Prueba Termodinámica (Pauta)
Prueba Termodinámica (Pauta)
Module 7-6 Power •••52 A funny car accelerates from rest through a measured track
•43 SSM A force of 5.0 N acts on a 15 kg body initially at rest. distance in time T with the engine operating at a constant power P.
Compute the work done by the force in (a) the first, (b) the second, If the track crew can increase the engine power by a differential
and (c) the third seconds and (d) the instantaneous power due to amount dP, what is the change in the time required for the run?
the force at the end of the third second.
Additional Problems
•44 A skier is pulled by a towrope up a frictionless ski slope 53 Figure 7-42 shows a cold package of hot dogs sliding right-
that makes anDE
DEPARTAMENTO angle of 12" with
CIENCIAS the horizontal.
MATEMATICAS The rope moves
Y FISICAS ward across a frictionless floor through a distance d ! 20.0 cm
parallel to the slope with a constant speed of 1.0 m/s. The force while three forces act on the package. Two of them are horizontal
of the rope does 900 J of work on the skier as the skier moves a and have the magnitudes F1 ! 5.00 N and F2 ! 1.00 N; the third is
distance of 8.0 m up the incline. (a) If the rope moved with a angled down by u ! 60.0" and has the magnitude F3 ! 4.00 N.
constant speed of 2.0 m/s, how much work would FIS-1106 FÍSICA
the force of the I, 2021-A
(a) For the 20.0 cm displacement, what is the net work done on the
rope do on the skier as the skier moved a distance of 8.0 m up package by the three applied forces, the gravitational force on the
PRUEBA
the incline? At what rate is the force of the rope 2 B on
doing work - PAUTAS
package, and the normal force on the package? (b) If the package
the skier when the rope moves with a speed of (b) 1.0 m/s and has a mass of 2.0 kg and an initial kinetic energy of 0, what is its
(c) 2.0 m/s? speed at the end of the displacement?
•45 SSM ILW A 100 kg block is pulled at a constant speed of
PROBLEMA 1 across a horizontal floor by an applied force of 122 N di-
5.0 m/s d
Un paquete de
rected 37"vienesas
above the se deslizaWhat
horizontal. haciais la
thederecha sobre
rate at which the una
forcemesa F2 F1
doessin
horizontal work on the block?
fricción, mientras tres fuerzas actúan sobre él. Dos de θ
3
estas fuerzas
•46 The sonloaded
horizontales y magnitudes
cab of an elevator has a mass𝐹of =
!
3.06#𝑁10ykg𝐹"and= 3 𝑁; F3
moves 210 m up the shaft in 23 s at constant speed. At what aver-
la tercera fuerza de magnitud 𝐹 # = 5 𝑁 es aplicada
age rate does the force from the cable do work on the cab?
formando un
ángulo de 𝜃 = 65° por debajo de la horizontal. Figure 7-42 Problem 53.
••47 A machine carries a 4.0 kg package from an initial position
Determineof dcon
:
la debida
i ! (0.50
:
explicación:
m)î % (0.75 m)ĵ % (0.20 m)k̂ at t ! 0 to a final posi- 54 The only force acting on a Fx (N)
tion of
a) Para un desplazamiento de(12.0
d f ! (7.50 m)î % 𝑑 =m)ĵ25%𝑐𝑚, m)k̂ atest !
(7.20¿Cuál el 12 s. The neto
trabajo 2.0 realizado
kg body as thesobre
bodyelmoves
paquete
along debido
Fs a las fuerzas
constant force applied by the machine on the package is an x axis varies as shown in Fig. 7-43.
aplicadas,
F !la(2.00
: fuerzaN)î gravitacional y la N)k̂
% (4.00 N)ĵ % (6.00 fuerza
. Fornormal en el paquete?
that displacement, 0
1 2 3 4 5
x (m)
The scale of the figure’s vertical axis
b) Si el paquete
find (a) thede workvienesas
done ontiene una masa
the package by thede 3 𝑘𝑔 yforce
machine’s una and
energía
is cinética
set by Fs !inicial
4.0 N.0,
Thecual es suofvelocidad al final del
velocity
(b) the average power of the machine’s force on the package.
desplazamiento. the body at x ! 0 is 4.0 m/s. (a) What –Fs
c) Si el paquete de vienesas duplica su masa de manera que posee
••48 A 0.30 kg ladle sliding on a horizontal frictionless surface is una
is the energía
kinetic energycinética inicial
of the body at 2 𝑚/𝑠, ¿cuál es su
Figure 7-43 Problem 54.
attached to one end of a horizontal spring (k ! 500 N/m) whose x ! 3.0 m? (b) At what value of x will
velocidad al final del desplazamiento?
other end is fixed. The ladle has a kinetic energy of 10 J as it the body have a kinetic energy of
passes through its equilibrium position (the point at which the 8.0 J? (c) What is the maximum kinetic energy of the body between
spring force is zero). (a) At what rate is the spring doing work on x ! 0 and x ! 5.0 m?
the ladle as the ladle passes through its equilibrium position? 55 SSM A horse pulls a cart with a force of 40 lb at an angle of 30"
(b) At what rate is the spring doing work on the ladle when the
SOLUCIÓN
spring is compressed 0.10 m and the ladle is moving away from the
above the horizontal and moves along at a speed of 6.0 mi/h. (a) How
much work does the force do in 10 min? (b) What is the average
Para determinar el trabajo
equilibrium position? neto realizado identificamos primero las fuerzas que actúan sobre el objeto.
power (in horsepower) of the force?
Las aplicadas sonAlasfully
••49 SSM siguientes:
loaded, slow-moving freight elevator has a cab 56 An initially stationary 2.0 kg object accelerates horizontally and
with a total mass of 1200 kg, which is required to travel upward uniformly to a speed of 10 m/s in 3.0 s. (a) In that 3.0 s interval, how
𝐹⃗! =54𝐹!m𝚤̂ in 3.0 min, 𝐹⃗" = −𝐹
starting and𝚤̂ending at rest. The elevator’s counter-
" much work is done on the object by the
weight has a mass of only 950 kg, and so the elevator motor must force accelerating it? What is the instan-
𝐹⃗# = 𝐹#& 𝚤̂ − 𝐹#' 𝚥̂ = 𝐹# cos(𝜃)
help. What average power is required of the force the motor exerts
𝚤̂ − 𝐹# sin(𝜃) 𝚥̂ taneous power due to that force (b) at
on the cab via the cable? the end of the interval and (c) at the end
••50 (a) At a certain instant, a particle-like object is acted on by a of the first half of the interval?
La fuerza neta
force
:
F!está
(4.0dada
N)î $por:
(2.0 N)ĵ % (9.0 N)k̂ while the object’s veloc- L
57 A 230 kg crate hangs from the end
ity is :
v ! $(2.0 m/s)î % (4.0 m/s)k̂ . What is the instantaneous rate of a rope of length L ! 12.0 m. You push
𝐹⃗()(*+ = 𝐹⃗!the
at which 𝐹⃗" +does
+ force 𝐹⃗# =work
(𝐹! on
− the
𝐹" + 𝐹# cos(𝜃))𝚤̂
object? − 𝐹#other
(b) At some sin(𝜃) horizontally
𝚥̂ on the crate with a
time, the velocity consists of only a y component. If the force is un- :
varying force F to move it distance d !
changed and the instantaneous power is $12 W, what is the veloc-
El desplazamiento que realiza el objeto debido a las fuerzas aplicada
ity of the object?
4.00es:
m to the side (Fig. 7-44). (a) What is
: F
the magnitude of F when the crate is
:
∆𝑟⃗ N)k̂
••51 A force F ! (3.00 N)î % (7.00 N)ĵ % (7.00 = 𝑑acts
𝚤̂ on a in this final position? During the crate’s d
2.00 kg mobile object that moves from an initial position of displacement, what are (b) the total Figure 7-44 Problem 57.
El trabajo realizado por la fuerza gravitacional 𝐹⃗$ y la fuerza normal 𝐹⃗% son cero debido a que el punto de aplicación
de estas dos fuerzas en el objeto se encuentra en la dirección perpendicular (𝜃 = 90°) al desplazamiento ∆𝑟⃗.
M. Montt 056 / matfis@uct.cl/ Fono (45) 2205615 - (45) 2205412 / http://www.uct.cl / Casilla 15-D / Temuco / Chile
PROBLEMA 2
Un bloque se suelta desde la posición mostrada. Baja deslizando y comprime
el resorte. Si los datos son los siguientes: 𝑚 = 0.2 𝑘𝑔, 𝐿 = 1 𝑚, 𝜃 = 60°,
𝑘 = 20 𝑁𝑚, 𝜇 = 0.2, calcule la máxima compresión cuando el plano
inclinado es:
a) Liso, y
b) Rugoso.
SOLUCIÓN a)
Se pueden observar 3 etapas del sistema (ver diagrama): 1) Inicio en el punto más alto, 2) final del plano
inclinado/inicio del resorte, 3) cuando está comprimido completamente el resorte. Con trigonometría se
obtiene la altura de cada punto:
1
h1 = 2L sen q
h2 = L sen q
h3 = (L-d) sen q h1 = 2L sen q
2
Por lo tanto:
Resolviendo:
M. Montt 056 / matfis@uct.cl/ Fono (45) 2205615 - (45) 2205412 / http://www.uct.cl / Casilla 15-D / Temuco / Chile
Sustituyendo los datos del problema para plano liso: m = 0.2 kg, L = 1 m, q = 60°, k = 20 Nm. Recordar que
la g = 9.81 m/s2.
d1 = 0.50 y d2 = –0.33
RESPUESTA al A):
La distancia que se desplaza el resorte cuando el plano inclinado es liso es de 0.50 m
d = 0.50 m
SOLUCIÓN b)
Las alturas obtenidas en A) son las mismas:
h1 = 2L sen q
h2 = L sen q
h3 = (L-d) sen q
Pero en este caso cambian los balances de energía pues existe trabajo de fricción debido a la superficie
rugosa del plano inclinado.
Por lo tanto:
M. Montt 056 / matfis@uct.cl/ Fono (45) 2205615 - (45) 2205412 / http://www.uct.cl / Casilla 15-D / Temuco / Chile
Como es un plano inclinado, debemos obtener la normal utilizando un diagrama de cuerpo libre:
S Fy = 0
n – wy = 0
n = wy
n = mg cos q
n = (0.2)(9.81) cos (60)
n = 0.981
Sustituyendo en (5) los datos del problema para plano rugoso: m = 0.2 kg, L = 1 m, q = 60°, k = 20 Nm, μ =
0.2. Recordar que la g = 9.81 m/s2.
d1 = 0.48 y d2 = – 0.31
RESPUESTA al b):
La distancia que se desplaza el resorte cuando el plano inclinado es rugoso es de 0.48 m
d = 0.48 m
M. Montt 056 / matfis@uct.cl/ Fono (45) 2205615 - (45) 2205412 / http://www.uct.cl / Casilla 15-D / Temuco / Chile
PROBLEMA 3
Un bloque B de masa 𝑚 está en reposo sobre una superficie horizontal,
apoyado en un resorte de constante 𝑘 en longitud natural. Otro bloque
A, de masa 𝑚, se lanza con velocidad 𝑣 directo hacia B. La superficie es
lisa, la colisión es elástica. Todos los movimientos ocurren en la misma
línea recta. Si 𝑚 = 0.5 𝑘𝑔, 𝑣 = 1 𝑚/𝑠 y 𝑘 = 5 𝑁𝑚, hallar:
SOLUCIÓN a)
Como es una colisión elástica se cumple ri = rf y Ki = Kf.
ri = rf
Tenemos una ecuación y dos incógnitas, por lo que la segunda ecuación se obtiene de:
Ki = Kf
Despejando (1):
0.5 vAf = 0.5 – 0.5vBf multiplicando por 2
Sustituyendo en (2):
0.25 = 0.25 (1 – vBf)2 + 0.25 vBf2
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Donde a = 0.5, b = – 0.5 y c = – 0. Resolviendo con la fórmula general:
vBf1 = 1 y vBf2 = 0
Sustituyendo en (3):
vAf = 1 – vBf
vAf = 1 – (1)
vAf = 0
SOLUCIÓN b)
Aplicando balance de energía, toda la energía cinética de B se transforma en energía potencial elástica:
KB = Uk
½mBvB2 = ½kx2
(0.5)(0.5)(1)2 = ½(5)d2
Despejando d:
d = 0.32 m
SOLUCIÓN c)
Como no hay roce, el bloque sale disparado con la misma velocidad con la que movió el resorte pero en
dirección contraria, por lo tanto:
vB’ = - 1 m/s
M. Montt 056 / matfis@uct.cl/ Fono (45) 2205615 - (45) 2205412 / http://www.uct.cl / Casilla 15-D / Temuco / Chile