10 mm below the upper segment optical center of her
bifocals, which measure +2 .50+1.00 x 90 OD and −1.50
+1.50 x180 OS add +2.50 OU
a. 4.0 Δ
b. 3.5 Δ
c. 2.5 Δ
d. 2.0 Δ

23. The optimal size of a pinhole for measuring pinhole visual

acuity is approximately
a. 2.50 mm
b. 2.00 mm
c. 1.25 mm
d. 0.75 mm
24. A person looking at an object 5 m away through a 10 Δ
prism placed base-in over the right eye would see the image
displaced
a. 20 cm to the right
b. 50 cm to the right
c. 20 cm to the left
d. 50 cm to the left

25. Calculate the soft contact lens power for a 40-year-old

hyperope who wears +14.00 D glasses at a vertex distance of
11 mm.
 a. +15.00 D
b. +16.00 D
c. +17.00 D
d. +18.00 D

26. After cataract surgery, a patient’s refraction is −0.75 +1.75

X 10, in what meridian should a suture be cut to reduce the
astigmatism?
a. 180°
b. 100°
c. 90°
d. 10°

27. What is the appropriate correction in the IOL power if the

A constant for the lens to be implanted is changed from 117
to 118?
a. decrease IOL power by 1.0 D
b. increase IOL power by 1.0 D
c. decrease IOL power by 0.5 D
d. increase IOL power by 0.5 D

28. An IOL labeled with a power of +20 D has a refractive

index of 1.5. If this lens were removed from the package and
measured with a lensometer, what power would be found?
a. +10 D
b. +13 D
c. +30 D
d. +59 D

29. The total cylindrical power of a 0.50 D cross cylinder is

a. plano
b. 0.25 D
c. 0.50 D
d. 1.00 D

30. To minimize image displacement in a hyperope, the best

type of bifocal segment style is
 a. flat top
b. progressive
c. round top
d. executive

31. The logMAR equivalent to 20/40 Snellen acuity is

a. 0.4
b. 0.3
c. 0.2
d. 0.1

32. A patient who is pseudophakic in one eye and phakic in the

other eye will have what amount of aniseikonia
a. 1%
b. 2.5%
c. 5%
d. 7%

33. A patient with 20/80 vision is seen for a low-vision

evaluation. What add power should be prescribed so the
patient does not have to use accommodation to read the
newspaper
a. +3
b. +4
c. +8
d. +16

34. The spherical equivalent of a −2.00 + 1.50 x 90 lens is

a. +0.50
b. −0.50
c. −1.25
d. −3.50
35. After extracapsular cataract extraction a patient is found to
have 2 D of with-the-rule astigmatism and a tight suture
across the wound at 12 o’clock. Corneal topography is
obtained and the placido disc image shows an oval pattern
with the mires closest together at
 12 o’clock with the short axis at 90°
 12 o’clock with the short axis at 180°
 6 o’clock with the short axis at 90°
 6 o’clock with the short axis at 180°

36. A 57-year-old woman has a 0.25 mm macular hole in her

left eye. The size of the corresponding scotoma on a tangent
screen at 1 m is approximately
a. 1.0 cm
b. 1.5 cm
c. 2.5 cm
d. 3.0 cm

37. During retinoscopy, when neutralization is reached, the

light reflex is
a. narrowest and slowest
b. narrowest and brightest
c. widest and slowest
d. widest and fastest

38. A patient undergoing fogged refraction with an astigmatic

dial sees the 9 to 3 o’clock line clearer than all the others. At
what axis should this patient’s minus cylinder correcting
lens be placed?
a. 30°
b. 45°
c. 90°
d. 180°
39. Myopia is associated with all of the following conditions
except
a. nanophthalmos
b. pigment dispersion syndrome
c. spherophakia
d. nuclear sclerotic cataract

40. What is the ratio of the magnification from a direct

ophthalmoscope to the magnification from an indirect
ophthalmoscope with a 20 D lens at a distance of 25 cm if the
patient and examiner are both emmetropic?
a. 15:2
b. 10:3
c. 5:1
d. 4:1

41. A patient with anisometropia wears glasses with a

prescription of +5.00 OD and +1.25 OS. Which of the
following actions will not reduce the amount of aniseikonia?
a. decrease base curve of right lens
b. decrease center thickness of left lens
c. decrease vertex distance of the glasses
d. fit the patient with contact lenses

42. The principal measurement determined by a Prince’s rule

and +3 D lens in front of the patient’s eye is the
a. range of accommodation
b. amplitude of accommodation
c. near point of accommodation
d. accommodative convergence

43. The 10X eyepiece of the slit-lamp biomicroscope is

essentially a simple magnifier. Using the standard reference
distance of 25 cm, what is the dioptric power of the 10x
eyepiece?
a. +2.5 D
 b. +10 D
c. +25 D
d. +40 D

44. When refracting an astigmatic patient with a Lancaster

dial, the examiner should place the
a. circle of least confusion on the retina
b. posterior focal line on the retina
c. anterior focal line behind the retina
d. entire conoid of Sturm in front of the retina

45. To increase the magnification of the image during indirect

ophthalmoscopy, the examiner should:
a. move closer to the condensing lens
b. move the eyepiece prisms farther apart
c. use a higher dioptric power condensing lens
d. remove the plus lens in the eyepiece

1. d
2. d
3. a
4. b
5. c
6. b
7. c
8. d
9. a
10. b
11. d
12. a
13. c
14. a
15. b
16. d
17. b
18. b
19. a
20. c
21. d
22. c
23. c
24. b
25. b
26. d
27. b
28. d
29. a
30. c
31. b
32. b
33. b
34. c
35. a
36. b
37. d
38. c
39. a
40. c
41. b
42. b
43. d
44. d
45. a