Art Appreciation

FINALS REVIEWER: 2nd SEM

ART IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Refers to the various forms of the

arts that have developed and
accumulated in the Philippines from
the beginning of civilization in the
country up to present era.
• Reflect the range of artistic
influences on the country’s culture,
including indigenous forms of the
arts, and how these influences have
honed the country’s arts.
Types of weaving and embroidery
Two distinct branches
➢ Abel Weave: originating from
• Traditional arts Ilocos Sur, this type of weaving is
• Non-traditional arts. known for its intricate designs and
patterns. The Abel people use a
backstrap loom to create beautiful
textiles.
TRADITIONAL ART
Encompasses

• folk architecture
• maritime transport
• weaving
• carving
• folk performing arts
➢ Pinilian: Hailing from Ilocos, this
• folk (oral) literature type of weaving is characterized
• folk graphic and plastic arts by its vibrant colors and geometric
• ornament patterns. The Pinilian people use a
• textile combination of cotton and silk
• fiber art threads to create their textiles.
• pottery,
• And other artistic expressions
of traditional culture.

A. Weaving and Embroidery

➢ The country is home to many
skilled weavers and embroiders
who create beautiful textiles using ➢ Ramit: From Mindoro, this type of
traditional techniques and natural weaving is known for its unique
materials. patterns and designs. The Ramit
people use a combination of cotton
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and silk threads to create their
textiles. ➢ The country’s folk architecture has
been shaped by its indigenous
people, Spanish colonization, and
American colonization, resulting in
a unique and diverse architectural
style.

➢ The Bahay Kubo is designed to

withstand the country’s tropical
climate and is often found in rural
areas.
➢ Hablon Weave: From Panay
Island, this type of weaving is
known for its vibrant colors and
geometric patterns. The Hablon
people use a combination of cotton
and silk threads to create their
textiles
➢ Bahay na bato, a stone house
that is characteristic of the
country’s colonial era

.
B. Folk Architecture
➢ Traditional Filipino architecture is
characterized by the use of native
materials, such as nipa palm
C. Folk Performing Arts
leaves and bamboo, to create
➢ Music, dance, and theater are all
unique and functional structures.
important parts of Filipino culture,
with many traditional forms such
➢ Reflection of the country’s rich
as the tinkling dance and the
cultural heritage and its ability to
Moro-Moro play still popular today.
adapt to its unique geography and
climate.
➢ Folk dance: Tinikling, Pandanggo
sa ilaw which are performed during
➢ The Philippines is home to various
special occasions and
types of folk architecture, including
celebrations.
the bahay kubo, a traditional
Filipino hut made from natural
materials such as wood, bamboo,
and nipa leaves.
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➢ Operas: traditional Filipino operas an effective route capacity
such as the “Kundiman” and measurement system.
“Harana” are also an important
part of the country’s folk
performing arts.
E. Blade Arts
➢ The art of sword making is an
ancient tradition in the Philippines,
where Filipino bladesmiths have
been creating quality swords and
other bladed weapons for
centuries, with a diverse array of
types influenced by the sheer
D. Maritime Transport diversity of ethnic groups in the
➢ Boats traditionally made of wood archipelago.
by elders and craftspeople being
the main mode of transportation ➢ Many of the swords are specifically
between islands before modern made for ceremonial functions and
vessels. agricultural functions, while certain
types are used specifically for
➢ These boats, called balangays, offensive and defensive warfare.
connected communities and
facilitated trade.

➢ The Maritime Industry Authority The Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan

(MARINA) is the government Award (GAMABA) is a prestigious
agency responsible for regulating award given to traditional artists or
and developing the maritime groups of artists who have made
industry in the Philippines. significant contributions to the country’s
intangible cultural heritage. This award
➢ MARINA aims to modernize the recognizes the importance of traditional
industry through initiatives such as arts in preserving the country’s cultural
Maritime Transportation identity and promoting national pride.
Information System (MARIS),
which aims to develop a modular Some notable traditional Filipino Artists
software and other related tools for include:
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▪ Fernando Amorsolo – renowned Western cultures, notably
painter known for his depictions of Hispanic and American music.
Filipino culture and history. ➢ Philippine folk music includes the
▪ Francisca R. Aquino – celebrated chanting of epic poetry, such as
dancer and choreographer who the Darangen and Hudhud ni
helped popularize traditional Aliguyon, and singing of folk music
Filipino dance forms. traditions through various means
▪ Carlos V. Francisco – Painter such as Harana.
and sculptor who was known for ➢ Some Filipino music genres
his realistic and expressive works. include:
▪ Amado V. Hernandez – writer and ▪ Manila sound – brought
playwright who was a key figure in hopeful themes amidst the
the development of Filipino decaying status of the country
literature. during the martial law years.
▪ Pinoy rock – encompasses
rock music with Filipino
NON-TRADITIONAL ART cultural sensibilities.
▪ Pinoy reggae – focuses on
A. Dance dancehall music faithful to the
➢ The art of dance under the non- expressions of Jamaican
traditional category covers dance reggae.
choreography, dance direction, ▪ Pinoy pop – one of the most
and dance performance. popular genre in the country.
➢ Philippine dance is influenced by ▪ Tagonggo – music
the folk performing arts of the traditionally played by finely –
country, as well as its Hispanic dressed male musicians.
traditions. ▪ Kapanirong – a serenade
genre.
▪ Kulintang – genre of an entire
ensemble of musicians
utilizing a diverse array of
traditional musical
instruments.
B. Music ▪ Kundiman – a traditional
➢ Musical composition, musical genre of Filipino love music.
direction, and musical ▪ Bisrock – genre of Sebwano
performance are the core of the art rock music.
of music under the non-traditional ▪ Pinoy Hip hop – genre of hip
category. hop adopted from American
➢ The basis of Filipino music is the hip hop music.
vast musical tangible and
intangible heritage of the many
ethnic groups in the archipelago,
where some of which have been
influenced by other Asian and
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C. Theater ➢ In some cultures, calligraphy from
➢ In the non-traditional category, various mediums was utilized to
theatrical direction, theatrical create literary works
performance, theatrical
production design, theatrical light
and sound design, and theatrical
playwriting are the focal arts.
➢ Theater in the Philippines is
Austronesian in character, which
is seen in rituals, mimetic
dances, and mimetic customs of
the people.
LETTERING
➢ Lettering is an umbrella term that
covers the art of drawing letters,
instead of simply writing them.

➢ Lettering is considered an art form,

where each letter in a phrase or
quote acts as an illustration. Each
letter is created with attention to
D. Visual Arts
detail and has a unique role within a
➢ Includes painting, non-folk
composition.
sculpture, printmaking,
photography, installation art,
➢ Lettering is created as an image,
mixed media works, illustration,
with letters that are meant to be
graphic arts, performance, and
imaging. used in a unique configuration.

➢ Lettering words do not usually

translate into alphabets that can
later be used in font since they are
created with a specific word in mind.

E. Literature
➢ Poetry, fiction, essay, and Kinds of Lettering:
literary/art criticism are the focal
arts of literature under the non- ➢ Gothic
traditional arts, which are usually ➢ Roman
based on or influenced by the ➢ Script
traditional art of folk (oral) literature ➢ Text
of the natives, which focuses
greatly on works of art from epics,
ethnic methodologies, and related
stories and traditions.
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Letras y figuras (Spanish, "letters and ➢ The term “architecture” can also be
figures") is a genre of painting used more broadly to describe the
pioneered by José Honorato Lozano design and organization of systems,
during the Spanish colonial period in the such as computer systems or
Philippines. organizational structures.
The art form is distinguished by the
➢ Architectural works, in the material
depiction of letters of the alphabet using
form of buildings, are often
a genre of painting that contoured
perceived as cultural symbols and
shapes of human figures, animals, as works of art.
plants, and other objects.
The letters depicted spell out a phrase
or a name, usually that of the patron The earliest surviving written work on
who commissioned the work. the subject of architecture is De
architectura by the Roman architect
The paintings were done with
Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD.
watercolor on Manila paper.
The earliest example of this art form
dates from 1845; the latest existing
specimens were completed during the
latter portion of the American period in
the 1930s during the administration of
the Commonwealth of the Philippines.

According to Vitruvius, a good building

should satisfy the three principles of
firmitas, utilitas, venustas commonly
known by the original translation –
firmness, commodity and delight. An
equivalent in modern English would be:
❖ Durability – a building should
stand up robustly and remain in
ARCHITECTURE
good condition
➢ Refers to the art and science of ❖ Utility – it should be suitable for
designing and building structures, the purposes for which it is used
such as buildings, bridges, and ❖ Beauty – it should be aesthetically
other physical structures. pleasing
Brief history:
➢ Architecture is both the process and
the product of planning, designing, ➢ Building first evolved out of the
and constructing buildings or other dynamics between needs (shelter,
structures. security, worship, etc.) and means
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(available building materials and  The architecture of different parts of
attendant skills). Asia developed along different lines
from that of Europe; Buddhist,
➢ As human cultures developed and Hindu and Sikh architecture each
knowledge began to be formalized having different characteristics.
through oral traditions and
practices, building became a craft,  Indian and Chinese architecture
and "architecture" is the name have had great influence on the
given to the most highly formalized surrounding regions, while
and respected versions of that Japanese architecture has not.
craft.
 Buddhist architecture, in particular,
➢ It is widely assumed that showed great regional diversity.
architectural success was the
product of a process of trial and  Hindu temple architecture, which
error, with progressively less trial developed from around the 5th
and more replication as the results century CE, is in theory governed by
of the process proved increasingly concepts laid down in the Shastras,
satisfactory. What is termed and is concerned with expressing
vernacular architecture continues the macrocosm and the microcosm.
to be produced in many parts of
the world.  In many Asian countries, pantheistic
religion led to architectural forms
➢ The architecture and urbanism of that were designed specifically to
the Classical civilizations such as enhance the natural landscape
the Greek and the Roman evolved
from civic ideals rather than
religious or empirical ones and
new building types emerged.

➢ Architectural "style" developed in

the form of the Classical orders. Indian Archi Japanese Archi
Roman architecture was
influenced by Greek architecture
as they incorporated many Greek
elements into their building
practices.

Chinese Archi Hindu Archi

Pyramids at Giza (Egypt) Parthenon (Greece) Buddhist Archi

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 In many parts of Asia, even the SCULPTURE
grandest houses were relatively
➢ Sculpture is the branch of the visual
lightweight structures mainly using
arts that operates in three
wood until recent times, and there
dimensions.
are few survivals of great age
.
➢ The art of forming solid objects that
 Buddhism was associated with a
represent a thing, person, idea, etc.
move to stone and brick religious
out of a material such as wood, clay,
structures, probably beginning as
metal, or stone, or an object made
rock-cut architecture, which has
in this way.
often survived very well.

 The major architectural

undertakings were the buildings of
abbeys and cathedrals. From about
900 CE onward, the movements of
both clerics and tradesmen carried
architectural knowledge across
Europe, resulting in the pan-
European styles Romanesque and ➢ Involves creating three-dimensional
Gothic. works of art using various
techniques and materials, such as
 Also, a significant part of the Middle carving, modeling, molding, casting,
Ages architectural heritage is and welding.
numerous fortifications across the
continent. ➢ Durable sculptural processes
originally used carving (the removal
 From Balkans to Spain, and from of material) and modelling (the
Malta to Estonia, these buildings addition of material, as clay), in
represent an important part of stone, metal, ceramics, wood and
European heritage. other materials but, since
Modernism, there has been an
almost complete freedom of
materials and process.

➢ A wide variety of materials may be

worked by removal such as carving,
assembled by welding or modelling,
or molded or cast.

➢ Sculpture has been central in

Cloister of religious devotion in many cultures,
Gloucester’s and until recent centuries large
Cathedral sculptures, too expensive for private
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individuals to create, were usually ➢ A timeless art form that has been
an expression of religion or politics. used to create visually striking and
durable works of art for thousands of
years.

➢ Is an ancient activity where pieces

of rough natural stone are shaped
by the controlled removal of stone.

➢ Owing to the permanence of the

➢ Sculpture from the Latin word material, evidence can be found that
“sculpere’’ which means “to carve” even the earliest societies indulged
is a three-dimensional art form in some form of stonework, though
created by shaping or combining not all areas of the world have such
materials such as stone, metal, clay, abundance of good stone for
wood, or other substances. carving as Egypt, Greece, India and
➢ It encompasses a wide range of most of Europe.
techniques including carving,
modeling, casting, and assembling. ➢ Stone is a challenging but durable
material for sculpture. Carving stone
➢ Unlike two-dimensional art forms involves removing material from a
like painting or drawing, sculpture solid block using tools like chisels
occupies physical space and can be and hammers.
viewed from multiple angles,
offering a tangible and interactive ➢ Petroglyphs (also called rock
experience engravings) are perhaps the earliest
form: images created by removing
part of a rock surface which remains
in situ, by incising, pecking, carving,
and abrading.

MATERIAL IN SCULPTURE ➢ Monumental sculpture covers

1. Stone Sculpture large works, and architectural
sculpture, which is attached to
buildings.
Hardstone carving is the
carving for artistic purposes of
semi-precious stones such as
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jade, agate, onyx, rock crystal, sculptures; a cast bronze
sard or carnelian, and a general sculpture is often called simply a
term for an object made in this "bronze."
way.
➢ Common bronze alloys have the
Alabaster or mineral gypsum unusual and desirable property
is a soft mineral that is easy to of expanding slightly just before
carve for smaller works and still they set, thus filling the finest
relatively durable. Engraved details of a mould.
gems are small carved gems,
including cameos, originally ➢ Their strength and lack of
used as seal rings. brittleness (ductility) is an
advantage when figures in action
are to be created, especially
when compared to various
ceramic or stone materials (see
marble sculpture for several
examples)

➢ The copying of an original statue in

stone, which was very important for
ancient Greek statues, which are
nearly all known from copies, was
traditionally achieved by "pointing",
along with more freehand methods.
➢ Gold is the softest and most
➢ Pointing involved setting up a grid precious metal, and very
of string squares on a wooden frame important in jewellery; with silver
surrounding the original, and then it is soft enough to be worked
measuring the position on the grid with hammers and other tools as
and the distance between grid and well as cast; repoussé and
statue of a series of individual chasing are among the
points, and then using this techniques used in gold and
information to carve into the block silversmithing.
from which the copy is made.

2. Metal Sculpture
➢ Bronze and related copper alloys
are the oldest and still the most
popular metals for cast metal
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Casting Welding
➢ is a group of manufacturing ➢ is a process where different
processes by which a liquid pieces of metal are fused
material (bronze, copper, glass, together to create different
aluminum, iron) is (usually) shapes and designs.
poured into a mould, which
contains a hollow cavity of the ➢ There are many different forms of
desired shape, and then allowed welding, such as Oxy-fuel
to solidify. welding, Stick welding, MIG
welding, and TIG welding.
➢ The solid casting is then ejected
or broken out to complete the
process, although a final stage of
"cold work" may follow on the
finished cast.
Oxy-fuel
➢ Casting may be used to form hot
liquid metals or various materials ➢ is probably the most common
that cold set after mixing of method of welding when it comes
components (such as epoxies, to creating steel sculptures
concrete, plaster and clay). because it is the easiest to use
for shaping the steel as well as
➢ Casting is most often used for making clean and less noticeable
making complex shapes that joins of the steel.
would be otherwise difficult or
uneconomical to make by other ➢ The key to Oxy-fuel welding is
methods. heating each piece of metal to be
joined evenly until all are red and
have a shine to them. Once that
shine is on each piece, that shine
will soon become a 'pool' where
the metal is liquified and the
welder must get the pools to join
together, fusing the metal.

➢ Once cooled off, the location

➢ The oldest surviving casting is a
where the pools joined are now
copper Mesopotamian frog from
one continuous piece of metal.
3200 BCE. Specific techniques
Also used heavily in Oxy-fuel
include lost-wax casting, plaster
sculpture creation is forging.
mould casting and sand casting
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Forging Hot casting can be done by ladling

molten glass into moulds that have
➢ is the process of heating metal to
been created by pressing shapes into
a certain point to soften it enough
sand, carved graphite or detailed
to be shaped into different forms plaster/silica moulds.
➢ One very common example is Kiln casting glass involves heating
heating the end of a steel rod and chunks of glass in a kiln until they are
hitting the red heated tip with a liquid and flow into a waiting mould
hammer while on an anvil to form below it in the kiln. Glass can also be
a point. blown and/or hot sculpted with hand
tools either as a solid mass or as part of
➢ In between hammer swings, the a blown object. More recent techniques
forger rotates the rod and involve chiseling and bonding plate
gradually forms a sharpened glass with polymer silicates and UV
point from the blunt end of a steel light.
rod.

4. Pottery
➢ Is one of the oldest materials for
3. Glass Sculpture sculpture, as well as clay being
➢ Glass may be used for sculpture the medium in which many
through a wide range of working sculptures cast in metal are
techniques, though the use of it originally modelled for casting.
for large works is a recent
development. ➢ Sculptors often build small
preliminary works called
➢ It can be carved, with maquettes of ephemeral
considerable difficulty; the materials such as plaster of
Roman Lycurgus Cup is all but Paris, wax, unfired clay, or
unique. plasticine.
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➢ Many cultures have produced "wood and polychrome".
pottery which combines a Typically a layer of gesso or
function as a vessel with a plaster is applied to the wood,
sculptural form, and small and then the paint is applied to
figurines have often been as that
popular as they are in modern
Western culture.

➢ Stamps and moulds were used

by most ancient civilizations,
from ancient Rome and
Mesopotamia to China.

PHOTOGRAPHY

• The art, application and practice of

creating durable images by
5. Wood Carving recording light, either electronically
➢ Wood carving has been by means of an image sensor, or
extremely widely practiced but chemically by means of a light-
survives much less well than sensitive material such as
the other main materials, photographic film.
being vulnerable to decay,
insect damage, and fire. • Also defined as the process of
recording an image on light-
➢ Wood is light, so suitable for sensitive film or, in digital
masks and other sculpture photography, via a digital electronic
intended to be carried and can or magnetic memory.
take very fine detail. It is also
much easier to work with than • The term "photography" literally
stone. means "drawing with light," derived
from the Greek "photo" meaning
➢ It has been very often painted light and "graph" meaning to draw
after carving, but the paint
wears less well than the wood, • It is employed in many fields of
and is often missing in science, manufacturing (e.g.,
surviving pieces. photolithography), and business, as
well as its more direct uses for art,
➢ Painted wood is often film and video production,
technically described as
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recreational purposes, hobby, and • A negative image on film is
mass communication. traditionally used to
photographically create a positive
image on a paper base, known as a
print, either by using an enlarger or
by contact printing.

History/Elements
• Typically, a lens is used to focus the
light reflected or emitted from 1. Precursor Technologies
objects into a real image on the • Photography is the result of
light-sensitive surface inside a combining several technical
camera during a timed exposure discoveries relating to seeing an
image and capturing the image.

• The discovery of the camera

obscura ("dark chamber" in Latin)
that provides an image of a scene
dates back to ancient China.
• With an electronic image sensor,
this produces an electrical charge at
each pixel, which is electronically • Greek mathematicians Aristotle
processed and stored in a digital and Euclid independently
described a camera obscura in the
image file for subsequent display or
processing 5th and 4th centuries BCE. In the
6th century CE, Byzantine
mathematician Anthemius of
Tralles used a type of camera
obscura in his experiments.

• The result with photographic

emulsion is an invisible latent
image, which is later chemically
"developed" into a visible image,
either negative or positive • The Arab physicist Ibn al-Haytham
depending on the purpose of the (Alhazen) (965–1040) also
photographic material and the invented a camera obscura as well
method of processing. as the first true pinhole camera.
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• The invention of the camera has photographs using medieval
been traced back to the work of Ibn materials.
al-Haytham.  Daniele Barbaro described a
diaphragm in 1566. Wilhelm
• While the effects of a single light Homberg described how light
passing through a pinhole had darkened some chemicals
been described earlier, Ibn al- (photochemical effect) in 1694.
Haytham gave the first correct
analysis of the camera obscura,  The fiction book Giphantie,
including the first geometrical and published in 1760, by French
quantitative descriptions of the author Charles-François
phenomenon, and was the first to Tiphaigne de la Roche, described
use a screen in a dark room so that what can be interpreted as
an image from one side of a hole photography.
in the surface could be projected
onto a screen on the other side.

• He also first understood the

relationship between the focal
point and the pinhole, and
performed early experiments with
afterimages, laying the
foundations for the invention of
photography in the 19th century

Around the year 1800, British inventor

The birth of photography was then Thomas Wedgwood made the first
concerned with inventing means to known attempt to capture the image in
capture and keep the image produced a camera obscura by means of a light-
by the camera obscura. sensitive substance.
 Albertus Magnus (1193–1280)
discovered silver nitrate, and
Georg Fabricius (1516–1571)
discovered silver chloride, and the
techniques described in Ibn al-
Haytham's Book of Optics are
capable of producing primitive
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• He used paper or white leather  Because Niepce’s camera
treated with silver nitrate. photographs required an
• Although he succeeded in extremely long exposure (at
capturing the shadows of objects least eight hours and probably
placed on the surface in direct several days), he sought to
sunlight, and even made shadow greatly improve his bitumen
copies of paintings on glass, it was process or replace it with one
reported in 1802 that "the images that was more practical
formed by means of a camera
obscura have been found too faint  In partnership with Louis
to produce, in any moderate time, Daguerre, he worked out post-
an effect upon the nitrate of silver." exposure processing methods
The shadow images eventually that produced visually superior
darkened all over. results and replaced the
bitumen with a more light-
sensitive resin, but hours of
2. Invention exposure in the camera were
 The first permanent still required. With an eye to
photoetching was an image eventual commercial
produced in 1822 by the French exploitation, the partners opted
inventor Joseph Nicéphore for total secrecy
Niepce, but it was destroyed in a
later attempt to make prints from
it. Niepce was successful again
in 1825.

 Niépce died in 1833 and

Daguerre then redirected the
experiments toward the light-
sensitive silver halides, which
Niépce had abandoned many
 In 1826 or 1827, he made the years earlier because of his
View from the Window at Le inability to make the images he
Gras, the earliest surviving captured with them light-fast and
photograph from nature (i.e., of permanent
the image of a real-world scene,
as formed in a camera obscura  Daguerre's efforts culminated in
by a lens). what would later be named the
daguerreotype process.
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 The essential elements—a photography typically required
silver-plated surface sensitized hours-long exposures in the
by iodine vapor, developed by camera, but in 1840 he created
mercury vapor, and "fixed" with the calotype process, which
hot saturated salt water—were used the chemical development
in place in 1837. of a latent image to greatly
reduce the exposure needed
 The required exposure time was and compete with the
measured in minutes instead of daguerreotype.
hours. Daguerre took the
earliest confirmed photograph of  In both its original and calotype
a person in 1838 while capturing forms, Talbot's process, unlike
a view of a Paris street: unlike Daguerre's, created a
the other pedestrian and horse- translucent negative which
drawn traffic on the busy could be used to print multiple
boulevard, which appears positive copies; this is the basis
deserted, one man having his of most modern chemical
boots polished stood sufficiently photography up to the present
still throughout the several- day, as daguerreotypes could
minutes-long exposure to be only be replicated by
visible. rephotographing them with a
camera.
 Meanwhile, a British inventor,
William Fox Talbot, had
succeeded in making crude but
reasonably light-fast silver
images on paper as early as
1834 but had kept his work
secret. After reading about  Talbot's famous tiny paper
Daguerre's invention in January negative of the Oriel window in
1839, Talbot published his Lacock Abbey, one of a number
hitherto secret method and set of camera photographs he made
about improving on it. in the summer of 1835, may be
the oldest camera negative in
existence

 British chemist John Herschel

made many contributions to the
new field. He invented the
cyanotype process, later familiar
as the "blueprint".
 At first, like other pre-
daguerreotype processes,
Talbot's paper-based
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 He was the first to use the terms  As part of the processing, the
"photography", "negative" and image-bearing layer was
"positive". stripped from the paper and
transferred to a hardened
 He had discovered in 1819 that gelatin support.
sodium thiosulphate was a
solvent of silver halides, and in  The first transparent plastic roll
1839 he informed Talbot (and, film followed in 1889. It was
indirectly, Daguerre) that it could made from highly flammable
be used to "fix" silver-halide- nitrocellulose known as nitrate
based photographs and make film.
them completely light-fast. He
made the first glass negative in
late 1839.

Key Steps:
3. Film
Loading the Film: the
 Is a method of capturing images
photographer loads a roll of film
using light-sensitive film. It
into the camera.
involves using a camera that
Exposure: the photographer
holds a roll of film, which is
takes a photo by opening the
advanced after each exposure.
shutter and allowing light to hit
the film.
 The film is then developed in a
Advancing the Film: the film is
dark room or sent to a lab to be
advanced after each exposure to
processed and printed.
prepare for the next shot.
Development: the film is
developed in a dark room or sent
to a lab to be processed and
printed.
Printing: the developed film is
then printed onto paper or other
 The first flexible photographic
mediums to create the final
roll film was marketed by
image.
George Eastman, founder of
Kodak in 1885, but this original .
"film" was actually a coating on
4. Black and White
a paper base.
▪ is a method of capturing images
using light-sensitive film or
digital sensors without color.
▪ It involves capturing the tones of
grey, quality of light, contrast,
 Art Appreciation
FINALS REVIEWER: 2nd SEM
composition, and texture to gray and manipulating colors to
create compelling monochrome introduce or tame contrast
photographs. Black and white photography is
a powerful medium that
emphasizes the importance of
light, composition, and
storytelling. By understanding
the process and techniques
involved, photographers can
create compelling and timeless
▪ It is important to note that monochrome photographs that
monochromatic pictures are not capture the essence of their
necessarily composed of pure subjects.
blacks, whites, and intermediate
shades of gray but can involve
shades of one particular hue 5. Color Photography
depending on the process.
▪ The cyanotype process, for ▪ Is a method of capturing images
example, produces an image using light-sensitive materials that
composed of blue tones. The can record a wide range of colors
albumen print process first used
more than 170 years ago, ▪ Involves capturing the visible light
produces brownish tones. spectrum, which includes all colors
of the rainbow. This is achieved by
Process: using materials that can record
Shooting: Shooting in RAW different wavelengths of light, such
+JPEG mode allows for as red, green, and blue.
flexibility in post-processing.
▪ The goal is to create an image that
Capturing emotions: Black and accurately represents the colors of
white photography is about the scene being captured.
capturing emotions and
expressions, not just capturing a
scene.

Post-production: Editing tools

like Silver Effex Pro 2 can ▪ The first permanent color
transform color photographs photograph was taken in 1861
into black and white using the three-color-separation
masterpieces. principle first published by Scottish
physicist James Clerk Maxwell in
Visualizing: Learning to 1855.
visualize a scene in black and
white involves understanding
how colors translate to tones of
 Art Appreciation
FINALS REVIEWER: 2nd SEM
▪ The foundation of virtually all instead of traditional
practical color processes, photographic film.
Maxwell's idea was to take three • Digital photographs are created
separate black-and-white using electronic photodetectors
photographs through red, green and analog-to-digital converters,
and blue filters. This provides the without the need for wet
photographer with the three basic chemical processing.
channels required to recreate a
color image. • Images are captured as digital
files that can be stored on a
▪ Transparent prints of the images computer or other medium.
could be projected through similar
color filters and superimposed on • Digital photography offers
the projection screen, an additive advantages like instant
method of color reproduction. feedback, easy editing and the
ability to quickly share images
Process:
online.
Exposure: the camera captures
the scene through a lens, which
focuses the light onto a light-
sensitive material, such as film or
a digital sensor.
• In 1981, Sony unveiled the first
Color Capture: the light-sensitive consumer camera to use a
material captures the colors of the charge-coupled device for
scene by recording the different imaging, eliminating the need for
wavelengths of light. This is done film: the Sony Mavica. While the
by using a combination of red, Mavica saved images to disk,
green, and blue filters, which are the images were displayed on
used to capture the primary colors television, and the camera was
of the scene. not fully digital.

Color Synthesis: The captured

colors are then synthesized to
create the final image. This is done
by combining the red, green, and
blue colors in different proportions • In 1991, Kodak unveiled the
to create the desired colors. DCS 100, the first commercially
available digital single lens
reflex camera. Although its high
6. Digital Photography cost precluded uses other than
• is the process of capturing photojournalism and
images using electronic sensors professional photography,
 Art Appreciation
FINALS REVIEWER: 2nd SEM
commercial digital photography performances are present in all
was born. human cultures.

• The history of music and dance date

to pre-historic times whereas circus
skills date to at least ancient Egypt.
PERFORMING ART

• Refers to forms of art in which artists • Many performing arts are performed
use their voices, bodies, or professionally
inanimate objects to convey artistic
expression • Performance can be in purpose built
buildings, such as theatres and
• It is different from visual arts, which opera houses, on open air stages at
is when artist use paint, canvas, or festivals, on stages in tents such as
various materials to create physical circuses and on the street.
or static art objects
• Live performances before an
• Include a range if disciplines which audience are a form of
are performed in front of live entertainment
audience, including theatre, music,
and dance. • The development of audio and
video recording has allowed for
private consumption of the
SOME EXAMPLES performing arts. The performing arts
➢ Acrobatics, ballet, big band, often aims to express one’s
cheerleading, choir, circuses, emotions and feelings.
classical music, comedy, latin
dance, contemporary dance, • Performing arts may include dance,
dance, drama/tragedy, fashion music, opera, theatre, and musical
show, gymnastics, hiphop theatre, magic, illusion, mime,
music. spoken word poetry, puppetry,
➢ Jazz music and jazz dance, circus arts, and performance art,
metal music, mime, music
concerts, music theatre, opera, There is also a specialized form of fine
plays, puppetry, spoken word art, in which the artists perform their
poetry, stand-up comedy, story work live to an audience. This is called
telling performance art.

PERFORMING ART ➢ Most performance art also involves

some form of plastic art, perhaps in
• Theatre, music, dance, and object, the creation of props.
manipulation, and other kinds of
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FINALS REVIEWER: 2nd SEM
➢ Dance was often referred to as ✓ Comedy – uses humor to tell a
plastic art during the modern dance story
era.
✓ Tragedy – refer to a specific
tradition of drama and includes
THEATRE works of Shakespeare for
example.
• A collaborative form of performing
art that uses live performers, ✓ Improvisation – an alternative to
usually actors or actresses, to scripted performance and Is a form
present the experience of a real or of situational comedy
imagined event before a live
audience in a specific place, often Theatre takes such forms as plays,
a stage. musical, opera, ballet, illusion, mime,
classical indian dance, etc.
• The performers may communicate
this experience to the audience
through combinations of gestures, PLAYS
speech, song, music, and dance
 CENAKULO - heavy drama
shown in relation to the life
• A branch of performing art which is
sacrifices and death of Jesu
concerned with acting out stories
Christ. Can be presented through
in front of an audience.
oral (The Ablada) or Song
(Kantada)
• The performer can use speech,
gestures, music, dance, or sound
 MORO - MORO - It is a cloak and
to achieve this.
dagger play depicting the war
between the Christians and the
• It’s a collaborative art form which
Muslims with the Christians always
combines these elements to
on the winning side.
express meaning
Fr. Jeronimo Perez wrote the first moro-
• Theatre can be live improvisation moro and was staged in Manila in 1673,
or highly scripted. to commemorate Governor General
Consuera's victory over the Muslims of
Mindanao.
TYPES OF THEATRE
✓ Drama – fiction represented in a
performance or poetry

✓ Musical theatre – combining

music and spoken dialogue and
dance
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FINALS REVIEWER: 2nd SEM
DANCE delight spectators who feel no wish
to dance themselves.
• In the context of performing arts,
dance generally refers to human
• These two concepts of the art of
movement, typically rhythmic and
dance-dance as a powerful
to music, used as a form of
impulse and dance as a skillfully
audience entertainment in a
choreographed art practiced
performance setting.
largely by a professional few-are
the two most important connecting
• Definitions of what constitutes ideas running through any
dance are dependent on social, consideration of the subject
cultural, aesthetic artistic and
moral constraints and range from
• In dance, the connection between
functional movement (such as folk
the two concepts is stronger than
dance) to codified, virtuoso
in some other arts, and neither can
techniques such as ballet.
exist without the other.

• There is one another modern form

• Choreography is the art of
of dance that emerged in 19th 20th
making dances, and the person
century with the name of free-
who practices this art is called a
dance style. This form of dance
choreographer
was structured to create a
harmonious personality which
included features such as physical MUSIC
and spiritual freedom.
• Music is an art form which
Isadora Duncan was the first female combines pitch, rhythm, and
dancer who argued about "woman of dynamic to create sound. It can
future" and developed novel vector of be performed using a variety of
choreography using Nietzsche's idea of instruments and styles and is
"supreme mind in free mind". divided into genres such as folk,
jazz, hip hop, pop, and rock, etc.

• As an art form, music can occur

in live or recorded formats, and
can be planned or improvised.
As music is a protean art, it
easily coordinates with words for
songs as physical movements
do in dance. Moreover, it has a
• Dance is a powerful impulse, but
capability of shaping human
the art of dance is that impulse
behaviors as it impacts our
channeled by skillful performers
emotions.
into something that becomes
intensely expressive and that may
 Art Appreciation
FINALS REVIEWER: 2nd SEM
• Music is perhaps the most crucial roles in culture and
universal of the performing arts society such as songs sung
and is found in every society, while carrying out agricultural
most often as an integral part of work or music that is part of a
other performing art forms and ritual.
other domains of intangible
cultural heritage including
rituals, festive events or oral
traditions.

• It can be found in the most

diverse contexts: sacred or
profane, classical or popular,
closely connected to work or
entertainment. There may also
be a political or economic
dimension to music: it can
recount a community's history,
sing the praises of a powerful
person and play a key role in
economic transactions.

• Dance, though very complex,

may be described simply as
ordered bodily movements,
usually performed to music.
Apart from its physical aspect,
the rhythmic movements, steps
and gestures of dance often
express a sentiment or mood or
illustrate a specific event or daily
act, such as religious dances
and those representing hunting,
warfare or sexual activity.

• Traditional theatre
performances usually combine
acting, singing, dance and
music, dialogue, narration or
recitation but may also include
puppetry or pantomime. These
arts, however, are more than
simply 'performances' for an
audience; they may also play