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𝜋−𝑥 𝜋
2. Find the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ∈ (0,2𝜋). = . [ (–
2 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝑥
)]
Fourier Series [M15/CompIT/6M]
Solution:
2

= [−
𝜋 4
1
2
cos 𝑛𝜋
𝑛 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠0
𝑛
(1−(−1)𝑛 )
+
𝑛
]
We have, ∴ 𝑏𝑛 =
1 2𝑙 2𝑛
𝟐 𝟑 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Type I: Algebraic functions (𝒙, 𝒙 , 𝒙 , 𝒆𝒕𝒄) 2𝑙
Thus,
1 2𝜋 𝜋−𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
1. Find the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 in(0,2𝜋) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
2𝜋 0 2 𝑙
[N17/Comp/5M][M18/Chem/5M] 2𝜋 𝜋 (1−(−1)𝑛 )
=
1 𝑥2
[𝜋𝑥 − ] =∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
Solution: 4 2𝑛
4𝜋 2 0 𝜋 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 2𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥
We have, 1 2 4𝜋 2 =[ +0+ +0+ + ⋯.]
1 2𝑙 = [2𝜋 − ] 4
𝜋
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
6
𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥
10
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 4𝜋 2
2𝑙 ∴ 𝑎0 = 0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + + + ⋯ ….
4 3 5
1 2𝜋 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑙
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Put 𝑥 =
2𝜋 0 2
2𝜋 𝑙 𝑙 𝜋 1 1 1
1 𝑥2 1 2𝜋 𝜋−𝑥 = 1 − + − +⋯…
= [ ] 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 ( ) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4 3 5 7
2𝜋 2 0 𝜋 2
2𝜋
1 4𝜋2 1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
= [ ] = 2𝜋 [(𝜋 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) (− )]
2𝜋 2 𝑛 𝑛2 0 4. Find half range cosine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 2
−1
∴ 𝑎0 = 𝜋 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]2𝜋
0 [M14/Biot/5M][N15/Biot/5M][M16/CompIT/5M][N18/Chem/6M]
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑛2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 =
−1
[1 − 1]
[M22/MechCivil/5M]
𝑙 𝑙 𝜋4
2𝜋𝑛2 1 1 1
1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 0 Using Parseval’s identity, deduce that = 4 + 4 + 4 + ⋯
𝜋 96 1 3 5
2𝜋 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 [M16/Chem/7M][N17/MechCivil/8M][M18/MechCivil/8M][N18/MechCivil/8M]
1
= [(𝑥) (
sin 𝑛𝑥
) − (1) (−
cos 𝑛𝑥
)] 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0 𝑙 𝑙 [N17/Inst/8M][N19/MechCivil/8M]
1 1 2𝜋 𝜋−𝑥
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]2𝜋 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋4 1 1 1 1
𝜋𝑛2 0 𝜋 0 2
2𝜋
Hence deduce that = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + ⋯ ….
1 1 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 90 1 2 3 4
= 2 [1 − 1] = 2𝜋 [(𝜋 − 𝑥) (− 𝑛
) − (−1) (− 𝑛2
)] [N22/CompITAI/8M]
𝜋𝑛 0
−1
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 0 = [(𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]02𝜋 Solution:
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 1 We have,
𝑙 𝑙 =− [−𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 − 𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠0] 1 𝑙
1 2𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 =
1 𝑙
𝜋 2
2𝜋 𝑛 1 2 1 𝑥2
1
= 𝜋 [(𝑥) (−
cos 𝑛𝑥
) − (1) (−
sin 𝑛𝑥
)] Thus, the Fourier series is given by = ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = [ ]
𝑛 𝑛2 0 2 2 2 0
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
=
−1
[(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]02𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin = [ ]
1 4
𝑙 𝑙 2 2
𝑛𝜋 𝜋−𝑥 1
=−
1
[2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋] = ∑∞
1 sin 𝑛𝑥 ∴ 𝑎0 = 1
2 𝑛
𝑛𝜋 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∴ 𝑏𝑛 =
−2 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛 3. Find half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = in (0, 𝜋). 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 cos
2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 4
𝜋 1 1 1 2 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
+ ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥 Hence show that = 1 − + − + ⋯ …. sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
4 3 5 7
𝑙 𝑙
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 [M18/MTRX/5M] = [𝑥 ( 𝑛𝜋
2
) − (1) (− 2
𝑛2 𝜋2
)]
𝑥 = 𝜋 − 2∑ 2 4 0
𝑛 Solution: cos 𝑛𝜋 cos 0
We have, = 𝑛2 𝜋2
− 𝑛2 𝜋2
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 4 4
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 4
𝑙 𝑙 = [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
2 𝜋 𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2
AR = ∫0 ( ) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 AR AR
𝜋 4

S.E/Paper Solutions 1 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 2 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 3 By: Kashif Shaikh

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4[(−1)𝑛 −1] 2 𝜋 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = = ∫0 (𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
= {[(2𝑥 − 1) (
sin
3
) − (2) (−
cos
3
)] }
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 4𝑛2 𝜋2
𝜋 3
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 3

𝑛𝜋𝑥
= [𝑥 (–
𝜋 𝑛
) − (1) (− 𝑛2
)] 9 0

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 0 2 2 cos 2𝑛𝜋 2 cos 0

𝑙 2 cos 𝑛𝜋 = [ 4𝑛2 𝜋2
− 4𝑛2 𝜋2
]
4[(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝑛𝜋𝑥 = [−𝜋 ] 3
𝑥 = 1 + ∑∞
1 cos 𝜋 𝑛
−2(−1)𝑛
9 9
𝑛2 𝜋 2 2
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 0
4 [(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑥 =1+ cos ∑∞ 𝑛 1 2𝑙
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋2 1
2 𝑛2 Thus, 𝑙 𝑙
By Parseval’s identity, 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 𝑙 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑏𝑛 = {∫0 (2𝑥 − 1) sin 𝑑𝑥 }
𝑙 3 3
∫0 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎02 + ∑∞
𝑙
2
1 𝑎𝑛 2 −2(−1)𝑛 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3

1 2 1 16[(−1)𝑛 −1]2
𝑥=∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 =
2
{[(2𝑥 − 1) (−
cos
3
) − (2) (−
sin
3
)] }
𝑛
∫ [𝑥]2 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + ∑1∞ 4𝑛2 𝜋2
2𝑛𝜋
3
3 9
2 0 2 𝜋 4 𝑛4 0
1 2 8 4 4 4
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =1+ [ + + + ⋯.] 6. Obtain Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 in (−3,3) = [−
2 5 cos 2𝑛𝜋
−
cos 0
]
2 0 𝜋4 14 34 54 3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
1 𝑥3
2
32 1 1 1
[N19/Elect/5M] 3 3
[ ] =1+ [ + + + ⋯…] 6
2 3 0 𝜋4 14 34 54 Solution: ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = −
𝑛𝜋
4 32 1 1 1 We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 is an odd function
=1+ [ + + + ⋯…] 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Thus, the Fourier series is given by
3 𝜋4 14 34 54 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
4 32 1 1 1 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
−1= [ + + + ⋯…] 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
3 𝜋4 14 34 54 2 3 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋
1 32 1 1 1 = ∫0 (𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 6 sin( )
= [ 4+ + + ⋯…] 3 3
3
2𝑥 − 1 = 2 − ∑ 3
3 𝜋4 1 34 54 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋 𝑛
2 cos sin
𝜋4 1 1 1 = [𝑥 (– 3
) − (1) (− 3
)]
= [ 4 + 4 + 4 + ⋯…] 3
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋2
96 1 3 5 3 9 0 8. Find half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 in (0, 𝜋)
Now, 2 cos 𝑛𝜋 [M17/CompIT/5M]
1 1 1 1 = [−3 𝑛𝜋 ]
Let 𝑆 = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + ⋯ … 3
3 Solution:
1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 −6(−1)𝑛 We have,
𝑆=[ 4+ + + ⋯…] + [ + + + ⋯] ∴ 𝑏𝑛 =
1 34 54 24 44 64 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋4 1 1 1 1 Thus, 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑆= + [ + + + ⋯.] 𝑙 𝑙
96 24 14 24 34 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝜋
𝜋4 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin = ∫0 (𝑥 + 1) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝜋
𝑆= + [𝑆] −6(−1)𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
96 16 𝑥=∑ sin = [(𝑥 + 1) (– ) − (1) (− )]
𝑆 𝜋4 𝑛𝜋 3 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2
𝑆− = −2 cos 𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
0
16 96
15𝑆 𝜋4 = [(𝜋 + 1). − ]
= 7. Obtain the Fourier series for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 in 0 < 𝑥 < 3 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛
16 96 2[(𝜋+1)(−1)𝑛 −1]
𝜋4 16 [N15/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/5M] ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = −
𝑆= × 𝜋𝑛
96 15 Solution: Thus,
𝜋4 We have, 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑆= 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
90 1 2𝑙 𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2[(𝜋+1)(−1)𝑛 −1]
2𝑙 𝑥 + 1 = ∑− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
5. Obtain Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 in (−𝜋, 𝜋) 1
= {∫0 (2𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥}
3 𝜋𝑛
3
[N17/Inst/5M][N18/MTRX/5M][N19/MTRX/5M][N22/Extc/5M][J23/MechCivil/5M] 3
= {[
1 2𝑥 2
− 𝑥] } 9. Find half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 in (0, 𝜋)
[J23/CompIT/5M][M23/Extc/5M] 3 2 0 [N19/Elex/5M]
Solution: ∴ 𝑎0 = 2 Solution:
We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 is an odd function 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 We have,
Thus, 𝑙 𝑙
2 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎𝑛 = {∫0 (2𝑥 − 1) cos 𝑑𝑥 } 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 AR 3 3 AR 𝑙 𝑙 AR
𝑙 𝑙

S.E/Paper Solutions 4 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 5 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 6 By: Kashif Shaikh

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2 𝜋 2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 1 2 4 4 4
= ∫0 (2𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 sin
2 2
𝑑𝑥 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4 + 𝜋4 [14 + 34 + 54 + ⋯ . ]
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 1
= [(2𝑥) (– ) − (2) (− )] cos sin 𝑥3 1 8 1 1 1
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0 = [𝑥 (− 2
) − (1) (− 2
)] [ ] = + [ + + + ⋯…]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋2 3 0 4 𝜋4 14 34 54
−2 cos 𝑛𝜋 2 1 1 8 1 1 1
= [(2𝜋). ] 4
4 0
= + [ + + + ⋯…]
𝜋 𝑛 3 4 𝜋4 14 34 54
−4(−1)𝑛 =− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 1 1 8 1 1 1
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑛𝜋
−4[(−1)𝑛 ] − = [ + + + ⋯…]
𝑛 3 4 𝜋4 14 34 54
Thus, ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 1 8 1 1 1
𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋𝑥 = [ 4+ + + ⋯…]
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin Thus, the Fourier series is given by 12 𝜋4 1 34 54
𝑙 𝜋4 1 1 1
−4(−1)𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 =[ 4+ + + ⋯…]
2𝑥 = ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 4(−1)𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥 96 1 34 54
𝑛 𝑥 = ∑− sin ( )
𝑛𝜋 2
𝑙 𝑙 1 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
13. Obtain Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| in (−𝜋, 𝜋)
10. Prove that − 𝑥 = ∑ sin ( ),0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 12. Find half range cosine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 1 [N14/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/5M][M18/MechCivil/6M][M18/Elect/5M]
2 𝜋 𝑛 𝑙
[M18/Chem/6M] 𝜋4 1 1 1 [N18/Chem/5M][M19/MTRX/6M]
Using Parseval’s identity, deduce that = 4 + 4 + 4 + ⋯
Solution: 96 1 3 5 𝜋2 1 1 1
[N19/Elect/8M] Hence deduce that = 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ …
8 1 3 5
We have,
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 Solution: [N17/MechCivil/8M][M18/Elex/8M]
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 We have, Solution:
𝑙 𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑙
= ∫0 ( − 𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 We see that,
𝑙 2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 1 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| is an even function.
2 𝑙 cos sin 1 1 𝑥2
= [( − 𝑥) (– 𝑙
) − (−1) (− 𝑙
)] = ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = [ ] Thus,
𝑙 2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋2 1 2 0 1 𝑙
𝑙 𝑙2 0 =
1 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙
2 𝑙 cos 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 2 1 𝜋
= [( ) . 𝑛𝜋 + ( ). 𝑛𝜋 ] 1 = ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑙 2
𝑙
2
𝑙
∴ 𝑎0 = 𝜋
2 𝜋
2 𝑙 [(−1)𝑛 +1] 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑥2
= . [ 𝑛𝜋 ] 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 = [ ]
𝑙 2 𝑙 0 𝜋 2 0
𝑙 2 1 1 𝜋2
𝑙[1+(−1)𝑛 ] 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ]
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 1 0 𝜋 2
𝑛𝜋 1 𝜋
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Thus, = 2 [𝑥 ( ) − (1) (− )] ∴ 𝑎0 =
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 2
𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin cos 𝑛𝜋 cos 0 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 = 2[ − ] 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙 𝑙[1+(−1)𝑛 ] 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝜋 2 2 𝜋
−𝑥 =∑ sin 2 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 = [(−1)𝑛 − 1] 𝜋
𝑙 𝑙 2 2𝜋𝑥 2 4𝜋𝑥 𝑛2 𝜋 2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋
− 𝑥 = [0 + . sin + 0 + . sin + ⋯…..] 2[(−1)𝑛 −1] = [𝑥 ( ) − (1) (− )]
2 𝜋 2 𝑙 4 𝑙 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0
𝑙 𝑙 1 2𝜋𝑥 1 4𝜋𝑥 1 6𝜋𝑥 𝑛2 𝜋 2
− 𝑥 = [ . sin + . sin + . sin + ⋯..] Thus, the Fourier series is given by =
2
[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]𝜋0
2 𝜋 1 𝑙 2 𝑙 3 𝑙 𝜋𝑛2
𝑙 𝑙 1 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
− 𝑥 = ∑ . sin 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos =
2
[(−1)𝑛 − 1]
2 𝜋 𝑛 𝑙 𝑙
1 2[(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝜋𝑛2
𝑥 = + ∑∞
1 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
2[(−1)𝑛 −1]
2 𝑛2 𝜋 2
11. Find half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 2 1 2 [(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝜋𝑛2
[N17/Extc/5M][M18/Extc/5M] 𝑥 = + 2 ∑∞ 1 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 Thus, the Fourier series is given by
2 𝜋 𝑛2
Solution: By Parseval’s identity, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
1 𝑙 1 𝜋 2[(−1)𝑛 −1]
We see that, ∫0 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎02 + ∑∞
1 𝑎𝑛
2 |𝑥| = + ∑∞ 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑙 2 2 𝜋𝑛2
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 1 1 1 1 4[(−1)𝑛 −1]2 Putting 𝑥 = 0, we get
𝑙 𝑙
AR ∫ [𝑥]2 𝑑𝑥 = + ∑∞
1 AR AR
1 0 4 2 𝜋 4 𝑛4

S.E/Paper Solutions 7 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 8 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 9 By: Kashif Shaikh
Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
𝜋 2 2 2 2 𝑘2 8𝑘 2 1 ∴ 𝑎0 = 1
0 = + [−
2 𝜋 12
−
32
−
52
− ⋯..] = ∑∞
1
12 𝜋4 (2𝑛−1)4 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋 4 1 1 1 𝜋4 1 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
− =− [ 2+ + + ⋯…] = ∑∞ 𝑙 𝑙
2 𝜋 1 32 52 96 1 (2𝑛−1)4 2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋2 1 1 1 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥
=[ 2+ + + ⋯…] 2 2
8 1 32 52 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
15. Find Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| in (-3,3) = [𝑥 (
sin
2
) − (1) (−
cos
2
)]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋2
1 𝜋4 [M17/MechCivil/6M] 2
14. Find the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|, −𝑘 < 𝑥 < 𝑘. Hence deduce that ∑ (2𝑛−1)4 = 4 0
96 Solution: 4 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
[M15/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/6M] = [cos ]
We see that, 𝜋 2 𝑛2 2 0
4
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| is an even function. = [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
We see that, 𝜋 2 𝑛2
Thus, 4[(−1)𝑛 −1]
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| is an even function. 1 𝑙 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝜋 2 𝑛2
Thus, 𝑙 Thus, the Fourier series is given by
1 3
1 𝑙 = ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 3
𝑙 3 4 [(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 𝑘 1 𝑥2 |𝑥| = 1 + 2 ∑ cos ( )
= ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = [ ] 2 𝜋 𝑛 2
𝑘 3 2 0
𝑘 3
1 𝑥2 ∴ 𝑎0 =
= [ ]
𝑘 2 0
2 17. Find a Fourier series to represent 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 in (0,2𝜋)
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑘 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 [M14/Chem/5M][N15/Chem/5M] [M22/Chem/5M][M22/Extc/5M]
∴ 𝑎0 = 𝑙 0
2 2 3 𝑛𝜋𝑥 [M22/MechCivil/5M][J23/MechCivil/6M][J23/Extc/5M]
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 cos ( 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 3 0 𝜋2 1 1 1 1
𝑙 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 and hence deduce that = 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ⋯ … ..
2 𝑘 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 sin( ) cos( ) 12 1 2 3 4
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 ( 𝑛𝜋
3
) − (1) (− 3
)] [N17/Elex/5M][N18/MechCivil/8M][M19/MechCivil/8M][M19/MTRX/8M]
𝑘 𝑘 3 𝑛2 𝜋2
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑘 3 9 0 [N19/MechCivil/8M][M23/CompIT/8M]
2 sin cos 3
= [𝑥 (
𝑘
𝑛𝜋
𝑘
) − (1) (− 𝑘
𝑛2 𝜋2
)] =
6
[cos (
𝑛𝜋𝑥
)] Solution:
𝑘 𝑘2 0 𝜋 2 𝑛2 3 0 1 𝑙
6 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝑘 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑘 = [(−1)𝑛 − 1] 2𝑙
= [cos ] 𝜋 2 𝑛2 1 2𝜋 2
𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝑘 0 6[(−1)𝑛 −1] = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑘 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝜋 0
= [(−1)𝑛 − 1] 𝜋 2 𝑛2 1 𝑥3
2𝜋
𝜋 2 𝑛2 = [ ]
2𝑘[(−1)𝑛 −1] Thus, the Fourier series is given by 2𝜋 3 0
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 1 8𝜋3
𝜋 2 𝑛2
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 3 6 [(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝑛𝜋𝑥 = [ ]
|𝑥| = + 2 ∑ cos ( ) 2𝜋 3
2 2 𝜋 𝑛 3 4𝜋2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 ∴ 𝑎0 =
𝑘 2𝑘 [(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝑛𝜋𝑥 3
|𝑥| = + 2 ∑ cos ( ) 16. Find Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| in (-2,2) 𝑎𝑛 =
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 2 𝜋 𝑛 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0
By Parseval’s identity, [M19/Extc/6M] 1 2𝜋 2
1 𝑙 1 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝑙
∫0 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎02 + ∑∞
2
2
1 𝑎𝑛
Solution:
1 2𝜋
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
1 𝑘 𝑘2 1 4𝑘 2 [(−1)𝑛 −1]2 We see that, = [𝑥 ( ) − (2𝑥) (− ) + (2) (− )]
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4 + 2 ∑∞
𝑘 0 1 𝜋 4 𝑛4 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| is an even function.
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
2
1 𝑥3
𝑘
𝑘2 4𝑘 2 4 4 4 Thus, = [𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]02𝜋
𝜋𝑛2
[ ] = + [ + + + ⋯…] 1 𝑙 2
𝑘 3 0 4 2𝜋4 14 34 54 = [2𝜋]
𝑘2 𝑘2 8𝑘 2 1 1 1
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝜋𝑛2
𝑙
= + [ + + + ⋯..] 1 2 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
4
3 4 𝜋4 14 34 54 = ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑛2
𝑘2 𝑘2 8𝑘 2 ∞ 1 2
− = ∑1 1 𝑥2
2 1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin (
2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥
3 4 𝜋4 (2𝑛−1)4 AR = [ ] AR 𝑙 𝑙 AR
2 2 0
S.E/Paper Solutions 10 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 11 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 12 By: Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
1 2𝜋 1 2
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑛 = {∫0 (4 − 𝑥 2 ) sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } Solution:
𝜋 1
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 We have,
= [𝑥 2 (− ) − (2𝑥) (− ) + (2) ( )] = {[(4 − 𝑥 2 ) (−
𝑛𝜋
) − (−2𝑥) (−
𝑛2 𝜋 2
) + (−2) (
𝑛3 𝜋 3
)] } 1 2𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0 0
2 4 2 2𝑙
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 = [− + + ] 2𝜋 𝜋−𝑥 2
= [−𝑥 2 +2 ] 𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝑛𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋 3 =
1
∫ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 0 4 2𝜋 0
1 4𝜋2 2 2 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 2𝜋
= [− + +0− ] 𝑛𝜋 1 (𝜋−𝑥)3
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 3 𝑛 3
Thus, the Fourier series is given by = [ ]
4𝜋 8𝜋 −3 0
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = − 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
+ ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
[−𝜋 3 − 𝜋 3 ]
𝑛 𝑙 𝑙 =
−24𝜋
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 8 −4 4 𝜋2
4 − 𝑥 2 = + ∑ 2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 + ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 ∴ 𝑎0 =
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 3 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 12
4𝜋2 4 4𝜋 Putting 𝑥 = 0, we get 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑥2 = + ∑∞ ∞
1 𝑛2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + ∑1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 8 4 1 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑛 4 = − 2∑ 2 𝑙 𝑙
Putting 𝑥 = 𝜋, we get 3 𝜋 𝑛 1 2𝜋 𝜋−𝑥 2
8 4 1 1 1 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 ( ) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 4− =− [ 2+ + + ⋯..] 𝜋 2
𝜋2 = + 4 ∑∞
1 𝑛2 3 𝜋 2 1 2 2 3 2
1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
3 4 4 1 1 1 = 4𝜋 [(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 ( ) − 2(𝜋 − 𝑥)(−1) (− ) + (2) (− )]
4𝜋2 1 1 1 1 =− [ + + + ⋯..] 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
𝜋2 − = 4 [− + − + − ⋯…] 3 𝜋2 12 22 32 −2
[(𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]02𝜋
3 12 22 32 42 𝜋2 1 1 1 =
𝜋2 1 1 1 1 − = [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ . . ] ………………………..(1) 4𝜋𝑛2
− = −4 [ 2 − 2
+ 2
− 2
+ ⋯…..] 3 1 2 3
=
−1
[−𝜋 − 𝜋]
3 1 2 3 4 Putting 𝑥 = 2 in Fourier series, we get 2𝜋𝑛2
𝜋2 1 1 1 1 1
= − + − + ⋯ …. 8
0 = − 2∑ 2
4 1
∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
12 12 22 32 42 𝑛2
3 𝜋 𝑛
8 4 1 1 1 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
− =− [ + + + ⋯..] 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
18. Find the Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 2 in the interval (0,2) 3 𝜋2 12 22 32 𝑙 𝑙
2𝜋2 1 1 1 1 2𝜋 𝜋−𝑥 2
[N15/Biot/6M][M16/CompIT/6M][M18/N18/Biom/6M][N18/Elex/6M] = [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ . . ] ……………………….(2) 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 ( ) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
3 2 3 𝜋 2
𝜋2 1 1 1 2𝜋
And Prove that = 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ … Adding (1) & (2), we get 1
= 4𝜋 [(𝜋 − 𝑥) (− 2 cos 𝑛𝑥
) − 2(𝜋 − 𝑥)(−1) (−
sin 𝑛𝑥
) + (2) (
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
)]
6 1 2 3 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
𝜋2 2𝜋2 2 2 2
[N14/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/8M][N14/Chem/7M] − + = + + +⋯… 1 𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 2𝑐𝑜𝑠0
3 3 12 22 32 = {− + + − }
Solution: 𝜋2 1 1 1 4𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 𝑛 𝑛3
= 2[ 2 + + + ⋯…] ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0
We have, 3 1 22 32
1 2𝑙 𝜋2 1 1 1 Thus, the Fourier series is given by
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = + + + ⋯… 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2𝑙 6 12 22 32 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
1 2 𝑙 𝑙
= {∫0 (4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 } 𝜋−𝑥 2 𝜋2 1
2 𝜋−𝑥 2 ) = 12 + ∑∞
1 𝑥3
2 19. Find Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 and 𝑓(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = ( 2 1 𝑛2 cos 𝑛𝑥
= {[4𝑥 − ] } 2
(i) Putting 𝑥 = 0, we get
2 3 0 𝑓(𝑥)
8 𝜋 2 𝜋2 1
∴ 𝑎0 = [M16/Chem/5M][N16/Chem/6M][N19/Biot/6M][N22/Chem/6M] ( 2 ) = 12 + ∑∞
1 𝑛2
3
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 [M23DSE/MechCivil/6M][M23DSE/CompIT/6M]
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 𝜋2 𝜋2 1 1 1
𝑙 𝑙 Also deduce that − = + + + ⋯ … ..
1 2 4 12 12 22 32
𝑎𝑛 = {∫0 (4 − 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 𝜋2 1 1 1 1 𝜋2
=
1 1
+ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯……
1 1
1 (i) = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯…… 6 12 2 3 4
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 6 1 2 3 4
= {[(4 − 𝑥 2 ) ( 𝑛𝜋
) − (−2𝑥) (− 𝑛2 𝜋 2
) + (−2) (− 𝑛3 𝜋 3
)] } [M14/MechCivil/6M][M18/Elex/5M][N19/Inst/8M] (ii) Putting 𝑥 = 𝜋, we get
0
−2 𝜋2 1 1 1 1 𝜋2 1
= {[2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋]} (ii) = − + − + ⋯… 0= + ∑∞
1 (−1)𝑛
𝜋 2 𝑛2 12 12 22 32 42 12 𝑛2
−4 𝜋4 1 1 1 1 𝜋2 1 1 1
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = (iii) = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + ⋯ .. − =− + − + ⋯ ….
𝑛2 𝜋 2 90 1 2 3 4 12 12 22 32
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋2 1 1 1 1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 [M16/MechCivil/8M] = − + − + ⋯…
𝑙 0 AR AR 12 12 22 32 42 AR

S.E/Paper Solutions 13 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 14 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 15 By: Kashif Shaikh

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(iii) Adding (i) and (ii) 4(−1)𝑛 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝜋2 𝜋2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 𝑛2 𝑙 𝑙
+ =[ 2+ + + + ⋯……] + [ 2 − + − + ⋯…] Thus, the Fourier series is given by 2
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
6 12 1 22 32 42 1 22 32 42
1
𝜋2
= 2[ 2 +
1 1
+
1
+ ⋯] 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
4 1 32 52 𝜋2 4(−1)𝑛 = 2 [𝑥 2 (− ) − (2𝑥) (− ) + (2) ( )]
𝜋2 1 1 1 𝑥2 = + ∑∞
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛3 𝜋 3 0
= 2+ 2+ 2+⋯ 3 𝑛2 cos 𝑛𝜋 2 cos 𝑛𝜋 2 cos 0
8 1 3 5 (i) Putting 𝑥 = 𝜋 = 2 [− + − ]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝑛3 𝜋 3
(iv) By Parseval’s identity, 𝜋2 4(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 2[(−1)𝑛 −1]
1 2𝑙 1 𝜋2 = + ∑∞
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 2 [− + ]
∫0 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎02 + ∑∞ 2 2
1 (𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 )
3𝑛2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋 3
2𝑙 2 𝜋2
4(−1)𝑛
1 2𝜋 𝜋−𝑥 4 𝜋4 1 1 𝜋 2 − + ∑∞ 1 (−1)𝑛 Thus, the Fourier series is given by
2𝜋
{∫0 ( 2
) 𝑑𝑥 } = 144 + 2 ∑∞
1 𝑛4 2𝜋2
3
4
𝑛2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2𝜋 = ∑∞1 (−1)𝑛 2[(−1)𝑛 −1]
1 (𝜋−𝑥)5 𝜋4 1 1 3 𝑛2 𝑥|𝑥| = ∑ 2 [− + ] sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
[ ] = + ∑∞
1 𝜋2 1 3 3 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋
32𝜋 −5 0 144 2 𝑛4 = ∑∞1 𝑛2 …………(1)
1 𝜋4 1 ∞ 1 6
− [−𝜋 5 − 𝜋 5] = + ∑ (ii) Putting 𝑥 = 0 22. Find Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) =
3𝑥 2 −6𝑥𝜋+2𝜋2
𝑖𝑛 (0, 2𝜋)
160𝜋 144 2 1 𝑛4
𝜋4 𝜋4 1 1 𝜋2
4(−1)𝑛 12
= + ∑∞ 0 = + ∑∞ 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝜋2 1 1 1
80 𝑛4144 1 2 3 𝑛2 Hence find that = 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ …
𝜋4 1𝜋4 1 𝜋2 4(−1)𝑛 6 2 3 4
− = ∑∞ 0 = + ∑∞ 1 [N14/Biot/8M][M16/CompIT/8M][M16/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/6M]
80 144 2 1 𝑛4 3 𝑛2
64𝜋4 1 ∞ 1 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 [M17/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/8M][M18/Inst/8M]
= ∑1 4 − = 4 ∑∞ 1 𝑛2
80×144 2 𝑛 3 Solution:
𝜋4 1 1 1 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛+1
=[ 4+ + + ⋯.] = ∑∞ 1 …………….(2) 1 2𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
90 1 24 34 12 𝑛2
2𝑙
(iii) Adding (1) & (2) 1 2𝜋 3𝑥 2 −6𝑥𝜋+2𝜋2
𝜋2 𝜋2 1+(−1)𝑛+1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
20. Find the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 and hence prove that + = ∑∞
1
2𝜋 0 12
6 12 𝑛2 2𝜋
𝜋2 1 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛+1 𝜋2 1 1 1 𝜋4 1 1 𝑥3 𝑥2
(i) = ∑∞ ∞
1 𝑛2 (ii) 12 = ∑1 (iii) = 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ (iv) = ∑∞ 𝜋2 2 2 2 = [3 − 6𝜋 + 2𝜋 2 𝑥]
6 𝑛2 8 1 3 5 90 1 𝑛4 =[ 2+ + + ⋯….] 24𝜋 3 2 0
4 1 32 52 1
[N13/MechCivil/8M][N14/Chem/5M][M18/Inst/5M][M19/Inst/5M] 𝜋2 1 1 1 = [8𝜋 3 − 12𝜋 3 + 4𝜋 3 ]
[M22/MechCivil/5M] = 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ … .. 24𝜋
8 1 3 5
∴ 𝑎0 = 0
Solution: (iv) By Parseval’s identity 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
We see that, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 is an even function.
1 𝑙 1 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎02 + 2 ∑∞
𝑙 0
2
1 𝑎𝑛 𝑙 𝑙
1 𝑙 1 2𝜋 3𝑥 2 −6𝑥𝜋+2𝜋2
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 1 𝜋 2 2 𝜋4 1 16(−1)2𝑛 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 ∫ [𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥 = + ∑∞
1 𝜋 12
1 𝜋 𝜋 0 9 2 𝑛4 1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
= ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥5
𝜋
𝜋4 1 16 = 12𝜋 [(3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝜋 + 2𝜋 2 ) ( ) − (6𝑥 − 6𝜋) (− ) + (6) (− )]
𝜋
𝜋 [ ] = + ∑∞ 1 𝑛4 1
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
1 𝑥3 𝜋 5 0 9 2
= [ ] 𝜋4 𝜋4 1
= [(6𝑥 − 6𝜋)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]02𝜋
12𝜋𝑛2
𝜋 3 0 = + 8 ∑∞ 1 𝑛4 1
1 𝜋3 5 9 = [6𝜋 + 6𝜋]
= [ ] 𝜋4 𝜋4 1 12𝜋𝑛2
𝜋 3 − = 8 ∑∞ 1 𝑛4 1
𝜋2 5 9 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
∴ 𝑎0 = 4𝜋4 1 𝑛2
3 = 8 ∑∞ 1 𝑛4
1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin
2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 45
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 4 1 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙
2 𝜋
𝑙 = ∑∞ 1 𝑛4 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0
1 2𝜋 3𝑥 2 −6𝑥𝜋+2𝜋2
sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
90
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 12
𝜋 1 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋 = 12𝜋 [(3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝜋 + 2𝜋 2 ) (− ) − (6𝑥 − 6𝜋) (− ) + (6) ( )]
= [𝑥 2 ( )− (2𝑥) (− ) + (2) (− )] 21. Find the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥|𝑥| ; −1 < 𝑥 < 1 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0 1 2𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 6𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 2𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 6𝑐𝑜𝑠0
4 [M15/Chem/6M][N18/MTRX/6M][N19/MTRX/8M][N22/Elect/6M] = {− + + − }
= [𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]𝜋0 Solution: 12𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 𝑛 𝑛3
𝜋𝑛2 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0
4 AR AR AR
= 2
𝑛
[𝜋(−1) ] We see that, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥|𝑥| is an odd function.
𝜋𝑛
S.E/Paper Solutions 16 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 17 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 18 By: Kashif Shaikh
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3
Thus, the Fourier series is given by Putting 𝑥 = 0, we get 1 cos
2𝑛𝜋𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
+ ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 𝜋2 4 = [(2 − 2𝑥) ( 3
4𝑛2 𝜋2
)]
𝑙 𝑙 𝜋 = +∑ 3
3 𝑛2 9 0
3𝑥 2 −6𝑥𝜋+2𝜋2 1 𝜋2
= ∑∞1 𝑛2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋2 − = 4[ 2 +
1 1
+
1
+ ⋯.] =
3
[−4 − 2]
12 3 1 2 2 3 2 4𝑛2 𝜋 2
Putting 𝑥 = 0, we get 2𝜋2 1 1 1
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = −
9
𝜋2 1 1 1 = 4[ 2 + + + ⋯.] 2𝑛2 𝜋2
3 1 22 32
= + + + ⋯ …. 𝜋2 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
6 12 22 32 1 1
= [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ . ] …………………….. (1)
1 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
6 1 2 3 𝑙 0
1 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
23. Find the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 in 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋. Putting 𝑥 = 𝜋 in the Fourier series, we get 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) sin 𝑑𝑥
3 0 3
𝜋2 1 1 1 𝜋2 4(−1)𝑛 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3
Hence deduce that = 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ … 0= +∑ 1 cos sin cos
8 1 3 5 3 𝑛2 = [(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) (− 2𝑛𝜋
3
) − (2 − 2𝑥) (− 3
4𝑛2 𝜋2
) + (−2) ( 3
8𝑛3 𝜋3
)]
𝜋2 1 1 1 3
[M18/Extc/8M][N18/Extc/8M] − = 4 [− + − + ⋯….] 3 9 27 0
3 12 22 32 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
3
Solution: 𝜋2 1 1 1 1 1 cos cos
We have, = [ 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ⋯ . . ] …………………… (2) = [(2𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) (− 3
) + (−2) ( 3
)]
12 1 2 3 4 3 2𝑛𝜋 8𝑛3 𝜋3
1 2𝑙 3
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Adding (1) & (2), we get 27 0
2𝑙 𝜋2 𝜋2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2𝜋 + =[ 2+ + + ⋯.] + [ 2 − + − + ⋯..] = [3 2𝑛𝜋 − 2 8𝑛3𝜋3 + 2 8𝑛3𝜋3 ]
= ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 0
6 12 1 22 32 1 22 32 42 3
𝜋2 2 2 2 3 27 27
1 (𝜋−𝑥)3
2𝜋 = + + + ⋯ …. 3
= [ ] 4 12 32 52 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 =
2𝜋 −3 𝜋2 1 1 1 2𝑛𝜋
0
1 𝜋3 𝜋3
= 2[ 2 + + + ⋯….] Thus, the Fourier series is given by
4 1 32 52
= [− − ] 𝜋2
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2𝜋 −3 −3
=
1
+
1
+
1
+ ⋯ …. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝜋2 𝑙 𝑙
8 12 32 52
∴ 𝑎0 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = ∑
−9
cos
2𝑛𝜋𝑥
+∑
3
sin
2𝑛𝜋𝑥
3
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛2 𝜋2 3 2𝑛𝜋 3
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 24. Find Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 whose period is 3 9 cos(
2𝜋𝑥
) cos(
4𝜋𝑥
) cos(
6𝜋𝑥
) 3 sin(
2𝜋𝑥
) sin(
4𝜋𝑥
)
𝑙
1 2𝜋
𝑙
[M15/Biot/6M][M16/Biot/6M][M19/Chem/6M] 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = − [ 3
+ 3
+ 3
+ ⋯] + [ 3
+ 3
+. . ]
2 2𝜋2 12 22 32 2𝜋 1 2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ (𝜋
𝜋 0
− 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋2 1 1 1
1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 Hence deduce that = 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯. Putting 𝑥 = 3, we get
= [(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 ( ) − 2(𝜋 − 𝑥)(−1) (− 𝑛2
) + (−2)(−1) (− 𝑛3
)] 6 2 3 4
9 cos 2𝜋 cos 4𝜋 cos 6𝜋
𝜋 𝑛
−2
0 [N22/Chem/6M] 6−9=− [ + + + ⋯]
2𝜋2 12 22 32
= [(𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]02𝜋 Solution: 9 1 1 1
𝜋𝑛2 −3 = − [ + + + ⋯]
−2 2𝜋2 12 22 32
= [(−𝜋) − 𝜋] We have,
𝜋2 1 1 1
𝜋𝑛2 1 2𝑙
4 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = + + +⋯
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑙 6 12 22 32
𝑛2 1 3
𝑏𝑛 =
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎0 = ∫ 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0
3 0 25. Find the Fourier for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 in (0,2𝜋)
3
1 2𝜋 1 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 sin 𝑛𝑥
𝜋 0
𝑑𝑥 = [2
3 2
−
3 0
] [N17/Elect/6M]
1 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 1 Solution:
= [(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 (− ) − 2(𝜋 − 𝑥)(−1) (−
𝑛2
) + (−2)(−1) (
𝑛3
)] = [9 − 9] We have,
𝜋 𝑛 0 3

= {−
1 (𝜋−2𝜋2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋
+
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋
+
𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
−
2𝑐𝑜𝑠0
} ∴ 𝑎0 = 0 1 2𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 𝑛 𝑛3 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑙
1 𝜋2 2 𝜋2 2 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 1 2𝜋
= {− + 3 + − 3 } 𝑙
1 3
𝑙
2𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 0
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥2 𝑥3
2𝜋
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0 3 3
3 = [ − ]
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 1 2
sin cos sin 2𝜋 2 3 0
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 = [(2𝑥 − 𝑥 ) ( 2𝑛𝜋
3
) − (2 − 2𝑥) (− 3
4𝑛2 𝜋2
) + (−2) (− 3
8𝑛3 𝜋3
)] 1 4𝜋2 8𝜋3
3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 3 9 27 0
= [ − ]
𝑙 𝑙 2𝜋 2 3
𝜋2 4 4𝜋2
(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 = +∑ 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 AR AR ∴ 𝑎0 = 𝜋 −
3
AR
3 𝑛

S.E/Paper Solutions 19 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 20 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 21 By: Kashif Shaikh

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1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 2 cos cos
𝑙
2𝜋
𝑙 𝑙
2𝜋
𝑙 = [(𝑥 2 ) (− 2𝑛𝜋
𝑎
) + (2) ( 𝑎
8𝑛3 𝜋3
)]
1 1 𝑎
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎3 0
𝜋 𝜋
2𝜋 2𝜋 2
1
= 𝜋 [(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) (
sin 𝑛𝑥
) − (1 − 2𝑥) (−
cos 𝑛𝑥
) + (−2) (−
sin 𝑛𝑥 1
= 𝜋 [(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) (−
cos 𝑛𝑥
) − (2𝑥 + 2) (−
sin 𝑛𝑥
) + (2) (
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2 1 1 1
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
)]
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
)] = [−𝑎 2𝑛𝜋 + 2 8𝑛3𝜋3 − 2 8𝑛3𝜋3 ]
0 0 𝑎
1 1 (4𝜋2 +4𝜋)𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 2𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝑎 𝑎3 𝑎3
= [(1 − 2𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]2𝜋
0 = {− + − } 𝑎2
𝜋𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 𝑛3 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = −
1 4(𝜋+1) 𝑛𝜋
= [1 − 4𝜋 − 1] ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = −
𝜋𝑛2 𝑛 Thus, the Fourier series is given by
−4 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑛2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
𝑏𝑛 =
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑎2 𝑎2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙 0
𝑙 𝑙 𝑥2 = +∑ cos ( )−∑ sin ( )
1 2𝜋 4𝜋2 4 4(𝜋+1) 3 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑎 𝑛𝜋 𝑎
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = + 2𝜋 + ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + ∑ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 2𝜋𝑥 4𝜋𝑥 6𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥 4𝜋𝑥
𝜋 0 3 𝑛2 𝑛 2 𝑎2 𝑎2 cos( 𝑎 ) cos( ) cos(
𝑎
)
𝑎 𝑎2 sin( 𝑎 ) sin(
𝑎
)
2𝜋 𝑥 = + [ + + + ⋯] − [ 1 + +. . ]
1 2) cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 3 𝜋2 12 22 32 𝜋 2
= [(𝑥 − 𝑥 (− ) − (1 − 2𝑥) (− ) + (−2) ( )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0 27. Find the Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 in (0, 𝑎). Putting 𝑥 = 0, we get
1 (2𝜋−4𝜋2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 2𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝜋2
= {− − + } Hence deduce that = 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ ..
1 1 1
𝑎2 𝑎2 cos(
2𝜋𝑥
) cos(
4𝜋𝑥
) cos(
6𝜋𝑥
)
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 𝑛3 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
4𝜋−2 −3 1 2 3 0= + [ + + + ⋯]
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = [N19/Inst/8M] 3 𝜋2 12 22 32
𝑛
Solution: 𝑎2 𝑎2 1 1 1
Thus, the Fourier series is given by − = [ + + + ⋯]
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 𝜋2 12 22 32
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin We have, 𝜋2 1 1 1
𝑙 𝑙 1 2𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − = + + +⋯
4𝜋2 4 4𝜋−2 3 12 2 2 3 2
𝑥 − 𝑥2 = 𝜋 − + ∑− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 2𝑙
3 𝑛2 𝑛 1 𝑎
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑎
28. Obtain Fourier series expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 9 − 𝑥 2 in (0,2𝜋)
26. Find the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 in (0,2𝜋) 1 𝑥3
= [ ] [M23DSE/Extc/6M]
𝑎 3 0
[M19/Inst/6M] Solution:
1 𝑎3
Solution: = [ ] 1 𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 3
We have, 𝑎2 2𝑙
∴ 𝑎0 = 1 2𝜋
1 2𝑙 3 = ∫ (9 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2𝜋 0
2𝜋
2𝑙 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋 1 𝑥3
= ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑙
2 𝑎
𝑙
2𝑛𝜋𝑥
= [9𝑥 − ]
2𝜋 0 2𝜋 3 0
2𝜋 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 (𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑑𝑥 1 8𝜋3
1 𝑥3 2𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎
= [ + ] 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎 = [18𝜋 − ]
2𝜋 3 2 2 sin cos sin 2𝜋 3
0 2
1 8𝜋3
= [(𝑥 ) (
𝑎 2𝑛𝜋
𝑎
) − (2𝑥) (− 𝑎
4𝑛2 𝜋2
) + (2) (− 𝑎
8𝑛3 𝜋3
)] ∴ 𝑎0 = 9 −
4𝜋2
2
= [ + 4𝜋 ] 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎3 0 3
2𝜋 3 𝑎 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
4𝜋2 2 cos
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑎0 = + 2𝜋 = [(2𝑥) ( 𝑎
)] 𝑙 0
3 4𝑛2 𝜋2 1 2𝜋
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎
𝑎2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ (9 − 𝑥 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 0 𝜋 0
𝑙 𝑙 2 𝑎2 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
1 2𝜋 = . [2𝑎 − 0] = [(9 − 𝑥 ) ( 2
) − (−2𝑥) (− ) + (−2) (− )]
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 4𝑛2 𝜋2 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
𝜋 𝑎2 −2
1
= 𝜋 [(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) (
sin 𝑛𝑥
) − (2𝑥 + 2) (−
cos 𝑛𝑥
) + (2) (−
sin 𝑛𝑥
)]
2𝜋
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = = [𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]02𝜋
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝜋𝑛2
0 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 −2
=
1
[(2𝑥 + 2)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]2𝜋 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 = [2𝜋]
0 𝑙 0 𝜋𝑛2
𝜋𝑛2 2 𝑎 2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 4
=
1
[4𝜋 + 2 − 2] 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ (𝑥 ) sin 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = −
𝑎 0 𝑛2
𝜋𝑛2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
4 2 cos sin cos 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = = [(𝑥 2 ) (− 𝑎
) − (2𝑥) (− 𝑎
) + (2) ( 𝑎
)] 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛2 AR 𝑎 2𝑛𝜋 4𝑛2 𝜋2 8𝑛3 𝜋3 AR AR
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎3 0
S.E/Paper Solutions 22 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 23 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 24 By: Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
2𝜋
1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 (9 − 𝑥 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 We see that, 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 2 is an even function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝜋 1 𝑙 5𝜋2 20(−1)𝑛
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 5𝑥 2 = +∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
= [(9 − 𝑥 2 ) (− ) − (−2𝑥) (− ) + (−2) ( )] 𝑙
1 1
3 𝑛2
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0 = ∫0 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 1
= [−(9 − 𝑥 2 ) − 2 ] 𝑥3
1 32. Find the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 in (−𝜋, 𝜋)
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 0 = [𝑥 − ]
1 (9−4𝜋2 ) 2 9 2 3 0 [N14/CompIT/5M][M18/Comp/5M][M23DSE/MechCivil/5M][M23/MechCivil/6M]
= [− − + + ] 2 [M23DSE/Extc/5M][N22/Elect/5M]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 𝑛 𝑛3 ∴ 𝑎0 =
4𝜋 3 Solution:
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑛 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 We see that, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 is an even function.
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝑙 𝑙
2 1 1 𝑙
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 = ∫0 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 𝑙
4𝜋2 4 4𝜋 1 1 𝜋
9 − 𝑥2 = 9 − + ∑− 2
cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑ sin 𝑛𝑥 = 2 [(1 − 𝑥 2 ) (
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
) − (−2𝑥) (−
cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
) + (−2) (−
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
)] = ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝜋
0 𝜋
−2 cos 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑥3
2 = 2[ ] = [ ]
29. Find the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 9 − 𝑥 for −3 < 𝑥 < 3 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝜋 3 0
−4(−1)𝑛 1 𝜋3
[M15/CompIT/5M][M16/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/5M][N17/Extc/6M][M18/Extc/6M] ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 2 2 = [ ]
𝑛 𝜋 𝜋 3
[M23/CompIT/6M] Thus, 𝜋2
𝑛𝜋𝑥
∴ 𝑎0 =
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 3
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
We see that, 𝑓(𝑥) = 9 − 𝑥 2 is an even function. 2 4 (−1)𝑛
𝑙 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos
𝑙 𝑙
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑙 1 − 𝑥2 = − ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 3 𝜋2 𝑛2 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝜋
1 3 𝜋
= ∫0 9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 31. Find the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 in (−𝜋, 𝜋) =
2
[𝑥 2 (
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
)− (2𝑥) (−
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
) + (2) (−
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
)]
3 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
3 0
1 𝑥3 [N17/Elect/5M] 4
= [9𝑥 − ] = [𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]𝜋0
3 3 0 Solution: 𝜋𝑛2
4
∴ 𝑎0 = 6 We see that, 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 is an even function. = 𝑛
[𝜋(−1) ]
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑛2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4(−1)𝑛
𝑙 𝑙 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
2 3 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝑛2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 (9 − 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑑𝑥 1
= ∫0 5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Thus, the Fourier series is given by
3 3
3 𝜋
2 sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
5 𝑥3
𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
= [(9 − 𝑥 2 ) ( 𝑛𝜋
3
) − (−2𝑥) (− 3
) + (−2) (− 3
)] = [ ] 𝜋2 4(−1)𝑛
3
3
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑛3 𝜋3 𝜋 3 0 𝑥2 = + ∑∞
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
9 27 0 5 𝜋3 3 𝑛2
2 6 cos 𝑛𝜋
= [ ]
𝜋 3
= [− 𝑛2 𝜋2
] 5𝜋2 33. Obtain the Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , −𝑙 < 𝑥 < 𝑙
3
9 ∴ 𝑎0 =
3 [N18/Biot/5M]
36(−1)𝑛 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = − 2 2 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 Solution:
𝑛 𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 5𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 is an even function
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋 1 𝑙
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙 2
36 (−1)𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥 = [𝑥 ( ) − (2𝑥) (− ) + (2) (− )] 𝑙
𝑙
9 − 𝑥2 = 6 − ∑ cos ( ) 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0 1
= ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋2 𝑛2 3 20
= [𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]𝜋0 𝑙
𝑙
𝜋𝑛2 1 𝑥3
30. Find the Fourier series of𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 2 in (−1,1) =
20
[𝜋(−1)𝑛 ] = [ ]
2 𝑙 3 0
𝜋𝑛
[M14/Chem/5M][N15/CompIT/5M][M18/MTRX/6M][M19/Biom/6M][N19/Extc/6M] 20(−1)𝑛 𝑙2
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = ∴ 𝑎0 =
[N19/Chem/5M][N19/Biot/5M] 𝑛2 3
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Solution: AR Thus, the Fourier series is given by AR 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 AR
𝑙 𝑙

S.E/Paper Solutions 25 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 26 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 27 By: Kashif Shaikh
Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝜋2 𝑥2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 2 cos 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 3 (− ) − (3𝑥 2 ) (− ) + (6𝑥) ( ) − (6) ( )] 37. Find the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = − , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
𝑙 𝑙 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑛4 0 12 4
𝑙
cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 [J23/CompIT/6M]
2 sin cos sin 2 cos 𝑛𝑥
= [𝑥 2 ( 𝑙
) − 2𝑥 (− 𝑙
) + (2) (− 𝑙
)] = [𝑥 3 (− ) + (6𝑥) ( )]
𝑙
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑛3 𝜋3 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 0 Solution:
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙3 0 2 𝜋3 (−1)𝑛 6𝜋(−1)𝑛 𝜋2 𝑥2
= [− + ] We see that, 𝑓(𝑥) = − is an even function.
2 2𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 12 4
= [ 𝑛2 𝜋2
] 6 𝜋2 1 𝑙
𝑙
𝑙2
= 2(−1)𝑛 [ − ] 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑛3 𝑛 𝑙
4𝑙 2 (−1)𝑛 12 2𝜋2 𝜋 𝜋2
1 𝑥2
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 2 2 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 [ 3 − ] = ∫ − 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝜋 0 12 4
𝜋
Thus, the Fourier series is given by Thus, the Fourier series is given by 1 𝜋2 𝑥3
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 = [ 𝑥− ]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝜋 12 12 0
𝑙 𝑙 1 𝜋3 𝜋3
𝑙2 4𝑙 2 (−1)𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥 12 2𝜋2 = [ − ]
𝑥2 = +∑ cos 𝑥 3 = ∑(−1)𝑛 [ − ] sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 12 12
3 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑙 𝑛3 𝑛 ∴ 𝑎0 = 0
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
34. Find the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 in (−𝜋, 𝜋) 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
36. Obtain the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 in (−1,1) 𝑙 𝑙
2 𝜋 𝜋2 𝑥2
[N17/Biom/5M][N18/Inst/5M][M19/Biom/5M][N19/Comp/5M][J23/Extc/6M] [N22/MechCivil/5M] 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 ( − ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 12 4
Solution: Solution: 2 𝜋2 𝑥2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝜋
We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 is an odd function We see that, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 is an even function = [( − )( ) − (− ) (− ) + (− 2) (− )]
𝜋 12 𝑛 4 4 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
We have, 1 𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 = [− . ]
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 2 𝑛2 0
1 1 4
𝑙 𝑙 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝜋(−1)𝑛
2 𝜋 1 0 = [− ]
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 3 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥5
1 𝜋 2𝑛2
𝜋 −(−1)𝑛
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋 =[ ] ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
5 0
= [𝑥 3 (− ) − (3𝑥 2 ) (− ) + (6𝑥) ( ) − (6) ( )] 1
𝑛2
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑛4 0
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
∴ 𝑎0 = Thus, the Fourier series is given by
5
= [𝑥 3 (− ) + (6𝑥) ( )] 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 0 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 𝜋2 𝑥2 (−1)𝑛+1
𝑙 𝑙
2 𝜋3 (−1)𝑛 6𝜋(−1)𝑛 2 1 − =∑ cos 𝑛𝑥
= [− + ] = ∫0 (𝑥 4 ) cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 12 4 𝑛2
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 1
6 𝜋2 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 2(−1)𝑛 [ − ] = 2 [(𝑥 4 ) ( ) − (4𝑥 3 ) (− ) + (12𝑥 2 ) (− ) − (24𝑥) ( )+ 1
𝑛3 𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝑛4 𝜋 4 38. Find half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)2 in 0 < 𝑥 < 1. Hence find ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2
12 2𝜋2 1
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 [ 3 − ] (24) (
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
)] [M18/Comp/8M]
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛5 𝜋 5 0 [Note: The above question seems to be wrong. It must have been asked as
Thus, the Fourier series is given by cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥 = 2 [(4𝑥 3 ) ( ) − (24𝑥) ( )] “Find the half range cosine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 in 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 1. Hence find
𝑙 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛4 𝜋 4 0 𝟏
12 2𝜋2
= 2[
4 cos 𝑛𝜋
−
24 cos 𝑛𝜋
− 0 + 0] ∑ 𝟐”]
𝑥 3 = ∑(−1)𝑛 [ − ] sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛4 𝜋 4
𝒏
𝑛3 𝑛 Solution:
8(−1)𝑛 48(−1)𝑛
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 2 2 − 4 4 1 𝑙
35. Find the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 in the interval (−𝜋, 𝜋) 3 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Thus, 𝑙
1 1
[M22/Extc/5M] 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥 = ∫0 (𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥
1
Solution: 𝑙 1
1 8(−1)𝑛 48(−1)𝑛 (𝑥−1)3
We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 is an odd function 𝑥4 = + ∑ [ − ] cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥) =[ ]
5 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛4 𝜋 4 3 0
We have, −1
=0−
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 3
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑙
𝜋
𝑙 ∴ 𝑎0 =
2 3
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 3 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 AR AR AR
𝜋

S.E/Paper Solutions 28 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 29 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 30 By: Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos
𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥 40. Find half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 in 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 42. Determine the Half Range Sine Series for 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥(𝜋2 −𝑥 2 )
𝑙 𝑙 12
2 1 [N13/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/6M][N16/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/5M][M19/Extc/5M]
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 (𝑥 − 1)2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 where 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
1 Solution:
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 [J23/MechCivil/6M]
= 2 [(𝑥 − 1)2 ( ) − 2(𝑥 − 1) (− ) + (2) (− )] We have,
Solution:
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛3 𝜋 3 0 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 We have,
= 2[ ] 𝑙
2 3 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙
𝑛2 𝜋 2 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
4 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 2 sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 2 2 3 3
3
𝑙 𝑙
𝑛 𝜋
cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝜋 𝑥(𝜋2 −𝑥 2 )
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 2
= [𝑥 2 (− 3
) − (2𝑥) (− 3
) + (2) ( 3
)] 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 ( ) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑛3 𝜋3
𝜋 12
𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 3 9 27 0 = [(𝜋 2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) (− ) − (𝜋 2 − 3𝑥 2 ) (− ) + (−6𝑥) ( )+
𝑙 3 12𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
1 4 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋
(𝑥 − 1)2 = + ∑ 2 2 cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 2
= [𝑥 2 (−
cos
3
) + (2) (
cos
3
)] (−6) (
sin 𝑛𝑥
)]
3 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋3
3 𝑛4 0
Putting 𝑥 = 0, we get 3 27 0 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
1
1= +∑ 2 2
4
2 9 cos 𝑛𝜋 2 cos 𝑛𝜋 2𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = [(𝜋 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) (−
2
) + (−6𝑥) ( )]
= [− + − 12𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3
3 𝑛 𝜋
3
𝑛𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋3 𝑛3 𝜋3
] 0
1 4 1 1 6𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋
1− = ∑ 3 27 27 = [0 − − 0 + 0]
3 𝜋2 𝑛2 2 27(−1)𝑛 54(−1)𝑛 54 6𝜋 𝑛3
2 4 1 = [− + − ] 1 6𝜋(−1)𝑛
= ∑ 3 𝑛𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝑛3 𝜋 3 = [− ]
3 𝜋2 𝑛2 (−1)𝑛 2[(−1)𝑛 −1] 6𝜋 𝑛3
𝜋2 1 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 18 [− + ] (−1)𝑛
=∑ 𝑛𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋 3 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = − 3
6 𝑛2 𝑛
Thus, the Fourier series is given by
𝑛𝜋𝑥 Thus, the Fourier series is given by
39. Find half range Fourier sine series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
(−1)𝑛 2[(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙
[M17/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/5M] 𝑥 2 = 18 ∑ [− + ] sin ( ) 𝑥(𝜋2 −𝑥 2 ) (−1)𝑛+1
𝑛𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋 3 3 =∑ sin 𝑛𝑥
Solution: 12 𝑛3
We have, 41. Find half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 in (0, 𝜋)
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 43. The Fourier coefficient 𝑏𝑛 of 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 2 in (0,2) is
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 [N19/Inst/5M]
𝑙 𝑙 [M22/Extc/2M]
2 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 3 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Solution:
Solution:
𝜋
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋 We have, 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= [𝑥 3 (− ) − (3𝑥 2 ) (− ) + (6𝑥) ( ) − (6) ( )] 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑛4 0 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑙
1 2
𝑙
𝑙 𝑙
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 2 𝜋 𝑏𝑛 = {∫0 (4 − 𝑥 2 ) sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
= [𝑥 3 (− ) + (6𝑥) ( )] 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 0 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
2 𝜋3 (−1)𝑛 6𝜋(−1)𝑛 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 = {[(4 − 𝑥 2 ) (− ) − (−2𝑥) (− ) + (−2) ( )] }
= [− + ] = [𝑥 2 (− ) − (2𝑥) (− ) + (2) ( )] 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛3 𝜋 3 0
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0 2 4 2
6 𝜋2 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 = [− + + ]
= 2(−1)𝑛 [ − ] = [𝑥 2 (− ) + (2) ( )] 4
𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝑛𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋 3
𝑛3 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3
12 2𝜋2
0 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 =
𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 2(−1)𝑛 𝑛𝜋
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 [ 3 − ] = [−
2
+ −0−
2
]
𝑛 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 𝑛3
Thus, the Fourier series is given by
𝑛𝜋𝑥 = [−
2 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛
+
2(−1)𝑛 −2
] 44. Find the value of 𝑏𝑛 in the Fourier expansion of function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 2 in the interval
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 (0,2)
𝑙 2 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 2((−1)𝑛 −1)
12 2𝜋2 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = [− + ] [M22/MechCivil/2M]
𝑥 3 = ∑(−1)𝑛 [ − ] sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3
𝑛3 𝑛 Solution:
Thus, the Fourier series is given by
𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
2 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 2((−1)𝑛 −1) 1 2
𝑥 2 = ∑ [− + ] sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑏𝑛 = {∫0 (2 − 𝑥 2 ) sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
AR 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 AR 1 AR

S.E/Paper Solutions 31 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 32 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 33 By: Kashif Shaikh

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2 1
= {[(2 − 𝑥 2 ) (−
cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
) − (−2𝑥) (−
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
) + (−2) (
cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
)] } Adding (1) & (2), we get 𝑥3
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛3 𝜋 3 0 𝜋2 4(−1)𝑛 2(−1)𝑛+1
=[ ]
3 0
2 2 2 2 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = + ∑ 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑ sin 𝑛𝑥
=[ − + + ] 3 𝑛 𝑛
∴ 𝑎0 =
1
𝑛𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝑛𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋 3
4 Putting 𝑥 = 𝜋 in eqn (2) 3
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋2 4(−1)𝑛 𝑎𝑛 =
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
𝑛𝜋 𝜋2 = + ∑∞
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑙 0
3 𝑛2 2 1 2
𝜋2 4(−1)𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
45. Find the Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 when −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 and 𝑓(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝜋2 − + ∑∞
1 (−1)𝑛 1 0
3 𝑛2 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
𝑓(𝑥) 2𝜋2 4 = 2 [𝑥 ( 2
) − (2𝑥) (− ) + (2) (− )]
= ∑∞
1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛3 𝜋 3 0
[N16/MechCivil/6M] 3 𝑛2
𝜋2 2 cos 𝑛𝜋
𝜋2 𝜋2 ∑∞
1 = 2[ ]
= 1 𝑛2 …………………
(3)
1 1 1 1 1 1
Hence deduce that (i) = 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ .. (ii) = + + +⋯… 6 𝑛2 𝜋 2
6 1 2 3 8 12 32 52 4(−1)𝑛
[M15/Biot/8M] Putting 𝑥 = 0 in eqn (2) ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛2 𝜋 2
𝜋2 4(−1)𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Solution: 0= + ∑∞
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 Thus, 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
3 𝑛2 𝑙
Let 𝑓1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 [an odd function] 𝜋2 4(−1)𝑛 1 4(−1)𝑛
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0= + ∑∞
1 ∴ 𝑥 2 = + ∑ 2 2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 ……………………..(2)
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑛2 3 𝑛 𝜋
𝑙 𝑙 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 Subtracting (1) & (2), we get
2 𝜋 − = 4 ∑∞ 1 𝑛2 (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛
= ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑥−𝑥 =− − 2 1 4
∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 − ∑
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛+1
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 = ∑∞
1 …………….(4) 3 𝜋2 𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛
= [𝑥 (–
𝜋 𝑛
) − (1) (− 𝑛2
)] 12 𝑛2
0 Adding (3) & (4)
2 cos 𝑛𝜋 47. Obtain the expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥), 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 as a half range cosine series.
= [−𝜋. ] 𝜋2 𝜋2 1+(−1)𝑛+1
𝜋 𝑛 + = ∑∞
1 [M15/Biot/5M][N19/Extc/5M]
2(−1)𝑛 6 12 𝑛2
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = − 𝜋2 2 2 2 1 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛+1 𝜋2 1 𝜋4
𝑛 =[ 2+ + + ⋯….] Hence, show that (i) ∑∞ ∞
1 𝑛2 = 6 (ii) ∑1 = (iii) ∑∞
1 𝑛4 = 90
𝑛𝜋𝑥 4 1 32 52 𝑛2 12
Thus, 𝑓1 (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝜋2 1 1 1 [M14/CompIT/8M][M14/Chem/6M][M19/MechCivil/8M][M19/Comp/8M]
𝑙 = + + + ⋯ … ..
2(−1)𝑛 8 12 32 52 [N19/Biot/8M][N22/Elect/8M][M23/CompIT/8M]
∴ 𝑥 = ∑− sin 𝑛𝑥 ……………….(1)
𝑛 Solution:
Let 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 [an even function] 46. Find the Fourier expansion for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , −1 < 𝑥 < 1
1 𝑙
We see that,
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 [M14/MechCivil/6M][N18/Comp/8M] 1 𝑙
𝑙 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 𝜋 Solution: 𝑙
= ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 𝜋
𝜋
𝜋
Let 𝑓1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 [an odd function] = ∫0 (𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥3 𝜋
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋
= [ ] 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 1 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑥3
𝜋 3 0 𝑙 𝑙 = [ − ]
2 1 𝜋 2 3 0
𝜋2
∴ 𝑎0 = = ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝜋3
3 1 0 = [ ]
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋 6
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [𝑥 (– ) − (1) (− )] 𝜋2
𝑙 0
2 𝜋 2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 0 ∴ 𝑎0 =
cos 𝑛𝜋 6
= ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [− ] 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋 0 𝑛𝜋 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
= [𝑥 ( 2
) − (2𝑥) (− ) + (2) (− )] 2(−1)𝑛 2(−1)𝑛 2(−1)𝑛+1 2 𝜋
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = − = (−1) = 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 (𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
2 2𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋
= [ ] Thus, 𝑓1 (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝑛2 𝑙 = [(𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (𝜋 − 2𝑥) (− ) + (−2) (− )]
4(−1)𝑛 2(−1)𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = ∴ 𝑥 = ∑− sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 ……………….(1) 2
𝑛2 𝑛𝜋 = [(𝜋 − 2𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]0𝜋
𝑛𝜋𝑥
Let 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 [an even function] 𝜋𝑛2
Thus, 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 2
𝑙 1 𝑙 = [−𝜋(−1)𝑛 − 𝜋]
2 𝜋2 4(−1)𝑛 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝜋𝑛2
∴𝑥 = +∑ cos 𝑛𝑥 ……………………..(2) 𝑙 −2[(−1)𝑛 +1]
3 𝑛2 1 1 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
AR = ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 AR 𝑛2 AR
1

S.E/Paper Solutions 34 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 35 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 36 By: Kashif Shaikh
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2 𝜋 1 𝑙 1
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 (𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∑∞ 1 𝑏𝑛
2
𝜋 𝑙 0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 16[(−1)𝑛 −1]2
𝜋2 [1+(−1)𝑛 ] = [(𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (𝜋 − 2𝑥) ( ) + (−2) ( )] ∫ [𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ]2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∑∞ 1
𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = − 2∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0 𝜋 0 𝑛6 𝜋 2
6 𝑛2 −4 1 𝜋 2 2 3 4 8 4 4 4
𝜋2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]𝜋0 ∫ (𝜋 𝑥 − 2𝜋𝑥 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋2 [16 + 36
𝜋 0
+
56
+ ⋯.]
𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = − 2[ + + + ⋯..] 𝜋𝑛3
𝜋
6 22 42 62 −4 𝑛 1 𝜋2 𝑥 3 2𝜋𝑥 4 𝑥5 32 1 1 1
𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥 = [(−1) − 1] [ − + ] = [ + + + ⋯…]
𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = − [ 2 + + + ⋯..] 𝜋𝑛3 𝜋 3 4 5 0 𝜋2 16 36 56
6 1 22 32 −4[(−1)𝑛 −1]
Putting 𝑥 = 0, we get ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 1 𝜋5
[ −
𝜋5
+
𝜋5
]=
32 1 1
[ + +
1
+ ⋯…]
𝜋𝑛3
𝜋 3 2 5 𝜋2 16 36 56
𝜋2 1 1 1 Thus, the Fourier series is given by 1 𝜋5 32 1 1 1
0= −[ 2+ + + ⋯..] [ ]= [ + + + ⋯…]
6 1 22 32 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋 30 𝜋2 16 36 56
𝜋2 1 −4[(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝜋4
= ∑∞
1 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
32 1
=
1
[ 6+ +
1
+ ⋯…]
6 𝑛2 3 𝜋𝑛 30 𝜋2 1 36 56
𝜋
Putting 𝑥 = , we get 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = − [
4 −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
+
−2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
+
−2𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥
+ ⋯..] 𝜋6 1 1 1
2
𝜋 13 33 53
=[ 6+ + + ⋯…]
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋2 1 1 1 960 1 36 56
2
(𝜋 − 2 ) = 6
− [−
12
+
22
−
32
+ ⋯..] 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = [
8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
+ +
𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥
+ ⋯..]
𝜋 13 33 53 1
𝜋2 𝜋2 1 1 1 𝜋 50. Obtain half range sine series in (0, 𝜋) for 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) and hence, find the value of +
= +[ 2− + − ⋯..] Putting 𝑥 = , we get 16
4 6 1 32 52 2
𝜋2 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛+1 𝜋 𝜋 8 1 1 1 1 1 𝜋6
− = ∑∞ (𝜋 − 2 ) = 𝜋 [13 − 33 + 53 − ⋯ . . ] + + ⋯……..=
4 6 1 𝑛2 2 26 36 945
𝜋2 (−1)𝑛+1 𝜋2 8 1 1 1 𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
= ∑∞ = [ 3− + − ⋯..] 51. Prove that 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = −[ + + ⋯]
12 1 𝑛2 4 𝜋 1 3 3 5 3 6 12 22
By Parseval’s identity, 𝜋3
=[ 3−
1 1
+
1
− ⋯..]
[M18/Chem/6M]
1 𝑙 1 32 1 33 53 Solution:
∫0 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎02 + ∑∞ 2
1 𝑎𝑛 𝜋3 (−1)𝑚
𝑙
1 𝜋 𝜋4
2
1 4[(−1)𝑛 +1]2
= ∑∞
𝑚=0 (2𝑚+1)3 We see that,
32
∫ [𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ]2 𝑑𝑥 = 36 + 2 ∑∞
𝜋 0 1 𝑛4
1 𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙
1 𝜋 𝜋4 4 4 4 1 1 𝜋
∫ (𝜋 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝜋𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥 = 36 + 2 [24 + 44
𝜋 0
+
64
+ ⋯.] 49. Obtain half range sine series in (0, 𝜋) for 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) and hence, find the value of + = ∫0 (𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
16 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋6 𝜋
1 𝜋2 𝑥 3 2𝜋𝑥 4 𝑥5 𝜋4 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑥3
[ − + ] = + [ + + + ⋯…] + 6 + ⋯……..= = [ − ]
𝜋 3 4 5 0 36 24 14 24 34 36 5 960 𝜋 2 3 0
1 𝜋5 𝜋5 𝜋5 𝜋4 1 ∞ 1 [N17/Biom/8M] 1 𝜋3
[ − + ]= + ∑ = [ ]
𝜋 3 2 5 36 2 1 𝑛4 Solution: 𝜋 6
1 𝜋5 𝜋4 1 1 𝜋2
[ ]= + ∑∞ We see that, ∴ 𝑎0 =
𝜋 30 36 2 1 𝑛4 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 6
𝜋4 𝜋4
−
1
= ∑∞
1 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos
𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑙 𝑙
30 2 36 𝑛4 2 𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
𝜋4 1 1 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 (𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 (𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∑∞ 𝜋
180 2 1 𝑛4 2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋
𝜋4 1 = [(𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (𝜋 − 2𝑥) ( ) + (−2) ( )] 2
= [(𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) (
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
) − (𝜋 − 2𝑥) (−
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
) + (−2) (−
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
)]
= ∑∞1 𝑛4 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
90 −4 0
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]𝜋0 =
2
[(𝜋 − 2𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]0𝜋
𝜋𝑛3
−4 𝜋𝑛2
48. Obtain half range sine series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) in (0, 𝜋). Hence evaluate = [(−1)𝑛 − 1] 2
(−1)𝑚 𝜋𝑛 3 = [−𝜋(−1)𝑛 − 𝜋]
∑∞ −4[(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝜋𝑛2
𝑚=0 (2𝑚+1)3 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = −2[(−1)𝑛 +1]
𝜋𝑛3 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
[M17/MechCivil/8M][N17/MTRX/8M][N22/Extc/6M][M23/Extc/6M] 𝑛2
Thus, the Fourier series is given by Thus, the Fourier series is given by
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
We see that, −4[(−1)𝑛 −1]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) =
𝜋2
− 2∑
[1+(−1)𝑛 ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 𝜋𝑛3
6 𝑛2
𝑙 𝑙 AR By Parseval’s identity, AR AR

S.E/Paper Solutions 37 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 38 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 39 By: Kashif Shaikh

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𝜋2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥 1 𝑙 1 16𝑙 4 [(−1)𝑛 −1]2 2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋
𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = − 2[ + + + ⋯..] ∫ [𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ]2 𝑑𝑥 = ∑∞
1 = [(𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (𝜋 − 2𝑥) ( ) + (−2) ( )]
6 22 42 62 𝑙 0 2 𝑛6 𝜋 6 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥 1 𝑙 2 2 8𝑙 4 4 4 4 −4
𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = −[
12
+
22
+
32
+ ⋯..] ∫ (𝑙 𝑥 − 2𝑙𝑥 3
𝑙 0
+ 𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥 =
𝜋6 16
[ +
36
+
56
+ ⋯.] = [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]𝜋0
6 𝜋𝑛3
𝑙 −4
1 𝑙2𝑥 3
[ −
2𝑙𝑥 4
+
𝑥5
] =
32𝑙 4
[ 6+
1 1
+
1
+ ⋯…] = [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝜋𝑛3
52. Expand𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 in half range Sine series 𝑙 3 4 5 0 𝜋6 1 3 6 5 6
−4[(−1)𝑛 −1]
[N18/Elect/5M][N18/Chem/6M] 1 𝑙5 𝑙5 𝑙5 32𝑙 4 1 1 1 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 =
[ − + ]= [ 6+ + + ⋯…] 𝜋𝑛3
𝑙 3 2 5 𝜋6 1 36 56 Thus, the Fourier series is given by
Solution: 1 𝑙5 32𝑙 4 1 1 1
We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 [ ]= [ 6+ + + ⋯…] 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑙 30 𝜋6 1 36 56
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙4 32𝑙 4 1 1 1 −4[(−1)𝑛 −1]
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 = [ + + + ⋯…] 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = ∑ 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 30 𝜋6 16 36 56 𝜋𝑛
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋6 1 1 1 4 −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 −2𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥
= ∫0 (𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) sin 𝑑𝑥 =[ 6+ + + ⋯…] 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = − [ + + + ⋯..]
𝑙 𝑙 960 1 36 56 𝜋 13 33 53
𝑙 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥
2 cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = [ + + + ⋯..]
= [(𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) (– 𝑙
) − (𝑙 − 2𝑥) (− 𝑙
) + (−2) ( 𝑙
)] 𝜋 13 33 53
𝑙
𝑛𝜋
𝑙
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑛3 𝜋3 54. Find half range sine series in (0, 𝜋) for 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) Putting 𝑥 = , we get
𝜋
𝑙2 𝑙3 0 2
[N15/MechCivil/5M][M16/Biot/5M][N18/Elex/5M][N18/Extc/5M] 𝜋 𝜋 8 1 1 1
= [−2
2 cos 𝑛𝜋
+
2 cos 0
] [M23/MechCivil/5M] 2
(𝜋 − 2 ) = 𝜋 [13 − 33 + 53 − ⋯ . . ]
𝑙 𝑛3 𝜋3 𝑛3 𝜋3
𝑙3 𝑙3 Solution: 𝜋2 8 1 1 1
4𝑙 2 [(−1)𝑛 −1]
= [ 3− + − ⋯..]
4 𝜋 1 33 53
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = − We see that, 𝜋3 1 1 1
𝑛3 𝜋 3 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 =[ 3− + − ⋯..]
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 33 53
Thus, 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑙 𝑙
32 1
𝑙 2 𝜋
𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = ∑ −
4𝑙 2 [(−1)𝑛 −1]
sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 (𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝑙
𝜋
𝜋
57. Obtain the half range cosine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 in (0, 𝑙)
2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
= [(𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (𝜋 − 2𝑥) ( ) + (−2) ( )] [N15/MechCivil/6M][N17/Inst/6M][N19/Chem/6M][M22/Extc/5M]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
53. Find half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 in (0, 𝑙). −4 Solution:
1 1 𝜋6
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]𝜋0 We see that,
𝜋𝑛3
Hence prove that 6 + 6 + ⋯ … . . = −4 𝑛 1 𝑙
1 3 960 = [(−1) − 1] 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
[N14/CompIT/8M][N18/Biot/8M] 𝜋𝑛3 𝑙
−4[(−1)𝑛 −1] 1 𝑙
Solution: ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = = ∫0 (𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝜋𝑛3 𝑙
We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 Thus, the Fourier series is given by 1 𝑙𝑥 2 𝑥3
𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 = [ − ]
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑙 2 3 0
𝑙 𝑙 −4[(−1)𝑛 −1] 1 𝑙3
2 𝑙
= ∫0 (𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = ∑ 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 = [ ]
𝜋𝑛 𝑙 6
𝑙 𝑙
𝑙 𝑙2
2 cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥 ∴ 𝑎0 =
= [(𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) (– 𝑙
𝑛𝜋 ) − (𝑙 − 2𝑥) (− 𝑙
) + (−2) ( 𝑙
)] 55. Find Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥), 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 2
6
𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙 𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑛3 𝜋3
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙3 0 [N22/Extc/6M] 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
Note: The question seems to be wrongly asked. The question must be same as Q.54 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= [−2
2 cos 𝑛𝜋
+
2 cos 0
] 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 (𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑛3 𝜋3 𝑛3 𝜋3 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙 𝑙
𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
(−1)𝑛 2 sin cos sin
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = −
4𝑙 2 [(−1)𝑛 −1] 56. Obtain sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥), 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 and hence find ∑ (2𝑛−1)3 = [(𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( 𝑛𝜋
𝑙
) − (𝑙 − 2𝑥) (− 𝑙
𝑛2 𝜋2
) + (−2) (− 𝑙
𝑛3 𝜋3
)]
𝑙
𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙3 0
𝑛𝜋𝑥 [M14/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/6M][M19/Elex/6M][N19/Biot/8M]
Thus, 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 2 𝑙 cos 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 cos 0
𝑙 Solution:
4𝑙 2 [(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝑛𝜋𝑥 = [− 𝑛2 𝜋2
− 𝑛2 𝜋2
]
𝑙
𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = ∑ − sin We see that, 𝑙2 𝑙2
𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 −2𝑙 2
By Parseval’s identity, 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 = [(−1)𝑛 + 1]
1 𝑙 1 𝑙 𝑙 𝜋 2 𝑛2
𝑙
∫0 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = ∑∞ 2
1 𝑏𝑛 2
AR 2 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 (𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 AR AR
𝜋
S.E/Paper Solutions 40 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 41 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 42 By: Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
−2𝑙 2 [(−1)𝑛 +1] 2 cos 𝑛𝜋 2𝑐𝑜𝑠0
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = =− 𝑛2 𝜋2
− 𝑛2 𝜋2
We have,
𝑛2 𝜋 2 1 2𝑙
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 4
4 4 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 = [−2(−1)𝑛 − 2] 1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝜋 2 𝑛2 = {∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (2𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 }
𝑙 −8[(−1)𝑛 +1] 2𝜋
𝑙2 2𝑙 2 [1+(−1)𝑛 ] 𝑛𝜋𝑥 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥2
𝜋
𝑥2
2𝜋
𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = − 2
∑ cos ( ) 𝑛2 𝜋 2
=
1
{[ 2 ] + [2𝜋𝑥 − ] }
6 𝜋 𝑛2 𝑙 Thus, the Fourier series is given by 2𝜋 2 𝜋
0
𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋2 4𝜋2 𝜋2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos = {[ ] + [4𝜋 2 − − 2𝜋 2 + ]}
58. Obtain half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(2 − 𝑥) in (0,2) 𝑙 2𝜋 2 2 2
2 8 [1+(−1)𝑛 ] 𝑛𝜋𝑥
[M19/Chem/6M] 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = − ∑ cos ( ) =
1 𝜋2
{2 +
𝜋2
}
3 𝜋2 𝑛2 2
2𝜋 2
Solution: 𝜋
2
∴ 𝑎0 =
We see that, 60. Find half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 1. 2
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋3 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 Hence deduce that = 3 − 3 + 3 − 3 + ⋯.
1 1 1 1
𝑙 0
𝑙 𝑙 32 1 3 5 7 𝜋 2𝜋
2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) sin 𝑑𝑥 [N22/CompITAI/6M] 𝑎𝑛 = {∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (2𝜋
𝜋 0
− 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
2 2 𝜋 2𝜋
2 Solution: 1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
− cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
− sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥 = 𝜋 {[𝑥 ( ) − (1) (− )] + [(2𝜋 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) (− )] }
𝑛2 𝑛2
= [(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( 𝑛𝜋
2
) − (2 − 2𝑥) ( 𝑛2 𝜋2
2
) + (−2) ( 2
𝑛3 𝜋3
)] We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑛 0 𝑛 𝜋
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
2 4 8 0 2 𝑙
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = {[ ] −[ ] }
2 cos 𝑛𝜋 2𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝜋 𝑛2 0 𝑛2 𝜋
=− + 𝑙 𝑙
2 1 1
𝑛3 𝜋3 𝑛3 𝜋3
= ∫ (𝑥 −𝑥 2)
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = {[(−1)𝑛 − 1] − [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]}
8 8 1 0 𝜋𝑛2
8 2[(−1)𝑛 −1]
= [−2(−1)𝑛 + 2] cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
𝜋 3 𝑛3 = 2 [(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) (– ) − (1 − 2𝑥) (− ) + (−2) ( )] 𝑛2 𝜋
−16[(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛3 𝜋 3 0 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 2(−1)𝑛 2 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑛3 𝜋 3 = 2 [0 − 0 − −0+0+ ] 𝑙 𝑙
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝑛3 𝜋 3 1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑛𝜋𝑥 4[1−(−1)𝑛 ] 𝑏𝑛 = {∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (2𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋
𝑙 𝑛3 𝜋 3 1 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
𝑛𝜋𝑥 = {[𝑥 (− )− (1) (− )] + [(2𝜋 − 𝑥) (− )− (−1) (− )] }
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = ∑
−16[(−1)𝑛 −1]
sin (
𝑛𝜋𝑥
) Thus, 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0 𝑛 𝑛2 𝜋
𝑙 1 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋 (2𝜋−𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
𝑛3 𝜋 3 2 [1−(−1)𝑛 ]
𝑥 − 𝑥2 =
4
∑ sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥) = {[− ] −[ ] }
𝜋 0 𝑛 𝑛 𝜋
𝜋3 𝑛3
2 1
59. Find half range Fourier cosine series of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ (0, 2) 𝑥 − 𝑥2 =
4
[
2 sin(𝜋𝑥)
+0+
2 sin(3𝜋𝑥)
+0+
2 sin(5𝜋𝑥)
+ ⋯.] = {[−𝜋(−1)𝑛 ]
− [−𝜋(−1)𝑛 ]}
𝜋3 13 33 53 𝜋𝑛
[N14/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/6M] 1 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0
Solution: Putting 𝑥 = , we get
2 Thus, the Fourier series is given by
1 1 4 2(1) 2(−1) 2(1) 2(−1) 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
We see that, − = 3
[ + + + + ⋯] 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
1 𝑙 2 4 𝜋 13 33 53 73 𝑙 𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 1
=
8
[ −
1 1
+
1
−
1
+ ⋯.] 𝜋 2[(−1)𝑛 −1]
𝑙
1 2 4 𝜋3 13 33 53 73 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞ 1 cos 𝑛𝑥
2 𝑛2 𝜋
= ∫0 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝜋3 1 1 1 1
2 = − + − + ⋯. By Parseval’s identity,
1 2𝑥 2 𝑥3
2 32 13 33 53 73 1 2𝑙 1
= [
2 2
− ]
3 0
∫0 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎02 + ∑∞
2𝑙
2 2
1 (𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ) 2
2 𝑥 0≤𝑥≤𝜋 1 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋2 1 4[(−1)𝑛 −1]2
∴ 𝑎0 = 61. Find Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = { {∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (2𝜋 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥} = + ∑∞
1
3 2𝜋 − 𝑥 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 2𝜋 4 2 𝑛4 𝜋 2
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋 (2𝜋−𝑥)3 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = [M23/MechCivil/8M][J23/CompIT/8M] 1 𝑥3 𝜋2 4 4 4 4
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 {[ 3 ] + [ ] }= + [ + + + ⋯…]
𝜋4 1 1 1 2𝜋 0 −3 𝜋 4 2𝜋2 14 34 54
𝑎𝑛 =
2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) cos 2 𝑑𝑥 hence deduce that = 4 + 4 + 4 + ⋯. 1 𝜋2 8 1 1 1
96 1 3 5
2 0
[M14/Biot/8M][N16/CompIT/8M][M18/MTRX/8M][M19/Elex/8M][N22/Extc/8M] {𝜋 3 + 𝜋 3 } = + [ + + + ⋯.]
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 6𝜋 4 𝜋2 14 34 54
sin cos sin 𝜋2 𝜋2 8 1 1 1
= [(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( 𝑛𝜋
2
) − (2 − 2𝑥) (− 2
𝑛2 𝜋2
) + (−2) (− 2
𝑛3 𝜋3
)] [N22/MechCivil/8M][M23/Extc/8M] = + [ + + + ⋯.]
2
3 4 𝜋2 14 34 54
4 8 0 AR Solution: AR AR

S.E/Paper Solutions 43 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 44 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 45 By: Kashif Shaikh
Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
𝜋2 𝜋2 8 1 1 1 −2 0 − 2 < 𝑥 < −1
− = [ + + + ⋯.] = [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
3 4 𝜋2 14 34 54 𝜋𝑛2 1+𝑥 −1<𝑥 <0
𝜋2 8 1 1 1 −2[(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝑓(−𝑥) = {
= [ + + + ⋯.] ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 1−𝑥 0<𝑥<1
12 𝜋2 14 34 54 𝜋𝑛2
𝜋4 1 1 1 Thus, the Fourier series is given by 0 1<𝑥<2
=[ 4+ + + ⋯.] 𝑛𝜋𝑥 ∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) i.e. 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function.
96 1 34 54 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
𝑙 Now,
𝜋 −2[(−1)𝑛 −1]
𝑥+ −𝜋 <𝑥 <0
𝜋 − 𝑥 = ∑∞ 1 cos 𝑛𝑥 1 𝑙
2 𝑛2 𝜋 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
62. Obtain Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋 2 Putting 𝑥 = 0, 𝑙
1 1
−𝑥 0<𝑥<𝜋 𝜋 2 2 2 2 = ∫0 (1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
= − [− − − − ⋯.] 2
1
[M23DSE/MechCivil/8M] 2 𝜋 12 32 52 1 𝑥2
𝜋2 1 1 1
𝜋
= [ 2+
4 1 1
+
1
+ ⋯….] = [𝑥 − ]
Hence deduce that = 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ … 2 2 0
2 𝜋 1 32 52 1
8 1 3 5
[M16/Biot/6M][N16/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/8M][N17/MTRX/6M]
𝜋2 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯……
1 1 ∴ 𝑎0 =
4
8 1 3 5 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋4 1 1 1 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
Also deduce that = 4 + 4 + 4 + ⋯ …. By Parseval’s identity, 𝑙 𝑙
96 1 3 5 1 𝑙 1 2 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
[M14/Biot/8M][N14/Biot/8M][N15/CompIT/8M][N18/Extc/8M][N18/Biot/8M] ∫0 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎02 + ∑∞
𝑙
2
1 𝑎𝑛 2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 (1 − 𝑥) cos
2 2
𝑑𝑥
[M19/Elect/8M][N19/Extc/8M] 1 𝜋 𝜋 2 1 4[(−1)𝑛 −1]2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
Solution: ∫ [ − 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∑∞
𝜋 0 2 1 𝑛4 𝜋 2 = [(1 − 𝑥) (
sin
2
) − (−1) (−
cos
2
)]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋2
𝜋 3 𝜋 2
We have, 4 0
1 ( 2 −𝑥) 4 4 4 4
𝜋 [ ] = 2𝜋2 [14 + 34 + 54 + ⋯ … ] −4 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
𝑥+ −𝜋 <𝑥 <0 𝜋 −3 = [cos ]
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋 2 0 𝜋 2 𝑛2 2 0
−𝑥 0<𝑥<𝜋 1 𝜋 3 𝜋 3 8 1 1 1 −4 𝑛𝜋
2 − [(− 2 ) − ( 2 ) ] = 𝜋2 [14 + 34 + 54 + ⋯ … ] = [cos − 1]
3𝜋 𝜋 2 𝑛2 2
Putting 𝑥 = −𝑥, we get 1 𝜋3 8 1 1 1 −4[cos
𝑛𝜋
−1]
𝜋
− (−𝑥) − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0 − [− ]= [ + + + ⋯…] ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 2
3𝜋 4 𝜋2 14 34 54 𝜋 2 𝑛2
𝑓(−𝑥) = { 2 𝜋 𝜋2
=
8
[ +
1 1 1
+ + ⋯…] Thus, the Fourier series is given by
−𝑥 + 0<𝑥<𝜋 12 𝜋2 14 34 54 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋
2
𝜋4 1 1 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
𝑥+ −𝜋 <𝑥 <0 = + + + ⋯… 𝑙
𝜋
96 14 34 54
𝑓(−𝑥) = { 𝜋 2 0 − 2 < 𝑥 < −1 𝑓(𝑥) = +
1 4
∑
[1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 ]
2
cos (
𝑛𝜋𝑥
)
−𝑥 0<𝑥<𝜋 4 𝜋2 𝑛2 2
2 1+𝑥 −1<𝑥 <0
∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) i.e. 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function. 63. Find the Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = {
1−𝑥 0<𝑥<1 −𝜋 −𝜋 <𝑥 <0
Now, 0 1<𝑥<2 64. Find the Fourier series for periodic function 𝑓(𝑥) = {
1 𝑙 𝑥 0<𝑥<𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 [N16/Chem/6M] [M16/Chem/7M][N16/Chem/8M]
𝑙
1 𝜋 𝜋 Solution: 1 𝜋2
= ∫ ( − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 2 0 − 2 < 𝑥 < −1 state the value of 𝑓(𝑥)𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 and hence deduce that ∑∞
1 (2𝑛−1)2 = 8
𝜋
1 𝜋 𝑥2 1+𝑥 −1<𝑥 <0 [N17/Elex/8M]
= [ 𝑥− ] 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝜋 2 2 0
1−𝑥 0<𝑥<1 Solution:
∴ 𝑎0 = 0 0 1<𝑥<2 We have,
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 Putting 𝑥 = −𝑥, we get 1 𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
2 𝜋 𝜋 0 − 2 < 𝑥 < −1 2𝑙
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 ( − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − (−𝑥) − 1 < 𝑥 < 0 =
1 0
{∫−𝜋 −𝜋𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋
𝜋 2
2 𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑓(−𝑥) = { 2𝜋
= [( − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) (− )] 1 + (−𝑥) 0<𝑥<1 1 𝑥2
𝜋
𝜋 2 𝑛 𝑛2 0 0 1<𝑥<2 =
2𝜋
{[−𝜋𝑥]0−𝜋 + [ 2 ] }
−2 0
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]0𝜋 1 𝜋2
𝜋𝑛2 =
2𝜋
{0 − 𝜋 2 + 2
− 0}
AR AR AR

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𝜋 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 1 1 1
∴ 𝑎0 = − 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑆 = + + + +⋯…
4 𝑙 𝑙 14 24 34 44
1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑏𝑛 = {∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
2
𝜋 𝑆=[ 4+ + + ⋯…] + [ + + + ⋯]
𝑙 −𝑙 1 34 54 24 44 64
1 0 𝜋 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = {∫ −𝜋 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +
2 𝜋4 1 1 1 1
𝜋 −𝜋
∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥
𝜋
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑆= + [ + + + ⋯.]
= 𝜋 {[𝑥 (− ) − (1) (− )] + [(𝜋 − 𝑥) (− ) − (−1) (− )]𝜋 } 96 24 14 24 34
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 0 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0 𝑛 𝑛2 𝜋4 1
= {[−𝜋 ] + [𝑥 ( ) − (1) (− )] } 2
𝑆= + [𝑆]
𝜋 𝑛 −𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
2 𝜋 cos sin 𝜋 cos 2 sin 96 16
1
= {[cos 𝑛𝑥]0𝜋 } = {[ . (− 2
)+ 2
] + [2 . + 2
]} 𝑆 𝜋4
𝜋𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑆− =
(−1)𝑛 −1 𝑛𝜋 16 96
2 sin 𝜋4
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = = [2 2
] 15𝑆
=
𝜋𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛2
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 16 96
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 2 sin
4 𝑛𝜋 𝜋4 16
𝑙 0
𝑛 𝜋 2
𝑆= ×
1 0 𝜋 96 15
𝑏𝑛 = {∫ −𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝜋4
𝜋 −𝜋
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑆=
0 𝜋 90
1
= 𝜋 {[−𝜋 (−
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
)] + [𝑥 (−
cos 𝑛𝑥
) − (1) (−
sin 𝑛𝑥
)] } 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 1 1 1 1 𝜋4
𝑙
𝑛 −𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0 4 𝑛𝜋 ∴ 4
+ 4
+ + +⋯… =
1 𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ sin . sin 𝑛𝑥 1 2 34 44 90
= { − − } 𝑛2 𝜋 2
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝜋
1−2(−1)𝑛 sin(𝑛 )
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑
4 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑙) − 𝑙 < 𝑥 < 0
𝑛 𝜋 𝑛2 66. Find Fourier series 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝜋 3𝜋 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑙) 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 4 sin( 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 sin(𝜋)𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 sin( )𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
2 sin(2𝜋)𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = [ + + + + ⋯…] [N17/Biom/6M]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝜋 12 22 32 42
Solution:
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋 1 [(−1)𝑛 −1] [1−2(−1)𝑛 ] 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = − + ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = [ − + − + ⋯.] We have,
4 𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛 𝜋 12 32 52 72
Putting 𝑥 =
𝜋 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑙) − 𝑙 < 𝑥 < 0
We see that 𝑥 = 0 is a point of discontinuity, thus value of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 0 is 2 𝑓(𝑥) = {
[𝑓1 (𝑥)+𝑓2 (𝑥)] [−𝜋+𝑥] 𝜋 4 1 −1 1 −1 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑙) 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙
𝑓(𝑥) = = 𝑓( ) = [ 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ⋯.] Putting 𝑥 = −𝑥, we get
2 2 2 𝜋 1 3 5 7
𝜋
𝑓(0) = − [
𝑥+(𝜋−𝑥)
] = [ 2+
4 1 1
+
1
+
1
+ ⋯.] 𝑎(−𝑥 − 𝑙) − 𝑙 < −𝑥 < 0
2
2 𝜋 𝜋 1 32 52 72 𝑓(−𝑥) = {
Now, putting 𝑥 = 0 in the Fourier series, we get 𝑥=
2 𝑎(−𝑥 + 𝑙) 0 < −𝑥 < 𝑙
𝜋 1 [(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝜋
= [ 2+
4 1 1
+
1
+
1
+ ⋯.] −𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑙) 𝑙 > 𝑥 > 0
𝑓(0) = − + ∑ 2 𝜋 1 32 52 72 𝑓(−𝑥) = {
4 𝜋 𝑛2
𝜋2 1 1 1 1
−𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑙) 0 > 𝑥 > −𝑙
𝜋 𝜋 2 2 2
− = − + [− − − − ⋯….] = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯. −𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑙) − 𝑙 < 𝑥 < 0
2 4 12 32 52 8 1 3 5 7 𝑓(−𝑥) = {
𝜋 𝜋 1 1 1 By Parseval’s identity, −𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑙) 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙
− + = −2 [ 2 + + + ⋯…] 1 𝑙 1 ∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) i.e. 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function.
2 4 1 32 52
𝜋 1 1 1 𝑙
∫0 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = ∑∞ 2
1 𝑏𝑛 2
− = −2 [ 2 + + + ⋯…] 𝜋 𝜋
Now,
4 1 32 52 1 𝜋 1 16 sin2 𝑛 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋 1 1 1 {∫02 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∑∞
1
2
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
=[ 2+ + + ⋯…] 𝜋 2 2 𝜋 2 𝑛4 𝑙 𝑙
8 1 32 52 𝜋 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 𝑥3 2 (𝜋−𝑥)2 𝜋 8 sin2
𝜋 3𝜋
sin2 sin2
5𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑙) sin 𝑑𝑥
{[ ] + [ ]𝜋 } = [ 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ ⋯..] 𝑙 𝑙
𝜋 𝜋2 14 34 54 𝑙
𝑥 0<𝑥< 𝜋 3 0 −2
2 2𝑎 − cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
2
65. Find half range sine series for𝑓(𝑥) where𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋 1 𝜋3 𝜋3 8 1 1 1 = [(𝑥 + 𝑙) ( 𝑛𝜋
𝑙
) − (1) (− 𝑙
𝑛2 𝜋2
)]
𝜋−𝑥 <𝑥<𝜋 { + } = 𝜋2 [14 + 34 + 54 + ⋯ . . ] 𝑙
𝑙 𝑙2
2 𝜋 24 24 0
[M22/Chem/5M] 1 𝜋3 8 1 1 1 2𝑎 cos 𝑛𝜋 cos 0
. = [ + + + ⋯..] = [2𝑙 (− 𝑛𝜋 ) − 𝑙 (− 𝑛𝜋 )]
1 𝜋2 1 1 1 𝜋 12 𝜋2 14 34 54 𝑙
Hence find ∑∞
1 𝑛4 and hence deduce that = + + +⋯ 𝜋2 8 1 1 1 2𝑎
𝑙 𝑙
8 12 32 52 = 2
[ 4+ 4
+ 4
+ ⋯..] = [−(−1)𝑛 + 1]
12 𝜋 1 3 5 𝑛𝜋
[M14/MechCivil/6M][N18/MTRX/8M] 𝜋4 1 1 1 𝑙
Solution: =[ 4+ + + ⋯..] −2𝑎𝑙[(−1)𝑛 −1]
96 1 34 54 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 =
𝑛𝜋
We have, AR AR AR

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Thus, the Fourier series is given by 0 −𝜋 ≤𝑥 ≤0 𝜋2 [N22/MechCivil/8M]
𝑛𝜋𝑥 68. Find the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = { . Hence find the value of
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥 0≤𝑥≤𝜋 8 Solution:
𝑙 [N18/Inst/8M]
−2𝑎𝑙[(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝑛𝜋𝑥 We have,
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
1 sin Solution: 1 𝑙
𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑎0 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
We have, 2𝑙
1 𝑙 1 0 𝜋 𝜋𝑥
𝑥 −1<𝑥 <0 𝑎0 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = {∫ 0𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑑𝑥 }
67. Find Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2𝑙 2𝜋 −𝜋 4
𝑥+2 0<𝑥<1 1 0 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝑥2
𝜋
[N19/Comp/8M] = {∫−𝜋 0𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 } = . {[ ] }
2𝜋 2𝜋 4 2 0
𝜋
Solution: 1 𝑥2 𝜋2
= {[ 2 ] } ∴ 𝑎0 =
We have, 2𝜋 0 16
1 𝑙 𝜋 1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎0 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝑎0 = 𝑎𝑛 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
2𝑙 4 𝑙 𝑙
1 0 1 1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 0 𝜋 𝜋𝑥
= {∫−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 } 𝑎𝑛 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛 = {∫−𝜋 0 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
2 𝑙 𝑙 𝜋 4
1 0 𝜋 1 𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
1 𝑎𝑛 = {∫ 0 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +
1 𝑥2
0
𝑥2 𝜋 −𝜋
∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } = 𝜋 . 4 {[𝑥 (
𝑛
) − (1) (−
𝑛2
)] }
= {[ ] +[ + 2𝑥] } 1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 1
0
2 2 −1 2 0 = 𝜋 {[𝑥 ( ) − (1) (−
𝑛2
)] } = 2
{[cos 𝑛𝑥]𝜋0 }
1 1 1 𝑛 0 4𝑛
= {0 − + + 2 − 0} 1 (−1)𝑛 −1
2 2 2 = {[cos 𝑛𝑥]0𝜋 } ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
𝜋𝑛2 4𝑛2
∴ 𝑎0 = 1 (−1)𝑛 −1 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 𝜋𝑛2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙 𝑙 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 0 𝜋 𝜋𝑥
1 0 1 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑛 = {∫−𝜋 0 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
𝑎𝑛 = {∫−1 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (𝑥 + 2) cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 𝑙
1 0
𝑙
𝜋
𝜋 4
𝜋
1 1 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑏𝑛 = {∫ 0 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } = 𝜋 . 4 {[𝑥 (− ) − (1) (−
𝑛2
)] }
= {[𝑥 ( ) − (1) (− )] + [(𝑥 + 2) ( ) − (1) (− )] } 𝜋 −𝜋 𝑛 0
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 1 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 1 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋
−1 0
= 𝜋 {[𝑥 (− ) − (1) (− )] } = {− }
cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑛 𝑛2 0 4 𝑛
= {[ ] +[ ] } 1 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋 𝜋(−1)𝑛
𝑛2 𝜋 2 −1 𝑛2 𝜋 2 0 = {− } ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = −
1 (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 1 𝜋 𝑛 4𝑛
= 2 2− 2 2 + 2 2 − 2 2 (−1)𝑛 Thus, the Fourier series is given by
𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = − 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑛
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 0 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝑙 𝑙
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
+ ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑
𝜋2 [(−1)𝑛 −1]
cos 𝑛𝑥 − ∑
𝜋(−1)𝑛
sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
1 0 1 𝑙 𝑙 16 4𝑛2 4𝑛
𝑏𝑛 = {∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (𝑥 + 2) sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑
𝜋 (−1)𝑛 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + ∑ −
(−1)𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 Putting 𝑥 = 0
1 −1
0 1 4 𝜋𝑛2 𝑛 0+
𝜋𝑥
= {[𝑥 (−
cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
) − (1) (−
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
+ [(𝑥 + 2) (−
cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
) − (1) (−
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 −1
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 2 𝜋2
)]
−1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 2 𝜋2
)] }
0
Putting 𝑥 = 0 [ 4
] = +∑
0+𝑥 𝜋 (−1)𝑛 −1 2 16 4𝑛2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 3 cos 𝑛𝜋 2𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝑥=0
= {− − + } [ ] = +∑ 𝜋2 1 −2 −2 −2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑥=0 4 𝜋𝑛2 0= + [ +0+ +0+ + ⋯]
−4(−1)𝑛 +2 𝜋 1 −2 −2 −2 16 4 12 32 52
= 0= + [ +0+ +0+ + ⋯] 𝜋2 2 1 1 1
𝑛𝜋 4 𝜋 12 32 52 − =− [ 2+ + + ⋯]
2[1−2(−1)𝑛 ] 𝜋 2 1 1 1 16 4 1 32 52
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = − =− [ 2+ + + ⋯] 𝜋2 1 1 1
𝑛𝜋 4 𝜋 1 32 52 =[ 2+ + + ⋯]
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝜋2 1 1 1 8 1 32 52
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 =[ 2+ + + ⋯]
8 1 32 52
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑙 𝑙 𝜋+𝑥 0<𝑥 <𝜋
2[1−2(−1)𝑛 ] 𝑛𝜋𝑥 70. Find Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + ∑ sin 0 −𝜋 ≤𝑥 ≤0 𝜋−𝑥 −𝜋 <𝑥 <0
𝑛𝜋 𝑙 69. Find a Fourier series to represent the function 𝑓(𝑥) = {1 . [N19/Elex/6M]
𝜋𝑥 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
4
𝜋2 1 1 1
Solution:
Hence deduce that = + + + ⋯… We have,
AR 8 12 32 52 AR AR

S.E/Paper Solutions 52 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 53 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 54 By: Kashif Shaikh
Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
1 𝑙 1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝑙 −𝑙
= {[𝑥 2 (
𝜋 𝑛
) − (2𝑥) (−
𝑛2
) + (2) (−
𝑛3
)] } 𝑏𝑛 = {∫0 (𝑥 − 𝜋)2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (𝜋 2 ) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
0 𝜋
1 0 𝜋 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
= {∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (𝜋 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 } = {[𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥]0𝜋 } 1
= 𝜋 {[(𝑥 − 𝜋)2 (
− cos 𝑛𝑥
)− 2(𝑥 − 𝜋) (
− sin 𝑛𝑥
)+ 2( )] + [(𝜋 2 ) (− )] }
2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0 𝑛 𝜋
0 𝜋 2(−1)𝑛 𝜋 2𝜋
1 𝑥2 𝑥2 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 1 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
= {[𝜋𝑥 − ] + [𝜋𝑥 + ] } 𝑛2 = {[−(𝑥 − 𝜋)2 ( )+2( )] − [ ] }
2𝜋 2 −𝜋 2 0 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 0 𝑛 𝜋
𝜋2 𝜋2
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝜋2 2 𝜋2 𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
=
1
{0 + 𝜋 2 + + 𝜋2 + − 0}
𝑙 0 = {[0 + + − ]−[ − ]}
1 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝑛3 𝑛 𝑛3 𝑛 𝑛
2𝜋
3𝜋
2 2 𝑏𝑛 = {∫ 0 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋 −𝜋 1 2((−1)𝑛 −1) 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛
∴ 𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = [ + ]
2 1 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑛3 𝑛
1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 𝜋 {[𝑥 (− ) − (2𝑥) (− 𝑛2
) + (2) ( 𝑛3
)] }
𝑎𝑛 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 0 Thus, the Fourier series is given by
𝑙 𝑙 1 𝜋2 cos 𝑛𝜋 2 cos 𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 0 𝜋 = {− + −2 } 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑎𝑛 = {∫−𝜋(𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (𝜋 + 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 𝑛3 𝑙 𝑙
𝜋 1 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 2[(−1)𝑛 −1] 2𝜋2 2 1 2((−1)𝑛 −1) 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛
0 𝜋 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = {− + } 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
1 cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑∞
1 [ + ] sin 𝑛𝑥
1
= {[(𝜋 − 𝑥) (
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
) − (−1) (−
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
)] + [(𝜋 + 𝑥) (
sin 𝑛𝑥
) − (1) (−
cos 𝑛𝑥
)] } 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 3 𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛3 𝑛
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 −𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
Thus, the Fourier series is given by
= {[− + ]+[ − ]} 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 (𝑥 2
𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑙 𝑙 73. Find Fourier series for the following function 𝑓(𝑥) = { − 𝜋) 0≤𝑥≤𝜋
−2[1−(−1)𝑛 ] 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 𝜋(−1)𝑛 2[(−1)𝑛 −1] 0 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑥) = + 2∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + ∑ [−
1
+ ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 [N19/Elect/6M]
𝜋𝑛2 6 𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 Solution:
𝑙 𝑙
𝑏𝑛 =
1 0
{∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +
𝜋 (𝑥 − 𝜋)2 0≤𝑥≤𝜋 We have,
𝜋 −𝜋
∫0 (𝜋 + 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 72. Find Fourier series for the following function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 1 2𝑙
1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 0 − cos 𝑛𝑥 − sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 𝜋 {[(𝜋 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) ( )] + [(𝜋 + 𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )] } 2𝑙
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛2 [N18/Inst/6M] 1 𝜋 2𝜋
1 −𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠0 2𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 2𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
−𝜋
𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠0
0
Solution: =
2𝜋
{∫0 (𝑥 − 𝜋)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 0𝑑𝑥 }
= {[ + ] + [− + ]} 1 (𝑥−𝜋)3 𝜋
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 We have,
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0 = {[ ] }
1 2𝑙 2𝜋 3 0
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 1 −𝜋3
2𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋 2𝜋 = {[0 − ]}
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin =
2𝜋
{∫0 (𝑥 − 𝜋)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 𝜋 2 𝑑𝑥 } 2𝜋
1 𝜋3
3
𝑙 𝑙
3𝜋 1 2[1−(−1)𝑛 ] 1 (𝑥−𝜋)3 𝜋
= { }
𝑓(𝑥) = − ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 = {[ ] + [𝜋 2 𝑥]2𝜋
𝜋 }
2𝜋 3
𝜋2
2 𝜋 𝑛2 2𝜋 3 0 ∴ 𝑎0 =
1 −𝜋3 6
0 −𝜋 ≤𝑥 ≤0 = {[0 − ] + [2𝜋 3 − 𝜋 3 ]} 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
71. Obtain the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2𝜋 3 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
𝑥2 0≤𝑥≤𝜋 =
1 𝜋3
{ + 𝜋 3} 1 𝜋 2𝜋
[M14/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/6M] 2𝜋 3 𝑎𝑛 = {∫0 (𝑥 − 𝜋)2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (0) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
2𝜋2 𝜋
𝜋
Solution: ∴ 𝑎0 = 1
= {[(𝑥 − 𝜋)2 (
sin 𝑛𝑥
) − 2(𝑥 − 𝜋) (−
cos 𝑛𝑥
) + 2 (−
sin 𝑛𝑥
)] }
3 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0
We have, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 1
1 𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑙 0 = {[2(𝑥 − 𝜋) ] }
1 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 𝑛2 0
2𝑙 𝑎𝑛 = {∫ (𝑥 − 𝜋)2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (𝜋 2 ) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 2
=
1 0
{∫ 0𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥}
𝜋 𝜋 0 = {0 + 𝜋 cos 0}
2𝜋 −𝜋 1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 𝜋𝑛2
𝜋 = {[(𝑥 − 𝜋)2 ( ) − 2(𝑥 − 𝜋) (− ) + 2 (− )] + [𝜋 2 ( )] } 2
1 𝑥3 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0 𝑛 𝜋 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
= {[ 3 ] } 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑛2
2𝜋 0 = {[2(𝑥 − 𝜋) ] } 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋2 𝜋 𝑛2 0
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
∴ 𝑎0 = 2 1 𝜋 2𝜋
6 = {0 + 𝜋 cos 0} 𝑏𝑛 = {∫0 (𝑥 − 𝜋)2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 0 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑛2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋
𝑙 𝑙 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 1
= 𝜋 {[(𝑥 − 𝜋)2 (
− cos 𝑛𝑥
)− 2(𝑥 − 𝜋) (
− sin 𝑛𝑥
)+ 2( )] }
1 0 𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
𝑎𝑛 = {∫−𝜋 0 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋
0
𝜋
AR 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 AR = {[−(𝑥 − 𝜋)2 (
cos 𝑛𝑥
) + 2(
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
)] } AR
𝑙 0 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 0
S.E/Paper Solutions 55 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 56 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 57 By: Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
1 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝜋2 2 𝜋 2[(−1)𝑛 −1] Thus, the Fourier series is given by
= {[0 + + − ]} 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋 𝑛3 𝑛 𝑛3 2 𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 2((−1)𝑛 −1) 𝜋2 𝜋 2 2 cos 𝜋𝑥 2 cos 3𝜋𝑥 2 cos 5𝜋𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = [ + ] 𝑓(𝑥) = + [− − − − ⋯…] [(−1)𝑛 −1]
𝑙 𝑙
(−1)𝑛
𝜋 𝑛3 𝑛 2 𝜋 12 32 52 𝜋
Putting 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 − ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 4 𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋 2 2 2 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑓(1) = + [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ . ]
𝑙 𝑙 2 𝜋 1 3 5 𝜋𝑥 0≤𝑥≤1
𝜋2 2 1 2((−1)𝑛 −1) 𝜋2 We see that, at 𝑥 = 1 the function is discontinuos
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
1 𝑛2 cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑∞
1 𝜋[ + ] sin 𝑛𝑥 76. Find the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = { 0 𝑥=1
6 𝑛3 𝑛 𝑓1 (𝑥)+𝑓2 (𝑥)
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = at 𝑥 = 1 𝜋(𝑥 − 2) 1≤𝑥≤2
2 2(−1)𝑛+1 𝜋 1 1
𝜋𝑥 0≤𝑥≤1 ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝜋𝑥+𝜋(2−𝑥)
=𝜋 show that, 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞ 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 . Also deduce that = 1 − + − ⋯
74. If 𝑓(𝑥) = { with period 2. 2 𝑛 4 3 5
𝜋(2 − 𝑥) 1≤𝑥≤2 [M15/Chem/8M]
[N14/Biot/6M][M17/CompIT/8M] Thus, 𝑓(1) = 𝜋
𝜋 2 2 2 2 Solution:
𝜋 4 ∞ 1
show that 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∑0 (2𝑛+1)2 cos(2𝑛 + 1) 𝜋𝑥 𝜋= + [ 2+ + + ⋯.] 1 2𝑙
2 𝜋 1 32 52
2 𝜋 𝜋 4 1 1 1 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝑙
𝜋2 1 1 1 = [ 2+ + + ⋯.] 1 1 2
Deduce that = 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ … 2 𝜋 1 32 52 = {∫0 𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 𝜋(𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥}
8 1 3 5 𝜋2 1 1 1 2
[N14/CompIT/8M] = + + + ⋯… 𝑥2
1
𝑥2
2
8 12 32 52 1
Solution: = {[𝜋 ] + [𝜋 ( − 2𝑥)] }
2 2 0 2 1
We have, 𝜋𝑥 0 < 𝑥 < 1 𝜋 1
= { + − 4 − + 2} = 0
4 1
75. Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = { period 2 into a Fourier series.
1 2𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 0 1<𝑥<2 2 2 2
1
2
2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2𝑙
1 1 2
[M14/CompIT/6M] 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
= {∫0 𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 𝜋(2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥} Solution: 1 1 2
2
1 2
𝑎𝑛 = {∫0 𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 𝜋(𝑥 − 2) cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
1 𝑥2 𝑥2 We have, 1
= {[𝜋 ] + [𝜋 (2𝑥 − )] } sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
1 2𝑙
2 2 0 2 1 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = {[𝜋𝑥 (
𝑛𝜋
) − (𝜋) (− 𝑛2 𝜋 2
)] + [𝜋(𝑥 − 2) ( 𝑛𝜋
) − (𝜋) (− 𝑛2 𝜋 2
)] }
𝜋 1 4 1 2𝑙 0 1
= { +4− −2+ } 1 1 2 1
{[(−1)𝑛
2 2 2 2 = {∫ 𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 0
+ ∫1 0𝑑𝑥 } ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = − 1] + [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]} = 0
𝜋 𝜋𝑛2
∴ 𝑎0 = 1 𝑥2
1 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2
= {[𝜋 ] } 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 2 0 𝑙 0
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 1 1 2
𝑙 𝑙
∴ 𝑎0 =
𝜋 𝑏𝑛 = {∫ 𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 𝜋(𝑥 − 2) sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
1 1 2 1 0
𝑎𝑛 = {∫0 𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 𝜋(2 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 4
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
1 = {[𝜋𝑥 (− ) − (𝜋) (− )] + [𝜋(𝑥 − 2) (− ) − (𝜋) (− )] }
1 2 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2
= {[𝜋𝑥 (
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
) − (𝜋) (−
cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
)] + [𝜋(2 − 𝑥) (
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
) − (−𝜋) (−
cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
)] } 𝑙 0 0 1
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 1 1 2 1 2(−1)𝑛
1
0 1
𝑎𝑛 = {∫ 𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 0 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } =− + [(−1)𝑛
=− (−1)𝑛 ]
{[(−1)𝑛 − 1] − [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]} 1 0 𝑛 𝑛
= 2 1
𝜋𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 Thus, the Fourier series is given by
2[(−1)𝑛 −1] = {[𝜋𝑥 ( ) − (𝜋) (− 𝑛2 𝜋 2
)] }
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 1
0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑛2 𝜋
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 = {[(−1)𝑛 − 1]} 2(−1)𝑛
𝑙 𝑙
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 𝜋𝑛2
𝑙 𝑙 [(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 1 2 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛
𝑏𝑛 = {∫ 𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 𝜋(2 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 𝑛2 𝜋 2 sin 𝜋𝑥 sin 2𝜋𝑥 sin 3𝜋𝑥
1 0 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = −2 [− + − + ⋯…]
1 2 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 1
1 2 3
cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 0
= {[𝜋𝑥 (− ) − (𝜋) (− )] + [𝜋(2 − 𝑥) (− ) − (−𝜋) (− )] } 1 1 2 Putting 𝑥 = ,
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2
1
0 1 𝑏𝑛 = {∫0
𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 0 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 1
2
−1 1 1
1
= − [(−1)𝑛 − (−1)𝑛 ] cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑓 ( ) = −2 [ + − + ⋯ . ]
2 1 3 5
𝑛 = {[𝜋𝑥 (− ) − (𝜋) (− )] }
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 0 1
𝜋( ) = 2[ − + − ⋯.]
1 1 1
1
Thus, the Fourier series is given by = − [(−1)𝑛 ] 𝜋
2 1 3 5
1 1
𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
+ ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
−(−1)𝑛 = 1 − + − ⋯.
4 3 5
𝑙 𝑙 AR ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = AR AR
𝑛

S.E/Paper Solutions 58 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 59 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 60 By: Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
1 ,0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 1+ −𝜋 ≤𝑥 ≤0
2𝑥
1=−
4
∑∞
[(−1)𝑛 −1]
77. Obtain the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = {2 − 𝑥 , 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋2 1 𝑛2
𝜋
78. Obtain Fourier series for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2𝑥 𝜋2 2 2 2
1− 0≤𝑥≤𝜋 − = [− − − − ⋯.]
[M23DSE/CompIT/8M] 𝜋 4 12 32 52
𝜋2 1 1 1
Solution: [N15/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/6M] − = −2 [ 2 + + + ⋯.]
𝜋2 1 1 1 4 1 32 52
We have, deduce that = 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ .. 𝜋2 1 1 1
1 2𝑙 8 1 3 5 = + + + ⋯ ..
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 8 12 32 52
2𝑙 [N16/CompIT/8M][M17/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/8M][M18/N18/Biom/8M]
1 𝜋 2𝜋 𝑥 [N18/Elect/8M][N22/Chem/8M][J23/Extc/8M][M23DSE/Extc/8M]
= {∫0 1𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (2 − 𝜋) 𝑑𝑥 } 2 −2<𝑥 <0
2𝜋
Solution: 79. Find the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = {
1 𝑥2
2𝜋 𝑥 0<𝑥<2
=
2𝜋
{[𝑥]𝜋0 + [2𝑥 − 2𝜋] } We have, [M14/Biot/6M][N16/Chem/8M][N18/Elex/8M][M19/Chem/8M]
𝜋 2𝑥
1 𝜋 1+ −𝜋 <𝑥 <0 Solution:
= {[𝜋 − 0 + 4𝜋 − 2𝜋 − 2𝜋 + 2 ]} 𝜋
2𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2𝑥
We have,
1 3𝜋 1− 0<𝑥<𝜋 1 𝑙
= {2} 𝜋 𝑎0 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 2𝑙
∴ 𝑎0 =
3 Putting 𝑥 = −𝑥, we get 1 0 2
4 2(−𝑥) = {∫−2 2𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 }
4
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1− −𝜋 <𝑥 <0
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(−𝑥) = { 𝜋 01 𝑥2
2
𝑙 0 2(−𝑥) = {[2𝑥]−2 +[ ] }
𝑎𝑛 =
1 𝜋 2𝜋 𝑥
{∫ 1 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (2 − 𝜋) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 1+ 0<𝑥<𝜋 4 2 0
𝜋 0 𝜋 1 4
2𝑥 = {[0 + 4] + [ ]}
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 1 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
1+ −𝜋 <𝑥 <0 4 2
= {[ ] + [(2 − ) ( ) − (− 𝜋) (− )] } 𝑓(−𝑥) = { 𝜋 3
𝜋 𝑛 0 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝜋 2𝑥 ∴ 𝑎0 =
1− 0<𝑥<𝜋 2
1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= {0 + [− . ] } 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 ∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) i.e. 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function. 𝑙 −𝑙
1 1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= {−1 + (−1)𝑛 } Now, 𝑎𝑛 = {∫ 2 cos 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 cos 2 𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋 2 𝑛2 2 −2
(−1)𝑛 −1 1 𝑙 0 2
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 1 2 sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥

𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝑙 = 2 {[ 𝑛𝜋
2
] + [𝑥 ( 𝑛𝜋
2
) − (1) (− 2
𝑛2 𝜋2
)] }
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋 2𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 2 −2 2 4 0
𝑙 𝑙 𝜋 𝜋 1 4
1 𝜋 2𝜋 𝑥 1 2𝑥 2
𝜋 = { 2 2 [(−1)𝑛 − 1]}
𝑏𝑛 = {∫ 1 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (2 − 𝜋) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } = [𝑥 − ] 2 𝑛 𝜋
𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 0 2[(−1)𝑛 −1]
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 − cos 𝑛𝑥 1 − sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
= {[− ] + [(2 − ) ( ) − (− 𝜋) ( )] } ∴ 𝑎0 = 0 𝑛2 𝜋 2
𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
0 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
1 (−)𝑛 1 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
2𝜋
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 0
= {[− + ] + [− (2 − ) ( )] } 2 𝜋 2𝑥 𝑏𝑛 =
1
{∫
0
2 sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 (1 − ) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 −2 2 2
1 (−)𝑛 1 (−1)𝑛 𝜋 𝜋 2
= {[− + +0+ ]} 2 2𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
1 −2 cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥 0
cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
sin
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 = [(1 − )( ) − (− 𝜋) (− )] = 2 {[ 𝑛𝜋
2
] + [𝑥 (− 𝑛𝜋
2
) − (1) (− 2
𝑛2 𝜋2
)] }
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = −4
2 −2 2 4 0
𝑛𝜋 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]0𝜋 −1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝜋 2 𝑛2 = {[2 cos ] + [𝑥 cos ] }
−4 𝑛𝜋 2 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
+ ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥 = [(−1)𝑛 − 1] 1
−2 0
𝜋 2 𝑛2
𝑙 𝑙
−4[(−1)𝑛 −1] =− {[2 − 2(−1)𝑛 ] + [2(−1)𝑛 ]}
3 (−1)𝑛 −1 sin 𝑛𝑥 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑ 𝜋 2 𝑛2 −2
4 𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝑛𝜋 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 =
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋𝑥 Thus, the Fourier series is given by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
2𝑥 −4[(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝑙 𝑙
1− = ∑∞
1 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 2 𝑛2 3 2 [(−1)𝑛 −1] 𝜋 2
AR Putting 𝑥 = 0, AR 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝑥 − ∑ 2
AR
2 𝜋2 𝑛2 2 𝜋 𝑛

S.E/Paper Solutions 61 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 62 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 63 By: Kashif Shaikh
Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
1 0≤𝑥≤1 𝑙
𝑙 We have,
80. Find the half range cosine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑘 𝑥2 2 𝑥2
𝑥 1≤𝑥≤2 = {[ ] + [𝑙𝑥 − ]} 1 𝑙
𝑙 2 0 2 𝑙 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
[M18/Inst/6M] 2 𝑙
𝜋
𝑘 𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2 1 𝜋
Solution: = { + 𝑙2 − − + } = {∫02 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥}
𝑙 8 2 2 8 𝜋 2
We have, 𝑘 𝑙2 𝜋
= { } 𝜋
1 𝑙 1 𝑥2 2 𝑥2
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑙 4 = {[ ] + [𝜋𝑥 − ] }
𝑙 𝑘𝑙 𝜋 2 0 2 𝜋
1 1 2 ∴ 𝑎0 = 2
= {∫0 1𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 } 4 1 𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋2
2
2
2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos
𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = { + 𝜋2 − − + }
1 𝑥2 𝜋 8 2 2 8
𝑙 𝑙
= {[𝑥]10 + [ ] } 𝑙 1 𝜋2
= { }
2 2 1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 4 1 𝑎𝑛 = {∫02 𝑘𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑙 𝑘(𝑙 − 𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 } 𝜋 4
𝜋
= {1 − 0 + − } 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
2 2 2
2 ∴ 𝑎0 =
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 4
1 5 2𝑘 sin cos 2 sin cos 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= { } = {[𝑥 ( 𝑛𝜋𝑙 ) − (1) (− 𝑙
𝑛2 𝜋2
)] + [(𝑙 − 𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋
𝑙
) − (−1) (− 𝑙
𝑛2 𝜋2
)] } 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑙
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
5 𝑙2 0 𝑙2 𝜋
∴ 𝑎0 = 2 2 𝜋
4 2𝑘 𝑙
𝑛𝜋
sin
cos
𝑛𝜋
cos 0 cos 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 sin
𝑛𝜋
cos
𝑛𝜋 𝑎𝑛 = {∫02 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋
𝑎𝑛 =
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 = {[ . ( 2 2
)+ − ] + [− − . 2
+ 2
]} 2
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0
𝑙 2
𝑛𝜋
𝑙
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑛2 𝜋2 2
𝑛𝜋
𝑙
𝑛2 𝜋2
2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
𝜋
2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2 = {[𝑥 ( ) − (1) (− )] + [(𝜋 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) (− )]𝜋 }
2 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛2
𝑎𝑛 = {∫ 1 cos 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 𝑥 cos 2 𝑑𝑥 } 2𝑘 2 cos 1 (−1)𝑛 0
2
2 0 = [ 𝑛2 𝜋2
2
𝑛2 𝜋2
−
𝑛2 𝜋2
− ] 2 𝜋 sin
𝑛𝜋
cos
𝑛𝜋
cos 0 cos 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 sin 2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
cos
1 2 𝑙
sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2 = {[ . ( 2
)+ 2
− ] + [− − . + 2
]}
𝜋 2 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛2 2 𝑛 𝑛2
= {[( 2
)] + [(𝑥) ( 2
) − (1) (− 2
)] } 2𝑘𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋
2 0
𝑛𝜋
2
𝑛2 𝜋2 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 2 2 [2 cos − 1 − (−1)𝑛 ] 2 2 cos 2
𝑛𝜋
1 (−1)𝑛
𝑛 𝜋 2
4 1 = [ − − ]
sin
𝑛𝜋
sin
𝑛𝜋
cos
𝑛𝜋 Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛 2 𝑛2
cos 𝑛𝜋
= {[( 𝑛𝜋
2
)] + [ 𝑛2 𝜋2
− 𝑛𝜋
2
− 2
𝑛2 𝜋2
]} 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 2 [2 cos − 1 − (−1)𝑛 ]
𝑛𝜋
2 4 2 4 𝑙 𝜋𝑛 2
(−1)𝑛 −cos
𝑛𝜋 𝑘𝑙 2𝑘𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = +∑ [2 cos − 1 − (−1)𝑛 ] . cos Thus, the Fourier series is given by
= 2
4 𝑛2 𝜋 2 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑛2 𝜋2
4 cos
2𝜋𝑥
4 cos
6𝜋𝑥
4 cos
10𝜋𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
4 𝑘𝑙 2𝑘𝑙 𝑙
4 𝑛𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = + [− 𝑙
− 𝑙
− 𝑙
− ⋯] 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 2 2 [(−1)𝑛 − cos ] 4 𝜋2 22 62 102 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ [2 cos − 1 − (−1)𝑛 ] . cos 𝑛𝑥
𝑛 𝜋 2 4 𝜋𝑛2 2
2𝜋𝑥 6𝜋𝑥 10𝜋𝑥
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝑘𝑙 2𝑘𝑙 cos 𝑙 cos cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = − [ 12 + 𝑙
+ 𝑙
+ ⋯] 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 4 𝜋2 32 52 𝑥 0<𝑥<
𝑙 2
5 4 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥 Putting, 𝑥 = 0 83. Find half range sine series for𝑓(𝑥) where𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ [(−1)𝑛 − cos ] . cos 𝑘𝑙 2𝑘𝑙 1 1 1 𝜋−𝑥 <𝑥<𝜋
4 𝑛2 𝜋 2 2 2 2
𝑓(0) = − [ + + + ⋯.] 1
𝑘𝑙
4 𝜋2 12
2𝑘𝑙 1 1
32
1
52 Hence find the sum of ∑∞
2𝑛−1 𝑛4
𝑘𝑥 0<𝑥<
𝑙 0= − [ + + + ⋯.] [N14/Chem/6M][N15/Chem/6M][M16/Chem/7M][N16/Chem/6M]
4 𝜋2 12 32 52
2
81. Obtain half range cosine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑙 −
𝑘𝑙
=−
2𝑘𝑙 1
[ +
1
+
1
+ ⋯.] [N17/Comp/8M][N19/MTRX/8M]
𝑘(𝑙 − 𝑥) <𝑥<𝑙 4 𝜋2 12 32 52
2 𝜋2 1 1 1 Solution:
Deduce the sum of the series 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯.
1 1 1 = + + + ⋯… We have,
8 12 32 52
1 3 5
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
[M15/CompIT/8M] 𝜋 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
Solution: 𝑥 0<𝑥< 2
𝜋
𝜋
2
82. Find half range cosine series for 𝑓(𝑥) where𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋 𝑏𝑛 = {∫02 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
We have, 𝜋−𝑥 <𝑥<𝜋 𝜋 2
1 𝑙 2 𝜋
𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 [N14/MechCivil/6M][M16/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/6M][N17/Elex/6M][M18/Elex/6M] 2
= 𝜋 {[𝑥 (−
cos 𝑛𝑥
) − (1) (−
sin 𝑛𝑥 2
)] + [(𝜋 − 𝑥) (−
cos 𝑛𝑥
) − (−1) (−
sin 𝑛𝑥
)]𝜋 }
𝑙 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛2
𝑙 0
1 𝑙 [J23/MechCivil/8M] 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
2
= {∫02 𝑘𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑙 𝑘(𝑙 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 } 2 𝜋 cos sin 𝜋 cos 2 sin
𝑙 2 AR Solution: AR = {[− . ( 2
)+ 2
] + [2 . + 2
]} AR
𝜋 2 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛2

S.E/Paper Solutions 64 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 65 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 66 By: Kashif Shaikh

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𝑛𝜋 2 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 2 sin 2 2𝑘𝑥 𝑙
= [ ] 0≤𝑥≤ 𝑎𝑛 = {∫0 1 cos 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 }
2 2 2
𝜋 𝑛2 85. Find the half range sine series for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = {2𝑘𝑙 𝑙
2
𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 2 [sin ]
4 𝑛𝜋 (𝑙 − 𝑥) ≤𝑥≤𝑙 sin( ) sin cos
𝜋𝑛 2 𝑙 2 = {[ 𝑛𝜋
2
] + [(𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋
2
) − (1) (− 2
𝑛2 𝜋2
)] }
Thus, the Fourier series is given by [N13/CompIT/6M] 2 0 2 4 1
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋𝑥 Solution: sin (−1)𝑛 sin cos
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin = {[( 2
) − 0] + [0 + − 2
− 2
]}
𝑙 We have, 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋2
4 𝑛𝜋 2 2
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 2 [sin ] . sin 𝑛𝑥 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋
4 4
𝜋𝑛 2 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 4[(−1)𝑛 −cos
2
]
By Parseval’s identity, 𝑙
𝑙
𝑙 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
2 2𝑘𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 2𝑘(𝑙−𝑥) 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛2 𝜋 2
1 𝑙 1
∫0 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = ∑∞ 2 𝑏𝑛 = {∫0 2 sin 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑙 sin 𝑑𝑥 }
1 𝑏𝑛 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
Thus, the Fourier series is given by
𝑙 2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
1
𝜋
𝜋 1 16 sin2 𝑛
𝜋
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
𝑙
{∫02 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∑∞ 2 cos sin 2 cos sin
4𝑘
𝜋 1 2 𝜋 2 𝑛4 = 𝑙2
{[𝑥 (− 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 ) − (1) (− 𝑙
𝑛2 𝜋2
)] + [(𝑙 − 𝑥) (− 𝑛𝜋
𝑙
) − (−1) (− 𝑙
𝑛2 𝜋2
)] } 𝑛𝜋
4[(−1)𝑛 −cos ]
2 5 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑙 𝑙2 0
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 2
cos
(𝜋−𝑥)2 𝜋 sin2 sin2 sin2 𝑛2 𝜋 2
2
1 𝑥3 2 8 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 4 2
{[ ] + [ ]𝜋 } = [ 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ ⋯..] 4𝑘 𝑙 cos sin 𝑙 cos sin
𝜋 3 0 −2 𝜋2 14 34 54 = {[ . (− 𝑛𝜋
2
)+ 2
𝑛2 𝜋2
] + [2 . 𝑛𝜋
2
+ 2
𝑛2 𝜋2
]}
𝑙2
1 𝜋3 𝜋3 8 1
2
1 1
2
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 Type II: Trigonometric functions (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙, 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙, 𝒆𝒕𝒄)
{ + } = 𝜋2 [14 + 34 + 54 + ⋯ . . ] 4𝑘 sin
𝑛𝜋
1. Obtain Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| in (−𝜋, 𝜋)
𝜋 24 24
1 𝜋3 18 = [2 2
𝑛2 𝜋2
]
. = 2 ∑∞ 𝑙2 [N13/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/5M][N14/Biot/6M]
𝜋 12 𝜋 2𝑛−1 𝑛4 𝑙2
𝜋2 8𝑘 𝑛𝜋 Solution:
8
= 2 ∑∞
1 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 2 2 sin
12 𝜋 2𝑛−1 𝑛4 𝑛 𝜋 2 We see that, 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| is an even function.
𝜋4 ∞ 1 Thus, the Fourier series is given by 1 𝑙
= ∑2𝑛−1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
96 𝑛4 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑙
1 𝜋
𝑙
8𝑘 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥 0<𝑥<2 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ sin . sin 𝜋
1
84. Find half range sine series for𝑓(𝑥) where𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑛2 𝜋 2 2 𝑙
4−𝑥 2<𝑥 <4 𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥 = [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]0𝜋
8𝑘 sin( ) sin( )
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋
[M15/Chem/6M][N15/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/6M] 𝑓(𝑥) = [ − + ⋯..] 1
= [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0] =
2
𝜋2 12 32
𝜋 𝜋
Solution: 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
We have, 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
1 0≤𝑥≤1 𝑙 𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 86. Find half range cosine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋
2
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1≤𝑥≤2 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝜋
2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 4 𝑛𝜋𝑥 [N22/MechCivil/6M] 1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = {∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 (4 − 𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 } = ∫0 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4 4 𝜋
2 4
Solution: 1 𝜋
1 cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
sin cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
sin
We have, = ∫0 sin(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 + sin(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2 {[𝑥 (− 𝑛𝜋
4
) − (1) (− 4
)] + [(4 − 𝑥) (− 𝑛𝜋
4
) − (−1) (− 4
)] } 𝜋
𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑛2 𝜋2
4 4 1 𝑙 1 cos(1+𝑛)𝑥 cos(1−𝑛)𝑥 𝜋
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
16 0
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
16 2 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [− − ]
cos sin cos sin 𝑙 𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 0
1 1 1 2
= {[2 (− 𝑛𝜋
2
)+ 2
] + [2 𝑛𝜋
2
+ 2
]} = {∫ 1𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 } 1 cos(1+𝑛)𝜋 cos(1−𝑛)𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
2
4
𝑛2 𝜋2
4
𝑛2 𝜋2
2 0 = [− − + + ]
16 16 𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
2 1 (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛
𝑛𝜋 1 𝑥2 1 1
= [2
1 sin
2
] = {[𝑥]10 + [ ] } = [
𝜋 1+𝑛
+
1−𝑛
+
1+𝑛
+ (1−𝑛)]
𝑛2 𝜋2 2 2 1
2 [(−1)𝑛 +1]
1 1 1 1
16
16
𝑛𝜋 = {1 − 0 + 2 − } = [ + ]
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 2 2 sin 2 2 𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
𝑛 𝜋 2 1 5 [(−1)𝑛 +1] 2
= { } = [ ]
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 2 2 𝜋 1−𝑛2
𝑛𝜋𝑥 5 2[(−1)𝑛 +1]
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin ∴ 𝑎0 =
4
∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
𝜋(1−𝑛2 )
,𝑛 ≠ 1
𝑙
16 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ sin . sin 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 𝑎1 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛2 𝜋 2 2 4 𝑙 0 𝜋 0
AR AR AR

S.E/Paper Solutions 67 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 68 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 69 By: Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
1 𝜋 2[(−1)𝑛 +1]
= ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = ,𝑛 ≠ 1 3. Find the Fourier expansion for 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 in (0,2𝜋)
𝜋 𝜋(1−𝑛2 ) 1 1
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝜋 2 𝜋 Hence, deduce that = ∑∞ 1 4𝑛2 −1
= [− ] 𝑎1 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝜋 2 0 𝜋
1 1 𝜋 [N13/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/8M][N13/CompIT/8M][N15/CompIT/8M]
= − [cos 2𝜋 − cos 0] = 0 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [N15/Chem/6M][N19/Chem/6M]
2𝜋 𝜋
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝜋 Solution:
= [− ]
𝜋 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 1
0
𝑥 𝑥
2[(−1)𝑛 +1] = − [cos 2𝜋 − cos 0] We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = √2 sin2 = √2 sin
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ∑∞ 2 2
cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 2 2
𝜋(1−𝑛 )
2 2 [(−1)𝑛 +1]
∴ 𝑎1 = 0 𝑎0 =
1 2𝑙
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| = − ∑∞
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 Thus, the Fourier series is given by 2𝑙 0
𝜋 𝜋 𝑛2 −1 1 2𝜋 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 = {∫ √2 sin 2 𝑑𝑥 }
2𝜋 0
2[(−1)𝑛 +1] 𝑥 2𝜋
2. Find half range cosine series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 in 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ∑∞ 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 √2 cos
[N13/CompIT/5M][M14/Chem/7M][M15/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/5M]
2 𝜋(1−𝑛 ) = {[− 1
2
] }
2 2 [(−1)𝑛 +1] 2𝜋
[M22/Chem/5M][N22/Chem/5M] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = − ∑∞
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2 0
𝜋 𝜋 𝑛2 −1 √2
1 1 1
Hence deduce that + + + ⋯ … . . =
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = − [
2 2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
+ +
2𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥
+ ⋯…] =− [cos 𝜋 − cos 0]
𝜋
1∙3 3∙5 5∙7 2 𝜋 𝜋 3 15 35
2 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥 2√2
[M14/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/6M] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = − [ + + + ⋯…] ∴ 𝑎0 =
𝜋 𝜋 1×3 3×5 5×7 𝜋
1 1 1 𝜋2 −8 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Hence deduce that 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + ⋯ … … = Putting, 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
1 .3 3 .5 5 .7 16 𝑙 𝑙
2 4 1 1 1 1 2𝜋 𝑥
[M19/MTRX/8M][N19/Comp/8M] 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = − [ + + + ⋯…] = {∫0 √2 sin cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋 𝜋 1∙3 3∙5 5∙7 𝜋 2
Solution: 2 4 1 1 1
We see have, 0= − [ + + + ⋯…] √2 2𝜋 𝑥
= ∫0 2 sin cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 1∙3 3∙5 5∙7 2𝜋 2
1 𝑙 2 4 1 1 1
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − =− [ + + + ⋯…] √2 2𝜋 1
= ∫0 sin ( + 𝑛) 𝑥 + sin ( −
1
𝑛) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝜋 𝜋 1∙3 3∙5 5∙7
1 𝜋 1 1 1 1 2𝜋 2 2
= ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = [ + + + ⋯…] 1
cos( +𝑛)𝑥
1
cos( −𝑛)𝑥
2𝜋
𝜋 2 1∙3 3∙5 5∙7 √2 2 2
1 By Parseval’s identity, = [− − ]
= [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]𝜋0 2𝜋 1
2
+𝑛
1
2
−𝑛
𝜋 1 𝑙 𝑎2 1 0
1
= [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0] ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎02 + 21 + 2 ∑∞
𝑙 0 2 𝑎𝑛
2
√2 cos(1+2𝑛)𝜋 cos(1−2𝑛)𝜋 cos 0 cos 0
𝜋
1 𝜋 4 1 4[(−1)𝑛 +1]2
= [− 1 − 1 + 1 + 1 ]
2 2𝜋 +𝑛 −𝑛 +𝑛 −𝑛
∴ 𝑎0 = ∫ [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋2 + 2 ∑∞
𝜋 0 2 𝜋2 (1−𝑛2 )2 2 2 2 2
𝜋
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 4 4 4 4 4 √2 1 1 1 1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 ∫ [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋2 + 2𝜋2 [32 + 152 + 352 + ⋯] = [ +1 +1 +1 ]
𝑙 𝑙 𝜋 0 2𝜋 1+𝑛 −𝑛 +𝑛 −𝑛
2 2 2 2
𝜋 2 1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋 4 16 1 1 1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [ − ] = + [ + + + ⋯…] 2√2 1 1
𝜋
1 𝜋
𝜋 2 4 0 𝜋2 2𝜋2 12 .32 32 .52 52 .72 = [1 +1 ]
2𝜋 +𝑛 −𝑛
= ∫0 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝜋
[ ]=
4
+
8
[
1
+
1
+
1
+ ⋯…] 2 2
𝜋
1 𝜋 𝜋 2 𝜋2 𝜋2 12 .32 32 .52 52 .72 √2 1
= ∫0 sin(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 + sin(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 4 8 1 1 1 = [ ]
𝜋 − = [ + + + ⋯…] 𝜋 1−𝑛2
1 cos(1+𝑛)𝑥 cos(1−𝑛)𝑥 𝜋 2 𝜋2 𝜋2 12 .32 32 .52 52 .72 4
= [− − ] 𝜋2 −8 8 1 1 1 4√2
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 0 = [ + + + ⋯…] ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
1 cos(1+𝑛)𝜋 cos(1−𝑛)𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 2𝜋2 𝜋2 12 .32 32 .52 52 .72 𝜋(1−4𝑛2 )
= [− − + + ] 𝜋2 −8
=
1 1
+
1
+ + ⋯…
1 2𝑙
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
1 (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 1 1 16 12 .32 32 .52 52 .72 𝑙 𝑙
= [ + + + (1−𝑛)] 1 2𝜋
= {∫0 √2 sin sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
𝑥
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛
𝜋 2
[(−1)𝑛 +1] 1 1
= [ + ] =
√2 2𝜋 𝑥
∫ 2 sin 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
[(−1)𝑛 +1] 2 2𝜋 0
= [ ] =
√2 2𝜋 1 1
𝜋 1−𝑛2
AR AR ∫ cos (2 − 𝑛) 𝑥 − cos (2
2𝜋 0
+ 𝑛) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 AR

S.E/Paper Solutions 70 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 71 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 72 By: Kashif Shaikh
Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
1 1 2𝜋 1 1 2
√2 sin(2−𝑛)𝑥 sin( +𝑛)𝑥 √2 cos( +𝑛)𝜋 cos( −𝑛)𝜋 cos 0 cos 0 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = (𝑛2 ,𝑛 ≠ 1
= [ 1 − 1
2
] =
𝜋
[− 12 − 1
2
+ 1 + 1 ] −1)
2𝜋 −𝑛 +𝑛 +𝑛 −𝑛 +𝑛 −𝑛 1 2𝜋
2 2 0
2 2 2 2
𝑎1 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
We see that 𝜋
√2 sin(1−2𝑛)𝜋 sin(1+2𝑛)𝜋 sin 0 sin 0 1 2𝜋
= [ 1 − 1 − 1 + 1 ] 1
cos ( ± 𝑛) 𝜋 = cos ( ± 𝑛𝜋) = cos
𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 ∓ sin
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = 0 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 −𝑛 +𝑛 +𝑛 −𝑛 2𝜋 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2𝜋
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0 √2 1 1 = [𝑥 (− ) − (1) (− )]
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = [ +1 ] 2𝜋 2 4 0
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝜋 1+𝑛 −𝑛 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 2
= [−2𝜋 ]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin √2 1 2𝜋 2
𝑙 𝑙 = [ ] 1
2√2 4√2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋 1−𝑛2 ∴ 𝑎1 = −
√1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = − ∑ 4 2
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 4𝑛2 −1
Putting, 𝑥 = 0 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
4√2 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
𝜋(1−4𝑛2 ) 𝑙 0
1 2𝜋
√1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 =
2√2
−
4√2
∑
1 Thus, the Fourier series is given by = {∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋 0
𝜋 𝜋 4𝑛2 −1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 2𝜋
2√2 4√2 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos = ∫ 𝑥(2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0= − ∑ 𝑙 2𝜋 0
𝜋 𝜋 4𝑛2 −1 2√2 4√2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 1 2𝜋
2√2 4√2 1 √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = − ∑ = ∫ 𝑥(cos(1 − 𝑛)𝑥 − cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
− =− ∑ 𝜋 𝜋 4𝑛2 −1 2𝜋 0
𝜋 𝜋 4𝑛2 −1 1 sin(1−𝑛)𝑥 sin(1+𝑛)𝑥 cos(1−𝑛)𝑥 cos(1+𝑛)𝑥 2𝜋
1
=∑
1 = [𝑥 ( − ) − (1) (− + )]
2 4𝑛2 −1 5. Expand𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 2𝜋 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 (1−𝑛)2 (1+𝑛)2 0
1 cos(1−𝑛)2𝜋 cos(1+𝑛)2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
[M18/Elect/8M][N18/Biot/6M][N22/CompITAI/8M] = [ (1−𝑛)2
− (1+𝑛)2
− (1−𝑛)2 + (1+𝑛)2]
1 3 2𝜋
4. Find the Fourier expansion for 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 in (−𝜋, 𝜋) Hence deduce that ∑∞
2 𝑛2 −1 = 4 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0, 𝑛 ≠ 1
[M19/Elex/5M] [M14/Biot/8M][M15/Biot/8M][M16/Biot/8M][N16/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/8M] 1 2𝜋
𝑏1 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: 𝜋
Solution: 1 2𝜋
𝑥 𝑥 We have, = ∫0 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = √2 sin2 = √2 sin 𝜋
1 2𝜋
2 2 1 2𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 0
We see that 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function 2𝑙
2𝜋
1 2𝜋 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
1 𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = {∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 } = [𝑥 (𝑥 − ) − (1) ( 2 + )]
2𝜋 2𝜋 2 4 0
𝑙 1
1
= {∫0 √2 sin 𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋 𝑥 = {[𝑥 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − (1)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]02𝜋 } 1
= [2𝜋(2𝜋) − ( + )+ 4 ]
4𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
2𝜋
𝜋 2 1 2𝜋 2 4
cos
𝑥 𝜋 = − [2𝜋] ∴ 𝑏1 = 𝜋
√2 2𝜋
= {[− 1 2 ] } ∴ 𝑎0 = −1 Thus, the Fourier series is given by
𝜋
2 0 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2√2 𝜋 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑙 𝑙
=− [cos − cos 0] 𝑙 𝑙
𝜋 2 1 2𝜋
= {∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ∑∞ ∞
2 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + ∑2 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
2√2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
∴ 𝑎0 = 𝜋
1 2𝜋 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = −1 − + 2 ∑∞ 2 𝑛2 −1 + 𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋 2
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 2𝜋 0 Putting, 𝑥 = 0
𝑙 𝑙 1 2𝜋
2 𝜋 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥[sin(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 + sin(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 1
0 = −1 − + 2 ∑∞
1
2𝜋 0 2 2
= {∫0 √2 sin cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥} 1 cos(1+𝑛)𝑥 cos(1−𝑛)𝑥 sin(1+𝑛)𝑥 sin(1−𝑛)𝑥 2𝜋 3
2
1
𝑛 −1
𝜋 2
√2 𝜋 𝑥 = [𝑥 (− − ) − (1) (− (1+𝑛)2
− (1−𝑛)2
)] 0 = − + 2 ∑∞
2
= 2𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 2 𝑛2 −1
𝜋 0
∫ 2 sin 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0 3 1
=
1
[2𝜋 (−
cos(1+𝑛)2𝜋
−
cos(1−𝑛)2𝜋
)] = 2 ∑∞
2
√2 𝜋 1 1 2 𝑛2 −1
= ∫ sin (2 + 𝑛) 𝑥 + sin (2 − 𝑛) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 3 1
𝜋 0
𝜋 =[
−1
−
1
] = ∑∞
2
1 1 4 𝑛2 −1
√2 cos( +𝑛)𝑥 cos( −𝑛)𝑥 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
2 2
= [− 1 − 1 ] =−
2
𝜋 +𝑛 −𝑛
2 2 0 1−𝑛2
AR AR AR

S.E/Paper Solutions 73 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 74 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 75 By: Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
6. Find half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 in (0, 𝜋) −
𝜋
=− [ 2−
2 1 1
−
1
+
1
+
1
−
1
− ⋯..] 8. Obtain half range cosine series for 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 in (0, 𝜋) where 𝑎 is not an integer and hence
4√2 𝜋 1 32 52 72 92 112 1 𝑎𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝜋
[N14/Biot/5M][N16/MechCivil/6M] 𝜋2 1 1 1 1 1 show that ∑∞ 1 𝑎2 −𝑛2 = 1+2𝑎2
𝜋2 1 1 1 1 = − − + + − ⋯……
hence deduce that = − − + +⋯ 8√2 12 32 52 72 92 [N17/Elect/8M][M19/Inst/8M]
8√2 12 32 52 72
[M16/MechCivil/6M] Solution:
7. Obtain Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| in (−𝜋, 𝜋) 1 𝑙
Solution: 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
[M15/MechCivil/8M] 𝑙
We have, 1 𝜋
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 Solution: = ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 We see that, 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| is an even function. 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝜋
𝑙 𝑙
2 𝜋 1 𝑙 = [ ]
= {∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝜋 𝑎 0
𝜋 0 𝑙 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋
2 𝜋 𝜋 = [ ]
= ∫ 𝑥(2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 1
= {∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋 𝜋 𝑎
2𝜋 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋
1 𝜋 𝜋 2 ∴ 𝑎0 =
= ∫ 𝑥(cos(1 − 𝑛)𝑥 − cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 𝑎𝜋
𝜋 0 1 1
1 sin(1−𝑛)𝑥 sin(1+𝑛)𝑥 cos(1−𝑛)𝑥 cos(1+𝑛)𝑥 𝜋 = {[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]02 − [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]𝜋𝜋 } = [(1 − 0) − (0 − 1)] 2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos
𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= [𝑥 ( − ) − (1) (− + )] 𝜋 2 𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
𝜋 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 (1−𝑛)2 (1+𝑛)2 0 2 2 𝜋
1 cos(1−𝑛)𝜋 cos(1+𝑛)𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 ∴ 𝑎0 = 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
= [ (1−𝑛)2
− (1+𝑛)2
− (1−𝑛)2 + (1+𝑛)2 ] 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋
𝜋 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 1 1 𝑙 𝑙 𝜋
= [− (1−𝑛)2 + (1+𝑛)2 − (1−𝑛)2 + (1+𝑛)2] 2
𝜋
𝜋
1 𝜋
= ∫0 cos(𝑎 + 𝑛) 𝑥 + cos(𝑎 − 𝑛) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑎𝑛 = {∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 }
[(−1)𝑛 +1] 1 1 𝜋
𝜋
=− [ − (1+𝑛)2 ] 2 1 sin(𝑎+𝑛)𝑥 sin(𝑎−𝑛)𝑥 𝜋
𝜋 (1−𝑛)2 1
𝜋
𝜋 = [ + ]
[(−1)𝑛 +1] 1 1 = {∫02 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝜋 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑎+𝑛 𝑎−𝑛 0
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = − [ − ],𝑛 ≠ 1 𝜋 2 1 sin(𝑎+𝑛)𝜋 sin(𝑎−𝑛)𝜋
𝜋 (1−𝑛)2 (1+𝑛)2 1
𝜋
𝜋 = [ + ] [∵ sin(𝑎 ± 𝑛) 𝜋 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋]
𝜋 2 = 𝜋 {∫02 cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 + cos(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝜋 cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 + cos(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 𝜋 𝑎+𝑛 𝑎−𝑛
𝑏1 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 (−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 (−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
2
= [ + ]
2 𝜋 1 sin(1+𝑛)𝑥 sin(1−𝑛)𝑥 sin(1+𝑛)𝑥 sin(1−𝑛)𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 𝑎+𝑛 𝑎−𝑛
= ∫0 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = {[ +
2
] −[ + ]𝜋 } (−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 1 1
𝜋
2 𝜋
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 0 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 = [ + ]
2 𝜋 𝑎+𝑛 𝑎−𝑛
= ∫0 𝑥(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 nπ nπ 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 (−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 2𝑎
2𝜋 1 cos cos cos cos
= [ ]
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝜋 = [ 2 + 2
+ 2
+ 2
] 𝜋
[∵ sin(1 ± 𝑛) = sin ( ±
𝜋 𝑛𝜋
) = cos
𝑛𝜋
] 𝜋 𝑎2 −𝑛2
= [𝑥 (𝑥 − ) − (1) ( 2 + )] 𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 2 2 2 2
2𝑎(−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋
𝜋 2 4 0 2 cos
𝑛𝜋
1 1 2 cos
𝑛𝜋
2 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
1 𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 2
[ + ]= 2
[ ] 𝜋(𝑎2 −𝑛2 )
= [𝜋(𝜋) − ( + )+ ] 𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 𝜋 1−𝑛2 Thus, the Fourier series is given by
𝜋 2 4 4 4 cos
𝑛𝜋
𝜋
∴ 𝑏1 = ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 2
,𝑛 ≠ 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2 𝜋(1−𝑛2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 2𝑎(−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 2
𝜋
𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 = +∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎1 = {∫0 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 − cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
2 2 𝑎𝜋2 𝜋(𝑎 −𝑛 )
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝜋 2 Putting 𝑥 = 𝜋, we get
𝑙 2
𝜋
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝜋 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 (−1)𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + ∑∞ 2 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 = {∫02
𝜋 2
𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝜋
2
𝑑𝑥 } 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋 = + ∑ (−1)𝑛
𝜋 [(−1)𝑛 +1] 1 1 2 𝑎𝜋 𝜋 𝑎2 −𝑛2
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + ∑∞ 2 − [ (1−𝑛)2
− (1+𝑛)2] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 [
1
+
2𝑎
∑
1
]
2 𝜋 2
𝜋 1 1 1 1 1 = {[𝑥 + ] − [𝑥 + ]𝜋 } = [ − 𝜋 + ] 𝑎𝜋 𝜋 𝑎2 −𝑛2
𝜋 2 2 𝜋 2 2 1 2𝑎 1
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − [2 ( 2 − ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 2 (32 − 52) 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 + ⋯ … ] 0
2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝜋 = + ∑
2 𝜋 1 32 𝑎𝜋 𝜋 𝑎2 −𝑛2
𝜋 ∴ 𝑎1 = 0 1
Putting, 𝑥 = 𝑎𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝜋 = 1 + 2𝑎2 ∑
4 Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝑎2 −𝑛2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
4
sin = sin − [( 2 −
4 2 4 𝜋 1 32
) + (52 − 72 ) (−1) + (92 − 112) + ⋯ . ] 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ∑∞ 2 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥
= − [ 2− 2
− 2
+ 2
+ 2
− 2
− ⋯..] 𝑛𝜋
4√2 2√2 𝜋 1 3 5 7 9 11 2 4 cos( )
𝜋
−
𝜋
=− [ 2−
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
− + + − − ⋯..] |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| = − ∑∞
2
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝑛2 −1
4√2 2√2 𝜋 1 32 52 72 92 112 AR AR AR

S.E/Paper Solutions 76 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 77 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 78 By: Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education
9. Find Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑥 in (−𝜋, 𝜋) where 𝑚 is not an integer. Now, 1 0
𝑎1 = {∫−𝜋 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋
2𝑚 1 1 1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 2𝑚(−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 𝜋
Deduce that 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑚𝜋 = [ + + +⋯ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑥 = + ∑∞
1 cos 𝑛𝑥 1 0 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝜋 2𝑚2 𝑚2 −12 𝑚2 −22 𝑚2 −𝑛2 𝑚𝜋 𝜋(𝑚2 −𝑛2 ) = {∫−𝜋 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑑𝑥 }
1 1 𝜋√3 1 𝜋 2 2
Hence show that − ∑∞
1 9𝑛2 −1 = 2 Putting 𝑚 = and 𝑥 = 𝜋, 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝜋
18
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋
3
𝜋
= {[𝑥 + ] + [− ] }
[N14/MechCivil/8M] (−1)𝑛 sin 2𝜋 2 −𝜋 2 0
𝜋 2
cos = 3
+ ∑∞ 3
(−1)𝑛 =
1
[𝜋 − + ]
1 1
3𝜋 1
𝜋 1
Solution: 3
3 9
−𝑛2
2𝜋 2 2
We see that, 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑚𝑥 is an even function. 1
√3
2 √3 ∞ 1 ∴ 𝑎1 =
1
1 𝑙 = 2
+ ∑1 1 2
. 2
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2
𝜋
3𝜋 2 −𝑛 1 𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙 3 9 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
1 𝜋 1 3√3 √3 ∞ 9 𝜋 −𝜋
= ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + ∑ 1 0 𝜋
𝜋 2 2𝜋 3𝜋 1 1−9𝑛2 = {∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 }
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑥 𝜋 1 3√3 3√3 ∞ 1 𝜋 −𝜋
= [ ] − = ∑1 1 0 𝜋
𝜋 𝑚 0 2 2𝜋 𝜋 1−9𝑛2 = {∫ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 }
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 𝜋 1 1 2𝜋 −𝜋
= [ ] − = ∑∞1 1−9𝑛2
1 0
= 2𝜋 {∫−𝜋 sin(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 − sin(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 cos(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥 − cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋
𝜋 𝑚 6√3 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 1 𝜋√3 1
∴ 𝑎0 = − = ∑∞ 1 cos(1+𝑛)𝑥 cos(1−𝑛)𝑥 0 sin(1−𝑛)𝑥 sin(1+𝑛)𝑥 𝜋
𝑚𝜋 2 18 1 9𝑛2 −1 = {[− + ] +[ − ] }
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 −𝜋 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 0
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 1 1 1 (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛
𝑙
2 𝜋
𝑙
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝜋 <𝑥 <0 = [− + − + ]
10. Find the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0<𝑥<𝜋 [(−1)𝑛 +1] 1 1
𝜋 = [− + ]
1 𝜋 [M16/MechCivil/8M] 2𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
= ∫0 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [(−1)𝑛 +1] 2𝑛
𝜋
1 𝜋 Solution: = [ ]
= ∫0 cos(𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝑥 + cos(𝑚 − 𝑛) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝜋 1−𝑛2
𝜋 We have, 𝑛[(−1)𝑛 +1]
1 sin(𝑚+𝑛)𝑥 sin(𝑚−𝑛)𝑥 𝜋 1 𝜋 ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = ,𝑛 ≠ 1
= [ + ] 𝑎0 = ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝜋(1−𝑛2 )
𝜋 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚−𝑛 0 2𝜋 1 0 𝜋
1 sin(𝑚+𝑛)𝜋 sin(𝑚−𝑛)𝜋 1 0 𝜋 𝑏1 = {∫−𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
= [ + ] [∵ sin(𝑚 ± 𝑛) 𝜋 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋] = {∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 } 𝜋
𝜋 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚−𝑛 2𝜋 −𝜋 1 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
1 (−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 (−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 1 = {∫−𝜋 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑑𝑥 }
= [ + ] = {[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]0−𝜋 + [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]𝜋0 } 𝜋 2 2
𝜋 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚−𝑛 2𝜋 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋
1 = {[− ] + [𝑥 − ] }
=
(−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋
[
1
+
1
] = {−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0} 2𝜋 2 −𝜋 2 0
2𝜋
𝜋 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚−𝑛 1 1 1 1
(−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 2𝑚 ∴ 𝑎0 = = [− + + 𝜋]
= [ ] 𝜋 2𝜋 2 2
𝜋 𝑚2 −𝑛2 1 𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
2𝑚(−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 𝑎𝑛 = ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝑏1 =
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 𝑙 2
𝜋(𝑚2 −𝑛2 ) 1 0 𝜋 Thus, the Fourier series is given by,
= {∫−𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 } 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝜋
1 0 𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 = {∫−𝜋 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥} 𝑙 𝑙
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 2𝑚(−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋
2𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ∑∞ ∞
2 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + ∑2 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑥 = + ∑∞ 1 cos 𝑛𝑥 =
1 0
{∫ cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 + cos(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 sin(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 + sin(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∞ [(−1)𝑛 +1] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑛[(−1)𝑛 +1]
𝑚𝜋2 2 𝜋(𝑚 −𝑛 ) 2𝜋 −𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = + + ∑2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + + ∑∞
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
sin(1−𝑛)𝑥 0 cos(1−𝑛)𝑥 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 2𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝜋 2 2 2 𝜋(1−𝑛 ) 2 𝜋(1−𝑛 )
1 sin(1+𝑛)𝑥 cos(1+𝑛)𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑥 = + [− + − + ⋯..] = {[ + ] + [− − ] }
𝑚𝜋 𝜋 𝑚2 −1 𝑚2 −4 𝑚2 −9 2𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
2𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 −𝜋 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑥 = [ − + − + ⋯.] 1 (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 1 1 11. Find half range cosine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 in (0, 𝜋) and hence show that
𝜋 2𝑚2 𝑚2 −12 𝑚2 −22 𝑚2 −32 = [ + + + ] 1 1 1 𝜋−2
2𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
Putting 𝑥 = 𝜋, [(−1)𝑛 +1] 1 1 − + − ⋯….=
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
2𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 1 1 1 1 = [ + ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜋 = [ + + + + ⋯..] 2𝜋
[(−1)𝑛 +1]
1+𝑛 1−𝑛 [N18/Comp/8M]
𝜋 2𝑚2 𝑚2 −12 𝑚2 −22 𝑚2 −32 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜋 2𝑚 1 1 1 1 = [ ] Solution:
= [ + + + + ⋯..] 2𝜋 1−𝑛2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 𝜋 2𝑚2 𝑚2 −12 𝑚2 −22 𝑚2 −32 [(−1)𝑛 +1] We have,
2𝑚 1 1 1 1 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = ,𝑛 ≠ 1 1 𝑙
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑚𝜋 = [ + + +⋯ ] 𝜋(1−𝑛2 )
𝜋 2𝑚2 𝑚2 −12 𝑚2 −22 𝑚2 −𝑛2 AR AR 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 AR
𝑙

S.E/Paper Solutions 79 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 80 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 81 By: Kashif Shaikh
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1 𝜋 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= {∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 } 12. Obtain Fourier series of 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 in (−𝜋, 𝜋) 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
1 [M15/Biot/6M][N15/MechCivil/8M][N19/Elex/8M][N19/Inst/6M] 2 𝜋
= {[𝑥 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − (1)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]0𝜋 } = {∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋 Solution: 𝜋
1 1 𝜋
= − [−𝜋] We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 is an odd function = ∫ 𝑥(2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 0
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋
∴ 𝑎0 = 1 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥(sin(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 + sin(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝑙 𝜋 0
𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 2 𝜋
= {∫0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 1 cos(1+𝑛)𝑥 cos(1−𝑛)𝑥 sin(1+𝑛)𝑥 sin(1−𝑛)𝑥 𝜋
𝑙
2 𝜋
𝑙 𝜋 = [𝑥 (−
𝜋 1+𝑛
−
1−𝑛
) − (1) (− (1+𝑛)2
− (1−𝑛)2
)]
= {∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 1 𝜋
= ∫0 𝑥(2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋 0 1 cos(1+𝑛)𝜋 cos(1−𝑛)𝜋
2 𝜋 𝜋 = [𝜋 (− − )]
= ∫ 𝑥. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
1 𝜋
∫ 𝑥(sin(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 − sin(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
2𝜋 0 𝜋 0 (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛
=
1 𝜋 𝜋 =[ + ]
∫ 𝑥[sin(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 + sin(1 −
𝜋 0
𝑛) 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= [𝑥 (−
1 cos(1+𝑛)𝑥 cos(1−𝑛)𝑥
+ ) − (1) (−
sin(1+𝑛)𝑥
+
sin(1−𝑛)𝑥
)] 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
(1+𝑛)2 (1−𝑛)2 1 1
1 cos(1+𝑛)𝑥 cos(1−𝑛)𝑥 sin(1+𝑛)𝑥 sin(1−𝑛)𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 0 = (−1)𝑛 [ + ]
= [𝑥 (− − ) − (1) (− (1+𝑛)2
− (1−𝑛)2
)] 1 cos(1+𝑛)𝜋 cos(1−𝑛)𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 0 = [𝜋 (− + )] 2(−1)𝑛
1 cos(1+𝑛)𝜋 cos(1−𝑛)𝜋 𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 = ,𝑛 ≠ 1
= [𝜋 (− − )] (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 1−𝑛2
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 =[ − ] 𝜋2
𝑎1 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
𝜋
=[ + ] = (−1)𝑛 [
1
−
1
]=−
2𝑛(−1)𝑛
,𝑛 ≠ 1 1 𝜋
1+𝑛
2(−1)𝑛
1−𝑛
1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1−𝑛2 = ∫0 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= 2 𝜋
𝑏1 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋
1−𝑛2 𝜋 = [𝑥 (– ) − (1) (− )]
−2(−1)𝑛 1 𝜋 𝜋 2 4 0
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = (𝑛2 −1)
,𝑛 ≠ 1 = ∫0 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝜋
𝜋 2
𝜋
𝜋 = [− ]
𝑎1 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋 2
𝜋 = [𝑥 (– ) − (1) (− )] 1
2 𝜋 𝜋 2 4 0 ∴ 𝑎1 = −
= ∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝜋 2
2𝜋
𝜋
= [− ] Thus, the Fourier series is given by
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋 2
= [𝑥 (− ) − (1) (− )] 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋 2 4 0 ∴ 𝑏1 = − 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos ( )
2 𝑙
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋
= [−𝜋 ] Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ∑∞ 2 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥
𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (−1)𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥
∴ 𝑎1 = −
1 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1 − + 2∑
𝑙 2 1−𝑛2
2
Thus, the Fourier series is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + ∑∞ 2 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
1 (−1)𝑛
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2 ∑∞ 2 𝑛. 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 14. The value of Fourier coefficient 𝑏𝑛 in expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 in (−1,1) is
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 2 𝑛 −1
𝑙 [M22/Chem/2M]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ∑∞ 2 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (−1)𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 13. Find the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 in (−𝜋, 𝜋)
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1 − − 2 ∑∞ 2 2 We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is an even function.
2 𝑛 −1 [M23DSE/CompIT/5M]
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1 −
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
− 2[
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
−
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
+
𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
−
𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥
+ ⋯.] ∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0
2 3 8 15 24 Solution:
𝜋
Putting, 𝑥 = We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is an even function cos 𝑥 ; −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
2 1 𝑙 15. The value of 𝑏𝑛 in the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = { is
𝜋
= 1 − 0 − 2[
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋
−0+
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋
− 0 + ⋯.] 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − cos 𝑥 ; 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
𝑙
2 3 15 1 𝜋 [M22/Chem/2M]
𝜋
− 1 = −2 [−
1
+
1
−
1
+ ⋯..] 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 Solution:
2 1∙3 3∙5 5∙7 1
𝜋−2 1 1 1 𝑎0 = [𝑥(− cos 𝑥) − (1)(− sin 𝑥)]𝜋0 1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 2[ − + − ⋯…] 𝜋
𝜋 𝑙
2 1∙3 3∙5 5∙7 1
𝜋−2 1 1 1 𝑎0 = [−𝑥 cos 𝑥]0𝜋 1 0 𝜋
= − + − ⋯ …. 𝜋 = {∫−𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 }
4 1.3 3.5 5.7 1 𝜋
𝑎0 = [−𝜋(−1) + 0] 1 0 𝜋
𝜋 = {∫ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 }
𝑎0 = 1 2𝜋 −𝜋
AR AR AR

S.E/Paper Solutions 82 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 83 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 84 By: Kashif Shaikh

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2[1−(−1)𝑛 𝑒 −𝜋]
=
1 0
{∫−𝜋 sin(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 − sin(1 − 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 sin(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 − sin(1 − 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋
Type III: Exponential functions (𝒆𝒂𝒙 , 𝒆−𝒂𝒙 , 𝒆𝒕𝒄) ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
2𝜋 𝜋(1+𝑛2 )
1 cos(1+𝑛)𝑥 cos(1−𝑛)𝑥 0 cos(1+𝑛)𝑥 cos(1−𝑛)𝑥 𝜋 1. State Dirichlet’s condition for a function 𝑓(𝑥) to have a Fourier series over (𝑎, 𝑏).
= {[− + ] − [− + ] } Thus,
2𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 Obtain the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 over 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋 and 𝑓(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 1 1 (−1)𝑛
−𝜋
(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 1
0
1 1−𝑒 −2𝜋 1−𝑒 −2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 1−𝑒 −2𝜋 𝑛.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
𝑙
= {[− 1+𝑛 + 1−𝑛 − + ]−[ − + − ]} Ans.𝑒 −𝑥 = + ∑ + ∑ 1−𝑒 −𝜋 2[1−(−1)𝑛 𝑒 −𝜋 ]
2𝜋 𝜋 1+𝑛2 𝜋 1+𝑛2
2𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 𝑒 −|𝑥| = +∑ cos(𝑛𝑥)
=
1
{−
2[(−1)𝑛 +1]
+
2[(−1)𝑛 +1]
} 2. Find half range cosine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 in 0 < 𝑥 < 1 𝜋 𝜋(1+𝑛2 )
2𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 [N13/MechCivil/6M][M15/MechCivil/6M][N16/CompIT/5M]
[(−1)𝑛 +1] 1 1
= [− + ] Solution: 4. Prove that in the interval0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋,
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
[(−1)𝑛 +1] 2𝑛 1 𝑙 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
= [ ] 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [ − + −. . ]
𝜋 1−𝑛2 𝑙 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 −𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 𝜋 𝑎2 +1 𝑎2 +4 𝑎2 +9
2𝑛[(−1)𝑛 +1] 1 1 1+𝑒 2(1+𝑒) 3(1+𝑒)
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = ,𝑛 ≠ 1 = ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. Show that 𝑒 𝑥 = 2𝜋 [ 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥 + . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋𝑥 + . 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜋𝑥 + ⋯ ]
𝜋(1−𝑛2 ) 1 1+𝜋 1+4𝜋2 1+9𝜋2
= [𝑒 𝑥 ]10 6. Find the Fourier series of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋and 𝑓(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑛
𝜋 ∴ 𝑎0 = (𝑒 − 1) ∑∞
(−1)
0 − <𝑥<0 2𝜋 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Hence deduce that the value of 𝑛=2 𝑛2 +1
𝜔
16. If 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋 with period 𝜔 where 𝐸 and 𝜔 are non-zero 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 [M15/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/8M]
𝑙 𝑙
𝐸 sin(𝜔𝑥) 0 < 𝑥 < 2 1
𝜔 = ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Solution:
constants then the value of 𝑎1 in Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) is 1
1 We have,
𝑒𝑥
[M22/Extc/2M] = 2[ (1. cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 + 𝑛𝜋. sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥)] 1 2𝑙
Solution:
12 +𝑛2 𝜋2 0 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑒 1 2𝑙
1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 = 2[ (−1)𝑛 − (1)] =
1 2𝜋
{∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( 𝑙 ) 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑛2 𝜋2 1+𝑛2 𝜋2
2𝜋
2𝑙 −𝑙 2[𝑒(−1)𝑛 −1]
1 0
𝜋 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 = 1 𝑒 −𝑥 2𝜋
𝑎1 = 2𝜋 {∫− 𝜋 0. cos(𝜔𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝐸 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜔𝑥) 𝑑𝑥}
𝜔 𝑛2 𝜋 2 = {[ −1 ] }
Thus, 2𝜋 0
𝜔 𝜔
1
𝜔 1
𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥 = {−𝑒 −2𝜋 + 𝑒 0}
𝑎1 = . 𝐸. ∫0𝜔 2 sin 𝜔𝑥 cos 𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑙 2𝜋
2𝜋 2 [𝑒(−1)𝑛 −1] 1−𝑒 −2𝜋
𝜔𝐸
𝜋
𝑒 𝑥 = (𝑒 − 1) + 2 ∑ cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥) ∴ 𝑎0 =
𝑎1 = 2𝜋
4𝜋 0
∫ sin 2𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜔 1+𝑛2 𝜋2
2𝑙 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜋 𝑎𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝜔𝐸 cos 2𝜔𝑥 𝜔 𝑙 𝑙
𝑎1 = [− ] 3. Find the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −|𝑥| in the interval (−𝜋, 𝜋) 1 2𝜋
= {∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 }
4𝜋 2𝜔 0
[M19/Comp/5M] 𝜋
𝜔𝐸 cos 2𝜋 cos 0 2𝜋
𝑎1 = [− + ] 1 𝑒 −𝑥
4𝜋 2𝜔 2𝜔 Solution: = [(−1)2 (−1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥)]
𝜋 +𝑛2
𝑎1 = 0 We see that, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −|𝑥| is an even function 0
1 𝑒 −2𝜋 𝑒0
1 𝑙 = [ (−1) − (−1)]
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝜋 1+𝑛 2 1+𝑛 2
17. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 defined in (−𝜋, 𝜋) then the value of Fourier coefficient 𝑏𝑛 is 𝑙 1−𝑒 −2𝜋
1 𝜋
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝑎𝑛 =
[M22/MechCivil/2M] 𝜋(1+𝑛2 )
𝜋 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Solution: 1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝜋 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
= [ ] 𝑙 𝑙
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 is an even function. Hence 𝑏𝑛 = 0 𝜋 −1 0 1 2𝜋
1−𝑒 −𝜋 = {∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 }
∴ 𝑎0 = 𝜋
2𝜋
𝜋 1 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑎𝑛 =
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 = [(−1)2 2
(−1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥)]
𝜋 +𝑛 0
𝑙 0
2 𝜋 −𝑥 1 𝑒 −2𝜋 𝑒0
= ∫ 𝑒 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ (−𝑛) − (−𝑛)]
𝜋 0 𝜋 1+𝑛2 1+𝑛2
2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝜋 𝑛(1−𝑒 −2𝜋)
= [ (−1. cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛. sin 𝑛𝑥)] ∴ 𝑏𝑛 =
𝜋 (−1)2 +𝑛2 0 𝜋(1+𝑛2 )
2 𝑒 −𝜋 𝑒0
AR = [ (−1)(−1)𝑛 − (−1)] AR AR
𝜋 1+𝑛2 1+𝑛2

S.E/Paper Solutions 85 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 86 By: Kashif Shaikh S.E/Paper Solutions 87 By: Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….……………………….…..For Research in Education

Thus, the Fourier series is given by,
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑙 𝑙
1−𝑒 −2𝜋 1−𝑒 −2𝜋 𝑛(1−𝑒 −2𝜋)
𝑒 −𝑥 = + ∑∞
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + ∑∞
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
2𝜋 𝜋(1+𝑛2 ) 𝜋(1+𝑛2 )
𝑒 −𝑥 1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 1 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
= + ∑∞ + ∑∞
1−𝑒 −2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 1 1+𝑛2 𝜋 1 1+𝑛2
Putting 𝑥 = 𝜋
𝑒 −𝜋 1 1 (−1)𝑛
= + ∑∞
1
1−𝑒 −2𝜋 2𝜋 1+𝑛2 𝜋
1 1 (−1)𝑛
1
+ ∑∞=
𝑒 𝜋 (1−𝑒 −2𝜋) 𝜋 1 1+𝑛2 2𝜋
1 1 1 (−1)𝑛
= + ∑∞
(𝑒 𝜋 −𝑒 −𝜋) 2𝜋 𝜋 1 1+𝑛2
1 1 1 (−1)𝑛
= + ∑∞
2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 1 1+𝑛2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝜋 1 1 (−1)𝑛
= + ∑1∞
2 2𝜋 𝜋 1+𝑛2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝜋 1 1 1 (−1)𝑛
= − + ∑2∞
2 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 1+𝑛2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝜋 1 (−1)𝑛
= ∑∞
2 𝜋 2 1+𝑛2
𝜋 (−1)𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝜋 = ∑∞ 2 1+𝑛2
2

7. Find the Fourier series of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝜋)

𝑒 2𝜋−1 𝑒 2𝜋−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑒 2𝜋 −1 𝑛.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
Ans.𝑒 𝑥 = + ∑ − ∑
2𝜋 𝜋 1+𝑛2 𝜋 1+𝑛2
𝜋
8. Obtain the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 in (−𝜋, 𝜋). Hence derive the series for
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝜋
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝜋 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝜋 (−1)𝑛 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝜋 𝑛(−1)𝑛
Ans.𝑒 = + ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 − ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 1+𝑛2 𝜋 1+𝑛2

AR

S.E/Paper Solutions 88 By: Kashif Shaikh