FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY OWERRI

IMO STATE

P.M.B. 1526

SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY

THE DEPARTMENT OF

CYBER SECURITY

CYB 306

BIOMETRIC SECURITY

REPORT ON:

EXPERIENCE GATHERED AND TASKED PERFORMED

SUBMITTED TO

MRs FESTUS

PRESENTED BY

ALOZIE CHINONYE PHILEMON

20211290062
 Table of content

 Feature Extraction in Biometric Security

 Introduction
 Bag of Words (BoW)
 Process
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Word to Vector (Word2Vec)
 Process
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Large pre-trained natural language processing
 Process
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Conclusion

Feature Extraction in Biometric Security

Introduction
In biometric security systems, feature extraction is a critical process that transforms raw data, such as
images or text, into a format that can be processed and analyzed by machine learning algorithms. The
objective of feature extraction is to derive a set of significant characteristics from raw data that can be
used for efficient pattern recognition and decision-making. In the context of biometric security, feature
extraction involves identifying and quantifying the unique attributes of biometric data—such as
fingerprints, facial features, or voice patterns—to create a template that can be used for
authentication or identification purposes.

For textual data in biometric systems, particularly in behavioral biometrics (e.g., typing patterns or
speech analysis), feature extraction can be achieved using natural language processing (NLP) techniques.
Three primary methods of feature extraction in the context of textual data include the Bag of Words
(BoW), Word to Vector (Word2Vec), and large pre-trained NLP models. Each of these methods plays a
pivotal role in transforming raw text data into a structured and meaningful format for biometric
security.

I. Bag of Words (BoW)

1. Process

Bag of Words represents text by counting how often words appear in a document, without considering
grammar or word order. Each unique word becomes a feature, and its value is the number of times it
appears.

Advantages

 Simplicity: The method is easy to implement and understand.

 Effective for small datasets: Works well when dealing with smaller corpora where context is less
important.
 Efficient computation: Fast to compute and can be optimized for different tasks.

Disadvantages

 Ignores context: Since word order and semantics are not captured, the model may lose
important information regarding the meaning of the text.
 Sparsity: The vector representations tend to be sparse, especially for large vocabularies, which
can negatively impact computational efficiency.
  Vulnerable to dimensionality issues: With a growing number of unique words, the vector space
becomes extremely large, making it hard to manage and leading to overfitting.

II. Word to Vector (Word2Vec)

Process

Word2Vec is a word embedding technique that represents words as vectors in a continuous vector
space. These vectors are created so that similar words (like "king" and "queen") are close to each other
in the vector space. Word2Vec uses a neural network to learn these representations based on the
context in which words appear.

Example: "King" and "Queen" might have similar vector representations because they share similar
contexts (e.g., both royalty). These vectors capture semantic relationships.

Advantages

 Captures semantics: Word2Vec captures the semantic relationships between words, making it
highly effective for tasks that involve understanding the meaning and context of the text.

 Dimensionality reduction: Instead of working with sparse high-dimensional vectors, Word2Vec

produces dense, low-dimensional vectors, which are easier to work with and more
computationally efficient.
 Improved accuracy: The embeddings learned by Word2Vec often result in better performance
for NLP tasks compared to simple methods like BoW.

Disadvantages

 Requires large datasets: Word2Vec requires large amounts of text data to effectively capture the
relationships between words.
 Computationally intensive: Training the model can be time-consuming and requires significant
computational resources, especially for larger datasets.
 Context window limitations: The fixed window size in CBOW and Skip-gram can limit the model's
ability to capture long-range dependencies in the text.

III) large pre-trained natural language processing:

Large pre-trained NLP models, such as BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from
Transformers) and GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), represent the cutting-edge in
feature extraction techniques. These models are trained on massive datasets and can capture
 complex semantic and syntactic patterns in the text. Unlike BoW or Word2Vec, these models
consider the full context of each word within a sentence, both before and after the word
(bidirectional context).

Process

The process typically involves two stages:

 Pre-training: The model is trained on a large corpus of text data to learn general language
representations.
 Fine-tuning: The pre-trained model is then fine-tuned on a specific task or dataset, such as
biometric security data.

Advantages

 Contextual understanding: Large pre-trained models capture both short-term and long-term
dependencies in the text, leading to a deeper understanding of word meaning and context.
 Transfer learning: These models can be fine-tuned on specific tasks without the need for large
labeled datasets, making them highly adaptable.
 High performance: Pre-trained models achieve state-of-the-art results on a wide range of NLP
tasks, including biometric security.

Disadvantages

 Computationally expensive: These models require significant computational power and

memory, making them less accessible for smaller organizations.
 Large datasets needed: Pre-training these models requires massive amounts of text data, which
might not always be available.

 Overfitting risk: Without careful fine-tuning, the model may overfit to specific tasks, reducing its
generalizability.

Conclusion

Feature extraction plays a critical role in biometric security, especially when dealing with textual or
behavioral biometric data. The Bag of Words model offers simplicity and efficiency for smaller tasks but
is limited in its ability to capture context. Word2Vec improves upon this by embedding semantic
relationships between words, making it more suitable for nuanced biometric applications. Large pre-
trained NLP models, such as BERT and GPT, offer state-of-the-art performance by capturing complex
contextual relationships, albeit at a higher computational cost.
The choice of feature extraction method should depend on the specific needs of the biometric system,
the type of data being processed, and the available computational resources. As biometric security
continues to evolve, leveraging advanced feature extraction techniques will be key to developing more
accurate and robust systems.
 References

1. Jurafsky, D., & Martin, J. H. (2020). Speech and Language Processing (3rd ed.). Pearson.This textbook
provides a comprehensive overview of natural language processing techniques, including the Bag of
Words and Word2Vec models, and their applications in various domains like biometric security.

2. Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., & Dean, J. (2013). Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in
Vector Space. arXiv.This paper introduces Word2Vec and its two algorithms, CBOW and Skip-gram,
explaining how these methods capture semantic relationships between words.

3. Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2019). BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional
Transformers for Language Understanding. arXiv.This paper details the development of the BERT model,
which revolutionized feature extraction in natural language processing by considering the full context of
words in a sentence.

4. Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., et al. (2017). Attention is All You Need. In Proceedings of the 31st
Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS).

This paper introduces the Transformer model, the foundation of large pre-trained NLP models like BERT
and GPT, which are used for advanced feature extraction in biometric security applications.

5. Zhu, J., Zhang, Z., Zhou, Q., & You, X. (2021). A Survey on Biometric Security: From Basic to Advanced
Concepts. IEEE Access, 9, 102529-102555.

This survey provides a detailed exploration of various biometric security methods, including behavioral
biometrics, and discusses the role of feature extraction in enhancing the accuracy and security of these
systems.

6. Sethi, A., & Jain, R. (2018). Keystroke Dynamics and Behavioral Biometrics: Methods and Applications.
In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Biometrics. IEEE.

This paper explores the application of feature extraction techniques, such as Bag of Words and
Word2Vec, in behavioral biometrics, particularly in keystroke dynamics for biometric security.

7. Bengio, Y., Ducharme, R., Vincent, P., & Jauvin, C. (2003). A Neural Probabilistic Language Model.
Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, 1137-1155.This foundational paper discusses neural network-
based language models, which laid the groundwork for later methods such as Word2Vec and large pre-
trained models like BERT.