Basic Elements of Python

COMMENTING IN PYTHON
• Comments in Python are preceded by a hash
symbol (#) on a line and called a line
comment.
• Three consecutive single quotation marks ‘’’
are used to give multiple comments or
comments on several lines at once and called
paragraph comment.
#Learn How to Comment in Python
print(‘I Learnt How to Comment in Python’)
‘’’ Amazing tool
in Python called Comment’’’
print(‘Bye’)
 PYTHON CHARACTER SET
Python uses the following character set:
• Letters: Upper case and lower case letters
• Digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
• Special Symbols: Underscore (_), (,), [,], {,}, +, -,
*, &, ^, %, $, #, !, Single quote(‘), Double
quotes(“), Back slash(\), Colon(:), and Semi
Colon (;)
• White Spaces: (‘\t\n\x0b\x0c\r’), Space, Tab.
 Python Tokens

Keywords

Identifiers/
Variables

Tokens Operators

Delimiters

Literals
 Literals
• Literals are numbers or strings or characters that
appear directly in a program.
• values used for giving inputs to the program.
• A list of some literals in Python is as follows:
78 #Integer Literal
21.98 #Floating Point Literal
‘Q’ #Character Literal
“Hello” #String Literal
True/False #Boolean Literal
• Python also contains other literals, such as lists,
tuple and dictionary.
• Display Literals in Interactive Mode
>>> ‘Hello World’
‘Hello World’
 Value and Type on Literals

• To know the exact type of any value, Python

offers an in-built method called type.
• The syntax to know the type of any value is
type (value)
>>> type(‘Hello World’)
<class ‘str’>
>>> type(123)
<class ‘int’>
 Keywords
• Keywords are reserved words with fixed
meanings assigned to them.
• Keywords cannot be used as identifiers or
variables.
• The complete list of keywords supported by
Python.
 Operators
Operator Type Operators

+ - * / // % ** Arithmetic Operator

== != <> <= >= Relational Operator

and not or Logical Operator

& | ~ ^ << >> Bitwise Operator

 Delimiters
• Delimiters are symbols that perform a special
role in Python like grouping, punctuation and
assignment.
• Python uses the following symbols and symbol
combinations as delimiters.
()[]{}
,:.‘=;
+= -= *= /= //= %=
&= |= ^= >>= <<= **=
 Identifier/Variable
• Identifier is the name used to find a variable,
function, class or other objects.
• All identifiers must obey the following rules.
An identifier:
– Is a sequence of characters that consists of letters,
digits and underscore
– Can be of any length
– Starts with a letter which can be either lower or upper
case
– Can start with an underscore ‘_’
– Cannot start with a digit
– Cannot be a keyword.
– All the Variables in Python are Case Sensitive.
 PYTHON CORE DATA TYPE
• The main purpose of Fundamental Category
Data Types is that "To store Single Value".
• In Python Programming, we have 4 types in
Fundamental Category. They are
1) int
2) float
3) bool
4) complex
 Integer
• 'int' is one of the pre-defined class and treated as
Fundamental Data Type.
• The purpose of 'int' is that "To store Integral /
whole numbers / Integer data (data without
decimal values)".
• Python Statements Outputs
>>> a=19
>>> print(a, type(a))--------19 <class 'int'>
>>> a=999
>>> print(a,type(a), id(a))--999 <class 'int'> 1802394655120
 Integer
• With 'int' data, we can also store different types
of Values like Decimal Numbers, Binary Numbers,
Octal and Hexa Decimal Numbers.
• In Python Programming, We have 4 Number
Systems and whose values can be stored by using
int data type. They are
a) Decimal Number System (default):
• The Digits in Decimal Number are: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9
• The total Number of digits= 10
• The Base of Decimal Number System is 10
 Integer
b) Binary Number System :
• The Digits in Binary Number System are: 0 1
• The total Number of digits= 2
• The Base of Binary Number System is 2
Storing Binary Number System data in Python Program
• To store binary number system data in python
Environment, the binary data must be preceded with
either '0b' or '0B'.
Syntax:- varname=0b Binary Data
(OR)
Syntax:- varname=0B Binary Data
• Even though we represent the binary data , internally, it
is converted into default number system (Decimal )
 Integer
a) Binary Number System:
>>> a=0b1010
>>> print(a,type(a))--------10 <class 'int'>
>>> a=0B1111
>>> print(a,type(a))---------15 <class 'int'>
>>> a=ob1010--------NameError: name 'ob1010' is not defined
>>> a=0b10102-----SyntaxError: invalid digit '2' in binary literal
 Integer
c) Octal Number System :
• The Digits in Octal Number System are: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
• The total Number of digits= 8
• The Base of Octal Number System is 8
Storing Octal Number System data in Python Programming
• To store Octal number system data in python Environment,
the octal data must be preceded with either '0o' or '0O'.

Syntax:- varname=0o Octal Data

(OR)
Syntax:- varname=0O Octal Data

• Even though we represent the Octal data , internally, it is

converted into default number system (Decimal )
 Integer
a) Octal Number System:
>>> a=0o15
>>> print(a,type(a))--------------13 <class 'int'>
>>> a=0o17
>>> print(a,type(a))------------15 <class 'int'>
>>> a=0o682----SyntaxError: invalid digit '8' in octal literal
 Integer
d) Hexa Deciaml Number System :
• The Digits in Hexa Decimal Number System are: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 A(10) B(11) C(12) D(13) E(14) F(15)
• The total Number of digits= 16
• The Base of Hexa Decimal Number System is 16

Storing Hexa Deciaml Number System data in Python Programming

• To store Hexa Deciaml number system data in python Environment,
the Hexa Deciaml data must be preceded with either '0x' or '0X'.

Syntax:- varname=0x Hexa Decimal Data

(OR)
Syntax:- varname=0X Hexa Decimal

• Even though we represent the Hexa Decimal data , internally, it is

converted into default number system (Decimal )
 Integer
a) Hexa Decimal Number System:
>> a=0xAC
>>> print(a,type(a))--------172 <class 'int'>
>>> b=0XBEE
>>> print(b,type(b))---------3054 <class 'int'>
>>> c=0xFaCE
>>> print(c,type(c))--------64206 <class 'int'>
>>> a=0xACE
>>> print(a,type(a))---------2766 <class 'int'>
>>> a=0xACER---------SyntaxError: invalid hexadecimal literal
 Base Conversion Functions
• The purpose of base conversion functions is that
"To convert one base value into another base
value".
(OR)
• The purpose of base conversion functions is that
"To convert One Number System into Another
Number System value".
• In Python Programming, we have 3 types of base
conversion Functions. They are
1) bin()
2) oct()
3) hex()
 bin()
• This function is used for converting any base (
8, 16, 10 ) into Binary Number System data
(base 2)
Syntax: varname=bin(decimal / octal / Hexa decimal value)
>>> a=15
>>> print(a,type(a))--------15 <class 'int'>
>>> b=bin(a)
>>> print(b,type(b))-------0b1111 <class 'str'>
 bin()
>>> a=0o14
>>> b=bin(a)
>>> print(b,type(b))-----------0b1100 <class 'str'>
-------------------------------------------------------------------
>>> a=0xAC
>>> b=bin(a)
>>> print(b,type(b))----------0b10101100 <class 'str'>
>>> a=0xF
>>> b=bin(a)
>>> print(b,type(b))-------------0b1111 <class 'str'>
 oct()
• This function is used for converting any base ( 2, 16, 10 ) into Octal
Number System data (base 8)
Syntax:- varname=oct(decimal / binary / Hexa decimal value)

>>> a=15
>>> b=oct(a)
>>> print(b,type(b))----0o17 <class 'str'>
>>> a=0b1111
>>> b=oct(a)
>>> print(b,type(b))--------0o17 <class 'str'>
>>> a=0xF
>>> b=oct(a)
>>> print(b,type(b))----0o17 <class 'str'>
>>> a=0XBEE
>>> b=oct(a)
>>> print(b,type(b))----0o5756 <class 'str'>
 hex()
• This function is used for converting Any Base ( 2, 8, 10 ) into
Hexa Decimal Number System data (base 16)
Syntax: varname=hex(decimal / binary / Octal value)
>>> a=10
>>> b=hex(a)
>>> print(b,type(b))------------0xa <class 'str'>
>>> a=8
>>> b=hex(a)
>>> print(b,type(b))-----------0x8 <class 'str'>
>>> a=9
>>> b=hex(a)
>>> print(b,type(b))--------0x9 <class 'str'>
>>> a=0b1111
>>> b=hex(a)
>>> print(b,type(b))----------0xf <class 'str'>
>>> a=0o17
>>> b=hex(a)
>>> print(b,type(b))---------0xf <class 'str'>
 float
• 'float' is one of the pre-defined class and it is
treated as fundamental data type.
• The purpose of 'float' data type is that "To store
floating Point / Real Constant values ".
• float data type allows us to store only decimal
number system values but not support to store
Binary , Octal and Hexa Decimal Number System
Values.
• float data type also supports to store “Scientific
Notation" whose general format is "Mantissa e
Exponent".
• "Mantissa e Exponent" can be converted into
general float point values as "Mantissa x 10 to
the power of Exponent“.
 float
>>> a=34.99
>>> print(a,type(a))--------34.99 <class 'float'>
>>> a=0.009
>>> print(a,type(a))--------0.009 <class 'float'>
>>> a=22/7
>>> print(a,type(a))---------3.142857142857143 <class 'float'>
> a=0b1111.0b1010---------SyntaxError: invalid decimal literal
>>> a=0xF.0b1010--------SyntaxError: invalid decimal literal
>>> a=0o17.0o12---------SyntaxError: invalid decimal literal
---------------------------------------------------------------
>>> a=3e2
>>> print(a,type(a))---------300.0 <class 'float'>
>>> a=43e-2
>>> print(a,type(a))--------0.43 <class 'float'>
>>> a=0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000004
>>> print(a,type(a))------4e-44 <class 'float'>
 bool
• 'bool' is one of the pre-defined class and treated
as fundamental data type.
• The purpose of bool data type is that "To store
True / False Values (Logical Values)"
• Internally the value True is considered as 1
• Internally the value False is considered as 0
Examples:
>>> a=True
>>> print(a,type(a))----------True <class 'bool'>
>>> b=False
>>> print(b,type(b))---------False <class 'bool'>
 bool
Special Examples:
>>> a=True
>>> b=True
>>> print(a+b)-------------2
>>> print(True+False)---------1
>>> print(True*False)----------0
>>> print(False+0b1111)---------15
>>> print(2*False+True)----------1
 complex
• 'complex' is one of the pre-defined class and treated as
fundamental data type.
• The purpose of complex data type is that "to store complex
values".
• The General Format of complex value is:
a+bj (or) a-bj
here 'a' is called Real Part
here 'b' is called Imaginary Part
and 'j' is called sqrt(-1)
• To extract the real part we use a pre-defined attribute
called "real" present complex object
• To extract the imaginary part we use a pre-defined attribute
called "imag" present complex object
Syntax:- complexobj.real ---->Gives real part
complexobj.imag--->Gives imaginary part
Internally real and imaginary parts are treated as float.
 complex
>>> a=2+3j
>>> print(a,type(a))------------(2+3j) <class 'complex'>
>>> b=2.3+4.6j
>>> print(b,type(b))------------(2.3+4.6j) <class 'complex'>
>>> c=2-3j
>>> print(c,type(c))------------(2-3j) <class 'complex'>
>>> d=-2.5-3.5j
>>> print(d,type(d))----------(-2.5-3.5j) <class 'complex'>
>>> e=23+4.5j
>>> print(e,type(e))-----------(23+4.5j) <class 'complex'>
>>> x=2+3i---------SyntaxError: invalid decimal literal
>>> a=2+j3-------NameError: name 'j3' is not defined
 complex
>> a=2+3j
>>> print(a,type(a))---------(2+3j) <class 'complex'>
>>> a.real---------2.0
>>> a.imag-----3.0
>>> b=2.3+4.5j
>>> print(b.real)--------2.3
>>> print(b.imag)-----4.5
>>> print((2+3.4j).real)---------2.0
>>> print((2+3.4j).imag)--------3.4
 String Type
• Strings in Python are arrays of bytes representing
unicode characters.
• However, Python does not have a character data
type, a single character is simply a string with a
length of 1.
• A string literal or string in Python can be created
using single, double and triple quotes.
>>> D = ‘Hello World’
>>> D
‘Hello World’
>>> D=”Good Bye”
>>> D
‘Good Bye’
 String Type
• The triple single quotes are used to write a
multiline string.
>>> Sentence=‘’’Hello, How are you? Welcome to
the world of Python Programming. It is just the
beginning. Let us move on to the next topic.’’’
>>> Sentence
‘Hello, How are you? Welcome to the world of
Python Programming. It is just the beginning. Let us
move on to the next topic.’
 The str Function
• The str function is used to convert a number
into a string. The following example illustrates
the same.
>>> 12.5 #Floating Point Number
12.5
>>> type(12.5)
<class ‘float’>
>>> str(12.5) #Convert floating point number to string
‘12.5’
The String Concatenation (+) Operator

• ‘+’ operator is used to concatenate two

different strings.

>>> “Python” + “Programming”

‘PythonProgramming’ #Concatenates two different strings
 THE print() FUNCTION
• The task of print function is to display the contents on
the screen.
Syntax of print() function: print(argument)
• The argument of the print function can be a value of
any type int, str, float etc.
• It can also be a value stored in a variable.
• print() function executed in interactive mode of
Python are:

Display messages using print()

>>> print(‘Hello Welcome to Python Programming’)
Hello Welcome to Python Programming
>>> print(10000)
10000
>>>print(“Display String Demo”)
Display String Demo
Python escape sequences/Backslash characters
 The print()Function with end Argument
• The print function automatically prints a linefeed (\n) to cause
the output to advance to the next line.
• However, if you want to display the messages in one line without
using a single print statement, then you can invoke the print
function by passing a special argument named end=’ ‘.

print(‘Hello’) print(‘ Hello’,end=’ ‘)

print(‘World’) print(‘ World’,end=’ ‘)
print(‘Good Bye’)
print(‘ Good Bye’)
Output
Hello Output
World Hello World Good Bye
Good Bye
 ASSIGNING VALUE TO A VARIABLE
• Variable = expression

• Z=1 # Assign value 1 to variable Z

• radius = 5 #Assign value 5 to the variable radius
• R = radius + Z #Assign the addition of radius and Z to R
• E =(5 + 10 * (10 + 5)) #Assign the value of the expression to E
• P = Q = R = 100 #Assign 100 to P, Q and R
 Scope of a Variable
• A variable must be assigned a value before it
can be used in an expression.
• The scope of a variable is a part of the
program where a variable can be referenced
 MULTIPLE ASSIGNMENTS

• Var1, Var2, Var3, … = Exp1, Exp2, Exp3, ... ExpN

P, Q = 10,20
• By using the concept of multiple assignment,
you can simplify the task of swapping two
numbers.
P, Q = Q, P #Swap P with Q & Q with P
 THE input() FUNCTION
• The input( ) function is used to accept an
input from a user
• Even if the user enters a numeric, i.e. integer
value, Python returns the type of input value
as string
• Syntax:
• Variable_Name = input( )
OR
• Variable_Name = input(‘String’)
Reading String from the Console
 THE eval() FUNCTION
• It takes a string as parameter and returns it
as if it is a Python expression
eval(‘print(“Hello”)’) Hello
X = eval(‘123’) 123

Name = (input(‘Enter Name :’))

Age = eval(input(‘Enter Age :’)) #eval() determine input type
Gender = (input(‘Enter gender:’))
Height = eval(input(‘Enter Height:’)) #eval() determine input type
print(‘ User Details are as follows: ‘)
print(‘ Name: ‘,Name) print(‘ Age: ‘,Age)
print(‘ Gender: ‘,Gender)
print(‘ Height ‘,Height)
FORMATTING NUMBER AND STRINGS
• format(item, format-specifier)

print(format(10.345,”10.2f”)) 10.35
print(format(10,”10.2f”)) 10.00
print(format(10.32245,”10.2f”)) 10.32
print(format(0.31456,”10.2%”)) 31.46%

Justifying Format
print(format(10.234566,”10.2f”)) #Right Justification Example 10.23
print(format(10.234566,” <10.2f”)) #Right Justification Example 10.23

Formatting String
print(format(“Hello World!”,”25s”) #Left Justification Example Hello World!
print(format(“HELLO WORLD!”,”>20s”)) #String Right Justification HELLO WORLD!
Formatting Scientific Notation
PYTHON INBUILT FUNCTIONS
 The ord and chr Functions
• ord(‘A’) #Returns ASCII value of Character
‘A’
• chr(Code) returns the character
corresponding to its code

• ord(‘A’) #Returns ASCII value of Character

‘A’
• chr(65) #‘A’
 Random Number
• Python does not have a random() function to
make a random number, but Python has a
built-in module called random that can be
used to make random numbers:
• Display a random number between 1 and 9

import random
print(random.randrange(1, 10))