5G TECHNOLOGY

1. INTRODUCTION TO 5G TECHNOLOGY

1.1 DEFINITION:

The present cell phones have it all. Today phones have everything ranging
from the smallest size, largest phone memory, speed dialing, video player, audio
player, and camera and so on. Recently with the development of Pico nets and
Bluetooth technology data sharing has become a child's play. Earlier with the infrared
feature you can share data within a line of sight that means the two devices has to be
aligned properly to transfer data, but in case of Bluetooth you can transfer data even
when you have the cell phone in your pocket up to arrange of 50 meters. The creation
and entry of 5G technology into the mobile market place will launch a new revolution
in the way international cellular plans are offered. The global mobile phone is upon
the cell phone market. Just around the corner, the newest 5G technologies will hit the
mobile market with phones used in China being able to access and call locally phones
in Germany.
Truly innovative technology changing the way mobile phones will be used.
With the emergence of cell phones, which are similar to a PDA, you can now have
your whole office within the phone. Cell phones will give tough competitions to
laptop manufacturers and normal computer designers. Even today there are phones
with gigabytes of memory storage and the latest operating systems .Thus one can say
that with the current trends, the industry has a real bright future if it can handle the
best technologies and can produce affordable handsets for its customers. Thus you
will get all your desires unleashed in the near future when these smart phones take
over the market. 5G Network's router and switch technology delivers Last Yard
Connectivity between the Internet access provider and building occupants.
5G's technology intelligently distributes Internet access to individual nodes within the
building.

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1.2 PROPERTIES:

Fig 1.2 Properties of 5G

 Faster response time

 Very high capacity
 More software option to upgrade
 Ubiquitous connectivity
 Wide range of applications
 Speed up to 10 Gbit/s
 Virtually ‘0’ latency

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2. EVOLUTION FROM 1G-5G NETWORKS

Cell phones are used millions and billions of users worldwide. How many of
us know the technology behind cell phones that is used for our communication? I
have also intrigued about the type of technology used in my phone. What are 1G, 2G,
3G and 4G technologies? 1G, 2G, 3G & 4G ("G" stands for "Generation") are the
generations of wireless telecom connectivity. In 1945, the zero generation (0G) of
mobile telephones was introduced. Mobile Telephone Service, were not officially
categorized as mobile phones, since they did not support the automatic change of
channel frequency during calls.
1G (Time Division Multiple Access and Frequency Division Multiple Access)
was the initial wireless telecom network system. It's outdated now. The analog “brick
phones” and “bag phones” are under 1G technology. Cell phones era began with
1G.The next era, 2G has taken its place of 1G. Cell phones received their first major
upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G. This leap effectively took cell phones from
analog to digital. 2G and 2.5G were versions of the GSM and CDMA connections.
And GSM is still the most popular technology, but with no internet.
Fortunately, GPRS, an additional service, is provided over GSM for the
purpose of internet access. GPRS has been developed and thus, EGPRS was created.
It's more secure and faster than GPRS. Then 3G came, the new Wireless CDMA
technology. It is the first wireless telecom technology that provides broadband-speed
internet connection on mobile phones. It has been specially made for the demand of
internet on smart phones. Further development led to the creation of 3.5G, which
provides blazing fast internet connection on phones, up to the speed of 7.2 MBPS. A
smart phone can be connected to a PC to share its internet connection and 3G and
3.5G are ideal for this. But, as this WCDMA technology is not available in all
regions, its not as popular as GSM yet. Before making the major leap from 2G to 3G
wireless networks, the lesser-known 2.5G was an interim standard that bridged the
gap. Following 2.5G, 3G ushered in faster data-transmission speeds so you could use
your cell phone in more data-demanding ways. This has meant streaming video (i.e.
movie trailers and television), audio and much more. Cell phone companies today are
spending a lot of money to brand to you the importance of their 3G network. The
above systems and radio interfaces are based on kindred spread spectrum radio
transmission technology. While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless

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phones and Mobile Wi MAX standards formally also fulfil the IMT-2000
requirements and are approved as 3G standards by ITU, these are typically not
branded 3G, and are based on completely different technologies.
4G, which is also known as “beyond 3G” or “fourth-generation” cell phone
technology, refers to the entirely new evolution. Developers are now going for 4G
(OFDMA), which will provide internet up to the speed of 1 GBPS! It is said to be able
to overcome the problems of weak network strength and should provide a much wider
network, making sure that the users get high-speed connectivity anytime anywhere.
No doubt, 4G will open new doors of revolutionary internet technologies, but for now,
3G and 3.5G are the best. 4G will allow for speeds of up to 100Mbps. 4G promises
voice, data and high-quality multimedia in real-time form all the time and anywhere.

2.1 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM:

First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog(An analog or

analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable)
of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity), voice-only
cellular telephone standard, developed in the 1980s. The main difference between two
succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G,is that the radio signals that 1G
networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital. Although both systems use
digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest
of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital signals in
2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up.
One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries,
Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Phone System) used in the United States, TACS (Total Access Communications
System) in the United Kingdom, JTAGS in Japan, C-Netz in West Germany, Radio
com 2000 in France, and RTMI in Italy. Analog cellular service is being phased out in
most places worldwide. 1G technology replaced 0Gtechnology, which featured
mobile radio telephones and such technologies as Mobile Telephone System (MTS),
Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service
(IMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT)
 Developed in 1980s and completed in early 1990’s

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 1G was old analog system and supported the 1st generation of analog cell
phones speed up to 2.4kbps
 Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a
1G mobile system
 Allows users to make voice calls in 1 country

2.2 2G WIRELESS SYSTEM:

2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second

generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM
standard in Finland in 1991. 2G network allows for much greater penetration
intensity. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide the
services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (multimedia messages).
2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology holds sufficient security for both the
sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitally encrypted. This digital
encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver
can receive and read it. Second generation technologies are either time division
multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows
for the division of signal into timeslots. CDMA allocates each user a special code to
communicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different TDMA technologies are
GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technology is IS-95. GSM has its origin from the
Group special Mobile, in Europe. GSM (Global system for mobile communication) is
the most admired standard of all the mobile technologies.
Although this technology originates from the Europe, but now it is used in
more than 212 countries in the world. GSM technology was the first one to help
establish international roaming. This enabled the mobile subscribers to use their
mobile phone connections in many different countries of the world’s is based on
digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies which were used to transfer Analogue signals.
GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message services (SMS) to any
mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to send a message to
anyone, other than the voice call or conference. This technology is beneficial to both
the network operators and the ultimate users at the same time. In comparison to 1G's
analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on location and proximity. If a 2G

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handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be enough
to reach it. While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality than that
of a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the analog signal having a
smooth curve compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular curve. As
conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually
worsen, but a call made from a 2G handset would fail completely. Data transfer in
speeds is up to 64kbps.

2.3 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM:

International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known as

3G or 3rdGeneration, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile
Telecommunications services fulfilling specifications by the International
Telecommunication Union. The use of 3G technology is also able to transmit packet
switch data efficiently at better and increased bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies
proffers more advanced services to mobile users. The spectral efficiency of 3G
technology is better than 2G technologies.
Spectral efficiency is the measurement of rate of information transfer over any
Communication system. 3G is also known as IMT-2000.
 Transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps
 In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer networking
(WCDMA,WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell phone and
GPS)
 Data are sent through technology called packet switching
 Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching
 Access to Global Roaming
 Clarity in voice calls
 Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, Video Conferencing, Video Calls,
Multi
Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming, etc. are also
available

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2.4 4G WIRELESS SYSTEM:

4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a

successor to 3G and 2G families of standards. The nomenclature of the generations
generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards
compatible transmission technology, and new frequency bands.3G technologies make
use of TDMA and CDMA. 3G(Third Generation Technology) technologies make use
of value added services like mobile television, GPS (global positioning system) and
video conferencing.
The basic feature of 3G Technology (Third Generation Technology) is fast
data transfer rates. However this feature is not currently working properly because,
ITU 200 is still making decision to fix the data rates. It is expected that 2 Mbit/sec for
stationary users, while 348 Kbits when moving or travelling. ITU sell various
frequency rates in order to make use of broadband technologies. Network
authentication has won the trust of users, because the user can rely on its network as a
reliable source of transferring data.3G technology is much flexible, because it is able
to support the 5 major radio technologies. These radio technologies operate under
CDMA, TDMA and FDMA.CDMA holds for IMT-DS (direct spread), IMTMC
(Multi carrier). TDMA accounts for IMT-TC (time code), IMT-SC (single carrier).
FDMA has only one radio interface known as IMT-FC or frequency code. Third
generation technology is really affordable due to the agreement of industry. This
agreement took place in order to increase its adoption by the users. 3G (Third
Generation Technology) system is compatible to work with the 2G technologies. 3G
(Third Generation Technology) technologies holds the vision that they should be
expandable on demand. The aim of the 3G(Third Generation Technology) is to allow
for more coverage and growth with minimum investment. The bandwidth and location
information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available
to mobile phone users.

 Mobile TV- a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's

phone where
it can be watched.
 Video on demand- a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.

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 Video conferencing- subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.

 Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the
potentially isolated subscriber.
 Mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission.

2.5 WHAT IS 5G & WHAT IT OFFERS:

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology

has changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never
experienced ever before such a high value technology. The 5G technologies include
all type of advanced features which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge
demand in near future.
The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is
stunning. 5G technologies which are on hand held phone offering more power and
features than at least 1000 lunar modules. A user can also hook their 5Gtechnology
cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband internet access. 5G technology
including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large phone memory, dialing speed,
audio player and much more you never imagine. For children rocking fun Bluetooth
technology and Pico nets has become in market.
As per the present status all over the world WCDMA is commercially
launched .Some nations has planned to launch LTE within next quarter. Operator is
looking ahead for wide scale deployment of LTE in 2012. Operators will also find
that the timing is right to make the switch because much of the first generation of 3G
equipment will need to be upgraded soon.
LTE networking equipment and handsets, already under development, will
become available in 2010, and should be rolled out in large quantities in Europe by
2012 clearly shows that within 2020 LTE will become the latest trend for wireless
communication all over the world. But yet our question remains unanswered. Why
there is a need for 5G.
Even though LTE provides wide range of growth for present wireless
Tele-communication. People are not in a circumstance to make use of those benefits
in an effective manner LTE might be rigorously used in Commercial/Industrial areas.
But think of a common man who utmost utilize LTE for downloading a movie or

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make a video call. Fact is that there is no such ground-breaking application exists in
real world to be utilized by a common man. You might doubt how this verdict is
applicable for current innovative world, where have enormous splendid real time
applications. Concern is that our present wireless telecommunications is bottlenecked
to use those applications in an effective manner. This paper mainly focuses on how a
5G network can provide more approach to a common man to utilize his available
possessions in an immense way to make him to feel the real progress.
 If you can able to pay all your bills in a single payment with your mobile.
 If you can able to sense Tsunami/earthquake before it occurs.
 If you can able to visualize lively all planets and Universe.
 We can lock our Laptop, car, Bike using our mobile when you forgot to do so.
 Our mobile can share your work load.
 5G Mobile can identify the best server.
 Mobile can perform Radio resource management.
 If your mobile can intimate you before the call drops.
 Mobile phone get cleaned by its own. Can able to fold your mobile as per
your desire.
 If you can able to expand your coverage using your mobile phones.
 If you can able identify your stolen mobile with nanoseconds.
 If you can able to access your office desktop by being at your bedroom.
 Mobile can able to suggest you possible medicine as per your healthiness.
 Mobile can estimate the quality of your new build house.
 Mobile can able to provide recent worth on products using its barcode.

Future Scope:
5th generation technology is designed to provide incredible and remarkable
data capabilities, unhindered call volumes, and immeasurable data broadcast within
the latest mobile operating system. Hence, it is more intelligent technology, which
will interconnect the entire world without limits. Likewise, our world would have
universal and uninterrupted access to information, communication, and entertainment
that will open a new dimension to our lives and will change our life style
meaningfully.

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Moreover, governments and regulators can use this technology as an

opportunity for the good governance and can create healthier environments, which
will definitely encourage continuing investment in 5G, the next generation
technology.

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3. KEY CONCEPTS

The key concepts discussing 5G and beyond 4G wireless communications are:

1) Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and zone issues.
2) Wearable devices with AI capabilities.
3) Internet protocol version 6(IPv6), where a visiting care-of mobile IP
address is assigned according to location and connected network.
4) One unified global standard.
5) Pervasive networks providing ubiquitous computing: The user can
simultaneously be connected to several wireless access technologies and
seamlessly move between them These access technologies can be a 2.5G, 3G,
4G or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN or any other future access
technology. In 5G, the concept may be further developed into multiple
concurrent data transfer paths.
6) Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart radio: allowing different
radio technologies to share the same spectrum efficiently by adaptively finding
unused spectrum and adapting the transmission scheme to the requirements of
the technologies currently sharing the spectrum. This dynamic radio resource
management is achieved in a distributed fashion, and relies on software
defined radio.
7) High altitude stratospheric platform station (HAPS) systems. The radio
interface of 5G communication systems is suggested in a Korean research and
development program to be based on beam division multiple access (BDMA)
and group cooperative relay techniques.

The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation schemes
as well as new error-control schemes that can be downloaded from the Internet. The
development is seen towards the user terminals as a focus of the 5G mobile networks.
The terminals will have access to different wireless technologies at the same time and
the terminal should be able to combine different flows from different technologies.
The vertical handovers should be avoided, because they are not feasible in a case
when there are many technologies and many operators and service providers. In 5G,
each network will be responsible for handling user-mobility, while the terminal will

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make the final choice among different wireless/mobile access network providers for a
given service. Such choice will be based on open intelligent middleware in the mobile
phone.

Fig 3 5G Mobile Phone Concept

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4. ARCHITECTURE OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

4.1 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN:

Architecture of 5G is highly advanced, its network elements and various
terminals are characteristically upgraded to afford a new situation. Likewise, service
providers can implement the advance technology to adopt the value-added services
easily.

However, upgradeability is based upon cognitive radio technology that

includes various significant features such as ability of devices to identify their
geographical location as well as weather, temperature, etc. Cognitive radio
technology acts as a transceiver (beam) that perceptively can catch and respond radio
signals in its operating environment. Further, it promptly distinguishes the changes in
its environment and hence respond accordingly to provide uninterrupted quality
service.

The system comprising of a main user terminal and then a number of

independent and autonomous radio access technologies. Each of the radio
technologies is considered as the IP link for the outside internet world. The IP
technology is designed exclusively to ensure sufficient control data for appropriate
routing of IP packets related to a certain application connections i.e. sessions between
client applications and servers somewhere on the Internet. Moreover, to make
accessible routing of packets should be fixed in accordance with the given policies of
the user.
Application connections are realized between clients and servers in the
Internet via sockets. Internet sockets are endpoints for data communication flows.
Each socket of the web is a unified and unique combination of local IP address and
appropriate local transport communications port, target IP address and target
appropriate communication port, and type of transport protocol. Considering that, the
establishment of communication from end to end between the client and server using
the Internet protocol is necessary to raise the appropriate Internet socket uniquely
determined by the application of the client and the server. This means that in case of
interoperability between heterogeneous networks and for the vertical handover
between the respective radio technologies, the local IP address and destination IP
address should be fixed and unchanged. Fixing of these two parameters should ensure

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handover transparency to the Internet connection end-to-end, when there is a mobile

user at least on one end of such connection. In order to preserve the proper layout of
the packets and to reduce or prevent packets losses, routing to the target destination
and vice versa should be uniquely and using the same path. Each radio access
technology that is available to the user in achieving connectivity with the relevant
radio access is presented with appropriate IP interface. Each IP interface in the
terminal is characterized by its IP address and net mask and parameters associated
with the routing of IP packets across the network.

Fig 4.1 5G Mobile Network Architecture

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4.2 COMPARISION WITH RELATED TECHNOLOGY:

Fig 4.2 Comparison of 1G to 5G Technologies

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5. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

5.1 HARDWARE OF 5G TECHNOLOGY:

 Uses UWB(Ultra-Wide Band) networks with higher BW at low energy levels

 BW is 4000Mbps, which is 400times faster than today’s wireless networks
 Uses smart antenna
 Uses CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)

5.2 SOFTWARE OF 5G TECHNOLOGY:

 5G will be single unified standard of different wireless networks including

LAN technologies. LAN/WAN, WWWW-World Wide Wireless Web, unified
IP(Internet Protocol) and seamless combination of broadband.
 Internet Protocol version 6(IPv6)*.
 Software defined radio, encryption, flexibility, Anti-virus.
 One unified global standard.

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6. FEATURES, ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

6.1 FEATURES:
In comparison to previous radio technologies, 5G has following advancement −

 Practically possible to avail the super speed i.e. 1 to 10 Gbps.

 Latency will be 1 millisecond (end-to-end round trip).

 1,000x bandwidth per unit area.

 Feasibility to connect 10 to 100 numbers of devices.

 Worldwide coverage.

 About 90% reductions in network energy usage.

 Battery life will be much longer.

 Whole world will be in Wi-Fi zone.

 5G technology offers high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi-
directional large bandwidth shaping.
 The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more attractive and
effective.
 5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which
supporting almost 65,000 connections.
 5G technology offers transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.
 The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate.
 Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better
and fast solution.
 The remote diagnostics is also a great feature of 5G technology.
 The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.
 The 5G technology also support virtual private network.
 The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching the peak.
 The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available connectivity just
about the world

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6.2 ADVANTAGES:
There are several advantages of 5G technology, some of the advantages have
been shown in the above Ericsson image, and many others are described below −

 High resolution and bi-directional large bandwidth shaping.

 Technology to gather all networks on one platform.

 More effective and efficient.

 Technology to facilitate subscriber supervision tools for the quick action.

 Most likely, will provide a huge broadcasting data (in Gigabit), which will
support more than 60,000 connections.

 Easily manageable with the previous generations.

 Technological sound to support heterogeneous services (including private

network).

 Possible to provide uniform, uninterrupted, and consistent connectivity across

the world.

6.3 APPLICATIONS:
5G technology is adorned with many as well as distinct features, which
applicability is useful for a wide range people irrespective of their purposes
Some of the significant applications are −

 It will make unified global standard for all.

 Network availability will be everywhere and will facilitate people to use their
computer and such kind of mobile devices anywhere anytime.

 Because of the IPv6 technology, visiting care of mobile IP address will be

assigned as per the connected network and geographical position.

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 Its application will make world real Wi Fi zone.

 Its cognitive radio technology will facilitate different version of radio

technologies to share the same spectrum efficiently.

 Its application will facilitate people to avail radio signal at higher altitude as
well.

The 5G technology is expected to provide a new (much wider than the previous
one) frequency bands along with the wider spectral bandwidth per frequency
channel. As of now, the predecessors (generations) mobile technologies have
evidenced substantial increase in peak bitrate. Then — how is 5G different from the
previous one (especially 4G)? The answer is — it is not only the increase in bitrate
made 5G distinct from the 4G, but rather 5G is also advanced in terms of −

 High increased peak bit rate

 Larger data volume per unit area (i.e. high system spectral efficiency)

 High capacity to allow more devices connectivity concurrently and

instantaneously

 Lower battery consumption

 Better connectivity irrespective of the geographic region, in which you are

 Larger number of supporting devices

 Lower cost of infrastructural development

 Higher reliability of the communications

As researchers say, with the wide range of bandwidth radio channels, it is able to
support the speed up to 10 Gbps, the 5G Wi-Fi technology will offer contiguous and
consistent coverage − “wider area mobility in true sense.”

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7. CONCLUSION

The future is becoming more and more difficult to predict with each passing
year. So we should always expect an increasing pace of technological change. In this
paper, the main importance is on 5G mobile phone concept and its architecture which
is going to be a new mobile revolution in mobile market. This mobile technology will
offer high data rate and reliable communication at an affordable rate. We conclude
that it is a great time to invest in start-ups. Nowadays mobile users have much
awareness of the cell phone technology. The 5G technologies incorporate all type of
advanced features which makes 5G mobile technology most powerful and in huge
demand in near future. But the final success of 5G mobile communication systems
will depend upon when it is fully implemented and the new services and contents
made available to users.

The future enhancement of Nano-core will be incredible as it combines with

artificial intelligent (AI).One can able to control his intelligent Robot using his mobile
phone. Our Mobile can automatically type the message what our brain thinks.

The Google hot trends have rated the term 6 gas the 17TH most searched word
in the search engines. The iPod 6G comes in seven different colors and has an
aluminium body which makes the body strong to with stand constant daily usage.

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8.REFERENCES

Referred Sites:

1) http://freewimaxinfo.com
2) http://www.ijsret.org
3) http://pubs.sciepub.com
4) http://iosrjournals.org

Referred Books:

1) Suvarna Patil, Vipin Patil A Review on 5g Technology, International Journal

of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT).
2) Saurabh Patel, Malhar Chauhan, Kinjal Kapadiya 5G: Future Mobile
Technology – vision 2020, International Journal of Computer
Applications(IJCA).
2) Aleksandar Tudzarov, Functional Architecture for 5G Mobile Network,
International Journal of Advanced science and Technology(IJAS T).
4) Imthiyaz Ali, The 5G Nanocore
5) Akhilesh Kumar Pachauri, Ompal Singh, 5G Technology:
Redefining Wireless Communication in Upcoming Years

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